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CBM  94-9


BIOELECTRIC  IMPEDANCE  ANALYSIS  IN
BODY  COMPOSITION  MEASUREMENT

January 1989 through December 1994

627 Citations


Prepared by

Ronald L. Gordner, M.L.S., Reference Section, National Library of Medicine
Catherine Roos Selden, M.L.S., National Information Center on Health Services
   Research and Health Care Technology, National Library of Medicine
Willis R. Foster, M.D., National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and
   Kidney Diseases



U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH
 AND HUMAN SERVICES
Public Health Service
National Institutes of Health

National Library of Medicine
Reference Section
8600 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, Maryland  20894

1994







National Library of Medicine Cataloging in Publication




Gordner, Ronald L.
    Bioelectric impedance analysis in body composition
  measurement : January 1989 through December 1994 : 627
  citations / prepared by Ronald L. Gordner, Catherine Roos
  Selden, Willis R. Foster. --  Bethesda, Md. (8600 Rockville
  Pike, Bethesda 20894) : U.S. Dept. of Health and Human
  Services, Public Health Service, National Institutes of
  Health, National Library of Medicine, Reference Section;
  Pittsburgh, PA : Sold by the Supt. of Docs., U.S. G.P.O.,
  1994.
    -- (Current bibliographies in medicine ; 94-9)

    Available from NLM at no cost though Internet FTP.
    Prepared in support of the Technology Assessment
  Conference on Bioelectric Impedance Analysis in Body
  Composition Measurement held at the National Institutes of
  Health on December 12-14, 1994.

    1. Electric Impedance - bibliography  2. Body Composition
  - bibliography  3. Anthropometry - bibliography  I. Selden,
  Catherine.  II. Foster, Willis R.  III. National Library of
  Medicine (U.S.).  Reference Section  IV. Technology
  Assessment Conference on Bioelectric Impedance Analysis in
  Body Composition Measurement (1994 : National Institutes of
  Health)  V. Title  VI. Series

  02NLM: ZW 1 N272 no.94-9





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                  Current Bibliographies in Medicine
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BIOELECTRIC IMPEDANCE ANALYSIS
IN BODY COMPOSITION MEASUREMENT


Bioelectric impedance analysis (BIA) measures the opposition of bodily tissues
to the flow of a mild (less than one milliAmp) alternating electric current.
Impedance is a function of two components (vectors): the resistance of the
tissues themselves and the additional opposition (reactance) due to the
capacitant effect of membranes, tissue interfaces, and nonionic tissues; both
components are measured in ohms.  Electrodes are typically placed on a wrist
and an ankle (in the tetrapolar method, on the dorsal surfaces of the right
hand and foot as well as the wrist and ankle), and change in voltage between
electrodes is measured.  The method assumes that the body (or a segment of it)
is approximately cylindrical and of uniform cross section; this allows
calculation of its volume, as proportional to its length squared divided by
its impedance.  The proportionality constant is its specific resistivity (the
mean of each tissue's characteristic specific resistivity), and this is a
function of tissue composition.  Body fat and bone show high resistance
levels; muscle tissues show lower resistance, and body resistance is
approximately that of lean muscle tissue.  In effect, lean body impedance is a
function of the specific resistivity of the lean tissue, together with its
cross-sectional area and its length.

Impedance measures vary with the frequency of the current used (typically, 50
kHz, when a single frequency is used).  At low frequencies, current flows
primarily through extracellular fluids, while at high frequencies it
penetrates all body tissues.  Applications of BIA increasingly use multiple
frequency measurements, or a frequency spectrum, to show differences in body
composition due to clinical and nutritional status (as well as to age,
ethnicity, sex, and other variables).  Many equations have been developed to
estimate total body water (TBW) and fat-free mass (FFM) as a function of
impedance, weight, height, gender, and age.  In actual use, however, BIA
calculations of an individual's body fat reported in the literature may vary
by as much as 10 percent of body weight due to differences in machines and
methodologies employed.  Equations and their variables differ, as does the
choice of a reference method.  Summaries of body composition methods in use
can be found in this bibliography.  There is a need for a consensus of experts
on the appropriate conditions of use and appropriate applications of
bioelectric impedance.

This bibliography was prepared in support of the Technology Assessment
Conference on Bioelectric Impedance Analysis in Body Composition Measurement
held at the National Institutes of Health on December 12-14, 1994.  The
purpose of the Conference is to compare BIA with other available techniques
for determination of body composition, with a view to the assumptions,
limitations, and applicability of each, and then examine in detail the
rationale and instrumentation for BIA and its technique variations in current
use.  Variables influencing the measurement of BIA will be considered, along
with the need for standardization of testing conditions.  The several types of
applications of BIA listed in the Table of Contents will be examined.
Finally, the pressing need for additional research will be highlighted, in
discussions of research issues for future attention.

The bibliography represents the clinical and research literature on BIA for
the five year period ending with December 1994.  Journal articles are the
primary type of publication covered, although citations to books, conference
proceedings and papers, government publications, and dissertations have been
included.  Arrangement is by subject, and items may appear in more than one
category.  Within each category, arrangement is alphabetical by author.
Citations are to English and foreign language publications.

The compilers wish to thank Marlyn Schepartz, National Information Center for
Health Services Research and Health Care Technology,  National Library of
Medicine, for editorial and production assistance.






SEARCH  STRATEGY


A variety of online databases are usually searched in preparing bibliographies
in the CBM series.  To assist you in updating or otherwise manipulating the
material in this search, the strategy used for the NLM's MEDLINE database is
given below.  Please note that the search strategies presented here differ
from individual demand searches in that they are generally broadly formulated
and irrelevant citations edited out prior to printing.


SS  1 = ELECTRIC IMPEDANCE OR PLETHYSMOGRAPHY, IMPEDANCE
SS  2 = (TW) ALL IMPEDANC: OR ALL BIOIMPEDANC: OR ALL IMPEDENC: OR BIA
SS  3 = 1 OR 2
SS  4 = EXP E5.118 OR EXP BODY COMPOSITION OR EXP BODY FLUIDS OR
           EXP BODY WEIGHT
SS  5 = EXP NUTRITION OR EXP NUTRITION DISORDERS OR
           EXP NUTRITION ASSESSMENT  OR EXP NUTRITION SURVEYS
SS  6 = EXP ANTHROPOMETRY OR EXP ADIPOSE TISSUE
SS  7 = HIV OR HIV SEROPOSITIVITY OR EXP HIV INFECTIONS OR
           ACQUIRED MMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME
SS  8 = EXP SPORTS OR EXP SPORTS MEDICINE
SS  9 = EXP DIALYSIS OR EXP HEMODIALYSIS OR EXP KIDNEY DISEASES
SS 10 = CRITICAL ILLNESS OR EXP LIVER DISEASES
SS 11 = PHARMACOKINETICS (MH) OR PHARMACOKINETICS (SH)
SS 12 = 3 AND 4 OR 3 AND 5 OR 3 AND 6 OR 3 AND 7
SS 13 = 3 AND 8 OR 3 AND 9 OR 3 AND 10 OR 3 AND 11
SS 14 = 12 OR 13



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SAMPLE  CITATIONS


Citations in this bibliographic series are formatted according to the rules
established for Index Medicus*.  Sample journal and monograph citations appear
below.  For journal articles written in a foreign language, the English
translation of the title is placed in brackets; for monographs, the title is
given in the original language.  In both cases the language of publication is
shown by a three letter abbreviation appearing at the end of the citation.
Note also that a colon (:) may appear within an author's name or article
title.  The NLM computer system automatically inserts this symbol in the place
of a diacritical mark.


Journal Article:

     Authors                                 Article Title

Chumlea WC, Guo SS.  Bioelectrical impedance and body composition: present
      status and future directions.  Nutr Rev 1994 Apr;52(4):123-31.

                          Abbreviated Journal  Date  Volume  Issue  Pages
                              Title



Monograph:

Authors/Editors         Title

Lohman TG.  Advances in body composition assessment.
            Champaign (IL): Human Kinetics Books; 1992.      150 p.

            Place of          Publisher           Date      Total No.
            Publication                                     of Pages




_________________________________

*For details of the formats used for references, see the following
publication:

Patrias, Karen. National Library of Medicine recommended formats for
bibliographic citation.  Bethesda (MD):  The Library; 1991 Apr.  Available
from: NTIS, Springfield, VA; PB91-182030.




TABLE  OF  CONTENTS



      Techniques

            Instrumentation
            Methodology
                  - Comparison of Techniques
                  - Variables Affecting Measurement
            Evaluation -- General Studies

      Applications: General Usage

            Obesity, Adiposity
            Surveys, Epidemiologic Use
            Performance, Exercise, Energy Balance
            Evaluations, Clinical and Endocrinologic
            Military and Space

      Body Water and Cell Mass: Clinical Analysis

            Overview and Evaluation
            Malnutrition, Wasting, AIDS, Cancer
            Critical Illness and Liver Failure
            Kidney Failure, Dialysis
            Diabetes
            Cystic Fibrosis
            Pharmacokinetics


      Research Issues

            Frequency Spectra, Multiple Frequency
            Imaging, Impedance Tomography
            Modeling
            Segmental Impedance


      Books and Dissertations







TECHNIQUES


Instrumentation


Andersen RE.  Accuracy of bioelectric impedance for body composition
assessment in obese women before and after a weight reduction program
[dissertation].  Philadelphia: Temple University; 1993. 176 p.

Deurenberg P, van der Kooy K, Leenen R.  Differences in body impedance when
measured with different instruments [letter].  Eur J Clin Nutr 1989
Dec;43(12):885-6.

Johnson HL, Virk SP, Mayclin P, Barbieri T.  Predicting total body water and
extracellular fluid volumes from bioelectrical measurements of the human body.
J Am Coll Nutr 1992 Oct;11(5):539-47.

Pallas-Areny R, Webster JG.  AC instrumentation amplifier for bioimpedance
measurements.  IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 1993 Aug;40(8):830-3.

Pallas-Areny R, Webster JG.  Bioelectric impedance measurements using
synchronous sampling.  IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 1993 Aug;40(8):824-9.

Paulson K, Breckon W, Pidcock M.  A hybrid phantom for electrical impedance
tomography.  Clin Phys Physiol Meas 1992;13 Suppl A:155-9.

Riu PJ, Rosell J, Lozano A, Pallas-Areny R.  A broadband system for
multifrequency static imaging in electrical impedance tomography.  Clin Phys
Physiol Meas 1992;13 Suppl A:61-5.

Smye SW, Sutcliffe J, Pitt E.  A comparison of four commercial systems used to
measure whole-body electrical impedance.  Physiol Meas 1993 Nov;14(4):473-8.

Vehrs PR, George JD, Payne C, Peugnet J, Bryce GR, Fellingham GW, Fisher AG.
Reliability of four methods of body composition assessment.  Med Exerc Nutr
Health 1994 Jan-Feb;3(1):2-8.

Victor OJ, Astrup A, Garby L, Heitmann BL.  [Bioimpedance analysis in
determining body composition. Testing of a new simple apparatus].  Ugeskr
Laeger 1989 Jul 24;151(30):1937-9. (Dan).

Wu YT, Nielsen DH, Cassady SL, Cook JS, Janz KF, Hansen JR.  Cross-validation
of bioelectrical impedance analysis of body composition in children and
adolescents.  Phys Ther 1993 May;73(5):320-8.


Methodology

      - Comparison of Techniques


Albu J, Smolowitz J, Lichtman S, Heymsfield SB, Wang J, Pierson RN Jr,
Pi-Sunyer FX.  Composition of weight loss in severely obese women:a new look
at old methods.  Metabolism 1992 Oct;41(10):1068-74.

Armellini F, Zamboni M, Rigo L, Bergamo-Andreis IA, Robbi R, Vicentini R, De
Marchi M, Formentini G, Bosello O.  [Value of echography in the measurement of
changes in the total and visceral adipose mass].  Minerva Endocrinol 1991
Jan-Mar;16(1):21-5. (Ita).

Baumgartner RN, Heymsfield SB, Lichtman S, Wang J, Pierson RN Jr.  Body
composition in elderly people:effect of criterion estimates on predictive
equations.  Am J Clin Nutr 1991 Jun;53(6):1345-53.

Blanchard J, Conrad KA, Harrison GG.  Comparison of methods for estimating
body composition in young and elderly women.  J Gerontol 1990 Jul;45(4):
B119-24.

Borrelli R, Diaz EO.  [Statistical techniques for developing equations for
impedance measurement].  Minerva Endocrinol 1990 Oct-Dec;15(4):239-43. (Ita).

Brambilla P, Manzoni P, Salvatoni A, Battistini N, Simone P, Braggini M,
Chiumello G. Body composition and fat distribution using dual-enerfy xray
absorptiometry DEXA in obese children comparison with deuterium dilution D20
anthropometry and (BIA) [abstract]. Pediatr Res 1993;33(5 Suppl):S80.

Brodie DA, Eston RG.  Body fat estimations by electrical impedance and
infra-red interactance.  Int J Sports Med 1992 May;13(4):319-25.

Broekhoff C, Voorrips LE, Weijenberg MP, Witvoet GA, van Staveren WA,
Deurenberg P.  Relative validity of different methods to assess body
composition in apparently healthy elderly women.  Ann Nutr Metab
1992;36(3):148-56.

Campos AC, Chen M, Meguid MM.  Comparisons of body composition derived from
anthropometric and bioelectrical impedance methods.  J Am Coll Nutr 1989
Dec;8(6):484-9.

Carroll JF, Garzerella L, Ishida Y, Pollock ML, Graves JE, Leggett SH.
Comparison of ultrasound with bioelectrical impedance and anthropometry  for
the prediction of body density in women [abstract]. Med Sci Sports Exerc
1991;23(4 Suppl):S90.

Chumlea WC, Baumgartner RN.  Bioelectric impedance methods for the estimation
of body composition.  Can J Sport Sci 1990 Sep;15(3):172-9.

Chumlea WC, Guo SS.  Bioelectrical impedance and body composition: present
status and future directions.  Nutr Rev 1994 Apr;52(4):123-31.

Clark RR, Kuta JM, Sullivan JC.  Cross-validation of methods to predict body
fat in African-American and Caucasian collegiate football players.  Res Q
Exerc Sport 1994 Mar;65(1):21-30.

Clark RR, Kuta JM, Sullivan JC, Bedford WM, Penner JD, Studesville EA.  A
comparison of methods to predict minimal weight in high school wrestlers.  Med
Sci Sports Exerc 1993 Jan;25(1):151-8.

Colville BC, Heyward VH, Sandoval WM.  Comparison of two methods for
estimating body composition of bodybuilders.  J Appl Sport Sci Res 1989
Aug-Sep;3(3):57-61.

Colvin LA.  Total and subcutaneous adipose tissue in children as measured by
magnetic resonance imaging, hydrostatic weighing, skinfold calipers,
bioelectrical impedance and near infrared interactance (body composition)
[dissertation].  Hattiesburg (MS): University of Southern Mississippi; 1993.
136 p.

Danford L, Schoeller DA, Kushner RF. Measurement of body composiion in
children by bioelectrical impedance analysis compared to deuterium dilution
[abstract]. FASEB J 1990;4(4):A936.

Danford LC, Schoeller DA, Kushner RF.  Comparison of two bioelectrical
impedance analysis models for total body water measurement in children.  Ann
Hum Biol 1992 Nov-Dec;19(6):603-7.

Davies PS, Joughin C.  Assessment of body composition in the Prader-Willi
syndrome using bioelectrical impedance.  Am J Med Genet 1992 Sep 1;44(1):75-8.

de Waart FG, Li R, Deurenberg P.  Comparison of body composition assessments
by bioelectrical impedance and by anthropometry in premenopausal Chinese
women.  Br J Nutr 1993 May;69(3):657-64.

DeLozier MG, Gutin B, Wang J, Basch CE, Contento I, Shea S, Irigoyen M, Zybert
P, Rips J, Pierson R.  Validity of anthropometry and bioimpedance with 4 to 8
year olds.  Pediatr Exerc Sci 1991 Aug;3(3):238-49.

Deurenberg P.  Methods for determining fat mass and fat distribution.  Acta
Paediatr Suppl 1992 Sep;383:53-7; discussion 58.

Deurenberg P, van der Kooy K.  Bioelectrical impedance or anthropometry?
[letter].  Eur J Clin Nutr 1989 Jul;43(7):503-4. Comment on: Eur J Clin Nutr
1989 Feb;43(2):129-37.

Deurenberg P, van der Kooy K, Hautvast JG.  The assessment of the body
composition in the elderly by densitometry, anthropometry and bioelectrical
impedance.  Basic Life Sci 1990;55:391-3.

Deurenberg P, Westerterp KR, Velthuis-Te Wierik EJ.  Between-laboratory
comparison of densitometry and bio-electrical impedance measurements.  Br J
Nutr 1994 Mar;71(3):309-16.

Diaz EO, Villar J, Immink M, Gonzales T.  Bioimpedance or anthropometry?  Eur
J Clin Nutr 1989 Feb;43(2):129-37. Comment in: Eur J Clin Nutr 1989
Jul;43(7):503-4.

Dolgener FA, Hensley LD, Becker TE, Marsh JJ.  A comparison of bioelectric
impedance and hydrodensitometry in lean males.  J Appl Sport Sci Res 1992
Aug-Sep;6(3):147-51.

Eaton AW, Israel RG, O'Brien KF, Hortobagyi T, McCammon MR.  Comparison of
four methods to assess body composition in women.  Eur J Clin Nutr 1993
May;47(5):353-60.

Elia M, Parkinson SA, Diaz E.  Evaluation of near infra-red interactance as a
method for predicting body composition.  Eur J Clin Nutr 1990 Feb;44(2):
113-21.

Estimating body fat in lean and obese women.  Nutr Rev 1992 Mar;50(3):80-1.

Fearon KC, Richardson RA, Hannan J, Cowan S, Watson W, Shenkin A, Garden OJ.
Bioelectrical impedance analysis in the measurement of the body composition of
surgical patients.  Br J Surg 1992 May;79(5):421-3.

Fowler PA, Fuller MF, Glasbey CA, Foster MA, Cameron GG, McNeill G, Maughan
RJ.  Total and subcutaneous adipose tissue in women: the measurement of
distribution and accurate prediction of quantity by using magnetic resonance
imaging.  Am J Clin Nutr 1991 Jul;54(1):18-25.

Franssila-Kallunki A.  Comparison of near-infrared light spectroscopy,
bioelectrical impedance and tritiated water techniques for the measurement of
fat-free mass in humans.  Scand J Clin Lab Invest 1992 Dec;52(8):879-85.

Franssila-Kallunki A, Ekstrand A, Rissanen A, Blomqvist AC, Saarinen H, Groop
L. Comparison of four different methods for the measurement of body
composition in man [abstract]. Acta Endocrino Suppl 1990;122(3):15.

Fulcher GR, Farrer M, Walker M, Rodham D, Clayton B, Alberti KM.  A comparison
of measurements of lean body mass derived by bioelectrical impedance, skinfold
thickness and total body potassium. A study in obese and non-obese normal
subjects.  Scand J Clin Lab Invest 1991 May;51(3):245-53.

Fuller NJ.  Comparison of abilities of various interpretations of
bio-electrical impedance to predict reference method body composition
assessment.  Clin Nutr 1993;12(4):236-42.

Fuller NJ, Elia M.  Potential use of bioelectrical impedance of the `whole
body' and of body segments for the assessment of body composition: comparison
with densitometry and anthropometry.  Eur J Clin Nutr 1989 Nov;43(11):779-91.

Fuller NJ, Jebb SA, Laskey MA, Coward WA, Elia M.  Four-component model for
the assessment of body composition in humans: comparison with alternative
methods, and evaluation of the density and hydration of fat-free mass.  Clin
Sci (Colch) 1992 Jun;82(6):687-93.

