Network Working Group C. Weider Request for Comments: 1491 Merit Network, Inc. FYI: 21 R. Wright Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory July 1993
A Survey of Advanced Usages of X.500
Status of this Memo
This memo provides information for the Internet community. It does not specify an Internet standard. Distribution of this memo is unlimited.
Abstract
This document is the result of a survey asking people to detail their advanced usages of X.500. It is intended to show how various organizations are using X.500 in ways which extend the view of X.500 as a "White Pages" service. This RFC is a product of the Integrated Directory Services Working Group of the Application and User Services Areas of the IETF.
1. Introduction
As the use of X.500 spreads in the Internet, organizations are finding uses for it which go beyond the "white pages" paradigm which has been used to introduce it to new users. Consequently, to document those new uses and to encourage the wider use of X.500, we sent out a survey to obtain "advanced usages" of X.500.
1.1 The survey
The survey we sent out is included here for two purposes:
1) completeness, and 2) we'd like to encourage anyone who retrieves this document to send us their advanced usage for inclusion in the next revision.
If you wish to fill this out, please send it to the working group list: IDS@merit.edu.
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If this is a product for public distribution, please give us the Type: FREE, COMMERCIAL PRODUCT, or PROTOTYPE/RESEARCH FREE - Anyone may obtain this product at zero cost. COMMERCIAL PRODUCT - One may purchase this product. PROTOTYPE/RESEARCH - This product is not yet available, only a prototype.
If FREE, please give us: * FTP and/or FTAM address (if available via FTP and/or FTAM):
If COMMERCIAL, please give us: * Directions to obtain product:
Availability: (When will product be available?)
List of platforms product runs on: [The platform list can be general - e.g. UNIX]
This survey went out to the following mailing lists: osi- ds@cs.ucl.ac.uk, disi@merit.edu (now ids@merit.edu), and dssig@ics.uci.edu.
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1.2 Disclaimer
Descriptions of the advanced usages were written by the implementors, and not by the members of IDS. Although IDS has worked with the description authors to ensure readability, no guarantees can be made regarding the validity of descriptions. Caveat emptor.
2. The Survey Responses
2.1 Index to Responses
Application Page
2.2.1 Global Time-table Information Service ................ 3 2.2.2 Pre-Message Security Protocol ................ 4 2.2.3 Electronic Data Interchange ................ 5 2.2.4 Network Topology Information ................ 7 2.2.4.1 Shared Whois Information Project ................ 7 2.2.4.2 EARN's Network Directory ................ 8 2.2.5 Soft Pages ................ 9 2.2.6 X-Tel ................ 10 2.2.7 Xerox Clearinghouse ................ 12 2.2.8 X.500 Sendmail ................ 13 2.2.9 Transparent ODA Conversion ................ 14 2.2.10 X.500 and the whois protocol ................ 16 2.2.11 X.400 table handling ................ 17
2.2 Survey Responses
2.2.1 Global Time-table Information Service
Application Name: Global Time-table Information Service based on X.500
Date Received: 7/1/1992
Date Last Validated: 7/1/1992
Author(s): Jens Hofmann Cuno Lanz
Company or Institution: Laboratory of Computer Engineering and Networks, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH Zurich) Switzerland
e-mail address for more information: c=CH; a=ARCOM; p=SWITCH; o=ETHZ; ou=TIK; s=Lanz (lanz@tik.ethz.ch)
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Type: experimental prototype; not public
FTP address: <none>
Short Description: This application aims at integrating the time-table information services offered by public transport providers of different scope (local, regional, national or international) into a homogeneous and unified user interface. X.500 is used to store the information in an autonomous and extensible way.
Full Description: Most of the public tranport providers offer some kind of time-table information service like printed directory, help-desk, telephone support or PC software. Unfortunately these services have some of the following drawbacks:
- no automatic update of data (information accuracy) - no global availability (place independency) - no permanent availability (time independency) - no inter-provider service (service integration).
