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- ELECTRO MAGNETIC PULSES
- ------- -------- ------
-
- Imagine a very bright flash in the sky! No one is hurt. But, your transistor
- radio stops playing, your car won't start, the telephone doesn't ring,
- lights stay off, and we find ourselves in the stone age!
-
- THE developement of modern high-tech semiconductor devices have paralleled
- unsettled relations between the nations of the world with resulting technol-
- ogical advances affecting the lives of every citizen of North America. Com-
- munications have been made faster, automobiles more fuel-efficient and
- maintenance-free, TV sets, video-tape recorders, and virtually every other
- piece of electronics equipment have been improved by the advent of the
- semiconductor and its high-tech advancements. The relationship between
- nuclear weapons and the recent electronics advances may seem unclear, but
- a nuclear attack on the North American continent could make that relationship
- glaringly apparent.
- ALL nuclear explosions produce electromagnetic pulses (EMP's) and the ensuing
- induced voltages and currents produced in conductors ( wires and cables ) are
- comparable in strength to the strongest of lightning bolts. EMP's may reach 3
- million volts and 10,000 amperes for a total of 30-billion watts of energy.
- The largest commercial radio stations in the U.S. and Canada radiate 50,000
- watts, or approximately one-millionth that much power! The major difference
- between EMP's and lightning is that EMP's are induced simultaneously over
- an entire wide area, while lightning occurs at a single location.
-
- Significance of the Problem
- ------------ -- --- -------
-
- THREE ten-megaton thermonuclear weapons detonated 250 miles ( 400 kilometers )
- above the United States or Canada would produce EMP's strong enough to knock
- out the entire electrical power grid of North America including the entire
- civilian-telephone network, and just about every broadcast station.
- Virtually every piece of unprotected electronic equipment in the country
- -- radios, TV sets, computers, electronic controls in homes, office build-
- ings, factories, cars, airplanes, and instruments in hospitals -- would be
- damaged, if not destroyed. The pulses would also damage or destroy large
- portions of the military command's control and communication (C3) system.
- A chain reaction could be set in motion at nuclear power plants, due to elec-
- tromagnetic pulses. Although it is a point that is frequently disputed, the
- possibility exists that reactor core meltdowns might occur as a result of
- EMP's. The meltdowns would be a by-product of electronic control system
- failure. The control systems are used to monitor and control the processes at
- the plants. The EMP's could cause the system to fail and result in partial or
- complete loss of control over vital functions, causing subsequent melt-
- downs. We know that those nuclear plants are designed to be fail safe,
- but has anyone considered the possibility of every circuit breaker in a
- plant failing at the same instant?
-
-
- Characteristics of EMP's
- --------------- -- -----
-
- AT an altitude of 250 miles, the gamma rays produced in the first few nano-
- seconds ( billionths-of-a-second ) of a nuclear explosion can travel hundreds
- of kilometers before colliding with electrons in atmospheric molecules.
- That kind of collision may take place in a region 2,000 miles in diameter and
- 6-miles thick. Electrons are accelerated by those collisions, a phen-
- omenon referred to as the Compton effect; and upon reaching the earth's
- magnetic field, they set up electromagnetic pulses that radiate downward
- toward earth (Fig.1). Due to the extremely large area of collision, vast
- amounts of ground area are exposed to electromagnetic fields with strengths
- up to 50,000-volts per meter. The ground area exposed to electromagnetic
- pulses could cover the entire continental United States and most of
- Canada by one nuclear blast; if not, certainly large regions such as New
- England would be electrically and electronically devastated.
-
-
- FIG. 1 -- Electrons set into motion by gamma rays from a nuclear explosion in
- space will produce enormous electromotive pulses (EMP's) when the negative
- charges enter the Earth's magnetic-field. It is estimated that the ideal
- height for such an explosion should be 250 miles above the Earth's surface.
-
-
- :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
- : :
- : O - Nuclear Explosion :
- : :
- : / / :
- : / / - Gamma Rays :
- : --------------------------- :
- : < Earth's Magnetic Field > :
- : --------------------------- :
- : ******* ******* ******* :
- : ***** ***** ***** :
- : *** EMP *** EMP *** :
- : ***** ***** ***** :
- : ******* ******* ******* :
- : =============================== :
- : EARTH :
- : :
- :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
-
-
- Vulnerability
- -------------
-
- THE effects that electromagnetic pulses would have on a mass of circuitry are
- difficult to predict because the interactions are complex. But, the more
- complex the components, the easier they are to damage. Power lines are one
- avenue for EMP damage, and a company making a shielded tubing to go over
- power and signal carrying conductors obviously had EMP in mind when they
- invented their "Zippertubing". That covering acts as a partial shield
- to EMP's.