Garzarella L.  Predicting body composition of healthy females by B mode
ultrasound: comparison with anthropometry and bioelectrical impedance
[master's thesis on microfiche].  Eugene (OR): University of Oregon, College
of Human Development and Performance, Microform Publications; 1992.  2
microfiche.

Gomez I, Leon-Sanz M, Valero MA, Martinez G, Hawkins F.  [Comparative study of
impedance- based predictive models of body composition].  Nutr Hosp 1993
May-Jun;8(5):295-300. (Spa).

Gray DS, Bray GA, Bauer M, Kaplan K, Gemayel N, Wood R, Greenway F, Kirk S.
Skinfold thickness measurements in obese subjects.  Am J Clin Nutr 1990
Apr;51(4):571-7. Comment in: Am J Clin Nutr 1990 Sep;52(3):578.

Greaves KA, Harrison JA, Baranowski T, Puhl J. Inter-observer reliability for
bioelectrical impedance analysis and anthropometric measurements [abstract].
Med Sci Sports Exerc 1990;22(2 Suppl):S109.

Gregory JW, Greene SA, Jung RT, Scrimgeour CM, Rennie MJ.  Changes in body
composition and energy expenditure after six weeks' growth hormone treatment.
Arch Dis Child 1991 May;66(5):598-602. Comment in: Arch Dis Child 1991
Oct;66(10):1261.

Gregory JW, Greene SA, Scrimgeour CM, Rennie MJ.  Body water measurement in
growth disorders: a comparison of bioelectrical impedance and skinfold
thickness techniques with isotope dilution.  Arch Dis Child 1991
Feb;66(2):220-2.

Hammond J, Rona RJ, Chinn S.  Estimation in community surveys of total body
fat of children using bioelectrical impedance or skinfold thickness
measurements.  Eur J Clin Nutr 1994 Mar;48(3):164-71.

Hannan WJ, Cowen SJ, Freeman CP, Wrate RM, Barton J.  Evaluation of
dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry for the assessment of body composition in
anorexic females.  Basic Life Sci 1993;60:169-72.

Hansen NJ, Lohman TG, Going SB, Hall MC, Pamenter RW, Bare LA, Boyden TW,
Houtkooper LB.  Prediction of body composition in premenopausal females from
dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry.  J Appl Physiol 1993 Oct;75(4):1637-41.

Heitmann BL.  Evaluation of body fat estimated from body mass index, skinfolds
and impedance. A comparative study.  Eur J Clin Nutr 1990 Nov; 44(11):831-7.

Heitmann BL.  Prediction of body water and fat in adult Danes from measurement
of electrical impedance. A validation study.  Int J Obes 1990
Sep;14(9):789-802.

Heitmann BL, Sorensen SS, Isaksson B.  [The use of the impedance measurement
technic for calculating body fat mass. A validity study].  Ugeskr Laeger 1989
Oct 2;151(40):2588-91. (Dan).

Heymsfield SB, Matthews D.  Body composition: research and clinical
advances--1993 A.S.P.E.N. research workshop.  JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr
1994 Mar-Apr;18(2):91-103.

Heymsfield SB, Waki M.  Body composition in humans: advances in the
development of multicompartment chemical models.  Nutr Rev 1991
Apr;49(4):97-108.

Heymsfield SB, Wang J, Aulet M, Kehayias J, Lichtman S, Kamen Y, Dilmanian FA,
Lindsay R, Pierson RN Jr.  Dual photon absorptiometry: validation of mineral
and fat measurements.  Basic Life Sci 1990;55:327-37.

Heymsfield SB, Wang J, Kehayias J, Heshka S, Lichtman S, Pierson RN Jr.
Chemical determination of human body density in vivo: relevance to
hydrodensitometry.  Am J Clin Nutr 1989 Dec;50(6):1282-9.

Heymsfield SB, Wang J, Lichtman S, Kamen Y, Kehayias J, Pierson RN Jr.  Body
composition in elderly subjects: a critical appraisal of clinical methodology.
Am J Clin Nutr 1989 Nov;50(5 Suppl):1167-75; discussion 1231-5.

Heymsfield SB, Wang Z, Baumgartner RN, Dilmanian FA, Ma R, Yasumura S.  Body
composition and aging: a study by in vivo neutron activation analysis.  J Nutr
1993 Feb;123(2 Suppl):432-7.

Heyward VH, Cook KL, Hicks VL, Jenkins KA, Quatrochi JA, Wilson WL.
Predictive accuracy of three field methods for estimating relative body
fatness of nonobese and obese women.  Int J Sport Nutr 1992 Mar;2(1):75-86.

Hoover LW, Boote EJ, Hillard AE, Thomas TR, Firman JD, Hewett JE, Gay JW.
Abdominal fat assessment in postmenopausal women receiving hormone replacement
therapy.  Basic Life Sci 1993;60:215-8.

Hortobagyi T, Israel RG, Houmard JA, O'Brien KF, Johns RA, Wells JM.
Comparison of four methods to assess body composition in black and white
athletes.  Int J Sport Nutr 1992 Mar;2(1):60-74.

Houtkooper LB, Going SB, Lohman TG, Roche AF, Van Loan M.  Bioelectrical
impedance estimation of fat-free body mass in children and youth: a
cross-validation study.  J Appl Physiol 1992 Jan;72(1):366-73.

Israel RG, Eaton AW, O'Brien KF, Hortobagyi T, Mccammon MR. Comparison of four
methods to assess body composition in women [abstract]. Med Sci Sports Exerc
1992;24(5):S188.

Jebb SA, Elia M.  Techniques for the measurement of body composition: a
practical guide.  Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 1993 Nov;17(11):611-21.

Jebb SA, Murgatroyd PR, Goldberg GR, Prentice AM, Coward WA.  In vivo
measurement of changes in body composition: description of methods and their
validation against 12-d continuous whole-body calorimetry.  Am J Clin Nutr
1993 Oct;58(4):455-62.

Kaminsky LA, Whaley MH.  Differences in estimates of percent body fat using
bioelectrical impedance.  J Sports Med Phys Fitness 1993 Jun;33(2):172-7.

Kehayias JJ, Heymsfield SB, LoMonte AF, Wang J, Pierson RN Jr.  In vivo
determination of body fat by measuring total body carbon.  Am J Clin Nutr 1991
Jun;53(6):1339-44.

Keim NL, Barbieri TF, Van Loan M.  Comparison of conductivity, impedance and
density methods for body composition assessment of obese women.  Basic Life
Sci 1990;55:227-9.

Kirkendall DT, Grogan JW, Bowers RG.  Field comparison of body composition
techniques: hydrostatic weighing, skinfold thickness, and bioelectric
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Ilagan J, Bhutani V, Archer P, Lin PK, Jen KL.  Estimation of body composition
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Kabir I, Malek MA, Rahman MM, Khaled MA, Mahalanabis D.  Changes in body
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Kim HK, Tanaka K, Nakadomo F, Watanabe K.  Fat-free mass in Japanese boys
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Kleiner DM.  The validity of bioelectrical impedance analysis in determining
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Krew MA, Kehl RJ, Thomas A, Catalano PM.  Relation of amniotic fluid C-peptide
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Liang MT, Norris S.  Effects of skin blood flow and temperature on bioelectric
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Maki KC, Briones ER, Langbein WE, Inman-Felton A, Nemchausky BA, Burton J,
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Mazariegos M, Heymsfield SB, Wang ZM, Wang J, Yasumura S, Dilmanian FA,
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Mazess RB.  Bioelectrical impedance: does resistance contribute to composition
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McDonald JJ, Chanduvi B, Velarde G, Cama R, Diaz F, Carrillo L, Torre V,
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Mitchell CO, Rose J, Familoni B, Winters S, Ling F.  The use of multifrequency
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Morgan P, Golden B, Bocage C, Golden M.  Prediction of total body water and
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Muraoka Y, Komiya S.  [Equation for estimating total body water by
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Muthappa PB, Morkeberg JC, Wong WW, Schanler RJ, Sheng H-P.  Rapid noninvasive
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Nakadomo F, Tanaka K, Hazama T, Maeda K.  Assessment of body composition in
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Nakadomo F, Tanaka K, Yokoyama T, Maeda K.  [Effects of different electrodes
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Newell JC, Isaacson D, Gisser DG.  Rapid assessment of electrode
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Newman SL, Lindahl JA, Chumlea WC, Baumgartner R, Zimmer J, Konek S.
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Nichols BL, Sheng HP.  Measurement of body composition in infants. In: Giorgi
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Novak I, Davies PS, Elliott MJ.  Noninvasive estimation of total body water in
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Onodera K.  Comparison of equations in assessing body composition of Japanese
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Oppliger RA, Nielsen DH, Hoegh JE, Vance CT. Bioelectrical impedance
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Organ LW, Bradham GB, Gore DT, Lozier SL.  Segmental bioelectrical impedance
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Ortiz O, Russell M, Daley TL, Baumgartner RN, Waki M, Lichtman S, Wang J,
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Pallas-Areny R, Webster JG.  Bioelectric impedance measurements using
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Pearman P, Hunter G, Hendricks C, O'Sullivan P.  Comparison of hydrostatic
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Pencharz PB, Vaisman N, Azcue M, Stallings VA.  Body compartment changes in
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Pierson RN Jr, Wang J, Thornton JC, Russell MA, Heymsfield SB, Mazariegos M,
Ma RM, Weber DA.  Biological homogeneity and precision of measurement: the
boundary conditions for normal in body composition.  Basic Life Sci
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Pinilla JC, Webster B, Baetz M, Reeder B, Hattori S, Liu L.  Effect of body
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Rallison LR, Kushner RF, Penn D, Schoeller DA.  Errors in estimating
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Reed RL, Pearlmutter L, Yochum K, Meredith KE, Mooradian AD.  The relationship
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Reggiani E, Naselli A, Greco P, Fabretto M.  [A comparative study of skinfold
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Reilly JJ, Murray LA, Wilson J, Durnin JV.  Measuring the body composition of
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Rising R, Swinburn B, Larson K, Ravussin E.  Body composition in Pima Indians:
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Roche AF.  Methodological considerations in the assessment of childhood
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Rolland-Cachera MF.  Body composition during adolescence: methods, limitations
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Roos AN, Westendorp RG, Frolich M, Meinders AE.  Tetrapolar body impedance is
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1992 Jan;46(1):53-60.

Roubenoff R, Wilson PW.  Advantage of knee height over height as an index of
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Sasso GF, Andreoli A, Candeloro N, Battistini NC, Barra PFA, De Lorenzo A.
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Schaefer F, Georgi M, Kattwinkel I, Wuehl E, Schaerer K.  Validity of
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Schaefer F, Georgi M, Zieger A, Scharer K.  Usefulness of bioelectric
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Schaefer F, Kattwinkel I, Georgi M, Schaerer K. Bioelectrical impedance
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Schall JI, Hediger ML, Scholl TO.  Late pregnancy changes in maternal fat free
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Scheltinga MR, Helton WS, Rounds J, Jacobs DO, Wilmore DW.  Impedance
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Scheltinga MR, Jacobs DO, Kimbrough TD, Wilmore DW.  Alterations in body fluid
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Schultink WJ, Lawrence M, van Raaij JM, Scott WM, Hautvast JG.  Body
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Schwingshandl J, Borkenstein M. Assessment of body composition in obese
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Silver AJ, Guillen CP, Kahl MJ, Morley JE.  Effect of aging on body fat.  J Am
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Sims SE.  The effects of hydration status on bioelectrical impedance analysis
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Sinning WE, Morgan AL.  The effects of body position on bioimpedance
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Sowers M, Kshirsagar A, Crutchfield M, Updike S.  Body composition, age and
femoral bone mass of young adult women.  Ann Epidemiol 1991 Feb;1(3):245-54.

Sowers MF, Kshirsagar A, Crutchfield MM, Updike S.  Joint influence of fat and
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Stewart SP, Bramley PN, Heighton R, Green JH, Horsman A, Losowsky MS, Smith
MA.  Estimation of body composition from bioelectrical impedance of body
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May;69(3):645-55.

Stolarczyk LM, Heyward VH, Hicks VL, Baumgartner RN.  Predictive accuracy of
bioelectrical impedance in estimating body composition of Native American
women.  Am J Clin Nutr 1994 May;59(5):964-70.

Stout JR, Eckerson JM, Housh TJ, Johnson GO, Betts NM.  Validity of percent
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Taraborelli T, Nardinocchi D, Di Pietro M, Gruppioni G.  [Bioelectric
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Thomas DC, Siddall-Allum JN, Sutherland IA, Beard RW.  Correction of the
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Thomas EL.  The effects of blood volume expansion on bioelectrical impedance
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Thomas TR, Kolkhorst FW, Londeree BR, Melkerson-Granryd M, Linsenbardt ST,
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Thompson DL, Thompson WR, Prestridge TJ, Bailey JG, Bean MH, Brown SP,
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Tsubo T, Kou H, Ishihara H, Kudo T, Kudo M, Matsuki A.  [The changes in total
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Van Loan MD.  Bioelectrical impedance analysis to determine fat-free mass,
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Vazquez JA, Janoski JE.  Bioelectrical impedance analysis: Can it measure
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Vazquez JA, Janosky JE.  Validity of bioelectrical- impedance analysis in
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Waki M, Kral JG, Mazariegos M, Wang J, Pierson RN Jr, Heymsfield SB.  Relative
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1991 Aug;261(2 Pt 1):E199-203.

Walker SP, Grantham-McGregor S, Powell C, Fletcher P, Himes JH.  Bioelectrical
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Wang ZM, Pierson RN Jr, Heymsfield SB.  The five-level model: a new approach
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Watanabe K, Nakadomo F, Miyake M, Tanaka K, Maeda K.  [Stability of body
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Watanabe K, Nakadomo F, Tanaka K, Kim HK, Maeda K.  Estimation of fat-free
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Webber J, MacDonald IA.  The changes in body weight and in body composition,
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Webster BL, Barr SI.  Body composition analysis of female adolescent athletes:
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Williams DP.  Body composition, blood pressure and their tracking in children
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Wilson DC, Baird T, Scrimgeour CM, Halliday HL, Reid M, McClure G, Rennie MJ.
Total body water measurement by bioelectrical impedance in the extremely low
birth weight infant.  Basic Life Sci 1993;60:185-8.

Wilson DC, Day JM, Hamilton A, McClure G, Davies PS.  Noninvasive methods of
body composition analysis in preterm infants:--comparison with dilution of
2H218O.  Basic Life Sci 1993;60:133-8.

Woo EJ, Hua P, Webster JG, Tompkins WJ, Pallas-Areny R.  Skin impedance
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Wu TJ.  Relationships between age, sex, anthropometry and bioelectrical
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Wu YT, Nielsen DH, Cassady SL, Cook JS, Janz KF, Hansen JR.  Cross-validation
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York JL, Pendergast DE.  Body composition in detoxified alcoholics.  Alcohol
Clin Exp Res 1990 Apr;14(2):180-3.

Young RE, Sinha DP.  Bioelectrical-impedance analysis as a measure of body
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Zillikens MC, van den Berg JW, Wilson JH, Rietveld T, Swart GR.  The validity
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Evaluation -- General Studies


Adami GF, Balbi P, Gandolfo P, Ceci M, Marinari G.  [Body composition
evaluation by means of bioelectrical impedance analysis].  Riv Ital Nutr
Parenter Enteral 1990;8(1):15-20. (Ita).

Applying new technology to nutrition assessment : report of the 9th Ross
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Askim KL.  Validity of whole body bioelectrical impedance analysis in the
prediction of percent body fat in women [master's thesis on microfiche].
Eugene (OR): University of Oregon, College of Human Development and
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Cox JM.  Pediatric nutritional assessment.  J Pediatr Perinat Nutr
1990;2(2):17-41.

de Vries PM, Kouw PM, Olthof CG, de Vries JP, Donker AJ.  Bioelectrical
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Deurenberg P, Weststrate JA, Hautvast JG, van der Kooy K.  Is the
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Eckerson J, Stout J, Housh T, Johnson G.  Validity of skinfold bioelectric
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fat-free weight [abstract]. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1993 May;25(5 Suppl):S59.

Eckerson JM, Housh TJ, Johnson GO.  Validity of bioelectrical impedance
equations for estimating fat-free weight in lean males.  Med Sci Sports Exerc
1992 Nov;24(11):1298-302.

Eckerson JM, Housh TJ, Johnson GO.  The validity of visual estimations of
percent body fat in lean males.  Med Sci Sports Exerc 1992 May;24(5):615-8.

Elia M.  The bioimpedance `craze' [editorial].  Eur J Clin Nutr 1993
Dec;47(12):825-7.

Fischer H, Lembcke B.  [Application of bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA)
for estimation by body composition and nutritional status].  Inn Med
1991;18(1):13-7. (Ger).

Forbes GB, Simon W, Amatruda JM.  Is bioimpedance a good predictor of
body-composition change?  Am J Clin Nutr 1992 Jul;56(1):4-6.

Gotfredsen A.  [Non-invasive measurement of body composition].  Ugeskr Laeger
1994 Jul 4;156(27):4018-25. (Dan).

Hannan WJ, Cowen S, Freeman CP, Shapiro CM.  Evaluation of bioelectrical
impedance analysis for body composition measurements in anorexia nervosa.
Clin Phys Physiol Meas 1990 Aug;11(3):209-16. Comment in: Clin Phys Physiol
Meas 1991 Feb;12(1):93-4.

Heitmann BL.  Impedance: a valid method in assessment of body composition?
Eur J Clin Nutr 1994 Apr;48(4):228-40.

Kushner RF.  Bioelectrical impedance analysis: a review of principles and
applications.  J Am Coll Nutr 1992 Apr;11(2):199-209.

Lukaski HC.  Applications of bioelectrical impedance analysis: a critical
review.  Basic Life Sci 1990;55:365-74.

Martin Pena G, Galdos Anuncibay P.  [The application of impedance analysis to
the study of body composition].  Nutr Hosp 1993 Dec;8(9):525-47. (Spa).

Nelson MV.  Estimation of lean body mass by bioelectrical impedance [letter].
Am J Clin Nutr 1989 Jan;49(1):184-5.

Pennock BE.  Sensitivity of bioelectrical impedance to detect changes in human
body composition [letter].  J Appl Physiol 1990 May;68(5):2246-7. Comment on:
J Appl Physiol 1989 Oct;67(4):1643-8.

Roche AF, Siervogel RM.  Measures of body composition. Their relationship to
blood pressure and use in epidemiologic research.  Ann Epidemiol 1991
May;1(4):313-9.

Roubenoff R, Kehayias JJ.  The meaning and measurement of lean body mass.
Nutr Rev 1991 Jun;49(6):163-75.

Shizgal HM.  Validation of the measurement of body composition from whole body
bioelectric impedance.  Infusionstherapie 1990 Apr;17 Suppl 3:67-74.

Smith DN.  Bioelectrical impedance and body composition [letter].  Lancet 1993
Feb 27;341(8844):569. Comment on: Lancet 1992 Dec 19-26;340(8834-8835):1511.

Tagliabue A, Cattaneo P, Silva S, Lanzola E.  [Application of bioelectric
impedance measurement in the evaluation of body fat].  Recenti Prog Med 1989
Feb;80(2):59-62. (Ita).

Walker M, Rodham D, Fulcher GR, Clayton B, Farrer M, Alberti KG.
Bioelectrical impedance and body composition [letter].  Lancet 1993 Feb 13;
341(8842):448. Comment on: Lancet 1992 Dec 19-26;340(8834-8835):1511.

Wright RE, Rebel A.  Bio-electrical impedance testing (8).  S Afr Med J
1991;79(5):284-5.


APPLICATIONS: GENERAL USAGE


Obesity, Adiposity


Abdenur JE, Solans CV, Smith MM, Carman C, Pugliese MT, Lifshitz F.  Body
composition and spontaneous growth hormone secretion in normal short stature
children.  J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1994 Feb;78(2):277-82.

