HAM Radio 1/HamRadio.cdr/misc/lowfer/longwave.cap

Text File | 1989-12-07 | 161.1 KB | 2,896 lines

WORLD STANDARD TIME and FREQUENCY STATIONS (sorted by freq)
_________________________________________________________________________

              Station          | Power   | Std Freq     |Accr'cy|DUT1
                               |         |              |       |
-------------------------------|---------|--------------|-------|--------
Call Sign|Approximate|Latitude |Carrier  |Carrier |Mod  |Parts  |
         |Location   |Longitude|Power    |(KHz)   |(Hz) |     9 |
         |           |         | (KW)    |        |     |in 10  |
---------|-----------|---------|---------|--------|-----|-------|--------
GBR(1)   |Rugy,      |52 22'N  | 750     | 15.95  | 1(9)|+/-0.02|CCIR code by
(31)     |UK         |01 11'W  | 60(2)   | 16.00  | (9) |       |dble pulse
---------|-----------|---------|---------|--------|-----|-------|---------
NDT(1)   |Yosami,Jap |34 58'N  | 40(2)   | 17.4   | nil |+/-0.1 |
(32)     |           |137 01'E |         |        |     |       |
---------|-----------|---------|---------|--------|-----|-------|---------
NAA(1)   |Cutler,ME  |44 38'N  | 2000    | 17.8   | nil |+/-0.1 |
(22)(32) |USA        |67 17'W  | 1000(2) |        |     |       |
---------|-----------|---------|---------|--------|-----|-------|---------
NLK(1)   |Jim Creek, |48 12'N  | 1200    | 18.6   | nil |+/-0.1 |
(32)     |Wash.,USA  |121 55'W | 130(2)  |        |     |       |
---------|-----------|---------|---------|--------|-----|-------|---------
UQC3     |Khabarovsk,|48 30'N  | 300     | 26.6   |1,10,|       |
         |USSR       |134 51'E |         | 25.1   |40   |       |
         |           |         |         | 25.5   |     |       |
         |           |         |         | 23.0   |(42) |       |
         |           |         |         | 20.5   |     |       |
---------|-----------|---------|---------|--------|-----|-------|---------
UTR3     |Gorky,     |56 11'N  | 300     | 25.0   |1,10,|       |
         |USSR       |43 58'E  |         | 25.1   |40   |       |
         |           |         |         | 25.5   |     |       |
         |           |         |         | 23.0   |(42) |       |
         |           |         |         | 20.5   |     |       |
---------|-----------|---------|---------|--------|-----|-------|---------
NSS(1)   |Annapolis, |38 59'N  | 1000    | 21.4   | nil |+/-0.1 |
(32)     |MD,USA     |76 27'W  | 400(2)  |        |     |       |
---------|-----------|---------|---------|--------|-----|-------|---------
NWC(1)   |North West |21 49'S  | 1000(2) | 22.3   | nil |+/-0.1 |
(22)(32) |Cape,Astrla|114 10'E |         |        |     |       |
---------|-----------|---------|---------|--------|-----|-------|---------
NPM(1)   |Lualualei  |21 25'N  | 1000    | 23.4   | nil |+/-0.1 |
(22)(32) |HI,USA     |158 09'W | 630(2)  |        |     |       |
---------|-----------|---------|---------|--------|-----|-------|---------
JJF-2(1) |Sanwa,     |36 11'N  | 10      | 40     | 1   |+/-0.1 |
JG2AS    |Sashima,   |139 51'E |         |        | (21)|       |
         |Ibaraki,Jap|         |         |        |     |       |
---------|-----------|---------|---------|--------|-----|-------|---------
OMA      |Podebrady, |50 08'N  | 5       | 50     | 1   |+/-10  |No DUT1
         |CZECH.,SR  |15 08'E  |         |        | (90 |       |trans
---------|-----------|---------|---------|--------|-----|-------|---------
RTZ(1)   |Irkutsk    |52 18'N  | 10      | 50     | 1;  |+/-0.1 |CCIR Code by
         |USSR       |104 18'E |         |        | 10  |       |dble pls(41)
---------|-----------|---------|---------|--------|-----|-------|---------
MSF      |Rugby      |52 22'N  | 25(2)   | 60     | 1   |+/-0.02|CCIR Code
         |UK         |01 11'W  |         |        | (12)|       |dble pulseè---------|-----------|---------|---------|--------|-----|-------|---------
WWVB(1)  |Ft Collins |40 40'N  | 13(2)   | 60     | 1   |+/-0.1 |No CCIR
         |CO,USA     |105 03'W |         |        | (3) |       |code
---------|-----------|---------|---------|--------|-----|-------|---------
RBU(1)   |Moskva,    |55 19'N  | 10      | 66 2/3 | 1;  |+/-0.1 |CCIR Code by
         |USSR       |38 41'E  |         |        | 10  |       |pulse(41)
---------|-----------|---------|---------|--------|-----|-------|---------
HBG(39)  |Prangins   |46 24'N  | 20      | 75     | 1   |+/-0.2 |No DUT1
         |Switz      |06 15'E  |         |        | (28)|       |trans
---------|-----------|---------|---------|--------|-----|-------|---------
DCF77(1) |Mainflingen|50 01'N  | 20      | 77.5   | 1   |+/-    |No DUT1
         |FR Germany |09 00'E  |         |        |     |0.005  |trans
---------|-----------|---------|---------|--------|-----|-------|---------
         |Donebach,  |49 34'N  | 250     | 151    | nil |+/-0.5 |
         |FR Germany |09 11'E  |         |        |     |       |
---------|-----------|---------|---------|--------|-----|-------|---------
         |Allouis,   |47 10'N  | 1000 to | 163    | nil |+/-0.1 |
         |France     |02 12'E  | 2000    | 84(33) |     |       |
---------|-----------|---------|---------|--------|-----|-------|---------
         |Droitwich, |52 16'N  | 400     | 200    | nil |+/-0.2 |
         |UK         |02 09'W  |         |        |     |       |
---------|-----------|---------|---------|--------|-----|-------|---------
RW-166   |Irkutsk,   |52 18'N  | 40      | 200    |     |+/-0.1 |
         |USSR       |104 18'E |         |        |     |       |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
.paè
FROM NBS SPECIAL PUBLICATION.

NOTE: Tables and Figure descriptions to be added at a later time.
__________________________________________________________________________

CALIBRATIONS USING LF AND VLF RADIO TRANSMISSIONS

Along with the widely used high frequency radio transmissions of WWV and
WWVH, the National Bureau of Standards operates a frequency and time
service on WWVB, a low frequency (LF) radio stations.  WWVB operates at
60kHz to take advantage of the stable radio paths in that frequency range.
Both frequency and time signals are provided, but no voice transmissions
are made due to the narrow band width of the transmitter/antenna
combination.  Many countries have services in this band, which ranges from
30 to 300 kHz, as well as in the VLF (very low frequency) band from 3 to 30
KhZ.  In addition to discussing the use of WWVB, this chapter also covers
other VLF stations throughout the world.  The Loran-C service at 100 kHz is
discussed in Chapter 9.

It may seem unusual to send signals in a frequency band that is almost in
the audio range, and indeed, these signals do pose some special problems
for the transmitter and receiver-design engineers.  However, low
frequencies such as the 60 kHz of WWVB are used because of their remarkable
stability.  Radio waves at low frequencies use the earth and the ionosphere
as a waveguide and follow the earth's curvature for long distances.
Accuracies of a part in 10/11 or better for frequency and 500 microseconds
for time can be achieved by using LF or VLF broadcasts.


ANTENNAS FOR USE AT VLF-LF

At the transmitters, it is difficult to radiate high power levels.  Special
large antenna arrays are used, but even they are inefficient.  Resonance of
receiving antennas is hard to achieve because of the low frequency and
resulting long wavelength.  A channel 9 TV antenna is about 2 feet long.
At 60 kHz,an antenna has to be almost 2 miles long (a quarter-wavelength)
to be resonant.  This is obviously impossible so a compromise must be made.

Since a quarter-wavelength antennas is out of the question, antennas that
are electrically "short" are used with tuning boxes and special couplers.
On vertical antennas, top loading is often used.  This consists of radial
wires extending from the top of the antenna to the ground.  Often, they
serve as guys.  Of course, as with any antenna system, a good ground is
essential.  The physical location of antennas is important.  Placement will
affect signal strength and noise.  Keep the antenna away from metal
objects.  Long-wire antennas should be at least 15 to 20 feet above ground.
Several commercial antennas use preamplifiers so the connecting coaxial
cable supplies power to the amplifier.  In thoses cases, care must be taken
to avoid shorting the cable.