- FOR each component, damage would come from the internal pickup of the circuit
- itself, as well as surges fed to it by all other attached conductors (power
- lines, other circuits,and metal parts). ANOTHER concern is that generators and
- motors with their numerous internal windings of copper wire could be
- rendered useless in an EMP attack; and with subsequent inoperative water
- pumping stations, desert population-centers could persih. In the dead of
- winter, motors in heating units would be destroyed and the chilling freeze in
- the northern portions of the North American continent would bring those
- areas to a standstill. Food and fuel shipments would halt because fusible
- links and electronic ignitions would be destroyed in cars and trucks. It's
- difficult to conceive a family anywhere on the continent not suffering extreme
- hardships.
- THE more complex the electronics components, the more vulnerable they
- are to electromagnetic pulses. Hardness describes the vulnerability of an
- electrical device and it is best for old-style vacuum tubes, less for semi-
- conductors, and even less for microcircuitry. It would take 100 times
- more EMP energy to damage the tubes than integrated circuits. Computers
- may be upset through memory erasure with 100 times less energy than
- required to damage integrated circuits; refer to Fig. 3. Aircraft in the air
- and parked on open surfaces would be disabled, because electronics controls
- the crafts' flight instruments and control surfaces.
-
- :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
- :(-8)(-6)(-4)(-2) (1) (2) (4) (6) (8) :
- :::!:::!:::!:::!:::!:::!:::!:::!:::!:::
- : ###### :
- : :
- : $$$$$$$$ :
- : :
- : %%%%%%% :
- : :
- : &&&&&&& :
- : :
- :::!:::!:::!:::!:::!:::!:::!:::!:::!:::
- :(-8)(-6)(-4)(-2) (1) (2) (4) (6) (8) :
- :( Powers of TEN) <Fig. 3> :
- :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
- : RANGE OF THRESHOLD ENERGY, JOULES :
- :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
- : # = Motors and Transformers :
- : $ = Vacuum Tubes :
- : % = Low-Power Transistors :
- : & = Integrated Circuits :
- :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
-
-
- Hardening Communications Equipment
- --------- -------------- ---------
-
- HARDENING of electronics communications equipment is vital to the military,
- and, to a lesser extent, the civilian populace. The Department of Defense
- has established an Electromagnetic Compatibility Program (EMCP) to ensure
- that all military Communication-Electronic (CE) equipment subsystems, and
- systems are protected from electromagnetic interference of all kinds.
- That program was implemented to ensure that electromagnetic compatibility is
- maintained through design, acquistion, and operational phases. Numerous semi-
- conductor manufacturers now produce what are called "radiation-hardened"
- integrated circuits, just for that reason.
- THERE are three major design criteria which must be considered when hardening
- against EMP's. They are cost, the equipment's ability to survive EMP, and
- failure rates of the shielding components.
- COST includes both installation and maintenance. Some protection practices,
- such as shielding the entire communication site, may be attractive from a
- technical point of view, but are impractically expensive.
- THE electronic equipment's ability to survive an EMP attack must be measured
- in order to determine how much EMP protection is needed. A testing device
- for measuring the radiated electromagnetic susceptibility of an elect-
- ronic device is a Transverse Electromagnetic Mode (TEM) cell. A TEM cell
- consists of a group of electronic instruments and a special specimen holder
- that simulates an environment of free space. The TEM cell is used for per-
- forming electromagnetic interference/electromagnetic compatibility (EMI/EMC)
- measurements and evaluating protection devices.
-
- Shielding Methods
- --------- -------
-
- IN order to predict the effect of an electromagnetic pulse on electronic
- equipment, it is necessary to assess the enviroment. The structures housing
- the electronic equipment are made in various shapes and sizes, and are con-
- nected to the outside world by conductors such as utility lines and pipes,
- communication lines, and access and ventilation structures.(Refer to fig.5)
- That combination of criteria makes the exact determination of the interaction
- of an EMP with such a variety of structures extremely difficult. However,
- for complex systems, it is convenient to have several layers of shielding.
- (Refer to Fig. 6).