Albu J, Smolowitz J, Lichtman S, Heymsfield SB, Wang J, Pierson RN Jr,
Pi-Sunyer FX.  Composition of weight loss in severely obese women: a new look
at old methods.  Metabolism 1992 Oct;41(10):1068-74.

Andersen RE.  Accuracy of bioelectric impedance for body composition
assessment in obese women before and after a weight reduction program
[dissertation].  Philadelphia: Temple University; 1993. 176 p.

Bartlett BJ.  Relationships between measures of body fatness, body fat
distribution and serum lipids in healthy elderly (elderly) [dissertation].
Columbus (OH): Ohio State University; 1990. 182 p.

Battistini N, Brambilla P, Virgili F, Simone P, Bedogni G, Morini P, Chiumello
G.  The prediction of total body water from body impedance in young obese
subjects.  Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 1992 Mar;16(3):207-12.

Bonora E, Zenere M, Branzi P, Bagnani M, Maggiulli L, Tosi F, Travia D,
Cacciatori V, Querena M, Moghetti P, et al.  Influence of body fat and its
regional localization on risk factors for atherosclerosis in young men.  Am J
Epidemiol 1992 Jun 1;135(11):1271-8.

Bottazzo S, Giada F, Vesco A, Caberlotto A, Fazzin G, Caprioglio L.
[Assessment of body composition by bioelectric impedance in dyslipidemic
patients].  Riv Ital Nutr Parenter Enteral 1993;11(1):29-34. (Ita).

Brambilla P, Manzoni P, Salvatoni A, Battistini N, Simone P, Braggini M,
Chiumello G.  Body composition and fat distribution using dual-energy x ray
absorptiometry DEXA in obese children: comparison with deuterium dilution D20
anthropometry and (BIA) [abstract]. Pediatr Res 1993;33(5 Suppl):S80.

Bray GA.  Obesity: basic considerations and clinical approaches.  Dis Mon 1989
Jul;35(7):449-537.

Brodie DA, Eston RG, Coxon AY, Kreitzman SN, Stockdale HR, Howard AN.  Effect
of changes of water and electrolytes on the validity of conventional methods
of measuring fat-free mass.  Ann Nutr Metab 1991;35(2):89-97.

Buhl K, Allison D, Heymsfield S. The effect of obesity on fat estimates by two
electrical methods TOBEC  and (BIA) [abstract]. FASEB J 1993;7(3-4):A83.

Burgess NS.  Effect of a very-low-calorie diet on body composition and resting
metabolic rate in obese men and women.  J Am Diet Assoc 1991 Apr;91(4):430-4.

Candeloro N, Papa N, Docimo R, Schardt K. Body composition BC and resting
energy expenditure REE in overweight subjects after hypocaloric diet
[abstract]. Am J Clin Nutr 1992 Oct 1992;56(4):757.

Colvin LA.  Total and subcutaneous adipose tissue in children as measured by
magnetic resonance imaging, hydrostatic weighing, skinfold calipers,
bioelectrical impedance and near infrared interactance (body composition)
[dissertation].  Hattiesburg (MS): University of Southern Mississippi; 1993.
136 p.

Covington NK, Kluka DA, Love PA.  Relationship between bioelectrical impedance
and anthropometric techniques to determine body fat in a Black pediatric
population.  Pediatr Exerc Sci 1990 May;2(2):140-8.

Davies PS, Joughin C.  Assessment of body composition in the Prader-Willi
syndrome using bioelectrical impedance.  Am J Med Genet 1992 Sep 1;44(1):75-8.

De Leon EJ, Carlisle LK, Schultz SJ, Sothern MS, Farris R, Gastanaduy A, Brown
RF, Udall JN Jr, Suskind RM.  Weight loss and measurement of body fat in obese
children and adolescents [abstract]. Pediatr Res 1994;35(4 Pt 2):141A.

Deurenberg P.  Methods for determining fat mass and fat distribution.  Acta
Paediatr Suppl 1992 Sep;383:53-7; discussion 58.

Deurenberg P, Weststrate JA, Hautvast JG.  Changes in fat-free mass during
weight loss measured by bioelectrical impedance and by densitometry.  Am J
Clin Nutr 1989 Jan;49(1):33-6.

Deurenberg P, Weststrate JA, Seidell JC.  Body mass index as a measure of body
fatness: age- and sex- specific prediction formulas.  Br J Nutr 1991
Mar;65(2):105-14.

Deurenberg P, Weststrate JA, van der Kooy K.  Body composition changes
assessed by bioelectrical impedance measurements.  Am J Clin Nutr 1989
Mar;49(3):401-3.

Doya S, Yamaoka K, Yano E, Ohi G, Kaburaki K.  [Evaluation of bioelectrical
impedance method for fat measurement in corporate fitness program].  Sangyo
Igaku 1989 Jan;31(1):3-8. (Jpn).

El-Arnaoty YM.  Nutritional and biochemical changes that occur during
Ramadan's fasting  [dissertation].  Columbus (OH): Ohio State University;
1991. 205 p.

Estimating body fat in lean and obese women.  Nutr Rev 1992 Mar;50(3):80-1.

Ferrante E, Pitzalis G, Deganello F, Galastri E, Sciarpelletti R, Imperato C.
[The evaluation of body composition in children by anthropometry and impedance
measurement].  Minerva Pediatr 1993 Jul-Aug;45(7-8):289-98. (Ita).

Fowler PA, Fuller MF, Glasbey CA, Foster MA, Cameron GG, McNeill G, Maughan
RJ.  Total and subcutaneous adipose tissue in women: the measurement of
distribution and accurate prediction of quantity by using magnetic resonance
imaging.  Am J Clin Nutr 1991 Jul;54(1):18-25.

Franssila-Kallunki A.  Comparison of near-infrared light spectroscopy,
bioelectrical impedance and tritiated water techniques for the measurement of
fat-free mass in humans.  Scand J Clin Lab Invest 1992 Dec;52(8):879-85.

Fricker J, Rozen R, Melchior JC, Apfelbaum M.  Energy-metabolism adaptation in
obese adults on a very-low-calorie diet.  Am J Clin Nutr 1991
Apr;53(4):826-30.

Friedl KE, DeLuca JP, Marchitelli LJ, Vogel JA.  Reliability of body fat
estimations from a four compartment model by using density, body water, and
bone mineral measurements.  Am J Clin Nutr 1992 Apr;55(4):764-70.

Fulcher GR, Farrer M, Walker M, Rodham D, Clayton B, Alberti KM.  A comparison
of measurements of lean body mass derived by bioelectrical impedance, skinfold
thickness and total body potassium. A study in obese and non-obese normal
subjects.  Scand J Clin Lab Invest 1991 May;51(3):245-53.

Garcia JM.  Percent fat mass predictions in Texas A&I University undergraduate
students using a sex- specific, single-site BIA anthropometric model
[dissertation].  Kingsville (TX): Texas A&I University; 1992. 76 p.

Garzarella L, Graves JE, Pollock ML, Carroll JF, Ishida Y, Foley MA, Boileau
R, Lohman T, Sinning W, ET AL.  Predicting body composition of obese women
with bioelectrical impedance [abstract]. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1992;24(5
Suppl):S118.

Girandola RN, Contarsy SA, Wiswll RA, Artal R. The efficacy of height-weight
measures to evaluate obesity in a college-age population [abstract]. Med Sci
Sports Exerc 1991;23(4 Suppl):S75.

Gray DS, Bray GA, Bauer M, Kaplan K, Gemayel N, Wood R, Greenway F, Kirk S.
Skinfold thickness measurements in obese subjects.  Am J Clin Nutr 1990
Apr;51(4):571-7. Comment in: Am J Clin Nutr 1990 Sep;52(3):578.

Gray DS, Bray GA, Gemayel N, Kaplan K.  Effect of obesity on bioelectrical
impedance.  Am J Clin Nutr 1989 Aug;50(2):255-60.

Gregory JW, Wilson AC, Greene SA.  Body fat and overweight among children and
adolescents with diabetes mellitus.  Diabet Med 1992 May;9(4):344-8.

Hannan WJ, Cowen S, Freeman CP, Shapiro CM.  Evaluation of bioelectrical
impedance analysis for body composition measurements in anorexia nervosa.
Clin Phys Physiol Meas 1990 Aug;11(3):209-16. Comment in: Clin Phys Physiol
Meas 1991 Feb;12(1):93-4.

Hannan WJ, Cowen SJ, Freeman CP, Wrate RM.  Can bioelectrical impedance
improve the prediction of body fat in patients with eating disorders?  Eur J
Clin Nutr 1993 Oct;47(10):741-6.

Hannan WJ, Cowen SJ, Freeman CP, Wrate RM, Barton J.  Evaluation of
dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry for the assessment of body composition in
anorexic females.  Basic Life Sci 1993;60:169-72.

Heitmann BL.  Body fat in the adult Danish population aged 35-65 years: an
epidemiological study.  Int J Obes 1991 Aug;15(8):535-45.

Heitmann BL.  Evaluation of body fat estimated from body mass index, skinfolds
and impedance. A comparative study.  Eur J Clin Nutr 1990 Nov;44(11):831-7.

Heitmann BL.  Prediction of body water and fat in adult Danes from measurement
of electrical impedance. A validation study.  Int J Obes 1990
Sep;14(9):789-802.

Heitmann BL, Sorensen SS, Isaksson B.  [The use of the impedance measurement
technic for calculating body fat mass. A validity study].  Ugeskr Laeger 1989
Oct 2;151(40):2588-91. (Dan).

Heyward VH, Cook KL, Hicks VL, Jenkins KA, Quatrochi JA, Wilson WL.
Predictive accuracy of three field methods for estimating relative body
fatness of nonobese and obese women.  Int J Sport Nutr 1992 Mar;2(1):75-86.

Hoover LW, Boote EJ, Hillard AE, Thomas TR, Firman JD, Hewett JE, Gay JW.
Abdominal fat assessment in postmenopausal women receiving hormone replacement
therapy.  Basic Life Sci 1993;60:215-8.

Hunter G, Khaled M, Snyder S, Koester R.  Estimation of abdominal fat pattens
using segmental (BIA) analysis and anthropometric measures analysis
[abstract]. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1992;24(5 Suppl):S8.

Ilagan J, Bhutani V, Archer P, Lin PK, Jen KL.  Estimation of body composition
changes during weight cycling by bioelectrical impedance analysis in rats.  J
Appl Physiol 1993 May;74(5):2092-8.

Inada C, Yamada K, Nakao H, Otabe S, Nonaka K. Estimation of body fat
bioelectrical impedance analysis in diabetic patients. In: Mimura G, Chi Z,
editors. Recent progress of diabetes mellitus in East Asia; 3rd Japan-China
Symposium on Diabetes Mellitus; 1991 Oct; Shanghai, China.  New York: Excerpta
Medica; 1992. p. 199-204. (International congress series; no. 997).

Kaminsky LA, Whaley MH.  Differences in estimates of percent body fat using
bioelectrical impedance.  J Sports Med Phys Fitness 1993 Jun;33(2):172-7.

Keim NL, Barbieri TF, Van Loan M.  Comparison of conductivity, impedance and
density methods for body composition assessment of obese women. Basic Life Sci
1990;55:227-9.

Kim HK, Matsuura Y, Tanaka K, Inagaki A.  [Physical fitness and motor ability
in obese boys 12 through 14 years of age].  Ann Physiol Anthropol 1993
Jan;12(1):17-23. (Jpn).

Kreitzman SN, Coxon A.  The use of electrical impedance and infra-red
interactance to determine non water lean component of fat free mass.  Basic
Life Sci 1990;55:433-5.

Kushner RF, Kunigk A, Alspaugh M, Andronis PT, Leitch CA, Schoeller DA.
Validation of bioelectrical-impedance analysis as a measurement of change in
body composition in obesity.  Am J Clin Nutr 1990 Aug;52(2):219-23. Comment
in: Am J Clin Nutr 1991 Jan;53(1):178-9 and Am J Clin Nutr 1991
Jan;53(1):179-81.

Lee PD, Hwu K, Henson H, Brown BT, Bricker JT, LeBlanc AD, Fiorotto ML,
Greenberg F, Klish WJ.  Body composition studies in Prader-Willi syndrome:
effects of growth hormone therapy.  Basic Life Sci 1993;60:201-5.

Lichtman SW, Pisarska K, Berman ER, Pestone M, Dowling H, Offenbacher E,
Weisel H, Heshka S, Matthews DE, Heymsfield SB.  Discrepancy between
self-reported and actual caloric intake and exercise in obese subjects.  N
Engl J Med 1992 Dec 31;327(27):1893-8. Comment in: N Engl J Med 1992 Dec
31;327(27):1947-8; N Engl J Med 1993 May 20;328(20):1494; discusssion 1495;
and N Engl J Med 1993 May 20;328(20):1494-5.

Marti B, Suter E, Riesen WF, Tschopp A, Wanner HU.  Anthropometric and
lifestyle correlates of serum lipoprotein and apolipoprotein levels among
normal non-smoking men and women.  Atherosclerosis 1989 Feb;75(2-3):111-22.

Masuda T, Imai K, Komiya S.  Relationship of anthropometric indices of body
fat to cardiovascular risk in Japanese women.  Ann Physiol Anthropol 1993
May;12(3):135-44.

Mattar JA, Salas CE, Bernstein DP, Lehr D, Bauer R.  Hemodynamic changes after
an intensive short-term exercise and nutrition program in hypertensive and
obese patients with and without coronary artery disease.  Arq Bras Cardiol
1990 May;54(5):307-12.

Maughan RJ.  An evaluation of a bioelectrical impedance analyser for the
estimation of body fat content.  Br J Sports Med 1993 Mar;27(1):63-6.

Mazariegos M, Kral JG, Wang J, Waki M, Heymsfield SB, Pierson RN Jr, Thornton
JC, Yasumura S.  Body composition and surgical treatment of obesity. Effects
of weight loss on fluid distribution.  Ann Surg 1992 Jul;216(1):69-73.

McNeill G, Fowler PA, Maughan RJ, McGaw BA, Fuller MF, Gvozdanovic D,
Gvozdanovic S.  Body fat in lean and overweight women estimated by six
methods.  Br J Nutr 1991 Mar;65(2):95-103.

Medved R, Misigoj-Durakovic M, Matkovic BR.  Relation between the
anthropometric and the bioelectrical impedance method of assessing body fat
percentage. Period Biol 1993;95(1):105-8.

Mitrakou A, Raptis G, Ganotakis E, Raptis SA.  Fat weight measured by
bioelectrical impedance is predictive of impaired glucose tolerance
[abstract]. Diabetologia 1990;33 Suppl:A199.

Noe D, Spiti R, Gatti E.  [Body composition changes after weight reduction:
Bioelectric impedance method applicability].  Riv Ital Nutr Parenter Enteral
1993;11(3):168-73. (Ita).

Obesity and cardiovascular disease risk factors in black and white girls: the
NHLBI Growth and Health Study.  Am J Public Health 1992 Dec;82(12):1613-20.

Oldroyd B, Bramley PN, Stewart SP, Simpson M, Truscott JG, Losowsky M, Smith
MA.  The measurement of total body fat by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry:
comparison with skinfold anthropometry, bioelectrical impedance and total body
potassium.  Basic Life Sci 1993;60:93-4.

Otto RM, Wygand J, Denicola D, St George K, Doody D, Nauerth M.  Body
composition evaluation of obese and non-obese via anthropometry bioelectric
impedance and hydrodensitometry [abstract]. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1990;22(2
Suppl):S128.

Paijmans IJ, Wilmore KM, Wilmore JH.  Use of skinfolds and bioelectrical
impedance for body composition assessment after weight reduction. J Am Coll
Nutr 1992 Apr;11(2):145-51.

Pedersen SB, Borglum JD, Schmitz O, Bak JF, Sorensen NS, Richelsen B.
Abdominal obesity is associated with insulin resistance and reduced glycogen
synthetase activity in skeletal muscle.  Metabolism 1993 Aug;42(8):998-1005.

Pierson RN Jr, Wang J, Heymsfield SB, Russell-Aulet M, Mazariegos M, Tierney
M, Smith R, Thornton JC, Kehayias J, Weber DA, et al.  Measuring body fat:
calibrating the rulers. Intermethod comparisons in 389 normal Caucasian
subjects.  Am J Physiol 1991 Jul;261(1 Pt 1):E103-8.

Pierson RN Jr, Wang J, Thornton J, Heymsfield S, Aulet M, Lichtman S.
Measuring body fat inter-method translations in 338 normal white adults WA
[abstract]. Am J Clin Nutr 1990;51(3):521.

Pirke KM, Muenzing WM, Ernst A, Beumont PJ.  Assessment of body composition by
measurement of electrical conductivity in patients with anorexia nervosa and
bulimia.  Int J Eating Disord 1989 Jul;8(4):479-82.

Pronk NP, Donnelly JE, Jakicic J.  Accuracy of bioelectrical impedance
analysis with weight loss in the obese [abstract]. Med Sci Sports Exerc
1990;22(2 Suppl):S109.

Ramirez ME.  Measurement of subcutaneous adipose tissue using ultrasound
images.  Am J Phys Anthropol 1992 Nov;89(3):347-57.

Ramirez ME.  Subcutaneous fat distribution in adolescents.  Hum Biol 1993
Oct;65(5):771-82.

Rammohan M, Aplasca EC.  Caliper method vs bioelectrical impedance analysis
for determining body fat in patients undergoing chronic dialysis and in
healthy individuals.  J Am Diet Assoc 1992 Nov;92(11):1395-7. Comment in: J Am
Diet Assoc 1993 Apr;93(4):400-1.

Recasens MA, Barenys M, Fernandez-Ballart J, Sola R, Blanch S, Salas Salvado
J.  [Estimation of energy expenditure in patients with morbid obesity].  Med
Clin (Barc) 1994 Apr 2;102(12):451-5. (Spa).

Roche AF.  Methodological considerations in the assessment of childhood
obesity.  Ann N Y Acad Sci 1993 Oct 29;699:6-17.

Saunders NH, al-Zeibak S, Ryde SJ, Birks JL.  The composition of weight loss
in dieting obese females by electrical methods.  Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord
1993 Jun;17(6):317-22.

Scalfi L, Di Biase G, Coltorti A, Contaldo F.  Bioimpedance analysis and
resting energy expenditure in undernourished and refed anorectic patients.
Eur J Clin Nutr 1993 Jan;47(1):61-7.

Schwingshandl J, Borkenstein M.  Assessment of body composition in obese
children during a weight  reduction program by bioelectrical impedance
analysis (BIA) as a possible predictor of longterm outcome [abstract]. Eur J
Pediatr 1994;153(3):218.

Seifman A.  Fit or fat.  Weight Watch 1989 May;22(4):13-4.

Tagliabue A, Cattaneo P, Silva S, Lanzola E.  [Application of bioelectric
impedance measurement in the evaluation of body fat].  Recenti Prog Med 1989
Feb;80(2):59-62. (Ita).

Tagliabue A, Cena H, Trentani C, Lanzola E, Silva S.  How reliable is
bio-electrical impedance analysis for individual patients?  Int J Obes Relat
Metab Disord 1992 Sep;16(9):649-52.

Takahashi E, Yoshida K, Kondo T.  [Early detection of obesity in male adults
using a combination of body index and bioelectrical impedance method].  Nippon
Koshu Eisei Zasshi 1993 Oct;40(10):954-8. (Jpn).

Talluri T, Marenco P, Braghieri L, Reboli P, Migliorati G, Locatelli M,
Ferrari E.  Possible use of bioelectrical phase angle in overweight estimates
[abstract]. Neuroendocrinol Lett 1992;14(4):257.

