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-
- Power Mountain Software Systems
- P.O.Box 243
- Provo, Utah 84603
-
- Copyright 1987
- all rights reserved
-
-
- Filter 1.1 Documentation
- By Larry Ashworth
- 2/09/87
-
-
- ** What's New! **
-
- There have been some big changes in the program since version 1.0. It is
- now possible to design 75 different filters instead of 7, and the program is
- now Shareware. We hope you like it, and will support its' further development.
- All rights to this program are reserved, and no modification to this
- program will be allowed, whatsoever. Feel free to write us if you feel a
- modification to this program might be warranted. We will make any modifications
- we think desirable. We intend to continue to develop it into a VERY major
- program, and we would like your input.
- You may distribute this program freely, and in fact are encouraged to do
- so. If you are seeing this program for the very first time, remember this is
- not the latest version more than likely. Registering will provide you with the
- current one, and also get you the next update. It is virtually impossible to
- keep you informed as to all the most recent additions. So if you really like
- what you see, by registering you will get to see what's happening.
- I'm not sure at this time how many versions will be released to the public
- as shareware, it will depend on the support of the public. We'll release some
- more things I'm sure, but we don't know how well the Shareware concept will
- work with this type of software, so I don't want to promise more than I'm
- prepared to deliver.
-
- ==============================================================================
- !! YOU MAY DISTRIBUTE ONLY THE SHAREWARE VERSION, NOT THE REGISTERED VERSION !!
- ==============================================================================
-
- The purpose of this program is to:
-
- A.) Provide some basic background for those who are investigating the
- principles of electronics, and filters in particular, for the first
- time, or to provide a review for those who studied it sometime ago.
- Potential problems are covered, to make it easier to get what you want.
-
- B.) To aid those who need a good bandpass filter design for some audio
- application, and would like the computer to generate a schematic, and
- compute values.
-
- C.) To help those who need a filter, to choose components that will
- perform as desired, or at least to help make a sensible compromise.
- This includes guidelines and suggestions as to the operational
- amplifier choices available.
-
-
-
- Page 1
- ** BACKGROUND AND BASICS **
-
- Since we have to start somewhere, and since we don't have room on this
- disk for a complete course in electronics, we are going to assume that you
- already have some background in the basics.
- To begin remember that all of electronics begins with the study of a few
- basic components, known as resistors, capacitors, and inductors. These basic
- components can be used in an infinite variety of circuits and are the basic
- building blocks of all electronics. Combined with semiconductor technology and
- the invention of the vacuum tube, virtually all of the developments of modern
- technology have been created. These fundamental elements form the function
- blocks upon which we have built everything.
- There are many different function blocks that are often used in the design
- of communications and audio circuits. One of these is the filter. As a matter
- of fact virtually all electronic equipment uses some sort of filtering. A
- filter is a circuit that electronically determines which frequency, or range
- of frequencies, will be allowed through.
- There are essentially two classes of filters known as R.F., and Audio.
- R.F. filters are so called because these are used for Radio Frequencies,
- consisting of high frequency ranges used in communications and in navigation.
- These are much higher than the range of the human ear. Audio frequencies are
- those which are within the range of human hearing. In this case from 10 hz to
- 25 khz or so.
- For our purposes we will discuss audio filters, but the principles are
- the same for R.F. types.
- All filters basically consist of four types, they are LOWPASS, BANDPASS,
- NOTCH, BAND REJECT, and HIGHPASS. I say four types because notch and band
- reject are both the same thing, differing only in the width, or range, of
- frequencies that are rejected.
- A wide bandpass filter design can be formed from the use of a highpass in
- front of a lowpass filter, in fact this is the way a speech filter for
- communications is designed. In the case of speech, only the range of
- frequencies extending from 300 hz to 3000 hz are required to understanding what
- is said. By concentrating all the power of a transmitter over a narrower range
- of frequencies better communicating under adverse conditions is possible. In
- this situation we would use a high pass filter of 300 hz which would pass
- frequencies above 300 hz to the input of a low pass filter at 3000 hz, thus
- forming a 300 - 3000 hz bandpass filter system.
