home *** CD-ROM | disk | FTP | other *** search
- FEDS FINGER SHORTWAVE JAMMERS AGAIN
-
- Copyright 1989 by Bob Parnass, AJ9S
-
- Shortwave broadcasters in the United States, the United
- Kingdom, Israel, and West Germany have long been subjected
- to intentional interference (jamming).
-
- To identify the jammers, an intensive investigation was
- conducted in 1984 and 1985 under the auspices of the Inter-
- national Frequency Registration Board of the International
- Telecommunication Union (ITU). A 318 page report was
- issued after the investigation,1 and I summarized the
- report in an earlier article2.
-
- Since the original study, closer East/West relations have
- led to a decrease in jamming. The Russians have stopped
- jamming Radio Liberty's broadcasts aimed at the Soviet
- Union, ending a 35 year long tradition. Another study was
- conducted in July 1988, and this article summarizes that
- report.3
-
-
- Jamming Characteristics
-
- Foreign language programs, particularly those in languages
- spoken in Iron Curtain countries, are the primary targets
- of the jammers.
-
- Jamming installations fall into two categories:
-
- 1. Ground wave jammers are used for localized jamming,
- directed toward the immediate vicinity (up to 100 km)
- of the jammer. They are situated close to the people
- who are to be prevented from hearing the broadcast,
- and are effective in blanketing high population
- regions with strong signals.
-
- 2. Sky wave jammers are used to prevent people far away
- from the jammer from hearing the targeted broadcast.
-
- The jamming transmitters monitored in this operation were
- assumed to run 250 KW power and antennas with 10 dB gain.
- Jammers need not provide a signal with the same field
- strength as the broadcast signal in order to be disruptive
- to the the targeted transmission. By using appropriate
- modulation schemes, a jamming signal can obtain 10 to 15 dB
- relative gain compared to a broadcast signal.
-
- Sometimes, several different jamming transmitters are used
- at the same time to interfere with a single broadcast fre-
- quency. About 90% of the jamming signals observed during
- the study were accompanied by a 2 character Morse Code
- identifier, which presumably allows the offender's field
- monitoring stations to determine the effectiveness of each
- jamming transmission.
-
-
- Monitoring Stations
-
- Jammers were monitored between July 4 and 24, 1988, in a
- cooperative effort by monitoring stations in West Germany,
- the United Kingdom, Norway, Sweden, Canada, South Korea,
- Japan, Italy, and the United States,
-
- The American locations were FCC field monitoring sites, and
- most employed fixed monopole (Wullenweber) antenna systems
- with goniometers.
-
- Most European monitoring stations employed Adcock antennas,
- and Korean and Japanese stations used log periodic anten-
- nas.
-
-
- Findings
-
- The July 1988 study uncovered an entirely new set of mark-
- ers (Morse Code identifiers), different from those recorded
- in earlier studies. Monitors reverified their assumption
- that each marker transmitted from only one location.
-
- Although the markers heard in 1988 were different than
- those in 1984, the general locations of the jammers did not
- change drastically. The 1984 surveillance traced the
- source of most jamming to the USSR. In 1988, 61 of the 69
- jammers monitored were again located in the western USSR,
- with a large grouping around Moscow. Four jammers were
- located in Czechoslovakia and three in Bulgaria.
-
- Most jammers in the USSR were aimed against Russian and
- Russian dialect broadcasts, with the exception of a few
- Bulgarian and Czechoslovakian language jammers.
-
- Russian jamming of Polish language broadcasts stopped, even
- though they were consistently jammed in 1984. Jamming of
- Radio Liberty stopped, although it was jammed more than any
- other broadcaster observed in the 1984 operation.