Taraborelli T, Nardinocchi D, Di Pietro M, Gruppioni G.  [Bioelectric
impedance (BIA) and thickness of the subcutaneous fatty tissue in a sample of
normal weight and obese children].  Minerva Pediatr 1993 Dec;45(12):489-92.
(Ita).

Uccioli L, Fleury M, De Gregorio M, Spilabotte S, Pennica M, Maiello MR, Gatta
R, Felici MG, Menzinger G.  [Can the Body Mass Index and the waist:hips ratio
(WHR) affect the correlation between impedance measurement and anthropometry
in the evaluation of body composition?].  Minerva Endocrinol 1990
Oct-Dec;15(4):251-5. (Ita).

Valero MA, Leon-Sanz M, Gomez I, Martinez G, Hawkins F.  [A comparison between
double-photon absorptiometry (DEXA), impedance and anthropometry in the study
of the body composition of obese subjects].  Nutr Hosp 1994 Jan-Feb;9(1):12-7.
(Spa).

van der Kooy K, Leenen R, Deurenberg P, Seidell JC, Westerterp KR, Hautvast
JG.  Changes in fat-free mass in obese subjects after weight loss: a
comparison of body composition measures.  Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 1992
Sep;16(9):675-83.

Vazquez JA, Janoski JE.  Bioelectrical impedance analysis: Can it measure
losses of lean body mass during weight reduction?  Riv Ital Nutr Parenterale
enterale 1992;10(3):223-9.

Vazquez JA, Janosky JE.  Validity of bioelectrical- impedance analysis in
measuring changes in lean body mass during weight reduction.  Am J Clin Nutr
1991 Dec;54(6):970-5.

Vazquez JA, Janosky JE, Adibi SA.  Reliability of bioelectrical impedance
analysis (BIA) in measuring changes in lean body mass during weight reduction
[abstract]. Clin Res 1991;39(2):234A.

Verga S, Buscemi S, Caimi G.  Resting energy expenditure and body composition
in morbidly obese, obese and control subjects.  Acta Diabetol 1994
Apr;31(1):47-51.

Waki M, Kral JG, Mazariegos M, Wang J, Pierson RN Jr, Heymsfield SB.  Relative
expansion of extracellular fluid in obese vs. nonobese women.  Am J Physiol
1991 Aug;261(2 Pt 1):E199-203.

Wang J, Heymsfield SB, Aulet M, Thornton JC, Pierson RN Jr.  Body fat from
body density: underwater weighing vs. dual-photon absorptiometry.  Am J
Physiol 1989 Jun;256(6 Pt 1):E829-34.

Webber J, Donaldson M, Allison SP, MacDonald IA.  A comparison of skinfold
thickness, body mass index, bioelectrical impedance analysis and dual-energy
X-ray absorptiometry in assessing body composition in obese subjects before
and after weight loss.  Clin Nutr 1994;13(3):177-82.

Webber J, MacDonald IA.  The changes in body weight and in body composition,
estimated using  bioelectrical impedance analysis over 72 h of fasting:
Comparison with estimates based on energy expenditure measured by indirect
calorimetry [abstract]. Proc Nutr Soc 1993;52(3):251A.

Weits T, van der Beek EJ, Wedel M, Hubben MW, Koppeschaar HP.  Fat patterning
during weight reduction: a multimode investigation.  Neth J Med 1989
Oct;35(3-4):174-84.

Williams DP.  Body composition, blood pressure and their tracking in children
and adolescents [dissertation].  Tuscon (AZ): University of Arizona; 1989. 169
p.

Wilmore KM, McBride PJ, Wilmore JH.  Comparison of bioelectric impedance and
near-infrared interactance for  body composition assessment in a population of
self-perceived overweight adults.  Int J Obes 1994;18(6):375-81.

Winett LB, Alles WF.  Questioning the use of body fat analysis as a
stand-alone screening device.  Am J Health Promot 1993 Sep-Oct;8(1):12-4.

Zwiauer KF, Mueller T, Widhalm K.  Resting metabolic rate in obese children
before, during and after weight loss.  Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 1992
Jan;16(1):11-6.


Surveys, Epidemiologic Use


Baisch FJ.  Body fluid distribution in man in space and effect of lower body
negative pressure treatment.  Clin Investig 1993 Sep;71(9):690-9.

Deurenberg P, Smit HE, Kusters CS.  Is the bioelectrical impedance method
suitable for epidemiological field studies?  Eur J Clin Nutr 1989
Sep;43(9):647-54.

Hammond J, Rona RJ, Chinn S.  Estimation in community surveys of total body
fat of children using bioelectrical impedance or skinfold thickness
measurements.  Eur J Clin Nutr 1994 Mar;48(3):164-71.

Heitmann BL.  Body fat in the adult Danish population aged 35-65 years: an
epidemiological study.  Int J Obes 1991 Aug;15(8):535-45.

Jones PJ, Jacobs I, Morris A, Ducharme MB.  Adequacy of food rations in
soldiers during an arctic exercise measured by doubly labeled water. J Appl
Physiol 1993 Oct;75(4):1790-7.

Obesity and cardiovascular disease risk factors in black and white girls: the
NHLBI Growth and Health Study.  Am J Public Health 1992 Dec;82(12):1613-20.

Pullicino E, Coward WA, Stubbs RJ, Elia M.  Bedside and field methods for
assessing body composition: comparison with the deuterium dilution technique.
Eur J Clin Nutr 1990 Oct;44(10):753-62.

Roche AF, Siervogel RM.  Measures of body composition. Their relationship to
blood pressure and use in epidemiologic research.  Ann Epidemiol 1991
May;1(4):313-9.

Schall JI, Hediger ML, Scholl TO.  Late pregnancy changes in maternal fat free
mass as determined by  bioelectric impedance: Associations with pregnancy
outcome [abstract]. Am J Epidemiol 1993;138(8):656.

Sowers M, Kshirsagar A, Crutchfield M, Updike S.  Body composition, age and
femoral bone mass of young adult women.  Ann Epidemiol 1991 Feb;1(3):245-54.

Takahashi E, Yoshida K, Kondo T.  [Early detection of obesity in male adults
using a combination of body index and bioelectrical impedance method].  Nippon
Koshu Eisei Zasshi 1993 Oct;40(10):954-8. (Jpn).

Tracer DP.  The interaction of nutrition and fertility among Au
forager-horticulturalists of Papua New Guinea [dissertation].  Ann Arbor (MI):
University of Michigan; 1991. 247 p.


Performance, Exercise, Energy Balance


Askim KL.  Validity of whole body bioelectrical impedance analysis in the
prediction of percent body fat in women [master's thesis on microfiche].
Eugene (OR): University of Oregon, College of Human Development and
Performance, Microform Publications; 1990. 2 microfiche.

Astrup A, Thorbek G, Lind J, Isaksson B.  Prediction of 24 h energy
expenditure and its components from physical characteristics and body
composition in normal weight humans.  Am J Clin Nutr 1990 Nov;52(5):777-83.

Azcue M.  Resting energy expenditure and body composition in normal and sick
children [dissertation].  Toronto (Canada): University of Toronto; 1992. 286
p.

Barr SI, McCargar LJ, Crawford SM.  Practical use of body composition analysis
in sport [editorial].  Sports Med 1994 May;17(5):277-82.

Baumgartner RN, Chumlea WC, Roche AF.  Bioelectric impedance for body
composition.  Exerc Sport Sci Rev 1990;18:193-224.

Brilla LR, Haley TF.  Effect of magnesium supplementation on strength training
in humans.  J Am Coll Nutr 1992 Jun;11(3):326-9.

Brodie DA, Eston RG.  Body fat estimations by electrical impedance and
infra-red interactance.  Int J Sports Med 1992 May;13(4):319-25.

Brodie DA, Eston RG, Coxon AY, Kreitzman SN, Stockdale HR, Howard AN.  Effect
of changes of water and electrolytes on the validity of conventional methods
of measuring fat-free mass.  Ann Nutr Metab 1991;35(2):89-97.

Candeloro N, Papa N, Docimo R, Schardt K.  Body composition BC and resting
energy expenditure REE in overweight subjects after hypocaloric diet
[abstract]. Am J Clin Nutr 1992 Oct 1992;56(4):757.

Chapman R, Tibbetts G, Case S, Evans D, Mills WJ Jr.  Body composition testing
of athletes in the field using bioelectric impedance analysis.  Alaska Med
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Nakamura T, Yamamoto Y, Yamamoto T, Tsuji H.  Fundamental characteristics of
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Roney RK, Hunter GR, Bammon MM, Newton LE, Khaled M. Comparison of
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Schols AM, Mostert R, Soeters PB, Wouters EF.  Body composition and exercise
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Tanaka K, Hiyama T, Watanabe Y, Asano K, Takeda M, Hayakawa Y, Nakadomo F.
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Thompson DL, Thompson WR, Prestridge TJ, Bailey JG, Bean MH, Brown SP,
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Bengtsson BA, Eden S, Lonn L, Kvist H, Stokland A, Lindstedt G, Bosaeus I,
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Beshyah SA, Freemantle C, Parnell J, Johnston DG, Sharp P.  Body composition
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Binnerts A, Deurenberg P, Swart GR, Wilson JH, Lamberts SW.  Body composition
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Binnerts A, Swart GR, Wilson JH, Hoogerbrugge N, Pols HA, Birkenhager JC,
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Bottazzo S, Giada F, Vesco A, Caberlotto A, Fazzin G, Caprioglio L.
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Brummer RJ, Rosen T, Bengtsson BA.  Evaluation of different methods of
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Carlson GL, Visvanathan R, Pannarale OC, Little RA, Irving MH.  Change in
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Chiolero RL, Gay LJ, Cotting J, Gurtner C, Schutz Y.  Assessment of changes in
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Colle M, Auzerie J.  Discontinuation of growth hormone therapy in
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Contreras P, Villanuev CL, Calvillan M, Morales H, Mella I, Perez J, Rios M,
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Dijkstra AM, Brown BH, Leathard AD, Harris ND, Barber DC, Edbrooke DL.
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Edelstein SL, Barrett-Connor E.  Relation between body size and bone mineral
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Elmstahl S, Gardsell P, Ringsberg K, Sernbo I.  Body composition and its
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Elmstahl S, Jarnblad G, Stavenow L, Jerntorp P, Pessah-Rasmussen H, Galvard H,
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Fearon KC, Richardson RA, Hannan J, Cowan S, Watson W, Shenkin A, Garden OJ.
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Gregory JW, Greene SA, Jung RT, Scrimgeour CM, Rennie MJ.  Changes in body
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Gregory JW, Greene SA, Jung RT, Scrimgeour CM, Rennie MJ.  Metabolic effects
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Gregory JW, Greene SA, Scrimgeour CM, Rennie MJ.  Body water measurement in
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Gregory JW, Greene SA, Thompson J, Scrimgeour CM, Rennie MJ.  Effects of oral
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Hertell NT, Juul A, Holm K, Michaelsen KF, Muller J. Fat and fat free mass in
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Hu H-Y, Yamamoto H, Sohmiya M, Abe T, Murakami Y, Kato Y.  Body composition
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Jovanovic-Peterson L, Crues J, Durak E, Peterson CM.  Magnetic resonance
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Krew MA, Kehl RJ, Thomas A, Catalano PM.  Relation of amniotic fluid C-peptide
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Lee PD, Hwu K, Henson H, Brown BT, Bricker JT, LeBlanc AD, Fiorotto ML,
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Lipkin EW, Bell S.  Assessment of nutritional status. The clinician's
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Martelletti P, Andreoli A, Bernoni RM, Di Sabato F, Del Bolgia F, Baldi A,
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Preliminary report.  Headache 1991 Jan;31(1):41-5.

Marti B, Suter E, Riesen WF, Tschopp A, Wanner HU.  Anthropometric and
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Masuda T, Imai K, Komiya S.  Relationship of anthropometric indices of body
fat to cardiovascular risk in Japanese women.  Ann Physiol Anthropol 1993
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McDonald JJ, Chanduvi B, Velarde G, Cama R, Diaz F, Carrillo L, Torre V,
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McKee JE, Cameron N.  Fluctuations in bioelectric impedance during the
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Meguid MM, Lukaski HC, Tripp MD, Rosenburg JM, Parker FB Jr.  Rapid bedside
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Miholic J, Meyer HJ, Balks J, Kotzerke J.  [Effect of reconstruction method on
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Miholic J, Meyer HJ, Muller MJ, Weimann A, Pichlmayr R.  Nutritional
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Orme SM, Sebastian JP, Oldroyd B, Stewart SP, Grant PJ, Stickland MH, Smith
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Pullicino EA.  Aspects of energy metabolism in hospitalised patients
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Rau H, Fischer H, Schmidt K, Lembcke B, Althoff PH.  Effect of bromocriptine
withdrawal in acromegaly on body composition as assessed by bioelectrical
impedance analysis.  Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) 1991 Sep;125(3):273-9.

Remorgida V, Giordano M, Lanera P, Costantini S, de Cecco L.  The relationship
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Schroeder D, Christie PM, Hill GL.  Bioelectrical impedance analysis for body
composition: clinical evaluation in general surgical patients.  JPEN J
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Sloan JP, Wing P, Dian L, Meneilly GS.  A pilot study of anabolic steroids in
elderly patients with hip fractures.  J Am Geriatr Soc 1992 Nov;40(11):
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Sowers M, Kshirsagar A, Crutchfield M, Updike S.  Body composition, age and
femoral bone mass of young adult women.  Ann Epidemiol 1991 Feb;1(3):245-54.

Sowers MF, Kshirsagar A, Crutchfield MM, Updike S.  Joint influence of fat and
lean body composition compartments on femoral bone mineral density in
premenopausal women.  Am J Epidemiol 1992 Aug 1;136(3):257-65.

Tagliabue A, Cena H, Trentani C, Lanzola E, Silva S.  How reliable is
bio-electrical impedance analysis for individual patients?  Int J Obes Relat
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Tanaka K, Hiyama T, Watanabe Y, Asano K, Takeda M, Hayakawa Y, Nakadomo F.
Assessment of exercise-induced alterations in body composition of patients
with coronary heart disease.  Eur J Appl Physiol 1993;66(4):321-7.

Tsubo T, Kou H, Ishihara H, Kudo T, Kudo M, Matsuki A.  [The changes in total
body water in patients with prolonged anesthesia and surgery].  Masui 1990
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Van Itallie TB, Segal KR.  Nutritional assessment of hospital patients new
methods and new opportunities. Am J Hum Biol 1989;1(2):205-8.

Veglio F, Rovera L, Molino P, Schiavone D, Chiandussi L.  Bioelectric
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Ward LC, Bunce IH, Cornish BH, Mirolo BR, Thomas BJ, Jones LC.
Multi-frequency bioelectrical impedance augments the diagnosis and management
of lymphoedema in post-mastectomy patients.  Eur J Clin Invest 1992
Nov;22(11):751-4.

Watanabe R, Miura A, Inoue K, Haeno M, Sakamoto K, Kanai H.  Evaluation of leg
edema using a multifrequency impedance meter in patients with lymphatic
obstruction.  Lymphology 1989 Jun;22(2):85-92.

Winett LB, Alles WF.  Questioning the use of body fat analysis as a
stand-alone screening device.  Am J Health Promot 1993 Sep-Oct;8(1):12-4.

York JL, Pendergast DE.  Body composition in detoxified alcoholics.  Alcohol
Clin Exp Res 1990 Apr;14(2):180-3.

Zarowitz BJ, Pilla AM.  Bioelectrical impedance in clinical practice.  DICP
1989 Jul-Aug;23(7-8):548-55.


Military and Space


Barrows LH, Inners LD, Stricklin MD, Klein PD, Wong WW.  Comparison of total
body water estimates from O 18 and bioelectrical response prediction
equations.  Houston (TX): National Aeronautics and Space Administration,
Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center; 1993 Apr. 11 p. Available from: NTIS,
Springfield, VA.

Bishop PA (University of Alamaba, University, AL).  Noninvasive estimation of
fluid shifts between body compartments by measurement of bioelectric
characteristics. Final report.  Washington: National Aeronautics and Space
Administration; 1989 Dec. Contract No.: AM585722. 15 p.

Breitenbach RA.  Bioelectrical impedance in the Air Force Weight Management
Program.  Mil Med 1990 Oct;155(10):509-10.

Fulco CS, Hoyt RW, Baker-Fulco CJ, Gonzalez J, Cymerman A.  Use of
bioelectrical impedance to assess body composition changes at high altitude.
J Appl Physiol 1992 Jun;72(6):2181-7.

Grundy D, Reid K, McArdle FJ, Brown BH, Barber DC, Deacon CF, Henderson IW.
Trans-thoracic fluid shifts and endocrine responses to 6 degrees head-down
tilt.  Aviat Space Environ Med 1991 Oct;62(10):923-9.

Jones PJ, Jacobs I, Morris A, Ducharme MB.  Adequacy of food rations in
soldiers during an arctic exercise measured by doubly labeled water. J Appl
Physiol 1993 Oct;75(4):1790-7.

Lindley EJ, Brown BH, Barber DC, Grundy D, Knowles R, McArdle FJ, Wilson AJ.
Monitoring body fluid distribution in microgravity using impedance tomography
(APT (applied potential tomography)).  Clin Phys Physiol Meas 1992;13 Suppl
A:181-4.

Rallison L, Kushner RF, Schoeller DA, Penn D.  Can bioelectrical impedance
analysis (BIA) and total body electrical conductivity (TOBEC) detect small
localized changes in total body water? [abstract]. Am J Clin Nutr
1992;56(4):766.

Sasso GF, Andreoli A, Candeloro N, Battistini NC, Barra PFA, De Lorenzo A.
Body composition (BC) and alcohol intake preliminary report [abstract]. Am J
Clin Nutr 1992;56(4):759.


BODY WATER AND CELL MASS:  CLINICAL ANALYSIS


Overview and Evaluation


Barrows LH, Inners LD, Stricklin MD, Klein PD, Wong WW.  Comparison of total
body water estimates from O 18 and bioelectrical response prediction
equations.  Houston (TX): National Aeronautics and Space Administration,
Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center; 1993 Apr. 11 p. Available from: NTIS,
Springfield, VA.

Battistini N, Brambilla P, Virgili F, Simone P, Bedogni G, Morini P, Chiumello
G.  The prediction of total body water from body impedance in young obese
subjects.  Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 1992 Mar;16(3):207-12.

Baxter J, Forse R, Bistrian B, Bell S, Blackburn G. Bioelectrical impedance in
patients with increased total body water [abstract]. JPEN J Parenter Enteral
Nutr 1990;14(1 Suppl):19S.

Bell SJ, Bistrian BR, Blackburn GL.  Estimation of total body water by
bioelectrical impedance and  anthropometrics overestimates lean body mass LBM
in hospitalized patients [abstract]. FASEB J 1989;3(3):A335.

Bishop PA (University of Alamaba, University, AL).  Noninvasive estimation of
fluid shifts between body compartments by measurement of bioelectric
characteristics. Final report.  Washington: National Aeronautics and Space
Administration; 1989 Dec. Contract No.: AM585722. 15 p.

Boulier A, Fricker J, Thomasset AL, Apfelbaum M.  Fat-free mass estimation by
the two-electrode impedance method.  Am J Clin Nutr 1990 Oct;52(4):581-5.

Boulier A, Thomasset AL, Apfelbaum M.  Bioelectrical-impedance measurement of
body water [letter].  Am J Clin Nutr 1992 Mar;55(3):761-2. Comment on: Am J
Clin Nutr 1991 Jul;54(1):26-9.

Buhl K, Tierney M, Wang J, Kotler D, Heymsfield S, Pierson RN Jr, Lichtman S.
Clinical evaluation of total body water anthropometric and (BIA)  prediction
equations [abstract]. FASEB J 1990:4(3):A656.