- A bandpass filter can be very narrow, and there are many applications
- where only a very small band of frequencies are desired. As in the case of
- morse code communications in amateur radio. The Butterworth bandpass filter has
- the property of being able to pass a small band of frequencies with nearly the
- same amplitude throughout the pass band, while allowing very steep skirts for
- maximum attenuation of unwanted signals or noise. (The number of poles
- determines just how steep these skirts are.)
- Notch, or band reject filters are used to eliminate or attenuate a
- frequency or band of frequencies. This particular version ("Filter 1.1") does
- not create notch filters, though we intend to add them to the program in the
- future. Band reject filters can be created through the use of high and low pass
- filters, simply by selecting the appropriate filters to reject the frequencies
- you consider undesireable.
-
-
-
-
-
-
- Page 2
- ** COMPONENT CHOICES **
-
- This program is designed to allow you to very quickly design and document
- a filter design. A great deal of effort and research has gone into creating a
- program that will make your life easier. However, there are hidden 'gotchas'
- just waiting in the wings to ruin an otherwise excellent design.
-
- Before we get into a few of these here are a few pointers:
-
- A. The resistor and component values given are calculated values and
- need to be rounded out to the nearest standard value. The tolerance of
- resistors and capacitors is suggested in the program, and as you use it you
- will see that exotic filter shapes require very tight tolerances. Simpler
- filter requirements yeild less stringent component accuracies. In general, when
- choosing components remember, the closer you can come to the calculated values
- the more likely you are to get the predicted results.
- One of the really nice features of this program, is the inherent
- ability to experiment with values, until the right combination is found that
- meets your requirements. Capacitor values should be kept below 1 uf., while
- resistor values should be kept at around 2k and above. Juggle capacitor values
- around until you come up with the results that meet your requirements. Remember
- also that resistance values above a Megohm may not be a good idea, try a larger
- capacitor. Some very low frequency filters require a large capacitor, but
- they're expensive.
- B. There are a great many good op-amps to choose from, and if you feel
- a little insecure about picking one for the job you're doing, I would like to
- suggest the TL071 (single), TL072 (dual), or TL074 (quad) packages. They are
- high performance, low noise, high slew rate devices that work very very well in
- this type of circuit. Their pin outs are industry standard, and the price is
- reasonable. If you need extremely low power consumption the TL061 series has
- the same pin out and can be substituted. These devices can be found in a Texas
- Instruments Linear Data Manual. The TL061, '62, and '64 devices are not quite
- as good in critical applications, however, due to the sacrifice in slew rate
- for lower power consumption.
- C. If you have noticed there are potentiometers in the Butterworth
- filter schematics, these can be 1/4 watt pc-mount types, and the reason they
- are there is to make it possible to make the fine tuning adjustments necessary
- to get the system to work. The tuning procedure requires that you have a
- frequency generator, and a frequency counter. Using the values given, all that
- you need to do is to make sure that each section is tuned to the correct
- frequency, and then to make sure with your ac voltmeter that the gain for that
- section is correct. Start with the first section, and continue through to the
- last.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- Page 3
- ** LOW & HIGH PASS FILTER TYPES **
-
- When you run the low pass and high pass filter design options, you are
- asked to choose a slope option. In case you aren't sure what we're talking
- about, I'll define them for you. This new feature we have put in the program,
- greatly enhances it's power and flexibility. You can now tailor each section to
- give you the exact slope you need for your application.
- These slope options are created by varying the DAMPING, of the section. As
- the damping is reduced from 2 toward 0, the initial rolloff of the filter
- becomes steeper. This allows higher rejection of unwanted signals than would
- otherwise be the case, but the thing that I want to bring out is trade offs
- involved.