Manufacturers of VLF-LF radio receivers use a variety of antenna types.
Long-wire antennas up to several hundred feet are available.  Whip antennas
8 to 10 feet long are used where space is a problem.  On the other hand,
air loop antennas are able to reject interference but do not have as much ègain as whips.  This is done by turning the loop antenna so that the null
of its figure 8 pattern is pointed at the source of interference.  Ferrite
loop antennas are becoming more popular since they are very small compared
to an air loop, but they can cause some unwanted phase shift due to
timperature.  If you want the very best phase record, the kind of antenna
and how it is used are important considerations.

All of the above antennas benefit from having couplers and/or amplifiers
incorporated in the antenna structure to alow a match to be made with the
shielded antenna cable.  The usual precautions about placing antennas near
metal objects or buildings should be observed.  Here, the manufacturers(1)
instructions should be followed.  Many engineering handbooks and antenna
manuals contain details about antenna construction.

SIGNAL FORMATS

Even after the antenna problems are solved, sending information on low-
frequency carriers leaves much to be desired.  WWVB sends a carrier for
frequency information and changes the level (-10 decibels (db)) of that
carrier to transmit a time code in the form of binary "ones" and "zeros."
The Navy VLF stations use on/off keying to send code and sometimes use
frequency-shift or minimum-shift keying.  The Omega Navigation System sends
only the carrier.  Receivers for these VLF signals usually "lock" onto the
carrier and thus recover frequency information.  In addition, some means is
provided to hear the station.  This is usually just a tone output.  For
example, if you were to listen to WWVB, you would hear the one-second code
segments as a tone that changes from loud to soft.  There are no voice
signals on any of the LF or VLF stations.  The bandwidth used cannot
transmit voice signals.  Almost all VLF-LF stations are controlled by
atomic oscillators.

PROPAGATION CHARACTERISTICS AND OTHER PHASE CHANGES

Phase records made of VLF and LF stations show changes caused by the daily
and seasonal changes in the propagation path.  Among other things, LF and
VLF signals have regular phase shifts.  These shifts occur when sunrise or
sunset occurs on the path from the transmitter to receiver.  For instance,
as the path is changing from all darkness to all daylight, the ionosphere
lowers.  This shortens the path from transmitter to receiver.  This
shortened path causes the received phase to advance.  This phase advance
continues until the entire path is in sunlight.  The phase then stabillizes
until either the transmitter or receiver enters darkness.  When this
happens, the ionosphere begins to rise, causing a phase retardation.
Figure 6.1 shows a strip chart recording of the phase of WWVB, Ft. Collins,
Colorado, as received in Maryland.  The day/night changes are easily seen.
The magnitude of the change is a function of the path length, and the rate
of the change is a function of path direction.

A phase recording from a stable VLF or LF radio station contains a great
deal of information.  The user's job is to sort out this information so
that he can understand what is happening in the frequency source that is
being calibrated.  His first assumption is usually that the signal from the
station is almost perfectly controlled.  That is, it starts on frequency
and stays there.  This is not always true.  Errors in control at the
transmitter can cause large phase shifts in the received signal that would èmake it appear as though the local oscillator were changing.  Most stations
operate with a near perfect record, but they do make mistakes.  This
happens just often enough to that the user needs additional information to
help him.  This information takes the form of monthly or weekly notices of
the actual phase of the signal.  This is usually in terms of microseconds
advance or retard.  A sample of NBS data for WWVB and other monitored
stations is shown in figure 6.2.  US Naval Observatory (USNO) data for its
stations are shown in figure 6.3.  These data can be obtained from upon
request.

The implication of possible transmitting errors to the user is that he
cannot hurry through calibrations!  Certain practices with respect to LF
radio calibrations are highly recommended.  These include careful attention
to such details as receiver adjustments--do not change knob settings or
cabling.  Always operate the equipment continuously if possible.  This
gives you a continuous chart record so that you know when to expect
sunrise/sunset phase shifts.  You can also detect local interference and
noise conditions.  If your receiver has a mechanical phase counter, jot
down the readings on the chart.  This is a great help in trying to
reconstruct events that happen on weekends or at night.

A typical occurrence for a tracking receiver is the cycle phase shift.
Since the receiver is faithfully following a zero crossing of the received
phase, it doesn't know which of the thousands of crossings it is locked to.
If it loses lock, it will simply go to the next crossing that comes along.
On a phase chart this will show up as a shift in phase equal to one cycle
of the carrier.

For WWVB at 60 kHz, a cycle of phase equals 16.67 microseconds.  If the
chart recorder/receiver combination is producing a chart that is 50
microseconds across, the pen will move about 1/3 of the way across the
chart for each cycle change.  Such changes can be identified and must be
ignored during calibration runs.  This is due to the fact that phase charts
are always ambiguous by an amount equal to the period of a carrier cycle.

How does the user tell whether the recorded phase difference indicates a
change in his oscillator, the path or the transmitted signal?  The answer
is that he knows from experience!  If you plan to use VLF or LF signals for
frequency calibrations, you must become very familiar with the
characteristics of the signals you are using.  For accurate calibrations
you must obtain the station data from NBS or the USNO.  Battery backup for
receivers is highly desirable; in face, almost necessary if you plan to
calibrate precise oscillators over a period of mny days.  All of this may
sound like a hopeless task, but it isn't.  The results are worth the effort
when you consider that you can perform calibrations up to 1 part in 10/11
in 24 hours.

FIELD STRENGTH OF VLF-LF STATIONS

The field strength of the WWVB signal has been measured along nine radial
paths from the station.  These measurements are summarized on the field
contour map shown in figure 6.4.  Not shown is the nonlinear field gradient
between the 500 microvolt per meter contour and the 100 microvolt per meter
contour.
èDestructive interference occurs between the first hop skywave and the
groundwave at approximately 1200 km (750 miles) from the station.  On some
radial paths, this dip in field intensity is quite severe and has proven to
be the cause of signal loss at certain times.  The distance between the
station and this null varies from day to night.  It is also seasonal.  The
sharpness of the null is much less pronounced in the winter.  The field
intensity, in general, is slightly higher during the winter months.  Shown
in figures 6.5 and 6.6 are the field strengths along radials to
Brownsville, Texas and Nantucket, Massachusetts, both measured in
September.  Other radial plots are available to interested users.

The signal strength of the U. S. Navy stations is usually very high unless
they are undergoing repairs.  The Omega navigation stations have a high
power output also.  But Omega is time shared; that is, the eight
transmitters take turns broadcasting on the same frequencies.  This has the
effect of reducing the available signal power and commutation is required;
that is, you must have a means of turning the receiver on only when the
station you want to track is transmitting.

INTERFERENCE

Some WWVB users along the U.S. Atlantic coast have experienced interference
from a British standard frequency radio station, MSF.  Some years ago, MSF
was not only lower powered, but it was also offset in frequency from WWVB.
However, it now radiates 25 kW of power on 60 kHz.  There are various ways
to tell if one is receiving MSF instead of WWVB.  The 45o phase shift
(discussed in Section 6.6.1, fig. 6.9) should be quite apparent if WWVB is
being received and phase-tracked.

One solution is to use a directional antenna.  If a loop is being used, the
MSF signal can be nulled.  Eastern U. S. receiving locations from Boston
south that are using loops should be able to null MSF and still receive
WWVB.  Another method is to produce a unidirectional antenna by combining
the voltages induced in a loop and whip.  If these two voltages are equal
and in phase, the resultant pattern is a cardioid.  Since these voltages
are induced into the whip by the electric field, and into the loop by the
magnetic field, the phase of the whip voltage must be shifted by 90o before
combination.  Interested readers are advised to consult a suitable antenna
manual or to discuss their problems with the receiver manufacturer.

USING WWVB FOR FREQUENCY CALIBRATIONS

Our discussion of calibrations using low-frequency signals begins with WWVB
(60 kHz).  Frequency calibrations usually involve phase recordings of the
received signals.  Typically, a special tracking receiver is used to
compare a local oscillator with the received WWVB signals.  The output of
the receiver can be displayed on its front panel digitally or as a meter
reading.  However, this discussion is limited to making a phase record on a
chart recorder.  Often, these recorders are built into the receivers.
Since we are looking at a phase recording of the received signal, we will
see the effect of any path changes.  In addition, we will see our
oscillator phase change relative to the WWVB signal.

The amount of phase change depends on the relative difference between our
oscillator and the cesium oscillator controlling the WWVB signal at the ètransmitter.  The sample phase chart shown in figure 6.7 has very little
oscillator drift.  This is because a quality oscillator was being measured.
A more typical record would have a whole series of lines crossing  the
chart as in figure 6.8.  This poses a dilemma for the user.  If the
oscillator being calibrated is far off frequency from WWVB, he needs either
a fast chart or one that displays many microseconds of phase across the
width of paper.  For high-quality frequency sources, the paper can be
slowed down or the chart width, in microseconds, can be reduced.  The user
is encouraged to study the manuals for the particular receiver he is using.
If the user is planning to buy a receiver, he should consider the problem
of what the record is going to look like before selecting a particular
receiver/recorder combination.