Contarsy SA.  An investigation of the influence of various states of hydration
on the assessment of body composition: with specific reference to the
variability of the total body water measurement [dissertation].  Los Angeles:
University of Southern California; 1990.

Cornish BH, Thomas BJ, Ward LC.  Improved prediction of extracellular and
total body water using impedance loci generated by multiple frequency
bioelectrical impedance analysis.  Phys Med Biol 1993 Mar;38(3):337-46.

Cornish BH, Ward LC, Thomas BJ.  Alteration of the extracellular and total
body water volumes measured by multiple frequency bioelectrical impedance
analysis (MFBIA).  Nutr Res 1991;14(5):717-27.

Cornish BH, Ward LC, Thomas BJ.  Measurement of extracellular and total body
water of rats using  multiple frequency bioelectrical impedance analysis.
Nutr Res 1992;12(4-5):657-66.

Danford LC, Schoeller DA, Kushner RF.  Comparison of two bioelectrical
impedance analysis models for total body water measurement in children.  Ann
Hum Biol 1992 Nov-Dec;19(6):603-7.

Davies PS, Jagger SE, Reilly JJ.  A relationship between bioelectrical
impedance and total body water in young adults.  Ann Hum Biol 1990
Sep-Oct;17(5):445-8.

Deurenberg P, Schouten FJ.  Loss of total body water and extracellular water
assessed by multifrequency impedance.  Eur J Clin Nutr 1992 Apr;46(4):247-55.

Deurenberg P, Schouten FJ, Andreoli A, de Lorenzo A.  Assessment of changes in
extra-cellular water and total body water using multi-frequency bio-electrical
impedance.  Basic Life Sci 1993;60:129-32.

Deurenberg P, van der Kooy K, Leenen R, Schouten FJ.  Body impedance is
largely dependent on the intra- and extra-cellular water distribution.  Eur J
Clin Nutr 1989 Dec;43(12):845-53.

Fearon KCH, Hannan WJ, Cowan SJ, Plester C, Falconer JS, Richardson RA, Garden
OJ. Estimation of the mass and distribution of body water in surgical patients
by multiple-frequency bioelectrical impedance analysis [abstract]. Proc Nutr
Soc 1993;52(3):248A.

Garn SM.  The impedance index in predicting total body water [letter].  Am J
Clin Nutr 1993 Jun;57(6):947. Comment on: Am J Clin Nutr 1992 Nov;56(5):835-9.

Gregory JW, Greene SA, Scrimgeour CM, Rennie MJ.  Body water measurement in
growth disorders: a comparison of bioelectrical impedance and skinfold
thickness techniques with isotope dilution.  Arch Dis Child 1991
Feb;66(2):220-2.

Ikeuchi T, Nishikawa H, Morimoto T.  Changes in the distribution of body water
with aging determined by  bioelectrical impedance [abstract]. Jpn J Physiol
1993;43 Suppl 2:S134.

Johnson HL, Virk SP, Mayclin P, Barbieri T.  Predicting total body water and
extracellular fluid volumes from bioelectrical measurements of the human body.
J Am Coll Nutr 1992 Oct;11(5):539-47.

Komiya S, Masuda T.  Estimation of human body composition by bioelectrical
impedance  measurements - Equation for estimating total body water in Japanese
subjects.  Jpn J Phys Fitness Sports Med 1990;39(1):53-9.

Kushner RF, Schoeller DA, Fjeld CR, Danford L.  Is the impedance index (ht2/R)
significant in predicting total body water?  Am J Clin Nutr 1992
Nov;56(5):835-9. Comment in: Am J Clin Nutr 1993 Jun;57(6):947.

Lindley EJ, Brown BH, Barber DC, Grundy D, Knowles R, McArdle FJ, Wilson AJ.
Monitoring body fluid distribution in microgravity using impedance tomography
(APT (applied potential tomography)).  Clin Phys Physiol Meas 1992;13 Suppl
A:181-4.

Lukaski HC.  Applications of bioelectrical impedance analysis: a critical
review.  Basic Life Sci 1990;55:365-74.

Lukaski HC, Siders WA, Nielsen EJ, Hall CB.  Total body water in pregnancy:
assessment by using bioelectrical impedance.  Am J Clin Nutr 1994
Mar;59(3):578-85.

Lusseveld EM, Peters ET, Deurenberg P.  Multifrequency bioelectrical impedance
as a measure of differences in body water distribution.  Ann Nutr Metab
1993;37(1):44-51.

Martorell R, Habicht JP, Haas J.  Predicting total body water from
bioelectrical impedance in children [letter].  Ann Hum Biol 1989
Mar-Apr;16(2):173-4.

Mayfield SR, Uauy R, Waidelich D.  Body composition of low-birth-weight
infants determined by using bioelectrical resistance and reactance.  Am J Clin
Nutr 1991 Aug;54(2):296-303. Comment in: Am J Clin Nutr 1992 Dec;56(6):1067-8.

Mazariegos M, Kral JG, Wang J, Waki M, Heymsfield SB, Pierson RN Jr, Thornton
JC, Yasumura S.  Body composition and surgical treatment of obesity. Effects
of weight loss on fluid distribution.  Ann Surg 1992 Jul;216(1):69-73.

Meguid MM, Lukaski HC, Tripp MD, Rosenburg JM, Parker FB Jr.  Rapid bedside
method to assess changes in postoperative fluid status with bioelectrical
impedance analysis.  Surgery 1992 Sep;112(3):502-8.

Miholic J, Reilmann L, Meyer HJ, Korber H, Dieckelmann A, Pichlmayr R.
Estimation of extracellular space and blood volume using bioelectrical
impedance measurements.  Clin Investig 1992 Jul;70(7):600-5.

Muraoka Y, Komiya S.  [Equation for estimating total body water by
bioelectrical impedance measurements in Japanese subjects].  Ann Physiol
Anthropol 1991 Oct;10(4):203-10. (Jpn).

Olthof CG, de Vries PM, Kouw PM, Oe PL, Schneider H, de Lange JJ, Donker AJ.
Non-invasive conductivity method for detection of dynamic body fluid changes:
in vitro and in vivo validation.  Nephrol Dial Transplant 1993;8(1):41-6.

Patel RV, Matthie JR, Withers PO, Peterson EL, Zarowitz BJ.  Estimation of
total body and extracellular water using single- and multiple-frequency
bioimpedance.  Ann Pharmacother 1994 May;28(5):565-9.

Piccoli A, Rossi B, Pillon L.  Is 50 kHz the optimal frequency in routine
estimation of body water by bio-electrical impedance analysis? [letter].  Am J
Clin Nutr 1992 Dec;56(6):1069-70. Comment on: Am J Clin Nutr 1991
Jul;54(1):26-9.

Quigley M, Siconolfi S, Agnew J, Rehbein T.  Fluid volume shifts during supine
rest: effect on estimated total body water, lean body mass, and percent body
fat from total body bioelectrical impedance [abstract]. Med Sci Sports Exerc
1989;21(2 Suppl):S99.

Rallison L, Kushner RF, Schoeller DA, Penn D.  Can bioelectrical impedance
analysis (BIA) and total body electrical conductivity (TOBEC) detect small
localized changes in total body water? [abstract]. Am J Clin Nutr 1992;56(4):
766.

Rallison L, Kushner RF, Schoeller DA, Penn D.  Can bioelectrical impedance
analysis (BIA) and total body electrical conductivity (TOBEC) detect small
localized changes in total body water? [abstract]. Clin Res 1992;40(2):636A.

Rallison LR, Kushner RF, Penn D, Schoeller DA.  Errors in estimating
peritoneal fluid by bioelectrical impedance analysis and total body electrical
conductivity.  J Am Coll Nutr 1993 Feb;12(1):66-72.

Scheltinga MR, Helton WS, Rounds J, Jacobs DO, Wilmore DW.  Impedance
electrodes positioned on proximal portions of limbs quantify fluid
compartments in dogs.  J Appl Physiol 1991 May;70(5):2039-44.

Scheltinga MR, Jacobs DO, Kimbrough TD, Wilmore DW.  Alterations in body fluid
content can be detected by bioelectrical impedance analysis.  J Surg Res 1991
May;50(5):461-8.

Segal KR, Burastero S, Chun A, Coronel P, Pierson RN Jr, Wang J.  Estimation
of extracellular and total body water by multiple-frequency bioelectrical-
impedance measurement.  Am J Clin Nutr 1991 Jul;54(1):26-9. Comment in: Am J
Clin Nutr 1992 Mar;55(3):761-2 and Am J Clin Nutr 1992 Dec;56(6):1069-70.

Sievers KW, Gauger J, Bauermann T, Lohr E.  Changes of soft-tissue water
examined with magnetic resonance and electrical impedance tomography: an in
vivo experiment.  Angiology 1993 Nov;44(11):889-95.

Thomas BJ, Cornish BH, Ward LC.  Bioelectrical impedance analysis for
measurement of body fluid volumes: a review.  J Clin Eng 1992
Nov-Dec;17(6):505-10.

Van Loan MD, Mayclin PL.  Use of multi-frequency bioelectrical impedance
analysis for the estimation of extracellular fluid.  Eur J Clin Nutr 1992
Feb;46(2):117-24.

van Marken Lichtenbelt WD, Westerterp KR, Wouters L, Luijendijk SC.
Validation of bioelectrical- impedance measurements as a method to estimate
body-water compartments.  Am J Clin Nutr 1994 Aug;60(2):159-66.

Waki M, Kral JG, Mazariegos M, Wang J, Pierson RN Jr, Heymsfield SB.  Relative
expansion of extracellular fluid in obese vs. nonobese women.  Am J Physiol
1991 Aug;261(2 Pt 1):E199-203.

Watke CM, Gerth WA, Fawcett TA, Rahman Z, Friedman AH, Moon RE.  Development
of a non-invasive monitor for determining body fluid  partitioning in humans
[abstract]. Anesthesiology 1992;77(3A):A490.

Wilson DC, Baird T, Scrimgeour CM, Halliday HL, Reid M, McClure G, Rennie MJ.
Total body water measurement by bioelectrical impedance in the extremely low
birth weight infant.  Basic Life Sci 1993;60:185-8.


Malnutrition, Wasting, AIDS, Cancer


Adami GF, Gandolfo P, Giacosa A, Sukkar GS, Balbi P, Marinari G, Cuneo S.  Use
of bioelectrical impedance analysis for monitoring body composition changes
during nutritional support in end-stage neoplastic patients.  Diabetes Nutr
Metab Clin Exp 1990;3(1):41-4.

Apour CS, Bell S, Bistrian BR, Forse RA.  Early changes of body composition in
human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients: tetrapolar body impedance
analysis indicates significant malnutrition.  JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr
1993 Sep-Oct;17(5):482-4.

Burger B, Junger H, Wessel D, Schwenk A, Ollenschlager G, Schrappe M.
Prospective study on the outcome of an intensified oral nutritional
intervention including formula diets as second step in HIV-infected
[abstract].  Int Conf AIDS 1992 Jul 19-24;8(2):B203 (abstract no. PoB 3676).

Catalano G, Della Vittoria Scarpati M, De Vita F, Federico P, Guarino G,
Perrelli A, Rossi V.  The role of bioelectrical impedance analysis in the
evaluation of the nutritional status of cancer patients.  Adv Exp Med Biol
1993;348:145-8.

Conlisk EA, Haas JD, Martinez E, Rivera J. Body compositon prediction
equations for a chronically malnourished population of adolescents and young
adults [abstract]. FASEB J 1990;4(3):A792.

Conlisk EA, Haas JD, Martinez EJ, Flores R, Rivera JD, Martorell R.
Predicting body composition from anthropometry and bioimpedance in marginally
undernourished adolescents and young adults.  Am J Clin Nutr 1992
Jun;55(6):1051-60.

Cox JM.  Pediatric nutritional assessment.  J Pediatr Perinat Nutr
1990;2(2):17-41.

Crowe PJ, Snyman AM, Dent DM, Bunn AE.  Assessing malnutrition in gastric
carcinoma: bioelectrical impedance or clinical impression?  Aust N Z J Surg
1992 May;62(5):390-3.

Dal Cin S, Braga M, Molinari M, Panigoni G, Zuliani W, Cristallo M, Di Carlo
V.  [The usefulness of dietetic supplementation in feeding after gastric and
pancreatic surgeries].  Minerva Chir 1992 Jul;47(13-14):1201-5. (Ita).

Dworkin BM, Seaton T, Wormser G.  The role of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and
altered metabolic rate in weight loss in AIDS [abstract].  Int Conf AIDS 1990
Jun 20-23;6(1):218 (abstract no. Th.B.386).

Fjeld CR, Freundt-Thurne J, Schoeller DA.  Total body water measured by 18-O
dilution and bioelectrical impedance in well and malnourished children.
Pediatr Res 1990 Jan;27(1):98-102.

Flynn N, Enders S, Oster M, Cone L, Hooten T.  Megestrol acetate 800 mg/day vs
placebo for treatment of weight loss and anorexia in AIDS patients [abstract].
Int Conf AIDS 1992 Jul 19-24;8(2):B205 (abstract no. PoB 3687).

Flynn N, Enders S, Oster M, Fajerson T.  Comparison of megestrol acetate
800/mg/day versus placebo in the treatment of weight loss and anorexia in
patients with AIDS [abstract].  Int Conf AIDS 1991 Jun 16-21;7(1):240
(abstract no. M.B. 2233).

Fredrix EW, Saris WH, Soeters PB, Wouters EF, Kester AD, von Meyenfeldt MF,
Westerterp KR.  Estimation of body composition by bioelectrical impedance in
cancer patients.  Eur J Clin Nutr 1990 Oct;44(10):749-52.

Fritz T, Hollwarth I, Romaschow M, Schlag P.  The predictive role of
bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) in postoperative complications of
cancer patients.  Eur J Surg Oncol 1990 Aug;16(4):326-31.

Gold J, Oliver C.  Evaluation of megestrol acetate treatment in AIDS
[abstract].  Int Conf AIDS 1989 Jun 4-9;5:336 (abstract no. T.B.P. 298).

Guglielmi FW, Mastronuzzi T, De Marco M, Laddaga L, Panella C, Francavilla A.
Oxidative metabolism in cirrhotic patients with and without hepatocellular
carcinoma: effects of malnutrition.  Hepatology 1992 Nov;16(5):1144-9.

Herbarth L, Suttmann U, Ballmaier M, Rohde F, Deicher H, Schedel I.  Effects
of ketotifen on HIV infected individuals [abstract].  Int Conf AIDS 1993 Jun
6-11;9(1):500 (abstract no. PO-B29-2189).

Hurley RS, O'Dorisio TM, Rinehart JJ, Welch MA, Geraghty ME, Nahikian-Nelms M,
Kinney P, Rice RR.  Lack of significant changes in nutrition- related
parameters with tumor necrosis factor treatment of cancer.  Nutr Cancer
1993;19(3):253-61.

Jacobs DO.  Bioelectrical impedance analysis: a way to assess changes in body
cell mass in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome? [editorial].
JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 1993 Sep-Oct;17(5):401-2. Comment on: JPEN J
Parenter Enteral Nutr 1993 Sep-Oct;17(5):404-5.

Joeres R, Klinker H, Listl A, Thaikattil S, Kasper H, Richter E.  Assessment
of nutritional status in HIV-infection with bioelectrical impedance analysis,
anthropometry and biochemical markers [abstract].  Int Conf AIDS 1991 Jun
16-21;7(2):292 (abstract no. W.B. 2443).

Kabir I, Malek MA, Rahman MM, Khaled MA, Mahalanabis D.  Changes in body
composition of malnourished children after dietary supplementation as measured
by bioelectrical impedance.  Am J Clin Nutr 1994 Jan;59(1):5-9.

Keusch G, Thea D, Ngoy N, Kapita B, Mwamba M.  Body composition by
bioelectric-impedance (BEI) analysis in HIV+ and -adults in Kinshasa Zaire
[abstract].  Int Conf AIDS 1992 Jul 19-24;8(2):B231 (abstract no. PoB 3840).

Klein C, Howaldt HP, Frenz M, Klein G.  [High caloric parenteral nutrition in
patients with mouth and oropharyngeal cancers--a clinical study].  Zentralbl
Chir 1994;119(1):28-36. (Ger).

Kotler DP, Tierney AR, Ferraro R, Cuff P, Wang J, Pierson RN Jr, Heymsfield
SB.  Enteral alimentation and repletion of body cell mass in malnourished
patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.  Am J Clin Nutr 1991
Jan;53(1):149-54.

Kushner R. Nutritional assessment: Body composition measurement in nutrition
support [abstract]. J Am Coll Nutr 1993;12(5):583.

Lautz HU, Selberg O, Korber J, Burger M, Muller MJ.  Protein-calorie
malnutrition in liver cirrhosis.  Clin Investig 1992 Jun;70(6):478-86.

Lichtman S, Tierney AR, Wang J, Pierson RN JR, Heymsfield S, Kotler DP.  The
use of (BIA) as a predictor of total body water in AIDS patients.  [abstract].
Clin Res 1991;39(2):650A.

Lipkin EW, Bell S.  Assessment of nutritional status. The clinician's
perspective.  Clin Lab Med 1993 Jun;13(2):329-52.

Miholic J, Meyer HJ, Balks J, Kotzerke J.  [Effect of reconstruction method on
nutritional status after gastrectomy. Comparison of Roux-Y esophagojejunostomy
and jejunum interposition].  Chirurg 1991 Apr;62(4):300-5. (Ger).

Miholic J, Meyer HJ, Muller MJ, Weimann A, Pichlmayr R.  Nutritional
consequences of total gastrectomy: the relationship between mode of
reconstruction, postprandial symptoms, and body composition.  Surgery 1990
Sep;108(3):488-94.

Morgan P, Golden B, Bocage C, Golden M.  Prediction of total body water and
body composition from bioelectrical impedance measures in Jamaican infants
during recovery from severe malnutrition [abstract]. FASEB J 1989;3(4):A1053.

Oliver C, Rose A, Dwyer R, Allen B, Gold J.  Body protein in asymptomatic
HIV+ve males: longitudinal study [abstract].  Int Conf AIDS 1992 Jul 19-24;
8(2):B206 (abstract no. PoB 3693).

Oliver CJ, Rose A, Blagojevic N, Dwyer R, Gold J, Allen BJ.  Total body
protein status of males infected with the human immunodeficiency virus.  Basic
Life Sci 1993;60:197-200.

Oster MH, Enders SR, Samuels SJ, Cone LA, Hooton TM, Browder HP, Flynn NM.
Megestrol acetate in patients with AIDS and cachexia.  Ann Intern Med 1994 Sep
15;121(6):400-8. Comment in: Ann Intern Med 1994 Sep 15;121(6):462-3.

Ott M, Lembcke B, Fischer H, Jager R, Polat H, Geier H, Rech M, Staszeswki S,
Helm EB, Caspary WF.  Early changes of body composition in human
immunodeficiency virus-infected patients: tetrapolar body impedance analysis
indicates significant malnutrition.  Am J Clin Nutr 1993 Jan;57(1):15-9.

Ott M, Wegner A, Caspary WF, Lembcke B.  Intestinal absorption and
malnutrition in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).
Z Gastroenterol 1993 Nov;31(11):661-5.

Paulsen KD, Moskowitz MJ, Ryan TP.  Temperature field estimation using
electrical impedance profiling methods. I. Reconstruction algorithm and
simulated results.  Int J Hyperthermia 1994 Mar-Apr;10(2):209-28.

Rabeneck L, Risser JMH, Crane MM, McCabe BK, Worsley JB.  A comparison of
anthropometry and bioelectrical impedance in the estimation of body
composition in HIV-infected individuals.  Nutr Res 1993;13(3):275-85.

Ropka ME, Sebring N, Anderson R, Hayes C.  Effect of nonfasting on accuracy of
body composition estimates by bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) in HIV
infection [abstract].  Int Conf AIDS 1993 Jun 6-11;9(1):528 (abstract no.
PO-B36-2359).