-
-
- :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
- : EMP Lightning :
- : //// V V V :
- : ------------------------------ :
- : !* Building ! :
- :P--+** ! :
- : !* ! :
- : ! EMP Penetration ! :
- : ! ! :
- : ! ! :
- : +-+ * ! :
- : ! ! *** ! :
- : ! -----!------------------------ :
- : ! ! :
- :=!======!========================== :
- :Gnd ! - Buried Cable :
- :--------+ :
- :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
- : P = Power Lines Fig. 5. -- :
- : -- A sealed metal box is an ideal :
- : structure for eliminating EMP pen- :
- : etration. However, power lines and :
- : signal cables require entry ports :
- : thus compromising the integrity of :
- : a shielded building. Obviously, it :
- : is apparent that doors and windows :
- : would have a greater leakage effect.:
- :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
- : Shield 1 :
- : ******************** :
- : * Zone 1 (internal) * :
- : * ============== * :
- : * = Zone 2 =----* :
- : * g = ########## = g * :
- : * r = ############ = r * :
- : * o =--###ZONE 3### = o * :
- : * u = ############--= u * :
- : * n = ########## = n * :
- : * d = (cabinet- = d * :
- : *---= environment) = * :
- : * ============== * :
- : * Shield 2 * :
- : ****************** :
- : !------! :
- : ! :
- : ! Zone 0 (External- :
- : ! Environment) :
- :----!--------------------------------:
- : = EARTH :
- : :
- :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
- : Fig. 6 -- More than one shield can :
- : be used to secure the environment of:
- : the machinery and electronic mat- :
- : erial contained within a building. :
- : The building can provide the initial:
- : shield. Shielded rooms or metal cab-:
- : inets may provide a second shield. :
- : A third shield (not diagrammed) :
- : would protect entry cables from :
- : violating the shielded area of :
- : zone 3. :
- :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
-
-
-
- Shield 1
- ------ -
-
- A structure composed of a great deal of metal is well shielded against electro-
- magnetic pulses, while a building made primarily of wood is virtually un-
- shielded against EMP's. Continuous, closed sheet-metal shields are, by far,
- the most effective electromagnetic shields. It is imperative that the in-
- ternal environment of zone 1 be connected to the outside world. That fact
- makes a closed sheet-metal shield impossible. Aperatures in shield 1
- create a special problem in protecting communication sites from EMP penetra-
- tion.
- THE electromagnetic field penetration depends on the aperature size. If a
- given area of wall opening is subdivided into ten small openings having
- the same total area, the penetrating EMP fields at an interior point will be
- 1/SQR(10) as large as for a single large opening of the same total area.
- (Refer to Fig. 7).
- Therefore, it is better for a structure to have more small openings than
- just a few larger openings.
- A common treatment for such openings is to cover them with a conducting
- screen or mesh so that the large opening is converted to a multitude of
- small openings, or use a glass impregnated with metal. That glass, despite
- having metal in it, offers approximately the same degree of visual att-
- enuation or lack of clarity as looking through a screen door from within the
- house.
-
- :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
- : !! !! :
- : ###### !! ######## !! :
- : # !! # !! :
- : EMP *==!! # !! :
- : # !! # !! :
- : # !! E *==!! :
- : EMP *==!! M **==!! :
- : # !! P **==!! :
- : # !! *==!! :
- : EMP *==!! # !! :
- : # !! # !! :
- : # !! # !! :
- : EMP *==!! # !! :
- : # !! # !! :
- : # # :
- : ###### ######## :
- : Shield Shield :
- :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
- : Fig. 7 -- The electromagnetic field :
- : penetration into a ported shield is :
- : minimized by reducing the size of :
- : the openings. In the diagram the :
- : open area of the port of the example:
- : on the right is equal to the sum of :
- : the areas in the example at left. :
- : The diagram clearly shows that the :
- : penetration of an EMP is less when :
- : equal areas are summed from several :
- : small ports. :
- :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
-
-
-
- Shields 2 and 3
- ------- - --- -
-
- THE second-level shield seperates the internal environment from the sensitive
- small-signal circuits within the electronic equipment found within Zone 2.
- Shielding here may be accomplished by electrically grounding the metal cabin-
- ets and equipment.
- SHIELD 3 involves the shielding of the interconnection of the equipment. That
- could involve elaborate design of interconnecting signal transmission lines.
- Fiberoptic signal transmission shows great promise here because it is
- not effected by any type of electromagnetic interference.
-
- Hardening Aircraft and Missles
- --------- -------- --- -------
-
- GENERALLY, the EMP interaction with electrical systems inside structures such
- as aircraft and missles depends upon a multitude of factors. Aircraft and
- missles usually have a nearly complete metallic exterior covering that serves
- as a shield from electromagnetic fields. However, that shield alone is
- not enough protection against electromagnetic pulses.
- Missles and Aircraft are equipped with computers that cannot be upset even for
- an instant. They must be partically well hardened.
- AT the present time, there is no agreement on the most effective ways to
- harden aircraft and missles. Heavy shielding, like the type used at com-
- munication sites, is obviously impractical because of the added weight that
- the aircraft has to carry. Instead, EMP resistance is designed into the
- aircraft's equipment. One example of that would be in the area of circuit
- design. Small loops make better antennas for EMP's than short straight
- lines; therefore, circuits are designed in tree or branching layouts rather
- than in more conventional circuit loops.
-
-
- Is Shielding Help on the Way?