Measurements amde with VLF-LF signals should be done when the path from
transmitter to receiver is all in sunlight.  An all dark path would be
second choice.  The sunrise/sunset phase shifts (called diurnals) will
affect the accuracy of calibrations and measurements should not be made
during these times.  There are other sudden phase shifts due to particles
entering the ionosphere that can affect the signal.  These usually last
only ten minutes or a half-hour.  This explains the advantage of having a
chart that runs at least several hours for a calibration.  During sudden
phase shifts, the signal level may drop.  Most receivers have a meter for
signal strength, but the more elaborate receivers are able to chart record
the signal amplitude.  This is a very useful record if the calibrations
being made are to be within parts in 10/10 or better.  In other words, you
need all the help you can get if you are to made the bery best
measurements.

As mentioned earlier, some receivers use front panel displays to indicate
frequency offset.  Later in this chapter, we mention methods that use
oscilloscopes for frequency calibration.  Even a zero-beat or Lissajous
method could be used with the WWVB signal.  Remember that what you are
getting from WWVB is a standard frequency signal that started out from a
nearly perfect frequency source.  When it arrives, it has been contaminated
by path variations and noise.  A chart recorder giving a history of the
path and oscillator changes is very hands to have.  To get the best
resolution from the WWVB signals, a chart record is mandatory.  The results
are worth the effort.  As with any measurement, extreme care must be
exercised to realize the best results.

PHASE-SHIFT IDENTIFICATION

Many WWVB users have phase-tracking receivers which make use of the
stabilized carrier to provide a frequency reference for calibration
purposes.  In order for the user to identify WWVB by its phase track alone,
a 45o phase shift is programmed into the transmitted phase.  This shift
occurs at 10 minutes past the hour and returns to nominal value at 15
minutes past the hour.  Three hours of strip chart at a typical user site
might look something like figure 6.9.

METHODS OF FREQUENCY COMPARISON

Having listed some of the problems in LF propagation, we can now turn our
attention to actual calibration methods.  There are two ways to compute
relative frequency from the plot in figure 6.1.  One can work with the èslope of the daytime plot--the straight portion--or one can take the single
values at discrete points one day apart.  On the figure, the 2200 UTC
values for June 3 and June 4 are subtracted fo tive a value of 1
microsecond change for the 24-hour period.  The relative frequency, /\f/f,
is the same as the time offset, /\t/T.  In this case:

    /\f = /\t = 1 us =         1 us
    ---   ---   ----       ------------       =  1.16 x 10 /-11
    f      T    1 day      86,400 x 10 /6 us

When the relative frequency is large, a useable value can be computed using
only a few hours of the daytime slope.  If the relative frequency is very
small, many days may have to be used in the computation.  This is
especially true when the radio propagation stability is poor or the signal
is noisy.  If many days are involved in the measurement, cycle jumps and
transmitter phase shifts entered into the phase plot must be carefully
taken into account.

If the receiving site has no phase-tracking receiver available, other
schemes may be used.  If a tuned radio frequency receiver is available, the
actual 60 kHz wave may be observed on an oscilloscope.  If the oscilloscope
is triggered by a local closk, the position on the oscilloscope face of a
particular cycle will change with time.  The amount of change in any given
time will provide a value of /\t/T from which the relative frequency may be
computed as before.  A standard reference 60 kHz or submiltiple, if
available, may be used to trigger the oscilloscope.

Electronic counter techniques can also be used for frequency calibrations.
Without going into detail, these techniques involve the use of the received
signal as one input to a counter while the oscillator being calibrated is
used as the other.  Manufacturers of receivers and counters discuss these
techniques in their manuals and application notes.  You may also refer to
chapters 1 and 4 of this book, which talk about counters and their uses.
Keep in mind that the accuracies you can get with oscilloscopes and
counters will generally be much less that those obtained by using tracking
receivers.  The cost will be less too.  Also, a quick calibration on a
counter cannot identify sudden phase changes, and you lose the big
advantage of having a chart record of the station performance.
_________________________________________________________________
.paè
100KHz LORAN NAVAGATION STATIONS
_______________________________________________________________

              Station             | Power     |
                                  |           |
----------------------------------|-----------|----------------
Call Sign  |Approximate|Latitude  |Carrier    |Pulse
           |Location   |Longitude |Power      |repetition in
           |           |          | (kW)      |microseconds
===========|===========|==========|===========|================
Loran-C    |Carolina   |34 03.8'N |  700(4)   |  99 300(1)
(9930-M)   |Bch,NC USA |77 54.8'W |           |
-----------|-----------|----------|-----------|----------------
Loran-C    |Jupiter,FL |27 02.0'N |  300(4)   |  99 300(1)
(9930-W)   |USA        |80 06.9'W |           |
-----------|-----------|----------|-----------|----------------
Loran-C(6) |Cape Race, |46 46.5'N | 1800(4)   |  79 300
(9930-X,   |NFLD       |53 10.5'N |           |  99 300(1)
7930-Z)    |           |          |           |
-----------|-----------|----------|-----------|----------------
Loran-C    |Nantucket  |41 15.2'N |  300(4)   |  99 300(1)
(9930-Y)   |Island, USA|69 58.6'W |           |
-----------|-----------|----------|-----------|----------------
.paè
OMEGA NAVAGATION STATIONS
____________________________________________________________

              Station             | Power     | Frequency
                                  |           |
----------------------------------|-----------|-------------
Call Sign  |Approximate|Latitude  |Carrier    |Carrier
           |Location   |Longitude |Power      |Frequency
           |           |          | (KW)      |(KHz)
-----------|-----------|----------|-----------|-------------
OMEGA      |Aldra,     |66 25'N   |   10(2)   | 10.2-A(3)
?/N        |Norway     |13 09'E   |           | 11 1/3-C
           |           |          |           | 13.6-B
-----------|-----------|----------|-----------|-------------
OMEGA      |Lamoure,   |46 22'N   |   10(2)   | 10.2-D(3)
?/ND       |N. Dak.    |98 21'W   |           | 11 1/3-F
           |USA        |          |           | 13.6-E
-----------|-----------|----------|-----------|-------------
OMEGA      |Haiku,     |21 24'N   |   10(2)   | 10.2-C(3)
?/H        |HI,USA     |157 50'W  |           | 11 1/3-F
           |           |          |           | 13.6-D
-----------|-----------|----------|-----------|-------------
OMEGA      |Tsushima Is|34 37'W   |   10(2)   | 10.2-H(3)
?/J        |Japan      |129 27'E  |           | 11 1/3-B
           |           |          |           | 13.6-A
-----------|-----------|----------|-----------|-------------
OMEGA      |Monrovia,  |06 18'N   |   10(2)   | 10.2-B(3)
?/L        |Liberia    |10 40'W   |           | 11 1/3-D
           |           |          |           | 13.6-C
-----------|-----------|----------|-----------|-------------èOMEGA      |La Reunion |20 58'S   |   10(2)   | 10.2-E(3)
?/LR       |           |55 17'E   |           | 11 1/3-G
           |           |          |           | 13.6-F
-----------|-----------|----------|-----------|-------------
OMEGA      |Golfo      |43 03'S   |   10(2)   | 10.2-F(3)
?/A        |Nuevo,     |65 11'W   |           | 11 1/3-H
           |Argentina  |          |           | 13.6-G
------------------------------------------------------------
.paè
FROM NBS SPECIAL PUBLICATION

NOTE: Tables and Figure descriptions to be added at a later time.
      The text of this section is not yet complete.
________________________________________________________________________

THE OMEGA NAVIGATION SYSTEM

The Omega Navigation System is composed of a group of VLF radio stations
operating in the 10 to 15 kHz range.  Each station time-shares common
frequencies used for navigation.  In addition, each station may transmit
some frequencies unique to that particular station.  See Table 6.1 for
details.

If one wishes to use an Omega station for frequency calibration, a phase-
tracking receiver is highly recommended.  If one of the navigation
frequencies is to be used, then an Omega commutator must also be used.
This is device that turns the phase-tracking receiver on and off at the
proper times to receive only the desired Omega station.

The frequencies and the format segments of the Omega stations are derived
from cesium beam oscillators.  The USNO monitors and reports the Omega
stations(1) phase values.  These stations radiate a nominal 10 kW of power.
This power level should be sufficient to allow the user to receive at least
three stations no matter where he is located.

OPERATING CHARACTERISTICS OF OMEGA

Omega transmitting stations operate in the internationally allocated VLF
navigational band between 10 and 14 kHz.  This very low transmitting
frequency enables Omega to provide adequate navigation signals at much
longer ranges than other ground-based navigation systems.

The operating characteristics of the system can be categorized as follows:
signal format and control, the requirement for lane identification typical
of phase comparison systems and the process of handling errors attributable
to signal propagation.