-
-
-
- ______________________________________________________
- | Participating U.S. Monitoring Stations |
- | |
- | Location Antenna Type |
- |_____________________________________________________|
- | Anchorage, AK fixed monopoles with goniometer|
- | Belfast, ME fixed monopoles with goniometer|
- | Douglas, AZ fixed monopoles with goniometer|
- | Ferndale, WA fixed monopoles with goniometer|
- | Vero Beach, FL fixed monopoles with goniometer|
- | Grand Island, NE rotating Adcock type |
- | Kingsville, TX fixed monopoles with goniometer|
- | Laurel, MD fixed monopoles with goniometer|
- | Livermore, CA fixed monopoles with goniometer|
- | Powder Springs, GA fixed monopoles with goniometer|
- | Sabana Seca, PR fixed monopoles with goniometer|
- | Honolulu, HI fixed monopoles with goniometer|
- |_____________________________________________________|
-
-
-
- ______________________________________________________________
- | Participating Foreign Monitoring Stations |
- | |
- |Location Antenna Type |
- |____________________________________________________________|
- |Ft. Smith, Alberta, Canada (no bearing information) |
- |Langley, B.C., Canada (no bearing information) |
- |St. Remy, Quebec, Canada (no bearing information) |
- |Bockhacken, W. Germany Adcock |
- |Berlin, W. Germany Adcock |
- |Darmstadt, W. Germany Adcock |
- |Munchen, W. Germany Adcock |
- |Itzehoe, W. Germany Adcock |
- |Konstanz, W. Germany Adcock |
- |Krefeld, W. Germany Adcock |
- |Norway (4 stations) Adcock |
- |Enkoping, Sweden Adcock |
- |Baldock, U.K. fixed monopoles with goniometer|
- |Crowsley Park, U.K. (bandwidth measurement only) |
- |Rome, Italy Adcock |
- |Tokyo, Japan log periodic |
- |Seoul, S. Korea log periodic |
- |Rusan, S. Korea log periodic |
- |Kwangcu, S. Korea log periodic |
- |Kangnung, S. Korea log periodic |
- |____________________________________________________________|
-
-
-
-
- ___________________________________________________
- | Jammer Jammer | Jammer Jammer |
- | cw id Location | cw id Location |
- |________________________|_________________________|
- | A5 Bulgaria | MU USSR |
- | AL USSR | MX USSR |
- | AR USSR | NA USSR |
- | B1 Czechoslovakia| ND USSR |
- | BF USSR | NI USSR |
- | BN USSR | NK USSR |
- | BS USSR | NU USSR |
- | CB USSR | PF USSR |
- | DK USSR | R9 Czechoslovakia|
- | DP USSR | RA USSR |
- | DW USSR | RD USSR |
- | FG USSR | RP USSR |
- | FI USSR | RQ USSR |
- | FL USSR | RT USSR |
- | G3 Bulgaria | S5 Czechoslovakia|
- | GA USSR | SF USSR |
- | GD USSR | SU USSR |
- | GF USSR | TF USSR |
- | GL USSR | TK USSR |
- | GS USSR | TU USSR |
- | GU USSR | U7 Czechoslovakia|
- | GV USSR | UA USSR |
- | HD USSR | UD USSR |
- | HP USSR | UR USSR |
- | IL USSR | VL USSR |
- | IR USSR | VN USSR |
- | KM USSR | WA USSR |
- | KU USSR | WQ USSR |
- | KV USSR | WU USSR |
- | L4 Bulgaria | WV USSR |
- | LK USSR | XD USSR |
- | LR USSR | Z3 Czechoslovakia|
- | LU USSR | ZA USSR |
- | M3 USSR | ZK USSR |
- | MB USSR | ZN USSR |
- | MG USSR | ZT USSR |
- | ML USSR | |
- |________________________|_________________________|
-
-
- __________
-
- 1. Monitoring of Harmful Interference to the HF
- Broadcasting Service: I. Results of the October 1984 and
- March/April 1985 Coordinated Monitoring Periods, by M.
- W. Sowers, G. R. Hand, and C. M. Rush, U.S. Department
- of Commerce, NTIA, Institute for Telecommunications
- Sciences. NTIA Report 85-187, December 1985.
- PB86163011/AS.
-
- 2. Shortwave Jammers Identified, by Bob Parnass in The
- Radio Enthusiast, June 1987.
-
- 3. Monitoring of Harmful Interference to the HF
- Broadcasting Service: I. Results of the July 1988
- Coordinated Monitoring Period, by M. W. Sowers, G. R.
- Hand, and C. M. Rush, U.S. Department of Commerce, NTIA,
- Institute for Telecommunications Sciences. NTIA Report
- 89-244, June 1989. PB89231732.
-
- --
- ============================================================================
- Bob Parnass, AJ9S - AT&T Bell Laboratories - att!ihuxz!parnass (708)979-5414
-