X.500 may serve as a vehicle to overcome these drawbacks as follows: The public transport providers store the time-table information in a standardized format on locally managed DSAs. There is some kind of special purpose DUA which (1) queries the user for the input parameters (date, time, source and destination station) then (2) searches for the relevant paths by querying the involved DSAs and (3) displays the resulting time-table to the user.
In a diploma thesis a student is developing a new data model which supports easy selection of source and destination station as well as fast exploring of the time-table information. He is implementing a prototype application onto an existing DUA interface (based on HyperCard and running on Apple Macintosh) which is connected to the world-wide X.500 pilot service over DIXIE protocol. In order to test the prototype application the time-table information of the Swiss national public transport company and of most of the regional providers around the city of Zurich is included under the branch: c=CH;o=ETH Zurich.
2.2.2 Pre-Message Security Protocol
Application Name: Defense Message System Directory
Date Recieved: 7/1/1992
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Date Last Validated: 7/1/1992
Author: Bob Cooney
Company or Institution: The Naval Computer and Telecommunications Station, Washington and The Defense Information System Agency
E-mail address for more information: cooney@wnyose.nctsw.navy.mil
Type: experimental prototype, not public
FTP address: <none>
Short Description: The U.S. Navy will build a directory based on X.500 to support the distribution of Pre-Message Security Protocol security keys.
Long Description: The U.S. Navy has been asked to build a directory service to support the distribution of Pre-Message Security Protocol security keys. The Pre-Message Security Protocol will provide SMTP/X.400 security services for unclassified but sensitive mail on the Defense Data Network.
The directory will be based on QUIPU. Proof of concept is expected by October 1992, with initial operational capacity by October 1993.
2.2.3 Electronic Data Interchange
Application Name: An X.500 User Agent for Electronic Data Interchange
Date Received: 7/10/1992
Date Last Validated: 7/10/1992
Author: Neil Weldon
Company or Institution: Networks Group, Computer Science Dept., Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
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e-mail address for more information: omahony@cs.tcd.ie nmweldon@vax1.tcd.ie
Type: Research product and not for public distribution
FTP address: <none>
Short Description: The Directory is used to assist in solving the 'first order' problem associated with Electronic Data Interchange (EDI). EDI is the transfer of trade documents between application processes in a processable form. The 'first order' problem describes the agreements that two organizations must come to regarding capabilities and preferences, before using EDI.
To solve this problem we defined object types to allow the storage of product catalogues within the Directory, as well as information about the EDI readiness of trading partners: addresses, preferences and EDI capabilities.
Full Description: Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) is the means by which organizations exchange trade related documents between application processes in an format which may be processed electronically.
Before using EDI an organization must establish a series of goals and objectives, to establish what type of documents they wish to be able to transmit (invoices, purchase orders etc.) and what their communication requirements are. Each of these time consuming and tedious steps is usually done in conjunction with trading partners where these agreements regarding EDI capabilities and preferences must be made.
To solve this 'first order' problem (the need to come to agreements with other organizations before trading using EDI takes place) we defined object types to allow the storage of product catalogues within the Directory. The Directory may also convey information regarding the EDI readiness of trading partners: addresses, preferences and EDI capabilities.
Using an experimental User Agent based on Pod which was developed at Brunel in the UK, trade documents may be built up by selecting products from the stored catalogues. These documents are then encoded as an EDI Interchange after the Directory has been queried about addresses, etc.
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The current object types are very basic and may only convey the minimal amount of information necessary. We are now in the process of extending this further to a full product class hierarchy which is being based on information that may be sent within an EDI trade document using the EDI standard document syntax EDIFACT.
By using the Directory as a repository for product information to aid in EDI the catalogues become available worldwide. They may be replicated at various nodes, and the updating and propagation of changes to slave copies becomes trivial.
2.2.4 Network Topology Information
There are two projects in this area; Merit Network's Shared Whois Information Project, and EARN's Network Directory.