All stations now transmit three basic navigational frequencies (10.2 kHz,
11-1/3 kHz, 13.6 kHz) more or less omnidirectionally.  In order to prevent
interference, transmissions from each station are time-sequenced as shown
in figure 6.10.

This pattern is arranged so that during each transmission interval
(approximately 1 second), only three stations are radiating, each at a
different frequency.  The duration of each transmission varies from 0.9 to
1.2 seconds, depending on the station's assigned location within the signal
pattern.  With eight stations in the implemented system and a silent
interval of 0.2 second between each transmission, the entire cycle of the
signal pattern repeats every 10 seconds.  Besides the three basic
navigational frequencies, other frequencies have been added to the Omega
signal format.  Original plans were made to transmit two unique frequencies
at each station for the purpose of inter-station time synchronization but
this requirement has been removed through use of highly stable cesium èfrequency standards.

Present plans call for the incorporation of a fourth navigation frequency,
11.050 kHz, which will allow for lane resolution capability as great as 288
nautical miles.  In addition, a unique frequency transmission for each
station can be added which will aid in time dissemination by providing a
beat frequency and a high duty cycle at tht frequency.  The changes
depicted in figure 6.10, which are not yet implemented, should be made by
1979.

SYNCHRONIZATION CONTROL

The Omega signal format is designed so that each station within the network
can be identified by the transmission of a particular frequency at a
prescribed time.  In addition, the synchronization of all transmissions is
tightly controlled and the phase relationships between all signals are
maintained to within a few centicycles.  With this high phase stability in
the transmissions, the accuracy of a navigational fix is then primarily
limited to the receiver and the accuracy of the navigator's propagation
correction tables.

All Omega transmitting stations are synchronized by means of very stable
cesium beam frequency standards.  These standards or clocks are referenced
to the atomic time scale which differs from Coordinated Universal Time
(UTC) more commonly in use.  Thus, in 1978, the Omega epoch or time
reference is seven seconds ahead of UTC since the yearly adjustments for
earth motion have not been made to make Omega Epoch in agreement with UTC.


PROPAGATION CHARACTERISTICS

The propagation characteristics that permit the use of Omega at great range
also introduce certain limitations.  Two areas that require special
attention are normal time variations and modal interference.  Since signals
are propagated within the waveguide formed by the earth and ionosphere,
changes in propagation parameters such as velocity may be expected as a
result of changes in the ionosphere or ground.

The most obvious navigationally undesirable variation is a daily or diurnal
phase change.  Normal changes in illumination of the ionosphere by the sun
throughout the day may cause an uncorrected phase measurement to vary as
much as one complete cycle.  Since these variations are highly repeatable,
prediction and correction are possible.

Unpredictable short-term variations may also occur.  Ninety-five percent of
the time, these are small variations related to random propagational
variations which will not degrade normal navigational accuracy.
Occasionally, however, large disturbances can occur as a result of solar
emission of X-ray or particle bursts.  The smission of X-rays from the sun
occasionally cause a short-term disruption of Omega signals which is
referred to as a Sudden Phase Anomaly (SPA).  The duration of a SPA is
generally not greater than one hour but an LOP may experience a shift of
several miles.  SPA's occur with an average frequency of about 7-10 per
month.  They usually affect signals from only a few stations at a time
since X-rays from the sun tend to enter a limited illuminated portion of èthe earth's surface.

The release of a large quantity of protons from the sun, although an
infrequent occurrence, produces what is known as a Polar Cap Disturbance
(PCD).  The effect of a PCD may be to shift an LOP 6-8 miles for a period
of several days.  This disturbance generally lasts for several days and
varies in magnitude during the period.  PCD's affect only those
transmissions involving arctic propagation paths.  Because of its possible
long duration and large LOP shift, PCD notices are broadcast as
navigational warning messages.

Modal interference is a special form of signal interference wherein the
various waveguide modes of signal propagation interfere with each other and
irregularities appear in the phase pattern.  Ideally, one mode would be
completely dominant at all times and the resultant phase grid would be
regular.  In practice, competing modes do not completely disappear and
three situations are recognizable:

1.  If the competing mode is very small, then the dominant mode will
    establish a nearly regular phase pattern as is intended, and usually
    this is what happens during the day.

2.  A second possiblity is that the competing mode may be almost equal to
    the dominant mode.

3.  The potentially serious case is that in which modal dominance can
    change.  This may occur, for example, if one mode is dominant during
    the day and a second mode at night.  Clearly, somewhere during sunset
    and sunrise, the transitional period, the two modes must be equal.
    Depending upon phasing of the modes at equality, abnormal transitions
    may occur in which cycles are "slipped" or lost.  Positional errors of
    a full wavelength are possible under such conditions and use of a
    station so affected should be avoided.  If this is not possible,
    particular attention must be given to proper lane identification.

Propagation Corrections (PPC's) must be applied to each Omega receiver
reading to compensate for ionospherically induced signal variations and
thereby improve position fixing accuracy.  Omega propagation correction
tables for each transmitting station (A through H) contain necessary data
for correcting Omega receiver readouts affected by prevailing propagation
conditions relative to the nominal conditions on which all charts and
tables are based.  A brief introduction, which also describes the
arrangement and application of the corrections together with illustrative
example, precedes the tabular data within each PPC table.  For more
detailed information on the Omega Charts and Tables as well as information
on obtaining these charts, write to :  Defense Mapping Agency, Hydrographic
Center, Attn:  Code DSI-2, Washington, DC 20390.

OMEGA NOTICES AND NAVIGATIONAL WARNINGS

As with other navigational aids, information is disseminated concerning
station off-the-air periods, VLF propagation disturbances, and other
pertinent data affecting usage of the system.  Status information on Omega
stations can be obtained on the telephone by calling [phone] in
Washington, DC.è
Omega status messages are also broadcast by various time service stations.
NBS stations WWV and WWVH transmit a 40-second message at 16 minutes and 47
minutes after the hour, respectively.  Norway Radio Station Rogaland
broadcasts notices in international morse code on HF 4 times daily.  Other
stations in the global time service and maritime information network are
expected to be added in the future.

In addition to the regular issued notices on station off-air periods, major
planned maintenance may take place in the months listed for each station:

     ARGENTINA      -         MARCH
     LIBERIA        -         APRIL
     HAWAII         -         MAY
     LA REUNION     -         JUNE
     NORWAY         -         JULY
     TRINIDAD       -         FEBRUARY
     NORTH DAKOTA   -         SEPTEMBER
     JAPAN          -         OCTOBER

The actual off-air times are disseminated as noted above sufficiently in
advance and may vary from a few days to several weeks depending on the
maintenance or repairs required.

SUMMARY

     Although  you can get better accuracies by using LF and  VLF
broadcasts, use of these signals poses special problems that  are
not encountered at HF.  But if you need frequency accuracies of a
part  in  10/11  or  better,  or  time  synchronization  to   500
microseconds, VLF or LF broadcasts may suit your needs very well.
However, you must be willing to spend the time, money, and effort
necessary to get maximum results.

     You   do  have  an  alternative,  though.    The   frequency
calibration  service using network television and the TV  Line-10
method  of obtaining time and/or frequency may be less  expensive
and easier to use.

.paè
VERY LOW FREQUENCY EXPERIMENTER'S NEWSLETTER

NUMBER 57                                  SEPTEMBER/OCTOBER 1989

     Solar activity was moderate during September.  There were 66
class M events and 6 Class X events.  An X 9.8 event occurred  on
the  29th at 11:30 UT.  There was a minor magnetic storm  on  the
26th, a moderate storm on the 18th and an injection on the 7th at
16:54 UT.

     Solar  activity was low for the first half of  October  then
increased in the second half.  There were 34 Class M events and 5
Class X events.  An X 13 event occurred on the 19th at 12:58  UT.
The  intensity  of this event caused the nighttime levels  to  be
very  low  for several days.  This is due to  the  particle  flux
increase ionization levels.  Events such as these are  relatively
rare.  There were several days of moderate magnetic activity.

     Jerry  Winkler (A50) is experimenting on a new frequency  of
46.5.  The location of this station is unknown.

     Goto  Flodqvist (FS) reported "an intense, but  short  lived
aurora" on September 18th.