Roubenoff R, Roubenoff RA, Ward LM, Holland SM, Hellmann DB.  Rheumatoid
cachexia: depletion of lean body mass in rheumatoid arthritis. Possible
association with tumor necrosis factor.  J Rheumatol 1992 Oct;19(10):1505-10.

Roubenoff R, Roubenoff RA, Ward LM, Holland SM, Stevens MB, Hellman DB.
Rheumatoid cachexia I body composition in rheumatoid arthritis [abstract]. Am
J Clin Nutr 1990;51(3 Suppl):522 (abstract no. 77).

Royall D, Allard JP, Baker JP, Greenberg GR, Jeejeebhoy KN.  Comparison of
methods for the assessment of body composition in malnourished patients
[abstract]. Clin Res 1992;40(2):638A.

Royall D, Greenberg GR, Allard JP, Baker JP, Harrison JE, Jeejeebhoy KN.
Critical assessment of body-composition measurements in malnourished subjects
with Crohn's disease: the role of bioelectric impedance analysis.  Am J Clin
Nutr 1994 Feb;59(2):325-30.

Scevola D, Barbarini G, Bottari G, Zambelli A, Franchini A, Oberto L,
Marinelli M.  Prevalence, etiology and management of AIDS malnutrition
[abstract].  Int Conf AIDS 1991 Jun 16-21;7(2):224 (abstract no. W.B.2169).

Scevola D, Barbarini G, Zambelli A, Bottari G.  Nutritional status in AIDS
patients [abstract].  Int Conf AIDS 1989 Jun 4-9;5:465 (abstract no.
Th.B.P.299).

Scevola D, Barbarini G, Zambelli A, Bottari G, Guanziroli A, Franchini A.
Evaluation and therapy of malnutrition in enteropathogenic AIDS [abstract].
Int Conf AIDS 1990 Jun 20-23;6(1):168 (abstract no. Th.B.203).

Schwenk A, Buger B, Wessel D, Stutzer H, Ziegenhagen D, Diehl V, Schrappe M.
Clinical risk factors for malnutrition in HIV-1-infected patients.  AIDS 1993
Sep;7(9):1213-9.

Schwenk A, Hoffer E, Burger B, Diehl V, Schrappe M.  Hypermetabolism in
HIV-infected patients--a question of body composition? Nutrition and HIV
Infection Study Group [abstract].  Int Conf AIDS 1993 Jun 6-11;9(1):77
(abstract no. WS-B34-5).

Schwenk J, Buerger B, Salzberger B, Factkenheuer G, Skorupka M, Ollenschlaeger
G, Schrappe M.  Clinical risk situations for malnutrition and outcome of
nutritional intervention in advanced HIV-disease [abstract].  Int Conf AIDS
1991 Jun 16-21;7(1):228 (abstract no. M.B.2187).

Sluys TE, van der Ende ME, Swart GR, van den Berg JW, Wilson JH.  Body
composition in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: a validation
study of bioelectric impedance analysis.  JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 1993
Sep-Oct;17(5):404-6. Comment in: JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 1993
Sep-Oct;17(5):401-2.

Sukkar SG, Giacosa A, Frascio F.  [Clinical validation of bioelectrical
impedance (BIA) in malnourished  cancer patients].  Riv Ital Nutr Parenterale
Enterale 1993;11(2):78-88. (Ita).

Suttmann U, Selberg O, Gallati H, Ockenga J, Deicher H, Muller MJ.  Tumour
necrosis factor receptor levels are linked to the acute-phase response and
malnutrition in human-immunodeficiency-virus- infected patients.  Clin Sci
(Colch) 1994 Apr;86(4):461-7.

Tierney A, Cuff P, Kotler DP.  The effect of megestrol acetate (Megace) on
appetite, nutritional repletion, and quality of life in AIDS cachexia
[abstract].  Int Conf AIDS 1991 Jun 16-21;7(1):247 (abstract no. M.B.2263).

Tierney AR, Lichtman S, Wang J, Pierson RN, Heymsfield S, Kotler DP.
Prediction of fat free mass by bio-electrical impedance analysis (BIA) in
people infected with HIV-1 virus [abstract]. Clin Res 1991;39(2):656A.

Vettorazzi C, Molina S, Grazioso C, Mazariegos M, Siu ML, Solomons NW.
Bioelectrical impedance indices in protein-energy malnourished children as an
indicator of total body water status.  Basic Life Sci 1990;55:45-9.

Von Roenn JH, Armstrong D, Kotler DP, Cohn DL, Klimas NG, Tchekmedyian NS,
Cone L, Brennan PJ, Weitzman SA.  Megestrol acetate in patients with
AIDS-related cachexia.  Ann Intern Med 1994 Sep 15;121(6):393-9. Comment in:
Ann Intern Med 1994 Sep 15;121(6):462-3.

Wang J, Kotler DP, Russell M, Burastero S, Mazariegos M, Thornton J, Dilmanian
FA, Pierson RN Jr.  Body-fat measurement in patients with acquired
immunodeficiency syndrome: which method should be used?  Am J Clin Nutr 1992
Dec;56(6):963-7.

Zarowitz BJ, Pilla AM, Popovich J Jr.  Expanded gentamicin volume of
distribution in patients with indicators of malnutrition.  Clin Pharm 1990
Jan;9(1):40-4.


Critical Illness and Liver Failure


Bramley P, Oldroyd B, Stewart S, Simpson M, Truscott J, Losowsky M, Smith M.
Body composition analysis in liver cirrhosis. The measurement of body fat by
dual energy X-ray absorptiometry in comparison to skinfold anthropometry,
bioelectrical impedance and total body potassium.  Basic Life Sci
1993;60:211-4.

Chiolero RL, Gay LJ, Cotting J, Gurtner C, Schutz Y.  Assessment of changes in
body water by bioimpedance in acutely ill surgical patients.  Intensive Care
Med 1992;18(6):322-6.  Published erratum appears in Intensive Care Med
1992;18(8):498.

Dal Cin S, Braga M, Molinari M, Cristallo M, Di Carlo V.  Role of
bioelectrical impedance analysis in acutely dehydrated subjects.  Clin Nutr
1992;11(3):128-33.

De Leon R, Cabre E, Esteve PM, Morillas R, Quer JC, Planas R, Bertran X,
Domenech E, Guilera M, et al. Value of body impedance analysis (BIA) in
assessing body composition BC in cirrhosis with ascites [abstract]. J Hepatol
1991;13 Suppl 2:S114.

De Leon R, Cabre E, Eteve PM, Fdez-Banares F, Llovet JM, Esteve CM, Planas R,
Boix J, Humbert P, Gussull MA.  Body impedance analysis (BIA) in the diagnosis
of protein-energy malnutrition PEM in liver cirrhosis LC [abstract]. J Hepatol
1991;13 Suppl 2:S114.

Erhard J, Lange R, Gersing E, Scherer R, Gebhard MM, Sanchez P, Bretschneider
HJ, Eigler FW.  [Electrical impedance for assessment of ischemic damage to the
human liver prior to liver transplantation].  Langenbecks Arch Chir
1993;378(4):233-8. (Ger).

Espejo MG, Neu J, Hamilton L, Eitzman B, Gimotty P, Bucciarelli RL.
Determination of extracellular fluid volume using impedance measurements.
Crit Care Med 1989 Apr;17(4):360-3.

Gohlke EM.  Comparison of body assessment using bioelectrical impedance and
skinfold measurements in the critically ill [dissertation].  Kalamazoo (MI):
Western Michigan University; 1991. 112 p.

Guglielmi FW, Contento F, Laddaga L, Panella C, Francavilla A.  Bioelectric
impedance analysis: experience with male patients with cirrhosis.  Hepatology
1991 May;13(5):892-5.

Guglielmi FW, Mastronuzzi T, De Marco F, Laddaga L, Balestrazzi A, Panella C,
Francavilla A.  [Correlation between bioelectric parameters and anthropometry
in patients with chronic liver disease].  Riv Ital Nutr Parenter Enteral
1991;9(2):97-102. (Ita).

Guglielmi FW, Mastronuzzi T, De Marco M, Laddaga L, Panella C, Francavilla A.
Oxidative metabolism in cirrhotic patients with and without hepatocellular
carcinoma: effects of malnutrition.  Hepatology 1992 Nov;16(5):1144-9.

Hannan WJ, Cowen SJ, Fearon KC, Plester CE, Falconer JS, Richardson RA.
Evaluation of multi-frequency bio-impedance analysis for the assessment of
extracellular and total body water in surgical patients.  Clin Sci (Colch)
1994 Apr;86(4):479-85.

Lautz HU, Selberg O, Korber J, Burger M, Muller MJ.  Protein-calorie
malnutrition in liver cirrhosis.  Clin Investig 1992 Jun;70(6):478-86.

Madden AM, Morgan MY.  Comparison of  bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA)
and skinfold anthropometrics SF in cirrhosis [abstract]. J Hepatol 1993;18
Suppl 1:S144.

Maehara T, Novak I, Wyse RK, Elliot MJ.  Perioperative monitoring of total
body water by bio-electrical impedance in children undergoing open heart
surgery.  Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 1991;5(5):258-64; discussion 265.

McCullough AJ, Mullen KD, Kalhan SC.  Measurements of total body and
extracellular water in cirrhotic patients with and without ascites.
Hepatology 1991 Dec;14(6):1102-11.

Novak I, Davies PS, Elliott MJ.  Noninvasive estimation of total body water in
critically ill children after cardiac operations. Validation of a bioelectric
impedance method.  J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1992 Sep;104(3):585-9.

Panella C, Guglielmi FW, Francavilla A.  Nutritional status in cirrhosis: role
of bioelectric impedance analysis.  Ital J Gastroenterol 1993
Aug-Sep;25(7):402-7.

Pencharz PB, Vaisman N, Azcue M, Stallings VA.  Body compartment changes in
sick children.  Basic Life Sci 1990;55:31-8.

Piriz H, Lehot JJ, Thomasset A, Chassignolle JF, Estanove S.  [Whole body and
thoracic impedance changes induced by cardiopulmonary bypass].  Presse Med
1991 Oct 19;20(33):1599-602. (Fre).

Prijatmoko D, Strauss BJ, Lambert JR, Sievert W, Stroud DB, Wahlqvist ML, Katz
B, Colman J, Jones P, Korman MG.  Early detection of protein depletion in
alcoholic cirrhosis: role of body composition analysis.  Gastroenterology 1993
Dec;105(6):1839-45. Comment in: Gastroenterology 1993 Dec;105(6):1911-4.

Robert S, Zarowitz BJ, Hyzy R, Eichenhorn M, Peterson EL, Popovich J Jr.
Bioelectrical impedance assessment of nutritional status in critically ill
patients.  Am J Clin Nutr 1993 Jun;57(6):840-4.

Roos AN, Westendorp RGJ, Frolich M, Meinders AE.  Weight changes in critically
ill patients evaluated by fluid balances  and impedance measurements.  Crit
Care Med 1993 Jun;21(6):871-7.

Rosemurgy AS, Rodriguez E, Hart MB, Kurto HZ, Albrink MH.  Bioimpedance
measurement of body water correlates with measured volume balance in injured
patients.  South Med J 1993 Jun;86(6):651-3.

Scheltinga MR, Jacobs DO, Kimbrough TD, Wilmore DW.  Identifying body fluid
distribution by measuring electrical impedance.  J Trauma 1992
Nov;33(5):665-70.

Schols AM, Mostert R, Soeters PB, Wouters EF.  Body composition and exercise
performance in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.  Thorax
1991 Oct;46(10):695-9. Comment in: Thorax 1992 Jan;47(1):66.

Schols AM, Soeters PB, Mostert R, Saris WH, Wouters EF.  Energy balance in
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.  Am Rev Respir Dis 1991
Jun;143(6):1248-52.

Schols AM, Soeters PB, Mostert R, Wouters EF. Depletion of fat mass in
patients with COPD [abstract]. Am Rev Respir Dis 1991;143(4 Pt 2):A452.

Schols AM, Wouters EF, Soeters PB, Westerterp KR.  Body composition by
bioelectrical-impedance analysis compared with deuterium dilution and skinfold
anthropometry in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.  Am J
Clin Nutr 1991 Feb;53(2):421-4.

Sloan JP, Wing P, Dian L, Meneilly GS.  A pilot study of anabolic steroids in
elderly patients with hip fractures.  J Am Geriatr Soc 1992 Nov;40(11):
1105-11.

Unosson M, Ek AC, Bjurulf P, von Schenck H, Larsson J.  Feeding dependence and
nutritional status after acute stroke.  Stroke 1994 Feb;25(2):366-71.

Zarowitz BJ, Robert S, Mlynarek M, Peterson EL, Horst HM.  Determination of
gentamicin pharmacokinetics by bioelectrical impedance in critically ill
adults.  J Clin Pharmacol 1993 Jun;33(6):562-7.

Zillikens MC, van den Berg JW, Wilson JH, Rietveld T, Swart GR.  The validity
of bioelectrical impedance analysis in estimating total body water in patients
with cirrhosis.  J Hepatol 1992 Sep;16(1-2):59-65.

Zillikens MC, van den Berg JW, Wilson JH, Swart GR.  Whole-body and segmental
bioelectrical- impedance analysis in patients with cirrhosis of the liver:
changes after treatment of ascites.  Am J Clin Nutr 1992 Mar;55(3):621-5.


Kidney Failure, Dialysis


Adami GF, Caponnetto L, Loconte C, Marinari G, Camerini G, Ceci M, Balbi P.
[Body composition in chronic renal insufficiency in the primary anuric phase
and after dialysis].  Minerva Urol Nefrol 1989 Jul-Sep;41(3):219-24. (Ita).

Agliata S, Fortina F, Baroni A, Airoldi G, Ragazzoni E, Boschetti MA,
Schweiger C, Cavagnino A. Assessment of the body composition using
bioelectrical impedance and blood pressure analysis [abstract]. Blood Purif
1991;9(1):27.

Agliata S, Fortina F, Ragazzoni E, Airoldi G, Baroni A, Boschetti MA,
Schweiger C, Cavagnino A. Impact of the age on the body composition valued
with bioelectrical impedance analysis [abstract]. Blood Purif 1991;9(1):26-7.

Albertazzi A, Del Rosso G, Di Paolo B, Cappelli P, Palmieri PF.  Computerised
non-invasive monitoring of cardiovascular stress in haemodialysis patients.
Nephrol Dial Transplant 1990;5 Suppl 1:133-6.

Bazzato G, Scanferla F, Fracasso A. Continuous on-line bioimpedance to monitor
body fluids and cell membrane status during HD [abstract]. Kidney Int
1989;35(1):239.

Bergia R, Bellini ME, Valenti M, Berto IM, Caramello E, Dionisio P, Pellerey
M, Bajardi P.  Longitudinal assessment of body composition in continuous
ambulatory peritoneal dialysis patients using bioelectric impedance and
anthropometric measurements.  Perit Dial Int 1993;13 Suppl 2:S512-4.

Biasioli S, Foroni R, Petrosino L, Cavallini L, Zambello A, Cavalcanti G,
Talluri T.  Effect of aging on the body composition of dialyzed subjects.
Comparison with normal subjects.  ASAIO J 1993 Jul-Sep;39(3):M596-601.

Biasioli S, Petrosino L, Cavallini L, Cesaro A, Fazion S, Zambello A, Foroni
R, Mazzali A.  Cardiovascular stability during the haemodialysis session:
relationship between modelling and impedance parameters.  Nephrol Dial
Transplant 1990;5 Suppl 1:137-40.

Biasioli S, Petrosino Z, Cavalli L, Zambello A, Cesaro A, Fazion S.
Bioelectrical impedance for the assessment of body composition of dialyzed
patients [letter].  Clin Nephrol 1989 May;31(5):274-5.

Bohm D, Odaischi M, Beyerlein C, Overbeck W.  Total body water: changes during
dialysis estimated by bioimpedance analysis.  Infusionstherapie 1990 Apr;17
Suppl 3:75-8.

Dalal S, Yu AW, Gupta DK, Kar PM, Ing TS, Daugirdas JT.  L-lactate
high-efficiency hemodialysis: hemodynamics, blood gas changes,
potassium/phosphorus, and symptoms.  Kidney Int 1990 Nov;38(5):896-903.

de Fijter CW, de Fijter MM, Oe LP, Donker AJ, de Vries PM.  The impact of
hydration status on the assessment of lean body mass by body electrical
impedance in dialysis patients.  Adv Perit Dial 1993;9:101-4.

de Lorenzo A, Barra PF, Sasso GF, Battistini NC, Deurenberg P.  Body impedance
measurements during dialysis.  Eur J Clin Nutr 1991 Jun;45(6):321-5.

de Vries JP, Bogaard HJ, Kouw PM, Oe LP, Stevens P, De Vries PM.  The
adjustment of post dialytic dry weight based on non-invasive measurement of
extracellular fluid and blood volumes.  ASAIO J 1993 Jul-Sep;39(3):M368-72.

de Vries JP, Kouw PM, van der Meer NJ, Olthof CG, Oe LP, Donker AJ, de Vries
PM.  Non-invasive monitoring of blood volume during hemodialysis: its relation
with post-dialytic dry weight.  Kidney Int 1993 Oct;44(4):851-4.

de Vries PM, Kouw PM, Olthof CG, Solf A, Schuenemann B, Oe LP, Quellhorst E,
Donker AJ.  The influence of dialysate sodium and variable ultrafiltration on
fluid balance during hemodialysis.  ASAIO Trans 1990 Oct-Dec;36(4):821-4.

de Vries PM, Meijer JH, Vlaanderen K, Visser V, Oe PL, Donker AJ, Schneider H.
Measurement of transcellular fluid shift during haemodialysis. Part 2. In
vitro and clinical evaluation.  Med Biol Eng Comput 1989 Mar;27(2):152-8.

de Vries PM, Olthof CG, Solf A, Schuenemann B, Oe PL, Quellhorst E, Schneider
H, Donker AJ.  Fluid balance during haemodialysis and haemofiltration: the
effect of dialysate sodium and a variable ultrafiltration rate.  Nephrol Dial
Transplant 1991;6(4):257-63.

Dumler F, Schmidt R, Kilates C, Faber M, Lubkowski T, Frinak S.  Use of
bioelectrical impedance for the nutritional assessment of chronic hemodialysis
patients.  Miner Electrolyte Metab 1992;18(2-5):284-7.

Enia G, Sicuso C, Alati G, Zoccali C.  Subjective global assessment of
nutrition in dialysis patients.  Nephrol Dial Transplant 1993;8(10):1094-8.

Ferrare TM, DeVita MV, Zabetakis PM, Gleim GW, Han H, Michelis MF.
Bioelectric impedance and hemodynamic analysis in hemodialysis patients
receiving rHuEPO.  Dial Transplant 1993;22(11):668, 672-5.

Fischer H, Schwietzer G, Caspary WE, Schoeppe W.  [Evaluation of water balance
and nutritional status of dialysis patients by bioelectrical impedance
analysis (BIA)].  Nieren Hochdruckkr 1991;20(11):657-60. (Ger).

Formica C, Atkinson MG, Nyulasi I, McKay J, Heale W, Seeman E.  Body
composition following hemodialysis: studies using dual-energy X-ray
absorptiometry and bioelectrical impedance analysis.  Osteoporos Int 1993
Jul;3(4):192-7.

Henriquez MA, Gonzalez A, Bemis JA, Esquivel J.  Body composition and lipid
abnormalities in hispanic and black patients on continuous ambulatory
peritoneal dialysis.  Perit Dial Int 1993;13 Suppl 2:S424-7.

Jebb SA, Elia M.  Assessment of changes in total body water in patients
undergoing renal dialysis using bioelectrical impedance analysis.  Clin Nutr
1991;10(2):81-4.