2.2.4.1 Shared Whois Information Project
Application Name: Shared Whois Project
Date Received: 6/1/1993
Date Last Validated: 6/1/1993
Author(s): Sheri Repucci
Company or Institution: Merit Network, Inc.
e-mail address for more information: swip@merit.edu
Availability: June 1993
Type: experimental prototype, not public
List of platforms product runs on: UNIX
Short Description: The Shared Whois Project merges network data held by various organizations. The principal purpose of merging this data is to find and resolve conflicting network information between the databases. The longterm goal of this project is to move away from the current model of storing similar and/or duplicate network information in multiple databases and to move to a X.500 distributed database model. To this end, we are working on loading the NSFNET network information into X.500 in anticipation of participating in a distributed database trial.
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Full Description: The Shared Whois Project is a collection of programs and shell scripts which collectively merges the network data held by each of the participating organizations. Currently this includes Merit, the RIPE-NCC and the InterNIC. The principal purpose of merging this vast quantity of data is to find and resolve conflicting network information between the various databases. It is our intent to merge this data bi-weekly and thus rapidly reach, and thereafter maintain, a stable set of commonly held network information.
While there is a common set of information all three of the participants hold in their various databases, additional information unique to the function of each organization is also held. Furthermore, the resulting set of data created by the merger holds only one entry per network without attempting to combine the variations. Thus, each entry includes a listing of all databases found to contain information for that network as well as all databases found to be in conflict with the entry held in the resultant set.
The longterm goal of this project is to move away from the current model of storing similar and/or duplicate network information in multiple databases and to move to a X.500 distributed database model. To this end, Merit is working to load the NSFNET network information into X.500 in anticipation of participating in a trial with the InterNIC and others on the road to a globally distributed database model.
2.2.4.2 EARN's Network Directory
Application Name: Ditnet/EARN Network Directory
Date Received: 7/7/1992
Date Last Verified: 7/7/1992
Author(s): Peter Sylvester
Company or Institution: Inria Rocquencourt - France
e-mail address for more information: peter.sylvester@inria.fr
Type: FREE (data owned by EARN/Bitnet)
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Short Description: The EARN/Bitnet Network database consists of descriptions of all participating members, network nodes, adminstrators, and topology information. This database commonly known as BITEARN NODES is being made available through x.500.
Full Description: A full description of the contents of the EARN/Bitnet database can be found in some EARN internal document which is available as a file BITEARN NODES from any NETSERV in EARN/Bitnet. The contents of this file is mapped into an X.500 subtree containing descriptions of network nodes, adminstrational personnel, and topology information.
The first version of the directory subtree will be created using a simple textual mapping to a flat directory tree using private attributes.
2.2.5 Soft Pages
Application Name: Soft Pages
Date Received: 9/25/1992
Date Last Validated: 9/25/1992
Author(s): Thomas Johannsen Glenn Mansfield
Company or Institution: AIC Systems Laboratory, Tohoku University Sendai
e-mail address for more information: spp-support@aic.co.jp
Type: Intended for public distribution, not yet public
FTP address: <none>
Short Description: A file name look-up services for anonymous FTP servers, provides ls -lR information and FTP server address. Additionally, the nearest FTP site (from user's site) which holds the requested file is chosen.
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Full Description: With the growing of number and size of electronic archives for documents, programs and the like, the problem of finding and retrieving a specific file becomes more and more complex. Furthermore, bandwidth in the Internet is still limited. Users should be encouraged and supported to do local FTP sessions as often as possible instead of getting everything from the other end of the world (i.e., the net).
The Soft Pages Project combines an Archie-like file look-up service with network configuration knowledge. A dedicated User Agent gives a suggestion how to retrieve a document in a network traffic optimized manner.
Basically, Directory information introduced by Soft Pages falls into two parts: A file information part and a network configuration part.