CONTRIBUTING OBSERVERS

SO  -  'Meddy' Landry, Somersworth, NH       - 24.0 kHz
FS  -  Goto Flodqvist, Fatsta, Sweden        - 60.0 kHz
NJ  -  Jack Power, Trenton, NJ               - Magnetograms
A52 -  Dannie Overbeek, South Africa         - Magnetograms
____________________________________________________________________

SIDS FOR SEPTEMBER 1989

DAY  MAX   IMP  DEF NBR  OB          DAY   MAX   IMP  DEF NBR  OB
---  ----  ---  --- ---  -----       ---   ----  ---  --- ---  -----
 1   0843   1+   5   1   FS            9   0950   1+   5   1   FS
 1   1122   1-   5   1   FS            9   1128   2    5   1   FS
 1   1145   1+   5   1   FS            9   1106   1    5   1   FS
 1  *13344  2    5   1   FS            9   1538   1    5   1   FS
 1   1452   2    5   1   FS            9   1859   1-   5   1   SO
 1   1539   1+   5   1   FS            9   1933   2+   5   1   SO
 2   0620   1+   5   1   FS           10   0755   2+   5   1   FS
 2   0842   2+   5   1   FS           10   0920   2    5   1   FS
 2   0958   2+   5   1   FS           10   1300   1+   5   2   FS,SO
 2   1046   2    5   1   FS           10   1328   2    5   1   FS
 2   1728   2    5   1   SO           12   1003   1+   5   1   FS
 3   1042   2    5   2   FS,SO        12   1455   2    5   1   FS
 3   1428   2+   5   2   FS,SO        13   0826   2+   5   1   FS
 4   0626   2    5   1   FS           13   1235   2+   5   2   FS,SO
 4   0858   2    5   1   FS           14   0701   3    5   1   FS
 4   0944   3    5   1   FS           14   0900   1-   5   1   FS
 4   1112   1-   5   1   FS           15   1328   1    5   1   FS
 4   1127   1    5   1   FS           16   1631   2+   5   1   SO   è 4   1209   2    5   2   FS,SO        17   1848   2    5   1   SO
 4   1255   2+   5   1   FS           18   1203   1-   5   1   FS
 4   1524   2    5   1   FS           18   2045   1+   5   1   SO
 5   1345   2    5   1   SO           19   0955   2    5   1   FS
 5   1530   1-   5   1   SO           19   1611   1+   5   2   FS,SO
 5   1530   1-   5   1   SO           20   1806   1+   5   1   SO
 5   1610   2    5   1   FS,SO        21   1302   2    5   1   FS
 6   1120   1+   5   1   FS           21   1559   1+   5   1   SO
 6   1700   1-   5   1   SO           24   0809   2+   5   1   FS
 6   1759   2    5   1   SO           24   1230   1+   5   1   SO
 7   0823   2+   5   1   FS           24   2045   2+   5   1   SO
 7   1537   1+   5   2   FS,SO        25   1310   2+   5   1   FS
 7   2115   2    5   1   SO           26   1044   1    5   1   FS
 8   0835   2    5   1   FS           27   1705   2    5   1   FS
 8   1327   1    5   1   FS           28   0922   2    5   1   FS
 8   1506   1    5   1   FS           28   1346   2+   5   2   FS,SO
 9   0907   2    5   1   FS           29   1125   3    5   2   FS,SO
____________________________________________________________________

SIDS FOR OCTOBER 1989

DAY  MAX   IMP  DEF NBR  OB          DAY   MAX   IMP  DEF NBR  OB
---  ----  ---  --- ---  -----       ---   ----  ---  --- ---  -----
 2   0853   2+   5   1   FS           16   1255   1+   5   1   FS
 3   1230   2    5   1   SO           17   1259   1-   3   1   FS
 4   0838   2+   5   1   FS           17   1855   2+   5   1   SO
 4   0940   1+   5   1   FS           18   1100   2+   4   1   FS
 4   1255   2    5   1   FS           18   1504   2    5   1   SO
 5   1200   2+   5   1   FS           18   1659   1+   5   1   SO
10   0708   1-   5   1   FS           18   1821   2+   5   1   SO
10   0818   1    5   1   FS           19   1250   3    5   2   FS,SO
10   1336   1+   5   2   FS,SO        21   1829   1-   5   1   SO
10   1650   1-   5   1   SO           22   1118   2    5   1   FS
11   1628   1-   5   1   SO           22   1300   1-   5   1   SO
12   1509   2    5   1   SO           22   1602   1    5   1   SO
14   0744   1-   5   1   FS           22   1755   2+   5   1   SO
14   0832   1    5   1   FS           23   1233   2+   5   1   FS
14   1105   1-   5   1   FS           24   1746   3    5   1   SO
14   1426   1-   5   1   FS           25   1640   1-   5   1   SO
14   1756   1-   5   1   SO           26   1203   1-   5   1   FS
14   1902   1-   5   1   SO           26   2034   1-   5   1   SO
15   1246   1    5   1   SO           27   1129   2    5   1   FS
15   1426   2+   5   2   FS,SO        28   1120   2    5   1   FS

* typographical error in original newsletter.

.paè
VERY LOW FREQUENCY EXPERIMENTER'S NEWSLETTER

NUMBER 56                                       JULY/AUGUST  1989

     Solar activity was mostly low for July.  There were 8  Class
M  events and 1 Class X event.  Activity for August  increased,\.
There  were  52 Class M events and 5 Class X events.   On  August
16th at 0118 UT a Class X-20 event occured.  This was one of  the
largest  flares of this cycle.  The list of detected SIDs  is  on
page  2.   Below is a chart by Meddy Landry (SO) on  and  SID  on
August 12th.

     Magnetic activity for August was moderate.  There were minor
storms on the 10th and 28/29th.  A moderate storm occured on  the
14/15th.   There were two injections, one on the 14th at 0614  UT
and the other was on the 17th at 1541 UT>

     Goto Flodqvist (FS) is in the process of building  equipment
to detect whistlers.  In five hours of listening he has not  heard
what he expected.

     The LongWave DataBase System, a computer bulletin board,  is
now  conducting on-line testing.  It contains information for  RF
enthusiates  for frequencies below 550 MHz.  The phone number  is
703-528-7753.  The address is PO Box 10116, Arlington, VA  22210.

CONTRIBUTING OBSERVERS

SO - 'Meddy' Landry, Somersworth, NH         - 24.0 kHz
FS - Goto Flodqvist, Fatsta, Sweden          - 60.0 kHz
SJ - Mitchell Lee, San Jose, CA              - 24.8 kHz
NJ - Jack Power, Trenton, NJ                 - Magnetograms
A52- Dannie Overbeek, South Africa           - Magnetograms

____________________________________________________________________

SIDS FOR JULY 1989

DAY  MAX   IMP  DEF NBR  OB          DAY   MAX   IMP  DEF NBR  OB
---  ----  ---  --- ---  -----       ---   ----  ---  --- ---  -----
 2   1030   1-   5   1   FS          20    1106   1    5   1   FS
 2   1056   1+   5   1   FS          20    1130   2+   5   1   FS
 2   1140   2    5   1   FS          21    0545   1-   5   1   FS
 3   0918   1    5   1   FS          21    1015   2+   5   1   FS
 3   1217   2+   4   1   FS          21    1245   2    5   1   FS
 3   1500   2+   4   1   FS          22    1041   1+   5   1   FS
 4   0002   2+   5   1   SJ          22    1303   1    5   1   FS
 4   1443   1    5   2   FS,SO       23    1031   1    5   1   FS
 4   1722   1+   5   1   SO          24    1142   2    5   1   FS
 4   1950   1-   5   1   SO          25    0841   2+   5   1   FS
 5   0753   2+   5   1   FS          25    0943   1    5   1   FS
 5   0933   1+   5   1   FS          25    1233   1    5   1   FS
 5   1245   1    5   2   FS,SO       25    1330   2    5   1   FS
 5   1513   2    5   1   FS          25    1505   1+   5   1   FSè 5   1745   2    5   2   FS,SO       25    1550   1+   5   1   FS
 7   1004   2+   5   1   FS          25    1706   1+   5   1   FS
 7   1209   2+   5   1   FS          26    1335   1-   5   1   FS
 7   1936   1-   5   1   SO          26    1346   2+   5   1   FS
 9   0120   2+   5   1   SJ          28    1146   2    4   1   FS
10   1006   1-   5   1   FS          29    0609   2    5   1   FS
13   1055   2+   5   1   FS          29    0705   2+   5   1   FS
16   1405   2+   5   1   FS          29    0840   1+   5   1   FS
17   0553   1    5   1   FS          29    1019   2+   5   1   FS
17   0650   1    5   1   FS          29    1501   2    5   1   FS
19   0945   2+   5   1   FS          30    1140   2    5   1   FS
19   1407   2+   5   1   FS          31    0703   2+   5   1   FS
____________________________________________________________________