- Changing the damping has an affect on the passband of the filter, reducing
- the damping causes ripples to occur. You will notice in fact, slope options
- called 1db, 2db, and 3db dip. This refers to the passband ripple inherent to
- these filters. Flattest amp refers to the fact that the amplitude in the
- passband is flat. Very desirable in audio applications such as
- bi-amplification.
- 'Highly damped' and 'best delay' are the slowest to rolloff initially,
- 'compromise' a little faster, and so on....
-
- ** POTENTIAL PROBLEMS **
-
- This program works very well, but the results can be unrealistic. This is
- due to the fact that no matter how rediculous your specifications are the
- program will try to come up with values. Values that can be impossible. In a
- case such as this a little common sense is in order.
- When you design a Butterworth bandpass filter, keep the bandwidth as wide
- as you can to get what you need accomplished. Excessively narrow filters are
- extremely difficult to tune, the requirements for the op-amp get unreasonable,
- and very often even if you get it running the ringing of the filter is bad
- enough to cause more troubles than you gain. There are some important physical
- limits that there just is no way around.
- A one hertz wide filter will take 1 second to reach approximately 90
- percent of the maximum amplitude. The higher the Q, the closer to oscillation
- you are, and the greater the problems. Trust me. Keep it as wide as you can.
- You'll be happier. Use more poles if you need it really narrow, but don't cut
- those sidebands, 'cause you need 'em. There have been a great many good
- articles on filters in the various hobby electronic magazines, and of course in
- many good textbooks on communications, which can give you more information on
- why narrower isn't always better.
- We've tried to trap out unreasonable inputs, but I suppose there is a
- chance we missed something.....
-
-
- R E M E M B E R !
-
- The ultimate rolloff of a filter is governed by the number of poles, only
- the initial rolloff is changed.
- More poles, as a general rule, is more desirable than trying to make a two
- pole filter act like a six pole.
- Components become more critical as you lower the damping, and it gets a
- litle tricky to build a practical filter. Use discretion.
-
- On a final note, remember that if you want to print out the schematics
- generated by the program, you must run the GRAPHICS program from DOS or the
- equivalent or you will not get a proper print-out of the screen.
-
- Page 4
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- ** THANK-YOU **
-
-
- I would like to take this opportunity to thank Dale Spanheimer, for his
- help in putting this program together. A lot of effort has gone into this
- thing, and I really appreciate his help. The updates are coming a lot faster
- due to his assistance.
- Thanks are also in order to Thayne Harmon, who adapted the source code for
- use on the Atari ST. He has made, and helped to implement, some very nice
- changes in the program.
- Now let me say thank-you to YOU. It's people like you that make the
- Share-ware software concept work. We have faith in you, and we want to provide
- a program that is professional, and as high a quality as possible. I feel that
- this way our future will be assured, and that people such as yourself will
- support this kind of effort. Please don't let us down, and we will work to be
- of service to you.
-
- Larry Ashworth
-
- Power Mountain Software Systems
- P.O.Box 243
- Provo, Utah 84601
-
-
-
-
-
- ** FINAL NOTES **
- 03/11/87
-
- At present, the program has been tested and found to run on an IBM
- compatible with an EGA/CGA card and a Tandy 1000. A patch has been added to
- make the program look better on the EGA card without blanking the screen on the
- CGA machines. After the commercials in the beginning of the program, you are
- asked if you have an EGA card. If you respond with "N", the program will
- function normally for CGA. If you input "N" and you do have an EGA card, you
- will get green graphics on a white background. If you respond "Y" and you have
- a CGA card, you will get a blank screen after you have input all the values
- requested. If this happens, just hit the retun key a couple of times and you
- will be asked if you want to design another filter. Respond "N" and you can run
- the program again and respond "N" when it asks if you have an EGA card. We have
- had a couple of copies of the program escape without this patch, so if you find
- your screen going blank on a CGA card after you have entered all the values
- requested, then you will find that problem is now cured. The revision number
- has not been changed to reflect that patch being added to the program. We
- appologize for any inconvenience that may have been caused by this bug.
-
-
-
- Page 5
-
-