The file information part describes objects and attributes for file servers and their contents. For each file server, names and attributes of its files are stored and updated periodically. This provides global access to Archie-like information for all registered file servers and, furthermore, opens the way to store document description together with the file name. Thus, document search is not restricted to file name matches but might be run for keywords as well.
The network configuration part provides information on networks (subnetworks), nodes and lines in the Internet. Furthermore, IP numbers can be mapped to network and node objects. In order to evaluate file server sites, Internet (site to site) connections are given a cost index and then alternatives are compared by their cost index. Cost index is a calculated parameter representing properties of a connection like speed, average traffic, charges etc. where values for the latter are hold as attributes to line objects.
If a document is stored at two or more sites, the site with the lowest cost index (which naturally will be the "nearest" in network terms) will be chosen for retrieval. A Soft Pages User Agent basically interacts with the Directory for finding a pointer to the "best" copy of a file wanted by a user.
2.2.6 X-Tel
Application Name: X-Tel's advanced applications
Date received: 7/1/1992
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Date last verified: 7/1/1992
Author(s): Colin Robbins Julian Onions Graeme Lunt
Company or Institution: X-Tel Services Ltd.
e-mail address for more information: x500@xtel.co.uk
Type: Commercial Products / Ideas
Short Description: 1) Product Information. Products that have DUA facilites built in have a "latest info" button or other request method. When "pressed" a well known node below the X-Tel part of the tree is read. The attributes contain descriptions of the latest version of the software, new features etc. If you decide you would like the new version, a second read obtains the information required for a template order form.
2) BUG Status. As above, but obtains details of known bugs in the version of software you are running. (If only we could find a way of putting fixes in, and automatically updating the software itself!)
3) X-Terms. We have a conferencing product, allowing X users to "talk" and share windows. The problem is identifying which X Terminal device a particular user is currently on. One solution we are using is modify a users directory entry during login to say which X display they have logged into. The conference can the query the directory, and open windows on the appropriate device. The directory is also used to store details of current conferences, so new delegates can join the conference easily.
4) Organisation browsing. There are a rich set of attributes about people and their roles stored in the directory. We have a special purpose DUA that exploits this information, and presents information on who manages who, who is secretary for who etc. This is very useful when combined with the search ACL mechanism defined in OSI-DS 21 as different views can be given to different catergories of users.
5) MHS use of directory. The directory is use to store MHS routing information (as per the MHS DS working group documents)
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6) Mail Lists. Details of mailing lists are stored in the directory. With careful use of access control, users can be given access so that they can subscribe and unsubscribe themselves to/from a list.
7) Details of restuarants in the Nottingham area are stored in the directory!
8) We plan to use the directory as a rendevuz for a multi-user adventure game. Each "room" will be a different entry, and modify operations will be used to pick up and put down objects!
The next two are "advanced" features of our DUA, they may not be considered relevant to this document!
9) Templates. The directory is used to store template entries. Our DUA then uses this template when adding new users. Very useful, as a number of default attributes can be set.
10) Editors. Special purpose editors for a number of complex attribute syntaxes are built in to our DUAs. This includes QUIPU ACLs, and X.400 OR Addresses.
2.2.7 Xerox Clearinghouse
Application Name: Clearinghouse Interface
Date Received: 7/1/1992
Date Last Validated: 7/1/1992
Author(s): Margaret Avino
Company or Institution: Xerox Corporation
e-mail address for more information mavin.cin_ops@xerox.com
Type: Early Design/Implementation stages
Short Description: X.500 DSA interface to XNS (Xerox Network Services) Clearinghouse directory to provide access to Xerox Corporation's Clearinghouse via X.500 DUAs.
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Full Description: Xerox uses the XNS network protocol suite to provide Mail, Filing, Directory, Authentication, etc. network services for the installed based of 45,000+ Xerox workstations. The Directory is based on the XNS Clearinghouse protocol which is similar to X.500 in that it contains objects which have properties (attributes) and is a fully distributed, replicatable directory. The searching capabilities of the Clearinghouse protocol are not as robust as the X.500 search operation and the physical structure of the original database is not amenable to complex searches as it could be if it were stored in a relational database.