SIDS FOR AUGUST 1989

DAY  MAX   IMP  DEF NBR  OB          DAY   MAX   IMP  DEF NBR  OB
---  ----  ---  --- ---  -----       ---   ----  ---  --- ---  -----
 1   2106   1+   5   1   SO          15    1757   2    5   1   SO
 2   2230   1    5   1   SO          15    2147   2+   5   1   SO
 2   2313   1    5   1   SO          17    1253   1    3   1   FS
 3   1236   1    5   1   SO          20    0823   2+   5   1   FS
 3   1300   1    5   1   SO          20    1252   1    3   1   FS
 3   2046   1+   5   1   SO          21    1146   2+   5   1   FS
 4   1740   2    5   1   SO          23    0907   3+   5   1   FS
 5   1617   1    5   1   SO          23    1104   1-   5   1   FS
 5   1949   1+   5   1   SO          23    1455   2    5   1   FS
 5   2120   1    5   1   SO          26    1146   2+   5   2   FS,SO
 6   1209   2    5   1   SO          27    0855   2+   5   1   FS
 6   1943   1    5   1   SO          28    0734   1+   5   1   FS
 6   2343   1-   5   1   SO          28    1120   2    5   1   FS
 7   1848   1-   5   1   SO          29    0825   2+   5   1   FS
 7   2100   2    5   1   SO          29    1022   2    5   1   FS
 8   1918   1+   5   1   SO          29    1224   1-   5   1   FS
 9   1429   1-   5   1   SO          29    1306   2+   5   2   FS,SO
 9   1918   2    5   1   SO          29    1520   2+   5   2   FS,SO
10   1418   1    5   1   SO          29    1631   1-   5   1   FS
10   1835   1-   5   1   SO          29    1646   1+   5   2   FS,SO
10   2023   1-   5   1   SO          29    1711   1    5   2   FS,SO
11   1631   1+   5   1   SO          29    1725   2+   5   1   SO
11   2005   1+   5   1   SO          29    1812   1    5   1   SO
11   2250   2+   5   1   SO          30    1005   2+   5   1   FS
12   0740   2    5   1   FS          30    1145   2    5   1   FS
12   1418   3+   5   2   SO,FS       30    1222   2+   5   1   FS
13   0720   2+   5   1   FS          30    1645   2+   5   2   SO,FS
13   1353   2+   5   1   FS          31    0813   1    5   1   FS
13   2029   1    5   1   SO          31    0844   1    5   1   FS
14   0700   1-   5   1   FS          31    0947   2    5   1   FS
14   0735   1+   5   1   FS          31    1005   1    5   1   FS
14   1157   2+   5   1   FS          31    1140   1    5   1   FS
15   1224   2+   5   1   FS          31    1607   1-   5   2   FS,SO
15   1345   3    5   2   FS,SO       31    1624   1+   5   2   FS,SO


èVERY LOW FREQUENCY EXPERIMENTER'S NEWSLETTER



     Solar  activity  was  high to very high for  the  two  month
period with 90 events detected in May and 227 events detected  in
June.  In May, there were 45 Class M events and 2 Class X events.
In  June,  there  were 90 Class M events and 6  Class  X  events.
Magnetic  activity  was active for the two  months.   There  were
three  sudden impulses detected in May on the 7th at 0515 and two
on the 23rd at 1128 and 1347.  There were three moderate magnetic
storms in June on the 6th, 8th and the 14th.  I have not received
any reports of auroral activity.

     It  is with very deep regret to announce the passing of  Dr.
Walter Moore (A-26) on June 15, 1989.  He was 91.  Dr. Moore  was
an  active  observer  of SIDs for more than  22  years.   He  was
retired   professor  of  mathematics  from  the   University   of
Louisville.   Dr. Moore also taught astronomy and  helped  design
and build a 22" telescope for the University.

    The chart on the bottom of page 2 is by FS and is for May 4th.

CONTRIBUTING OBSERVERS

SO  - "Meddy" Landry, Somersworth, NH        - 24.0 kHz
FS  - Goto Flodqvist, Fatsta, Sweden         - 60.0 kHz
SJ  - Mitchell Lee, San Jose, CA             - 24.8 kHz
NJ  - Jack Power, Trenton, NJ                - Magnetograms
A52 - Dannie Overbeek, South Africa          - Magnetograms
____________________________________________________________________

SIDS FOR MAY 1989

DAY  MAX   IMP  DEF NBR  OB          DAY   MAX   IMP  DEF NBR  OB
---  ----  ---  --- ---  -----       ---   ----  ---  --- ---  -----
 2   1403   2+   5   1   FS           21   1145   1-   5   1   FS
 2   1638   2+   5   1   SO           21   1202   2    5   2   FS,SO
 2   1903   2+   5   1   SO           21   1445   1    5   1   FS
 3   0354   2    5   1   FS           21   1503   2+   5   1   FS
 3   1125   2    5   1   FS           21   1739   1    5   2   FS,SO
 3   1307   2    5   2   FS,SO        21   1800   2+   5   2   FS,SO
 3   1732   1-   5   1   SO           21   2248   1-   5   1   SO
 3   1936   1    5   1   SO           22   0600   1    5   1   FS
 3   2103   2+   5   1   SO           22   1017   2    5   1   FS
 4   0707   1+   5   1   FS           22   1119   1-   5   1   FS
 4   0737   2    5   1   FS           22   1210   2+   5   1   FS
 4   0822   3+   5   1   FS           22   1526   2+   5   2   FS,SO
 4   0959   1    5   1   FS           22   1848   1+   5   1   SO
 4   1027   1    5   1   FS           23   0704   1    5   1   FS
 4   1114   2+   5   2   SO,FS        23   0726   1    5   1   FS
 4   1519   1    5   1   FS           23   0745   1-   5   1   FS
 4   1620   1+   5   2   SO,FS        23   0801   2+   5   1   FS
 4   1733   1+   5   2   FS,SO        23   1203   1    5   1   FS
 4   2032   2+   5   1   SO           23   1254   2+   5   2   FS,SOè 5   0525   2+   5   1   FS           23   1445   2    5   2   FS,SO
 5   0726   3+   5   1   FS           23   1726   2    5   1   SO
 5   1211   2    5   2   FS,SO        23   2002   2    5   1   SO
 6   0527   2    5   1   FS           23   2113   2+   5   1   SO
 6   1450   3    5   2   FS,SO        24   0757   1-   5   1   FS
 6   1703   2    5   2   FS,SO        24   1352   2+   5   2   FS,SO
 7   0657   1    5   1   FS           24   1927   2    5   1   SO
 7   2123   1    5   1   SO           24   2140   2+   5   1   SO
 8   1007   2    5   1   FS           25   1035   1    5   1   FS
 9   1412   1    5   1   SO           25   1100   2    5   1   FS
 9   1713   2+   5   1   SO           25   1528   1    5   2   FS,SO
10   1057   1    5   1   FS           25   1552   2+   5   2   FS,SO
12   1058   2+   5   1   FS           26   2233   2    5   1   SO
12   1233   1+   5   1   SO           28   1104   1+   5   1   FS
12   1416   1-   5   1   SO           28   1227   2+   5   2   FS,SO
13   1501   2    5   1   SO,FS        29   0426   2+   5   1   FS
14   0653   1    5   1   FS           29   0743   1    5   1   FS
14   1647   1-   5   1   SO           29   0902   1+   5   1   FS
15   0528   1+   5   1   FS           29   0927   2    5   1   FS
17   0957   1+   5   1   FS           29   1054   2    5   1   FS
20   0922   1    5   1   FS           29   1316   2+   5   2   FS,SO
20   1124   2+   5   1   SO           29   1833   1+   5   1   SO
20   1147   2    5   1   FS           30   0720   3    5   1   FS
20   1305   2    5   1   FS           30   0920   2    5   1   FS
20   1500   1+   5   1   FS           30   1313   2    5   2   FS,SO
21   0640   1+   5   1   FS           31   1322   2    5   2   FS,SO
____________________________________________________________________