Keshaviah PR, Nolph KD, Moore HL, Prowant B, Emerson PF, Meyer M, Twardowski
ZJ, Khanna R, Ponferrada L, Collins A.  Lean body mass estimation by
creatinine kinetics.  J Am Soc Nephrol 1994 Jan;4(7):1475-85.

Kong CH, Thompson CM, Lewis CA, Hill PD, Thompson FD.  Determination of total
body water in uraemic patients by bioelectrical impedance.  Nephrol Dial
Transplant 1993;8(8):716-9.

Kouw PM, Kooman JP, Cheriex EC, Olthof CG, de Vries PM, Leunissen KM.
Assessment of postdialysis dry weight: a comparison of techniques.  J Am Soc
Nephrol 1993 Jul;4(1):98-104.

Kouw PM, Olthof CG, Gruteke P, de Vries PM, Meijer JH, Oe PL, Schneider H,
Donker AJ.  Influence of high and low sodium dialysis on blood volume
preservation.  Nephrol Dial Transplant 1991;6(11):876-80.

Kouw PM, Olthof CG, ter Wee PM, Oe LP, Donker AJ, Schneider H, de Vries PM.
Assessment of post-dialysis dry weight: an application of the conductivity
measurement method.  Kidney Int 1992 Feb;41(2):440-4.

Kurtin PS, Shapiro AC, Tomita H, Raizman D.  Volume status and body
composition of chronic dialysis patients: utility of bioelectric impedance
plethysmography.  Am J Nephrol 1990;10(5):363-7.

Ljungqvist O, Hedenborg G, Jacobson SH, Lins LE, Samuelson K, Tedner B,
Zetterholm UB.  Whole body impedance measurements reflect total body water
changes. A study in hemodialysis patients.  Int J Clin Monit Comput 1990
Jul;7(3):163-9.

Lo WK, Prowant BF, Moore HL, Gamboa SB, Nolph KD, Flynn MA, Londeree B,
Keshaviah P, Emerson P.  Comparison of different measurements of lean body
mass in normal individuals and in chronic peritoneal dialysis patients.  Am J
Kidney Dis 1994 Jan;23(1):74-85.

Madore F, Wuest M, Ethier JH.  Nutritional evaluation of hemodialysis patients
using an impedance index.  Clin Nephrol 1994;41(6):377-82.

Maggiore Q, Nigrelli S, Enia G, Ciccarelli C, Cerrai T, Dattolo P, Rossi A,
Santoni R. Bioimpedentiometric analysis (BIA) for assessing nutritional status
NS in hemodialysis HD PTS [abstract]. J Am Soc Nephrol 1991;2(3):337.

Maksimenko VA, Belorusov OS, Krivitskii NM, Ho ZZ, Shifris SV, Kislukhin VV.
[The electrical impedance indicator dilution method in studying the basic
hemodynamic parameters during dialysis].  Urol Nefrol (Mosk) 1991
Jul-Aug;(4):55-7. (Rus).

Marinides GN, Mookerjee BK.  Assessment of bioelectrical impedance analysis
(BIA) in dialysis patients [abstract]. J Am Soc Nephrol 1992;3(3):428.

Meijer JH, de Vries PM, Goovaerts HG, Oe PL, Donker AJ, Schneider H.
Measurement of transcellular fluid shift during haemodialysis. Part 1. Method.
Med Biol Eng Comput 1989 Mar;27(2):147-51.

Moore RJ, Hall CB, Carlson EC, Lukaski HC, Klevay LM.  Acute renal failure and
fluid retention and kidney damage in copper-deficient rats fed a high-NaCl
diet.  J Lab Clin Med 1989 Apr;113(4):516-24.

Olthof CG, de Vries PM, Kouw PM, Oe PL, Gerlag PG, Schneider H, Donker AJ.
The recovery of the fluid balance after hemodialysis and hemofiltration.  Clin
Nephrol 1992 Mar;37(3):135-9.

Olthof CG, de Vries PM, Kouw PM, Oe PL, Schneider H, de Lange JJ, Donker AJ.
Non-invasive conductivity method for detection of dynamic body fluid changes:
in vitro and in vivo validation.  Nephrol Dial Transplant 1993;8(1):41-6.

Pastan S, Gassensmith C.  Total body water measured by bioelectrical impedance
in patients after hemodialysis. Comparison with urea kinetics.  ASAIO J 1992
Jul-Sep;38(3):M186-9.

Petracca EG, Biasioli S.  [Bioelectric impedance in the study of body
composition in healthy and dialyzed individuals].  Clin Ter 1990 May
31;133(4):223-5. (Ita).

Piccoli A, Rossi B, Pillon L.  Operational equivalence between segmental and
whole-body bioelectrical impedance in renal patients [letter].  Am J Clin Nutr
1994 Mar;59(3):675-6.

Rammohan M, Aplasca EC.  Caliper method vs bioelectrical impedance analysis
for determining body fat in patients undergoing chronic dialysis and in
healthy individuals.  J Am Diet Assoc 1992 Nov;92(11):1395-7. Comment in: J Am
Diet Assoc 1993 Apr;93(4):400-1.

Scanferla F, Landini S, Fracasso A, Morachiello P, Righetto F, Toffoletto PP,
Bazzato G.  On-line bioelectric impedance during haemodialysis: monitoring of
body fluids and cell membrane status.  Nephrol Dial Transplant 1990;5 Suppl 1:
167-70.

Scanferla F, Toffoletto PP, Autuly V, Fracasso A, Bazzato S.  Bioimpedance
(BIA) monitoring of acidosis correction in HD [abstract]. J Am Soc Nephrol
1991;2(3):711.

Schaefer F, Schulte R, Hake B, Georgi M, Mohr U, Schaerer K.  Validity of
bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) for assessment of body composition in
renal transplant TX recipients [abstract]. Pediatr Res 1991;29(4 Pt 2):350A.

Schaefer F, Wuelh E, Schaerer K.  Application of bioelectrical impedance
analysis in the measurement of body water in hemodialyzed and nephrotic
children [abstract]. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1990;5(8):713.

Schmidt R, Cruz C, Dumler F, Lubkowski T, Kilates C.  Clinical measure of lean
body mass by bioelectrical impedance in peritoneal dialysis patients
[abstract].  J Am Soc Nephrol 1991;2(3):368.

Schmidt R, Dumler F, Cruz C.  Indirect measures of total body water may
confound precise assessment of peritoneal dialysis adequacy.  Perit Dial Int
1993;13 Suppl 2:S224-6.

Schmidt R, Dumler F, Cruz C, Lubkowski T, Kilates C.  Improved nutritional
follow-up of peritoneal dialysis patients with bioelectrical impedance.  Adv
Perit Dial 1992;8:157-9.

Schmidt RJ, Dumler F.  Bioelectrical impedance analysis: a promising
predictive tool for nutritional assessment in continuous ambulatory peritoneal
dialysis patients [editorial].  Perit Dial Int 1993;13(4):250-5.

Sinning WE, De Oreo PB, Morgan AL, Brister EC.  Monitoring hemodialysis
changes with bioimpedance. What do we really measure?  ASAIO J 1993
Jul-Sep;39(3):M584-9.

Smythe MA, Baumann TJ, Zarowitz BJ, Peterson E, Dumler F.  Relationship
between values of bioelectrical impedance and creatinine clearance.
Pharmacotherapy 1990;10(1):42-6.

Spotti D, Librenti MC, Melandri M, Slaviero G, Quartagno R, Vedani P,
Tagliabue V, Pozza G.  Bioelectrical impedance in the evaluation of the
nutritional status of hemodialyzed diabetic patients.  Clin Nephrol 1993
Mar;39(3):172-4.

Stall S, Ginsberg N, Devita M, Lynn R, Zabetakis P, Pierson RN Jr, Wang J,
Gleim G, Michelis M. Lack of consensus of body composition techniques in CAPD
patients [abstract]. J Am Soc Nephrol 1992;3(3):419.

Talluri T, Hill PD, Kong CH.  Determination of total body water in uraemic
patients by bioelectrical  impedance [letter].  Nephrol Dial Transplant
1994;9(4):459-60.

Thompson CM, Kong CH, Lewis CA, Hill PD, Thompson FD.  Can bio-electrical
impedance be used to measure total body water in dialysis patients?  Physiol
Meas 1993 Nov;14(4):455-61.

Valenti M, Dionisio P, Caramello E, Bergia R, Berto IM, Bellini ME, Pellerey
M, Bajardi P. Bioelectric impedance and anthropometry in evaluation of
nutritional status of dialysis patients [abstract]. Nephrol Dial Transplant
1992;7(7):740-1.

Wu TJ, Huang JJ, Tai TY.  Bioelectrical impedance analysis of nutritional
status in uremic patients on regular hemodialysis.  J Formos Med Assoc 1991
Nov;90(11):1044-8.


Diabetes


Gregory JW, Wilson AC, Greene SA.  Body fat and overweight among children and
adolescents with diabetes mellitus.  Diabet Med 1992 May;9(4):344-8.

Inada C, Yamada K, Nakao H, Otabe S, Nonaka K. Estimation of body fat
bioelectrical impedance analysis in diabetic patients. In: Mimura G, Chi Z,
editors. Recent progress of diabetes mellitus in East Asia; 3rd Japan-China
Symposium on Diabetes Mellitus; 1991 Oct; Shanghai, China.  New York: Excerpta
Medica; 1992.  p. 199-204. (International congress series; no. 997).

Jovanovic-Peterson L, Crues J, Durak E, Peterson CM.  Magnetic resonance
imaging in pregnancies complicated by gestational diabetes predicts infant
birthweight ratio and neonatal morbidity.  Am J Perinatol 1993
Nov;10(6):432-7.

Krew MA, Kehl RJ, Thomas A, Catalano PM.  Relation of amniotic fluid C-peptide
levels to neonatal body composition.  Obstet Gynecol 1994 Jul;84(1):96-100.

Librenti MC, Vedani P, Micossi P, Pozza G.  [Evaluation of an impedance
measurement method for determining body composition in diabetic subjects and
normal controls].  Minerva Endocrinol 1991 Jan-Mar;16(1):27-30. (Ita).

Mitrakou A, Raptis G, Ganotakis E, Raptis SA.  Fat weight measured by
bioelectrical impedance is predictive of impaired glucose tolerance
[abstract]. Diabetologia 1990;33 Suppl:A199.

Osei K, Cottrell DA, Orabella MM.  Insulin sensitivity, glucose effectiveness,
and body fat distribution pattern in nondiabetic offspring of patients with
NIDDM.  Diabetes Care 1991 Oct;14(10):890-6.

Wheeler KA, Ahmed ML, Edge JA, Dunger DB.  Comparison of cartridge insulin
Penmix 50:50/ Isophane with soluble/Isophane in type I diabetic adolescents
using a multiple injection regimen.  Diabetes Res 1993;22(2):59-65.


Cystic Fibrosis


Azcue M, Fried M, Pencharz PB.  Use of bioelectrical impedance analysis to
measure total body water in patients with cystic fibrosis.  J Pediatr
Gastroenterol Nutr 1993 May;16(4):440-5. Comment in: J Pediatr Gastroenterol
Nutr 1993 May;16(4):365-7.

Borowitz D, Conboy K.  Are bioelectric impedance measurements valid in
patients with cystic fibrosis?  J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 1994
May;18(4):453-6.

Lands LC, Gordon C, Bar-Or O, Blimkie CJ, Hanning RM, Jones NL, Moss LA,
Webber CE, Wilson WM, Heigenhauser GJ.  Comparison of three techniques for
body composition analysis in cystic fibrosis.  J Appl Physiol 1993
Jul;75(1):162-6.

Newby MJ, Keim NL, Brown DL.  Body composition of adult cystic fibrosis
patients and control subjects as determined by densitometry, bioelectrical
impedance, total-body electrical conductivity, skinfold measurements, and
deuterium oxide dilution.  Am J Clin Nutr 1990 Aug;52(2):209-13.

Pencharz PB, Vaisman N, Azcue M, Stallings VA.  Body compartment changes in
sick children.  Basic Life Sci 1990;55:31-8.

Roulet M.  Protein-energy malnutrition in cystic fibrosis patients.  Acta
Paediatr Suppl 1994 Apr;83(395):43-8.

Roulet M, Spicher V, Schaffner C, Schutz Y. Bioelectrical impedance analysis
for nutritional assessment in cystic fibrosis patients. In: Escobar H, Baquero
F, Suarez L, editors.  Clinical ecology of cystic fibrosis; 18th European
Cystic Fibrosis Conference; 1993 May 21-26; Madrid, Spain.  New York: Elsevier
Science Publishers; 1993.  p. 271-4. (International congress series; no.
1034).

Spicher V, Roulet M, Schaffner C, Schutz Y.  Bio-electrical impedance analysis
for estimation of fat-free mass and muscle mass in cystic fibrosis patients.
Eur J Pediatr 1993 Mar;152(3):222-5.

Steinkamp G, Ruhl IB, Muller MJ, Schmoll E, von der Hardt H.  Increased
resting energy expenditure in malnourished patients with cystic fibrosis.
Acta Univ Carol [Med] (Praha) 1990;36(1-4):177-9.


Pharmacokinetics


Kontturi K, Murtomaki L, Hirvonen J, Paronen P, Urtti A.  Electrochemical
characterization of human skin by impedance spectroscopy: the effect of
penetration enhancers.  Pharm Res 1993 Mar;10(3):381-5.

Morgan DJ, Bray KM.  Lean body mass as a predictor of drug dosage.
Implications for drug therapy.  Clin Pharmacokinet 1994 Apr;26(4):292-307.

Robert S, Zarowitz BJ, Pilla AM, Peterson EL.  Body composition analysis by
bioelectrical impedance: the effects of time of day and body side on estimated
gentamicin pharmacokinetics.  Pharmacotherapy 1991;11(2):122-6.

Sidhu J, Triggs E, Charles B, Tudehope D, Gray P, Cowley D.  Individualizing
aminophylline doses in premature infants using bioelectrical impedance: a
non-invasive approach.  J Paediatr Child Health 1993 Apr;29(2):113-8.
Published erratum appears in J Paediatr Child Health 1993 Aug;29(4):324.

Sidhu JS, Charles BG, Triggs EJ, Tudehope DI, Gray PH, Steer PA.  Assessment
of bioelectrical impedance for individualizing gentamicin therapy in neonates.
Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1993;44(3):253-8.

Sidhu JS, Triggs EJ, Charles BG, Hickey BP.  Gentamicin dosing in elderly
patients based on bioelectrical impedance  analysis.  Ther Drug Monit
1994;16(4):352-60.

Sidhu JS, Triggs EJ, Charles BG, Smithurst BA.  Individual theophylline dosing
based on bioelectrical impedance analysis.  Br J Clin Pharmacol 1993
Jun;35(6):657-60.

Smythe MA, Baumann TJ, Zarowitz BJ, Peterson E, Dumler F.  Relationship
between values of bioelectrical impedance and creatinine clearance.
Pharmacotherapy 1990;10(1):42-6.

Zarowitz BJ, Peterson E, Popovich J Jr.  Relationship of bioelectrical
impedance to pharmacokinetic parameters of theophylline in healthy males.
Clin Pharmacokinet 1989 Sep;17(3):200-7.  Published erratum appears in Clin
Pharmacokinet 1990 Mar; 18(3):following Table of Contents.

Zarowitz BJ, Peterson EL, Robert S.  Characterization of drug disposition and
dosing using bioelectrical impedance.  Med Prog Technol 1993-94;19(4):193-8.

Zarowitz BJ, Pilla AM.  Bioelectrical impedance in clinical practice.  DICP
1989 Jul-Aug;23(7-8):548-55.

Zarowitz BJ, Pilla AM, Peterson EL.  Bioelectrical impedance modelling of
gentamicin pharmacokinetic parameters.  Br J Clin Pharmacol 1989 Oct;28(4):
471-8.

Zarowitz BJ, Pilla AM, Popovich J Jr.  Expanded gentamicin volume of
distribution in patients with indicators of malnutrition.  Clin Pharm 1990
Jan;9(1):40-4.

Zarowitz BJ, Robert S, Mlynarek M, Peterson EL, Horst HM.  Determination of
gentamicin pharmacokinetics by bioelectrical impedance in critically ill
adults.  J Clin Pharmacol 1993 Jun;33(6):562-7.


RESEARCH ISSUES


Frequency Spectra, Multiple Frequency


Azcue M, Wesson D, Neuman M, Pencharz P.  What does bioelectrical impedance
spectroscopy (BIS) measure?  Basic Life Sci 1993;60:121-3.

Chumlea WC, Guo S, Ezenwa BN, Bellisari A, Siervogel RM, Cockram DB, Hayes J.
Reliability for multifrequency bioelectric impedance [abstract]. Med Sci
Sports Exerc 1992 May;24(5 Suppl):S118.

Chumlea WC, Guo SS.  Bioelectrical impedance and body composition: present
status and future directions.  Nutr Rev 1994 Apr;52(4):123-31.

Chumlea WC, Guo SS, Baumgartner RN, Siervogel RM.  Determination of body fluid
compartments with multiple frequency bioelectric impedance.  Basic Life Sci
1993;60:23-6.

Cornish BH, Thomas BJ, Ward LC.  Improved prediction of extracellular and
total body water using impedance loci generated by multiple frequency
bioelectrical impedance analysis.  Phys Med Biol 1993 Mar;38(3):337-46.

Cornish BH, Ward LC, Thomas BJ.  Alteration of the extracellular and total
body water volumes measured by multiple frequency bioelectrical impedance
analysis (MFBIA).  Nutr Res 1991;14(5):717-27.

Cornish BH, Ward LC, Thomas BJ.  Measurement of extracellular and total body
water of rats using  multiple frequency bioelectrical impedance analysis.
Nutr Res 1992;12(4-5):657-66.

Deurenberg P, Schouten FJ.  Loss of total body water and extracellular water
assessed by multifrequency impedance.  Eur J Clin Nutr 1992 Apr;46(4):247-55.

Deurenberg P, Schouten FJ, Andreoli A, de Lorenzo A.  Assessment of changes in
extra-cellular water and total body water using multi-frequency bio-electrical
impedance.  Basic Life Sci 1993;60:129-32.

Fearon KCH, Hannan WJ, Cowan SJ, Plester C, Falconer JS, Richardson RA, Garden
OJ. Estimation of the mass and distribution of body water in surgical patients
by multiple-frequency bioelectrical impedance analysis [abstract]. Proc Nutr
Soc 1993;52(3):248A.

Hannan WJ, Cowen SJ, Fearon KC, Plester CE, Falconer JS, Richardson RA.
Evaluation of multi-frequency bio-impedance analysis for the assessment of
extracellular and total body water in surgical patients.  Clin Sci (Colch)
1994 Apr;86(4):479-85.

Jansen DF, Korbijn CM, Deurenberg P.  Variability of body density and body
impedance at different frequencies.  Eur J Clin Nutr 1992 Dec;46(12):865-71.

Lusseveld EM, Peters ET, Deurenberg P.  Multifrequency bioelectrical impedance
as a measure of differences in body water distribution.  Ann Nutr Metab
1993;37(1):44-51.

Macdonald JR.  Impedance spectroscopy.  Ann Biomed Eng 1992;20(3):289-305.

Mitchell CO, Rose J, Familoni B, Winters S, Ling F.  The use of multifrequency
bioelectrical impedance analysis to estimate fluid volume changes as a
function of the menstrual cycle.  Basic Life Sci 1993;60:189-91.

Patel RV, Matthie JR, Withers PO, Peterson EL, Zarowitz BJ.  Estimation of
total body and extracellular water using single- and multiple- frequency
bioimpedance.  Ann Pharmacother 1994 May;28(5):565-9.