The first piece of this project is to transfer the data into an Oracle relational database and create a new Clearinghouse server which accesses the oracle database and is a full fledged member of the Clearinghouse, sending and receiving updates to other servers using the XNS Clearinghouse protocol. This will allow powerful SQL queries to be performed on the data which will provide some very desired functionality such as: list all of the Distribution Lists of which this name is a member.
To build on the new database, we are probing the implementation of an X.500 DSA interface to the Oracle Clearinghouse Directory. This would allow X.500 DUAs to access the data and utilize the powerful search operations. It will require the definition of one or more new object classes and several new attributes and some thought about the appropriate schema.
2.2.8 X.500 Sendmail
Application Name: X.500 Sendmail
Date Received: 9/25/1992
Date Last Verified: 9/25/1992
Author(s): Tim Howes
Company or Institution: University of Michigan
e-mail address for more information: x500@umich.edu
Type: FREE
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FTP address: terminator.cc.umich.edu
Directions to obtain product: get x500/sendmail-5.65.x500.tar.Z
Short Description: Modifications to sendmail-5.65 to do X.500 lookups.
Full Description: We have modified sendmail-5.65 so that it does X.500 lookups, returning the value of a user's rfc822Mailbox attribute. It handles multiple matches by sending a message containing the choices back to the sender. If the user has no email address in X.500, the sender is sent a message containing postal and phone information on the user. Both exact and approximate matching is supported.
2.2.9 Transparent ODA Conversion
Application Name: Transparent ODA Conversion
Date Received: 7/16/1992
Date Last Verified: 7/16/1992
Author(s): MacFarland Hale (MITRE Open Systems Group)
Company or Institution: The MITRE Corporation
e-mail address for more information: machale@mitre.org
Type: Not Yet Available
Short Description: Plan to use X.500 in conjunction with X.400 and Open Document Architecture (ODA) to provide transparent translation of compound documents between a sender and one or more recipients.
Full Description: In the future, MITRE would like to combine X.500, X.400 and Open Document Architecture (ODA) to automate the conversion of compound documents in such a way that the users need not know about ODA or even that the conversion is taking place. This will require new and/or updated X.400 products.
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A preferred compound document format (e.g., Microsoft Word, FrameMaker, etc.) for each user is stored in the X.500 directory. Each X.400 Message Transfer Agent (MTA) host also houses converters between each such format and the Open Document Interchange Format (ODIF).
A user (sender) creates a document with his or her preferred compound document editor. Ideally, the editor software will have a link (e.g., button or pull-down menu) to the X.400 User Agent (UA). The user invokes the X.400 UA (either using this link, or outside of the editor software) to send the document as an X.400 message to one or more recipients. Next, the document may need to be converted to ODIF, and this may be done in one of two ways.
Preferably, the X.400 MTA will be responsible for the ODIF conversion. The UA must somehow be told what format the original document is in. This may be done via the UA invocation from inside the editor, via a UA configuration file, by examining the filename extension, etc. It then tags the document to indicate the document's original format using one of the body parts: "Bilaterally Defined" (body part 14), "Nationally Defined" (body part 7) or "Externally Defined" (body part 15). The UA then sends the message, and the MTA interprets the tag to determine the document's format.
For messages internal to MITRE, the MTA will look up the recipient's preferred document format. If it is different than the sender's format, the MTA calls the appropriate ODIF converter and sends the message. If the recipient's preferred format is the same as that of the document being sent, then no conversion is performed. For messages going outside MITRE, the document is always converted to ODIF. The user may prevent this by specifying that the enclosed document is not to be converted, in which case the UA simply sends the document in binary form with no special tag.