- -- --------- ---- -- --- ----
-
- IN the last decade, electronic devices have proliferated in all areas of our
- lives. That influx of products has caused a problem: Noise Pollution, or
- EMI/RFI ( electromagnetic/radio frequency interference). Over 80,000 cases
- of noise pollution were reported to the FCC (Federal Communications Commission)
- in 1982.
- STRANGE as it may sound, the plastics industry is coming to the rescue with
- plastic electronic-equipment enclosures specifically designed for both EMI con-
- tainment and shielding. Obviously, with EMP's as an external disturbance, the
- containment of a field is academic, but the shielding from an outside field is
- crucial. The parameter describing that is Shielding Effectiveness (SE) and the
- equation for shielding effectiveness is
-
- SE = A + R,
-
- or shielding effectiveness equals Absorbed plus Reflected energy.
- HIGHLY conductive materials such as pure metal shields reflect approximately 99
- percent of the energy and adsorb 1 percent. But plastics with metallic comp-
- osite fillers, metallic paints and sprays, or even impregnated wire meshes
- still reflect 80 percent of the energy and absorb 20 percent. If EMP's and the
- disturbing effects of electromagnetic fields still seem like an abstraction or
- a physicist's dream, consider that event.
-
- A manufacturer of buses designed for city use had just delivered a fleet when,
- during a test drive, a problem was discovered. After going over the top of a
- hill, the driver tried to brake, only to discover he had no brakes until he got
- to the bottom of the hill. Upon logical investigation of that problem, field-
- strength meters demonstrated that a local television station had a lobe-shaped
- radiation pattern that intersected the hill's apex. The microprocessor-
- controlled anti-skid braking system on the bus had sensitive circuitry that
- became inoperative because of the TV signal. The bus, though, was made safe
- by properly shielding the enclosure housing the electronics. Graphite,
- a moderately good conductor, is fabricated within large plastic sheets
- for applications such as that.
- IF a signal as small as that can effect circuitry that drastically, you can
- imagine what an EMP could do and likewise you can see how crucial EMI
- shielding is. But will EMI shielding be universally implemented into new
- equipment?
-
-
- The Military's Involvement
- --- ---------- -----------
-
- THE military is very concerned with EMP's. The Army has established its
- Aurora Tree test facility in Aldelphi, Maryland. The Navy has the Casino and
- Gamble-2 x-ray emitting facilities, but the Air Force probably has the most
- interesting project of all. It is the Trestle, after the railroad structure
- it resembles.
- THAT 12-story (118 feet) high, 58-meter (200-foot) square deck is flanked by a
- 50-foot wide adjoining ramp upon which aircraft to be tested are rolled up.
- The Trestle can support aircraft weighing 550,000 pounds and is built
- with one-foot by one-foot wooden columns using no nails or metal of any
- kind. That largest glue-laminated structure in the world uses 250,000
- wooden bolts to hold its six-million board feet of lumber together ---
- enough for 4,000 frame houses. The structure at Kirtland Air Force Base,
- New Mexico cost approximately 58-million dollars.
- THE Trestle has two 5-million volt pulsers that discharge energy into
- wire transmission lines surrounding the aircraft under test. Sensors
- capture aircraft response signals and fiber-optic channels transmit
- that sensor data to computers for processing. The processing equip-
- ment, though, naturally resides inside a very well shielded structure.
- The B-52G's OAS (Offensive Avionics System) is one of numerous studies
- directed primarily at testing the electronic hardening of military
- systems.
-
-
- The Future
- --- ------
-
- THE effects of EMP on our lives is becoming known to many on the North
- American continent as it is being discovered by all the citizens of
- the free world. Its political implications are not the topic here,
- but rather the facts in this article reveal to what EMP is and what it
- can do to the technological devices we rely on every minute of the day.
- The next time a solar flare disrupts radio communications around the world
- for a few hours, or maybe a few days, recall that man with one nuclear
- device can outshine the damage old Sol creates by many fold.
-
-
-
-
- GLOSSARY OF TERMS
- -----------------
-
- ElectroMagnetic Pulse (EMP): An electromagnetic field of high
- intensity and short duration that may be caused by a nuclear
- explosion.
- -----------------------------------
- Electromagnetic Field: A magnetic field produced by elect-
- ricity (the flow of current in a wire or electrons through a medium
- such as a vacuum). It is usually expressed in volts per meter.
- -----------------------------------
- ElectroMagnetic Compatibility (EMC): The ability of an electronic device
- to deal with electromagnetic interference and function properly.
- -----------------------------------
- ElectroMagnetic Interference (EMI): Any adverse effect on electronic
- equipment due to an electromagnetic field.
- -----------------------------------
- Shielding or Hardening: A method used to protect electronic devices
- from EMP interruption or damage.
- -----------------------------------
-
-
-
- Written: Art Reichert / March 21, 1988
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