SIDS FOR JUNE 1989

DAY  MAX   IMP  DEF NBR  OB          DAY   MAX   IMP  DEF NBR  OB
---  ----  ---  --- ---  -----       ---   ----  ---  --- ---  -----
 2   0424   2    5   1   FS           13   1240   3    5   1   FS
 2   0530   3    5   1   FS           13   1431   1    5   2   FS,SJ
 2   0855   2+   5   1   FS           13   1946   2+   5   1   SJ
 2   1012   2+   5   1   FS           14   0603   2+   5   1   FS
 2   1333   2    5   1   FS           14   0727   1+   5   1   FS
 2   1600   2+   5   1   FS           14   0820   2    5   1   FS
 2   1700   2+   5   1   FS           14   0927   2    5   1   FS
 2   1757   1-   5   1   FS           14   1018   1    5   1   FS
 2   1814   1-   5   1   FS           14   1040   1+   5   1   FS
 3   1107   2+   5   1   FS           14   1134   1-   5   1   FS
 3   1140   2    5   1   FS           14   1144   1-   5   1   FS
 3   1208   2+   5   1   FS           14   1205   2    5   1   FS
 3   1313   2+   5   2   FS,SO        14   1351   2+   5   3   FS,SO.SJ
 3   1624   2    5   3   FS,SO,SJ     14   1548   1+   5   2   FS,SJ
 3   1659   2    5   3   FS,SO,SJ     14   1633   2+   5   3   FS,SO,SJ
 3   1833   2+   5   3   FS,SO,SJ     14   1818   2    5   2   SO,SJ
 3   2056   1    5   1   SJ           14   2136   1+   5   1   SJ
 3   2313   2    5   2   SO,SJ        14   2315   1+   5   1   SJ
 4   0746   2    5   1   FS           15   0545   1-   5   1   FS
 4   0900   3+   5   1   FS           15   0738   2    5   1   FS
 4   1224   2    5   2   FS,SO        15   0908   2    5   1   FS
 4   1318   1-   5   2   FS,SO        15   0942   1-   5   1   FS
 4   1336   1    5   2   FS,SO        15   1000   2    5   2   FS,SOè 4   1413   2    5   3   FS,SO,SJ     15   1118   1+   5   2   FS,SO
 4   1623   1-   5   2   FS,SJ        15   1325   2    5   2   FS,SO
 4   1636   2+   5   3   FS,SO,SJ     15   1416   2    5   2   FS,SO
 4   2117   2+   5   2   SO,SJ        15   1910   2+   5   2   FS,SO
 5   0722   1+   5   1   FS           15   2218   1+   5   1   SO
 5   0808   1+   5   1   FS           16   0450   1-   5   1   FS
 5   0844   1+   5   1   FS           16   0515   3    5   1   FS
 5   0910   2+   5   1   FS           16   0735   3    5   1   FS
 5   1110   2+   5   2   FS,SO        16   0908   2+   5   1   FS
 5   1250   2+   5   1   FS           16   1045   2+   5   1   FS
 5   1415   2+   5   1   FS           16   1154   1    5   1   FS
 5   1543   2+   5   2   FS,SJ        16   1218   2+   5   1   FS
 5   1928   1+   5   1   SJ           16   1518   2+   5   1   FS
 5   2015   1+   5   1   SJ           16   1658   2    5   3   FS,SO,SJ
 5   2135   2    5   2   SO,SJ        16   1901   2+   5   3   FS,SO,SJ
 6   0120   2    5   1   SJ           16   2149   1+   5   2   SO,SJ
 6   0658   2+   5   1   FS           16   2258   1    5   1   SJ
 6   0915   2+   5   1   FS           17   0102   2    5   1   SJ
 6   1058   2+   5   1   SO           17   0812   2    5   1   FS
 6   1230   2+   5   1   SO           17   0937   2    5   1   FS
 6   1632   2    5   3   FS,SO,SJ     17   1008   2    5   1   FS
 6   2016   1    5   2   SO,SJ        17   1100   2    5   1   FS
 7   0143   2+   5   1   SJ           17   1600   3    5   3   FS,SO,SJ
 7   0732   1    5   1   FS           18   0548   1+   5   1   FS
 7   0752   1-   5   1   FS           18   1445   1-   5   2   FS,SO
 7   0802   1-   5   1   FS           18   1620   2    5   2   FS,SJ
 7   0815   1+   5   1   FS           18   1901   1+   5   2   SO,SJ
 7   0858   1-   5   1   FS           18   2001   1    5   2   SO,SJ
 7   0955   1-   5   1   FS           18   2046   1-   5   2   SO,SJ
 7   1002   2    5   1   FS           18   2345   1-   5   1   SJ
 7   1045   2+   5   2   FS,SO        19   0541   2+   5   1   FS
 7   1139   1    5   1   FS           19   0747   2+   5   1   FS
 7   1206   1-   5   1   FS           19   1207   2    5   1   FS
 7   1222   1+   5   1   FS           19   1310   2+   5   1   FS
 7   1249   1+   5   2   FS,SO        19   1657   1-   5   2   FS,SJ
 7   1325   1+   5   2   FS,SO        19   1800   1-   5   1   SJ
 7   1910   2    5   2   SO,SJ        19   2155   2    5   2   SO,SJ
 7   2049   2    5   2   SO,SJ        20   0756   1+   5   1   FS
 8   0700   2+   5   1   FS           20   0850   2    5   1   FS
 8   0746   1    5   1   FS           20   1320   2+   5   1   FS
 8   0806   2+   5   1   FS           20   1501   3    5   3   FS,SO,SJ
 8   0909   2+   5   1   FS           20   1728   2    5   2   FS,SJ
 8   1138   2    5   1   FS           20   2019   2+   5   2   SO,SJ
 8   1305   2    5   1   FS           20   2200   2+   5   2   SO,SJ
 8   1355   2+   5   2   FS,SO        21   0140   1+   5   1   SJ
 8   1738   2+   5   2   FS,SO        21   0815   2+   5   1   FS
 8   2230   1+   5   1   SO           21   1050   2    5   1   FS
 9   0750   2+   5   1   FS           21   1136   1+   5   2   FS,SO
 9   0936   2    5   1   FS           21   1210   2+   5   1   FS
 9   1120   2+   5   1   FS           21   1405   2    5   1   FS
 9   1255   1+   5   1   FS           21   1721   2+   5   3   FS,SO,SJ
 9   1558   2    5   2   FS,SJ        21   1851   1+   5   2   SO,SJ
 9   1631   2+   5   3   FS,SO,SJ     22   0753   1    5   1   FS
 9   1755   1    5   1   SJ           22   0913   1+   5   1   FS
 9   1916   1    5   2   SO,SJ        22   1120   2+   5   1   FSè 9   2027   1+   5   2   SO,SJ        22   1243   1    5   2   FS,SO
 9   2139   1    5   2   SO,SJ        22   1346   2    5   2   FS,SO
 9   2240   2+   5   2   SO,SJ        22   1443   2+   5   2   FS,SO
10   0620   2+   5   1   FS           22   2123   1+   5   1   SO
10   0826   2+   5   1   FS           23   0554   1-   5   1   FS
10   0942   2    5   1   FS           23   0859   2    5   1   FS
10   1024   2+   5   1   FS           23   1025   2    5   1   FS
10   1156   2+   5   1   FS           23   1240   2    5   1   FS
10   1248   2+   5   1   FS           24   1226   1+   5   2   FS,SO
10   1406   2    5   1   FS           24   1350   2    5   2   FS,SO
10   1655   2+   5   3   FS,SO,SJ     24   1603   2+   5   3   FS,SJ,SO
10   1904   1    5   2   SO,SJ        24   1852   1+   5   2   SO,SJ
10   2056   1    5   2   SO,SJ        25   0838   1-   5   1   FS
11   0700   1    5   1   FS           26   1000   1    5   1   FS
11   0739   2    5   1   FS           26   1048   2    5   1   FS
11   0902   2+   5   1   FS           26   1552   2+   5   2   FS,SJ
11   1015   1    5   1   FS           26   2108   2    5   2   SO,SJ
11   1056   1-   5   1   FS           27   0721   2    5   1   FS
11   1142   1    5   1   FS           27   0803   1+   5   1   FS
11   1202   1-   5   1   FS           27   1211   2+   5   2   FS,SO
11   1343   2    5   2   FS,SO        27   1333   2    5   2   FS,SO
11   1535   1    5   1   FS           27   1831   2    5   1   SJ
11   1856   1+   5   2   SO,SJ        28   0831   2    5   1   FS
12   0640   1    5   1   FS           28   1143   1+   5   1   FS
12   0843   2    5   1   FS           28   1303   1+   5   2   FS,SO
12   1044   2+   5   1   FS           28   1817   2+   5   3   FS,SO,SJ
12   1226   1-   5   1   FS           29   2117   2+   5   1   SO
12   1239   1-   5   1   FS           30   0606   2+   5   1   FS
12   1255   1    5   1   FS           30   0730U  3+   5   1   FS
12   1656   1+   5   2   FS,SJ        30   1118   2+   5   1   FS
12   1907   1+   5   1   SJ           30   1226   2    5   1   FS
12   2109   1    5   1   SJ           30   1330   1+   5   1   SO
12   2151   1+   5   1   SJ           30   1414   2    5   1   FS
13   0805   1-   5   1   FS           30   1500   2+   5   3   FS,SO,SJ
13   1028   2    5   1   FS           30   1738   2+   5   3   FS,SO,SJ
13   1103   2+   5   1   FS

.paè
Michael Mideke
Box 123
San Simeon, CA 93452-0123

ABOUT STATIC, TWEEKS AND WHISTLERS

On October 2, 1989, excerpts from a recording I made were played on station
WBAI, New York.  In view of the continuing inquiries I've decided to
produce a sheet to more or less define what it was all about.

The enclosed reprint of parts 1-4 of Sounds of Natural Radio" will provide
some background, and even show you how to go about hearing these sounds for
yourself.  The series is appearing in THE LOWDOWN.  This is the journal of
the Longwave Club of America and a subscription is part of the $12 per year
membership fee.

     The Longwave Club of America
     45 Wildflower Road
     Levittown, PA 19057

My recording and dubbing is done with a pair of Marantz PMD 430 cassette
recorders.  Nothing about the cassette medium is really suitable to the
dynamic range and frequency characteristics of the signals I deal with, it
simply represents the only approach to recording that I can afford.