Riu PJ, Rosell J, Lozano A, Pallas-Areny R.  A broadband system for
multifrequency static imaging in electrical impedance tomography.  Clin Phys
Physiol Meas 1992;13 Suppl A:61-5.

Sansen W, Geeraerts B, Van Petegem W, Steyaert M.  Electrical impedance
tomography systems based on voltage drive.  Clin Phys Physiol Meas 1992;13
Suppl A:39-42.

Sasser DC, Gerth WA, Wu YC.  Monitoring of segmental intra- and extracellular
volume changes using electrical impedance spectroscopy.  J Appl Physiol 1993
May;74(5):2180-7.

Segal KR, Burastero S, Chun A, Coronel P, Pierson RN Jr, Wang J.  Estimation
of extracellular and total body water by multiple-frequency bioelectrical-
impedance measurement.  Am J Clin Nutr 1991 Jul;54(1):26-9. Comment in: Am J
Clin Nutr 1992 Mar;55(3):761-2 and Am J Clin Nutr 1992 Dec;56(6):1069-70.

Sinning WE, Morgan AL.  The effects of body position on bioimpedance
spectroscopy.  Basic Life Sci 1993;60:377-80.

Van Loan MD, Mayclin PL.  Use of multi-frequency bioelectrical impedance
analysis for the estimation of extracellular fluid.  Eur J Clin Nutr 1992
Feb;46(2):117-24.

Van Loan MD, Withers P, Matthie J, Mayclin PL.  Use of bioimpedance
spectroscopy to determine extracellular fluid, intracellular fluid, total body
water, and fat-free mass.  Basic Life Sci 1993;60:67-70.

van Marken Lichtenbelt WD, Westerterp KR, Wouters L, Luijendijk SC.
Validation of bioelectrical- impedance measurements as a method to estimate
body-water compartments.  Am J Clin Nutr 1994 Aug;60(2):159-66.

Ward LC, Bunce IH, Cornish BH, Mirolo BR, Thomas BJ, Jones LC.
Multi-frequency bioelectrical impedance augments the diagnosis and management
of lymphoedema in post-mastectomy patients.  Eur J Clin Invest 1992
Nov;22(11):751-4.

Watanabe R, Miura A, Inoue K, Haeno M, Sakamoto K, Kanai H.  Evaluation of leg
edema using a multifrequency impedance meter in patients with lymphatic
obstruction.  Lymphology 1989 Jun;22(2):85-92.

Watke CM, Gerth WA, Fawcett TA, Rahman Z, Friedman AH, Moon RE.  Development
of a non-invasive monitor for determining body fluid  partitioning in humans
[abstract]. Anesthesiology 1992;77(3A):A490.


Imaging, Impedance Tomography


Baisch F, Gauger J, Heer M.  Classification of the free fluid reservoir in the
calf by electrical impedance tomography.  Physiologist 1991 Feb;34(1
Suppl):S181-2.

Barber DC.  Quantification in impedance imaging.  Clin Phys Physiol Meas
1990;11 Suppl A:45-56.

Barber DC.  A review of image reconstruction techniques for electrical
impedance tomography.  Med Phys 1989 Mar-Apr;16(2):162-9.

Baumgartner RN, Rhyne RL, Garry PJ, Heymsfield SB.  Imaging techniques and
anatomical body composition in aging.  J Nutr 1993 Feb;123(2 Suppl):444-8.

Campbell JH, Harris ND, Zhang F, Morice AH, Brown BH.  Detection of changes in
intrathoracic fluid in man using electrical impedance tomography.  Clin Sci
(Colch) 1994 Jul;87(1):97-101.

Cheney M, Isaacson D.  Distinguishability in impedance imaging.  IEEE Trans
Biomed Eng 1992 Aug;39(8):852-60.

Cheng KS, Isaacson D, Newell JC, Gisser DG.  Electrode models for electric
current computed tomography.  IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 1989 Sep;36(9):918-24.

Dijkstra AM, Brown BH, Leathard AD, Harris ND, Barber DC, Edbrooke DL.
Clinical applications of electrical impedance tomography.  J Med Eng Technol
1993 May-Jun;17(3):89-98.

Eyuboglu BM, Pilkington TC.  Comments on distinguishability in electrical
impedance imaging.  IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 1993 Dec;40(12):1328-30.

Fuks LF, Cheney M, Isaacson D, Gisser DG, Newell JC.  Detection and imaging of
electric conductivity and permittivity at low frequency.  IEEE Trans Biomed
Eng 1991 Nov;38(11):1106-10.

Glidewell ME, Ng KT.  The use of magnetic resonance imaging data and the
inclusion of anisotropic regions in electrical impedance tomography.  Biomed
Sci Instrum 1993;29:251-7.

Griffiths H, Zhang Z.  A dual-frequency electrical impedance tomography
system.  Phys Med Biol 1989 Oct;34(10):1465-76.

Grundy D, Reid K, McArdle FJ, Brown BH, Barber DC, Deacon CF, Henderson IW.
Trans-thoracic fluid shifts and endocrine responses to 6 degrees head-down
tilt.  Aviat Space Environ Med 1991 Oct;62(10):923-9.

Hua P, Woo EJ, Webster JG, Tompkins WJ.  Finite element modeling of
electrode-skin contact impedance in electrical impedance tomography.  IEEE
Trans Biomed Eng 1993 Apr;40(4):335-43.

Hua P, Woo EJ, Webster JG, Tompkins WJ.  Using compound electrodes in
electrical impedance tomography.  IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 1993 Jan;40(1):29-34.

Jossinet J, Trillaud C.  Imaging the complex impedance in electrical impedance
tomography.  Clin Phys Physiol Meas 1992;13 Suppl A:47-50.

Jossinet J, Trillaud C, Risacher F, McAdams ET.  A high frequency electrical
impedance tomograph using distributed parallel input channels.  Med Prog
Technol 1993-94;19(4):167-72.

Kozlowska J, Rigaud B, Martinez E, Dubroca V, Morucci JP.  Electrical
impedance tomography. Technical and experimental problems encountered in
impedance spectroscopy in the alpha and beta dispersion regions.  Clin Phys
Physiol Meas 1992;13 Suppl A:57-9.

Kuzuoglu M, Moh'dSaid M, Ider YZ.  Analysis of three-dimensional software EIT
(electrical impedance tomography) phantoms by the finite element method.  Clin
Phys Physiol Meas 1992;13 Suppl A:135-8.

Lindley EJ, Brown BH, Barber DC, Grundy D, Knowles R, McArdle FJ, Wilson AJ.
Monitoring body fluid distribution in microgravity using impedance tomography
(APT (applied potential tomography)).  Clin Phys Physiol Meas 1992;13 Suppl
A:181-4.

Marsili PM, Mounie G, Granie M, Morucci JP.  Conductivity interface modelling
with dipoles by means of optimal control and boundary element methods in
impedance tomography.  Clin Phys Physiol Meas 1992;13 Suppl A:107-11.

Morucci JP, Shi Y, Rigaud B.  The modulation transfer function in impedance
imaging.  Clin Phys Physiol Meas 1992;13 Suppl A:161-6.

Moskowitz MJ, Paulsen KD, Ryan TP, Pang D.  Temperature field estimation using
electrical impedance profiling methods. II. Experimental system description
and phantom results.  Int J Hyperthermia 1994 Mar-Apr;10(2):209-28.

Newell JC, Isaacson D, Gisser DG.  Rapid assessment of electrode
characteristics for impedance imaging.  IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 1990
Jul;37(7):735-8.

Paulsen KD, Moskowitz MJ, Ryan TP.  Temperature field estimation using
electrical impedance profiling methods. I. Reconstruction algorithm and
simulated results.  Int J Hyperthermia 1994 Mar-Apr;10(2):209-28.

Paulson K, Breckon W, Pidcock M.  A hybrid phantom for electrical impedance
tomography.  Clin Phys Physiol Meas 1992;13 Suppl A:155-9.

Sansen W, Geeraerts B, Van Petegem W, Steyaert M.  Electrical impedance
tomography systems based on voltage drive.  Clin Phys Physiol Meas 1992;13
Suppl A:39-42.

Thomas DC, Siddall-Allum JN, Sutherland IA, Beard RW.  Correction of the
non-uniform spatial sensitivity of electrical impedance tomography images.
Physiol Meas 1994;15(Suppl 2a):a147-a52.

Wells PN.  Choices in medicine: illustrations from imaging.  J Med Eng Technol
1990 Nov-Dec;14(6):225-32.

Zadehkoochak M, Hames TK, Blott BH, George RF.  A transputer implemented
algorithm for electrical impedance tomography.  Clin Phys Physiol Meas 1990
Aug;11(3):223-30.

Zhu Q, Lionheart WR, Lidgey FJ, McLeod CN, Paulson KS, Pidcock MK.  An
adaptive current tomography using voltage sources.  IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 1993
Feb;40(2):163-8.


Modeling


Baumgartner RN, Stauber PM, McHugh D, Wayne S, Garry PJ, Heymsfield SB.  Body
composition in the elderly using multicompartmental methods.  Basic Life Sci
1993;60:251-4.

Cheng KS, Isaacson D, Newell JC, Gisser DG.  Electrode models for electric
current computed tomography.  IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 1989 Sep;36(9):918-24.

Friedl KE, DeLuca JP, Marchitelli LJ, Vogel JA.  Reliability of body fat
estimations from a four compartment model by using density, body water, and
bone mineral measurements.  Am J Clin Nutr 1992 Apr;55(4):764-70.

Fuller NJ, Jebb SA, Laskey MA, Coward WA, Elia M.  Four-component model for
the assessment of body composition in humans: comparison with alternative
methods, and evaluation of the density and hydration of fat-free mass.  Clin
Sci (Colch) 1992 Jun;82(6):687-93.

Gomez I, Leon-Sanz M, Valero MA, Martinez G, Hawkins F.  [Comparative study of
impedance- based predictive models of body composition].  Nutr Hosp 1993
May-Jun;8(5):295-300. (Spa).

Guo SM, Roche AF, Houtkooper L.  Fat-free mass in children and young adults
predicted from bioelectric impedance and anthropometric variables.  Am J Clin
Nutr 1989 Sep;50(3):435-43.

Heymsfield SB, Waki M.  Body composition in humans: advances in the
development of multicompartment chemical models.  Nutr Rev 1991
Apr;49(4):97-108.

Heymsfield SB, Waki M, Kehayias J, Lichtman S, Dilmanian FA, Kamen Y, Wang J,
Pierson RN Jr.  Chemical and elemental analysis of humans in vivo using
improved body composition models.  Am J Physiol 1991 Aug;261(2 Pt 1):E190-8.

Heymsfield SB, Wang J, Aulet M, Kehayias J, Lichtman S, Kamen Y, Dilmanian FA,
Lindsay R, Pierson RN Jr.  Dual photon absorptiometry: validation of mineral
and fat measurements.  Basic Life Sci 1990;55:327-37.

Heymsfield SB, Wang J, Kehayias J, Heshka S, Lichtman S, Pierson RN Jr.
Chemical determination of human body density in vivo: relevance to
hydrodensitometry.  Am J Clin Nutr 1989 Dec;50(6):1282-9.

Hua P, Woo EJ, Webster JG, Tompkins WJ.  Finite element modeling of
electrode-skin contact impedance in electrical impedance tomography.  IEEE
Trans Biomed Eng 1993 Apr;40(4):335-43.

Lederman SA, Pierson RN Jr, Wang J, Paxton A, Thornton J, Wendel J, Heymsfield
SB.  Body composition measurements during pregnancy.  Basic Life Sci
1993;60:193-5.

Wang ZM, Ma R, Pierson RN Jr, Heymsfield SB.  Five-level model: reconstruction
of body weight at atomic, molecular, cellular, and tissue-system levels from
neutron activation analysis.  Basic Life Sci 1993;60:125-8.

Wang ZM, Pierson RN Jr, Heymsfield SB.  The five-level model: a new approach
to organizing body-composition research.  Am J Clin Nutr 1992 Jul;56(1):19-28.


Segmental Impedance


Baisch F, Gauger J, Heer M.  Classification of the free fluid reservoir in the
calf by electrical impedance tomography.  Physiologist 1991 Feb;34(1
Suppl):S181-2.

Baumgartner RN, Chumlea WC, Roche AF.  Estimation of body composition from
bioelectric impedance of body segments.  Am J Clin Nutr 1989 Aug;50(2):221-6.

Berg HE, Tedner B, Tesch PA.  Changes in lower limb muscle cross-sectional
area and tissue fluid volume after transition from standing to supine.  Acta
Physiol Scand 1993 Aug;148(4):379-85.

Chumlea WC, Baumgartner RN, Mitchell CO.  The use of segmental bioelectric
impedance in estimating body composition.  Basic Life Sci 1990;55:375-85.

Fuller NJ, Elia M.  Potential use of bioelectrical impedance of the `whole
body' and of body segments for the assessment of body composition: comparison
with densitometry and anthropometry.  Eur J Clin Nutr 1989 Nov;43(11):779-91.

Hunter G, Khaled M, Snyder S, Koester R. Estimation of abdominal fat pattens
using segmental (BIA) analysis and anthropometric measures analysis
[abstract]. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1992;24(5 Suppl):S8.

Nakamura T, Yamamoto Y, Yamamoto T, Tsuji H.  Fundamental characteristics of
human limb electrical impedance for biodynamic analysis.  Med Biol Eng Comput
1992 Sep;30(5):465-72.

Organ LW, Bradham GB, Gore DT, Lozier SL.  Segmental bioelectrical impedance
analysis: Theory and application of a new technique.  J Appl Physiol
1994;77(1):98-112.

Piccoli A, Rossi B, Pillon L.  Operational equivalence between segmental and
whole-body bioelectrical impedance in renal patients [letter].  Am J Clin Nutr
1994 Mar;59(3):675-6.

Sasser DC, Gerth WA, Wu YC.  Monitoring of segmental intra- and extracellular
volume changes using electrical impedance spectroscopy.  J Appl Physiol 1993
May;74(5):2180-7.

Stewart SP, Bramley PN, Heighton R, Green JH, Horsman A, Losowsky MS, Smith
MA.  Estimation of body composition from bioelectrical impedance of body
segments: comparison with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry.  Br J Nutr 1993
May;69(3):645-55.

Ward LC, Bunce IH, Cornish BH, Mirolo BR, Thomas BJ, Jones LC.
Multi-frequency bioelectrical impedance augments the diagnosis and management
of lymphoedema in post-mastectomy patients.  Eur J Clin Invest 1992
Nov;22(11):751-4.

Watanabe R, Miura A, Inoue K, Haeno M, Sakamoto K, Kanai H.  Evaluation of leg
edema using a multifrequency impedance meter in patients with lymphatic
obstruction.  Lymphology 1989 Jun;22(2):85-92.

Zillikens MC, van den Berg JW, Wilson JH, Swart GR.  Whole-body and segmental
bioelectrical- impedance analysis in patients with cirrhosis of the liver:
changes after treatment of ascites.  Am J Clin Nutr 1992 Mar;55(3):621-5.


BOOKS AND DISSERTATIONS


Andersen RE.  Accuracy of bioelectric impedance for body composition
assessment in obese women before and after a weight reduction program
[dissertation].  Philadelphia: Temple University;1993. 176 p.

Applying new technology to nutrition assessment: report of the 9th Ross
Roundtable on Medical Issues.  Columbus (OH): Ross Laboratories; 1989. 41 p.

Askim KL.  Validity of whole body bioelectrical impedance analysis in the
prediction of percent body fat in women [master's thesis on microfiche].
Eugene (OR): University of Oregon, College of Human Development and
Performance, Microform Publications; 1990. 2 microfiche.

Azcue M.  Resting energy expenditure and body composition in normal and sick
children [dissertation].  Toronto (Canada): University of Toronto; 1992. 286
p.

Bartlett BJ.  Relationships between measures of body fatness, body fat
distribution and serum lipids in healthy elderly [dissertation].  Columbus
(OH): Ohio State University; 1990. 182 p.

Colvin LA.  Total and subcutaneous adipose tissue in children as measured by
magnetic resonance imaging, hydrostatic weighing, skinfold calipers,
bioelectrical impedance and near infrared interactance  [dissertation].
Hattiesburg (MS): University of Southern Mississippi; 1993. 136 p.

Contarsy SA.  An investigation of the influence of various states of hydration
on the assessment of body composition: with specific reference to the
variability of the total body water measurement [dissertation].  Los Angeles:
University of Southern California; 1990.

Delozier MG.  The relationship of parental attitudes regarding
gender-appropriate activities to sex-related differences in physical activity,
body  composition, and aerobic fitness in preschoolage children
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El-Arnaoty YM.  Nutritional and biochemical changes that occur during
Ramadan's fasting [dissertation].  Columbus (OH): Ohio State University; 1991.
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Ellis KJ, Eastman JD, editors.  Human body composition: in vivo methods,
models, and assessment.  Proceedings of the International Symposium on In Vivo
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Garcia JM.  Percent fat mass predictions in Texas A&I University undergraduate
students using a sex-specific, single-site BIA anthropometric model
[dissertation].  Kingsville (TX): Texas A&I University; 1992. 76 p.

Gohlke EM.  Comparison of body assessment using bioelectrical impedance and
skinfold measurements in the critically ill [dissertation].  Kalamazoo (MI):
Western Michigan University; 1991. 112 p.

Lahtinen T, editor.  Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on
Electrical Bio-impedance: 1992 Jul 28-31; Kuopio, Finland.  Kuopio (Finland):
University of Kuopio, Center of Training and Development; [1992?]. 225 p.

Lohman TG.  Advances in body composition assessment.  Champaign (IL): Human
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Marriott BM, Grumstrup-Scott J, editors.  Body composition and physical
performance: applications for the military services. Washington: National
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Nutritional Status Assessment of the Individual: proceedings of a national
conference; 1987; New York, NY.  Trumbull (CT): Food & Nutrition Press; 1989.
479 p.

Pullicino EA.  Aspects of energy metabolism in hospitalised patients
[dissertation].  London: Council for National Academic Awards; 1991. 249 p.

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Berkeley; University of California, San Francisco.  Body composition
measurements in infants and children: report of the 98th Ross Conference on
Pediatric Research; 1988 Sep 7-10; Carefree, AZ.  Columbus (OH): Ross
Laboratories; 1989. 154 p.

Sims SE.  The effects of hydration status on bioelectrical impedance analysis
of body composition [dissertation].  Denton (TX): Texas Woman's University;
1993. 71 p.

Spaniol FJ.  The physiological effects of combining periodized strength
training and aerobic training [dissertation].  University (MS): University of
Mississippi; 1989. 115 p.

Thomas EL.  The effects of blood volume expansion on bioelectrical impedance
analysis of body composition in lean males [dissertation].  Salt Lake City
(UT): University of Utah; 1991. 92 p.

Tracer DP.  The interaction of nutrition and fertility among Au
forager-horticulturalists of Papua New Guinea [dissertation].  Ann Arbor (MI):
University of Michigan; 1991. 247 p.

Webster JG, editor.  Electrical impedance tomography. New York: Adam Hilger;
1990. 224 p.

Whitehead R, Prentice A, editors.  New techniques in nutritional research.
Papers presented at the 9th Bristol-Myers Squibb/Mead Johnson Symposium on
Nutrition Research; 1989 Sep 11-13; Robinson College, Cambridge, England.  San
Diego: Academic Press; 1991. 433 p. (Bristol-Myers Squibb/Mead Johnson
nutrition symposia; 9).

Williams DP.  Body composition, blood pressure and their tracking in children
and adolescents [dissertation].  Tuscon (AZ): University of Arizona; 1989. 169
p.

Yasumura S, editor.  In vivo body composition studies: recent advances.
Proceedings of the International Symposium on In Vivo Body Composition
Studies; 1989 Jun 20-23; University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada. New York:
Plenum Press; 1990. 448 p. (Basic life sciences; vol. 55).