Alternatively, the UA may do the conversion. As above, the UA must be told the document's original format. The UA may then call the appropriate local ODIF converter, and then send the message. There are some disadvantages to this approach:
1) ODIF converters must be purchased for and maintained on many more hosts;
2) the document is always converted to ODIF (unless the UA accesses the directory, but...);
3) conversion overhead could be traumatic on a small PC.
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At each recipient host, the X.400 MTA catches the incoming message, recognizing the contents as ODIF. It then looks up the recipients' preferred compound document formats, calls the appropriate converters to translate the contents, and then delivers the messages to the recipients. If the incoming message contains one of the format tags described above, then no conversion is performed (since the document is not in ODIF).
Please note that MITRE is a not-for-profit organization. We will not produce commercial products to support this scenario, but we are anxious to encourage and work with companies interested in doing so.
2.2.10 X.500 and the WHOIS protocol
Application Name: Phone Book
Date Received: 7/15/1992
Date Last Verified: 7/15/1992
Author(s): Steven Schoch
Company or Institution: NASA Ames Research Center
e-mail address for more information: schoch@sheba.arc.nasa.gov
Type: FREE, see Steve
Short Description: On-line edition of our phone book, using X.500 for storage and retrieval.
Full Description: Phone Book is a user application which communicates using the Internet WHOIS protocol. It is listed in the Internet Resources Guide as such. The latest incarnation, however, does not make use of a flat file -- it gets information from a DUA that performs conversions between information received via DAP and the format that users expect to get back from our Phone Book queries. The change to X.500 has allowed us to supply additional data such as E-mail address which do not normally appear in the phone book. The fields supplied in response to a query include:
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Name Telephone Number Mail Stop Office Number Organizational Affiliation (either a NASA organization code or a contractor name) E-mail address
Queries may be made on any of the fields specified, with the office being divided into building and room components. A sample lookup might be:
trident:297-->phbook yee Name Phone M/S Office Organization --------------------------- -------- ------- --------- ------------ Arnold M. Yee 4-4315 258-6 N258/134 COMPSCICOR Cindy Yee 226-3 N226/105 CALSPAN cyee@ames.arc.nasa.gov David H. Yee 4-4106 213-8 N213/256 EEF david_yee@qmgate.arc.nasa.gov Dr. Helen M C. Yee 4-4769 202A-1 N202A/216 RF Harry Yee 4-6557 213-2 N213/101F EES Peter Edmond Yee 4-3812 233-18 N233/240 EDC yee@atlas.arc.nasa.gov Robert Yee 4-4122 T041-3 TA20/155 SFA robert_yee@qmgate.arc.nasa.gov
2.2.11 X.400 table handling
Application Name: X.400 table handling
Date Received: 7/15/1992
Date Last Verified: 7/15/1992
Author(s): Julian Onions Colin Robbins
Company or Institution: X-Tel Service Limited, Nottingham, England
e-mail address for more information: jpo@xtel.co.uk
Type: FREE, not yet available to the general public
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Short Description: Implementation of the work of the IETF MHS-DS group. The goal is to put X.400 tables into X.500 in order to facilitate gateway and routing functions.
Full Description: See the Internet drafts for MHS-DS. NASA Ames Research Center is participating in the testing and development of the next release of the PP message handling software. The latest update (alpha test) contains usage of X.500 by X.400 for RFC 822<->X.400 gatewaying, as well as hooks for X.400 intelligent routing. Use of X.500 to eliminate static tables will greatly improve the ability to maintain the information necessary for mail gatewaying and routing, while making it easier to keep this data current and well distributed.
3. Security Considerations
Security issues are not discussed in this memo.
4. Authors' Addresses
Chris Weider 2901 Hubbard, Pod G Ann Arbor, MI 48105
Phone: (313) 747-2730 EMail: clw@merit.edu
Russ Wright Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory 1 Cyclotron Road Berkeley, CA 94720
Phone: (415) 486-6965 EMail: wright@lbl.gov
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