Aside from collecting recordings of a wide range of VLF phenomena, my
recording efforts have mainly addressed the concern of producing "samplers"
to help individuals in their own attempts to hear and perhaps record these
phenomena for themselves.  In the future I hope to produce tapes that are
more comprehensively "instructive" and others that simply frolic in the
sounds for the sake of the sounds.  Both of these objectives await
refinement of my technical capabilities.  I am not presently in the
business of producing or marketing recordings for commercial or quasi-
commercial distribution.

Following are some quotes from the letter I sent Peter Wilson of WBAI,
along with that sample cassette that has attracted so much attention:

"If we take "sttis" in the pure sense of being a phenomenon arising
independent of human activity, then the great majority of static that we
hear proceeds directly from lightning discharges.  While most of the radio
energy generated by a discharge is found in the 5 to 10 kHz region, the
full spectrum is broad indeed (mathematically, it may be infinite).  But
for practical purposes this radio impulse extends up through the VHF
region.

The propagation characteristics of radio signals are very different at
different frequencies.  The UHF aspect of a lightning signal will have only
local effect-perhaps the SOUND of thunder would reach further.  At
shortwave (say 10 mHz for a round figure), only a little radiated energy is
required to produce multiple "skip" reflections between earth and
ionosphere, so at these frequencies static may propagate effectively for
thousands of miles.  At medium wave (the AM broadcast area), range is less
but still fine to carry big static from storms out to 2600 miles and more-èplenty to blanket North America with midwestern and tropical thunderstorm
noise (static).

When we get down to VLF (3 to 30 kHz) and ELF (sub 3 kHz), where
wavelengths begin to fit planetary scale processes, the whistler mode comes
into play.  Then we have extremely long propagation paths, great dispersion
of frequency over time, and the like.

There can be far more energy in a whistler signal than was put into the
system by the triggering lightning.  So lightning, through the triggering
of whistlers, is in effect drawing down still more energy from the
magnetosphere....ultimately from the Sun.  There is even some scientific
speculation that whistlers also trigger lightning.  Anyway, this whole
process represents a large, lively feedback system whose implications are
not as yet very well understood.

Until about a century ago, life on earth was submerged in an
electromagnetic environment consisting almost exclusively of static in its
various guises (as far as the RADIO environment is concerned, ignoring
light, ultraviolet, etc).  Whether or not that environment was in some
fashion "good" for life, it is now almost gone.  Not gone in the sense of
having been switched off, but because it has been covered up by the
stronger signals produced intentionally and incidentally by mankind.  The
new electromagnetic environment is not only more potent than the old in
terms of exposure, it is organized in a totally different fashion.  It may
be that this is something to worry about.

In regard to these aspects of the ELF/VLF electromagnetic environment I
recommend reading "The Annals of Radiation" by Paul Brodeur.  This was a
three part series in NEW YORKER MAGAZINE and it began on June 12, 1989,
running in three consecutive issues.

.paè
SOUNDS OF NATURAL RADIO,  Part 1:  TWEEKS, STATIC and WHISTLERS

Copyright (C) 1989 by Michael Mideke
Posted on LWDBS by permission of the author.

     Most radio hobbyists address their monitoring activities to manmade
signals of one sort or another.  Few listeners find static crashes more
entertaining than the transmissions they interrupt.  Fewer still are likely
to take the trouble to deliberately monitor static from Jupiter, the Sun or
more distant points.  But we do live in a world that abounds with naturally
occurring electrical manifestations, many of which intrude their presence
into the simplest and the most sophisticated of receivers.  When such
intrusions interfere with our communications activities the usual response
is to dismiss them as noise.  We trouble to learn no more about their
nature than is necessary to mitigate or evade their effects.

     However, as hobbyists and amateurs of science we are entirely free to
take a quite different attitude; inquiring instead as to what these
creakings and rumblings of nature can tell us about the universe - or at
least about this little corner where we happen to live.

     The world is alive with electrical, magnetic and electromagnetic èactivity.  Worldwide, on any given day, we can expect roughly 44,000
thunderstorms.  This adds up to around 8 MILLION individual lightning
strokes.  Over 90 per second!  With voltages on the order of 250 million,
currents of 200,000 Amperes and internal temperatures reaching 30,000 deg.
C, any one of these 8 million flashes is a major event on the human scale
of things.  Not all of this energy simply dissipated in a flash and a bang.
Lightning is a complex spark discharge that generates large amounts of
radio energy:  one million to ten million watts (albeit briefly) in the 10
KHz region.  Furthermore, the lightning stroke produces a richly ionized
path that my be kilometers long.  In effect, it creates its own antenna.
The result is a radiated impulse of electromagnetic energy....static.  But
not ONLY static.

               --------------------------

TWEEKS - Radio signals at VLF (3 to 30 KHz) and lower frequencies tend to
be reflected from the lower regions of the ionosphere.  When the height of
a reflective region equals or exceeds 1/2 wavelength, earth and ionosphere
form waveguide boundaries which serve to propagate VLF signals very much as
UHF signals are conveyed by small metallic waveguides.  When such VLF
waveguide is very efficient (typically at night and more so on some nights
than others) the impulsive signals generated by lightning may travel great
distances, reflecting many times between ionosphere and earth before their
energy is finally dissipated.

     The lightning signal itself consists of a broad range of
simultaneously generated frequencies.  It is a characteristic of radio
signals propagating through an absorptive medium (such as that represented
by the ionosphere) that higher frequencies travel more rapidly than lower
frequencies.  So, as the spectrally rich lightning signal travels through
space its frequency components become dispersed over time.  Or, to look at
the matter from a slightly different angle, the signal components that
started out together at one instant will not be found all together in one
place at some later instant.  From the listener's viewpoint, the highest
frequency arrives first, the lowest frequency arrives last.

     When this is happening, if you use a relatively broadband receiver
below 10 KHz, you will hear the liquid ringing or chirping notes known at
TWEEKS.  These are more or less "sharp" sounds, decreasing in frequency and
quite short-lived.  They may persist from perhaps 25 Milliseconds to about
150 milliseconds; occasionally somewhat more.

     The duration of a tweek is largely proportional to the length of its
signal path - the longer the path the greater the dispersion and the longer
the tweek.  The lower cutoff frequency of a tweek is defined by the height
of the earth-ionosphere waveguide.  When the frequency drops to the point
where one half wavelength exceeds the distance between waveguide surfaces,
waveguide action is cut off.  The lower the cutoff frequency of a tweek the
higher the reflective zone responsible for its transmission.

                    ----------------

     While analysis of tweeks provides a useful tool for studying the
characteristics of the lower ionosphere, for the amateur observer it may be
sufficient simply to note the richness and variety of tweek phenomena.  èStill, we should not neglect the possibility of using tweeks as VLF
propagation indicators.  In addition, direction-finding and spectral
analysis of tweeks could provide challenging projects for student and
amateur scientist alike.

     STATIC - Tweeks coexist with the more ordinary sort of dry, crackling
static.  The mix may range anywhere from a tiny scattering of tweeks among
the static to the relatively rare cases where virtually everything is
"tweeking".  The latter was the situation the first time I heard tweeks and
it caused me to attribute the phenomenon to a completely imaginary fault in
my amplifier.

     With a broadband receiver tuned below 10 KHz, even listening to the
"ordinary" static can prove interesting.  Since the frequency range of
interest falls below that used for long range navigation and communication,
the distraction of manmade interference is largely avoided (harmonics of
the 50 and 60 Hz power systems are the notable exception; best avoided by
getting some distance from powerlines.)  Given a receiver with adequate
dynamic range, we escape the stretching, clipping and general mutilation
that is inflicted on nature's static by the normal communications receiver.
So the static SOUNDS cleaner and each impulse occupies far less time than
our expensive High Frequency radios would have us believe.

     Sharp, crisp clicks indicate relatively local lightning whose signals
are being propagated as groundwave or near field.  When such signals get
very strong, and especially if they are accompanied by sizzling, frying
sounds, it may be time to ground everything and prepare for a thunderstorm.

     By the time lightning static has traveled a few hundred miles it tends
to become a bit less distinct.  This is partially due to decreasing
amplitude and partially a case of increasingly complex propagation serving
to "blur" the edges.  As distance from the listener grows even larger, the
number of static signals heard becomes greater while the received strength
of each event decreases.  More and more signals at about the same level
blend into a fluctuating background whose individual components may become
too heavily superimposed to be readily distinguished.

     The static texture is rarely anything like uniform.  Foreground and
background elements are constantly interpenetrating to generate complex,
subtle rhythms that are never repeated.  Sometimes it sounds like "just
noise" but at others the texture is such as to invite prolonged listening.
Layers of tweeks may thread their way through the clicks and crackles.  And
sometimes, when least expected, a whistler may come howling through like a
voice from another world.

WHISTLERS - Like tweeks, whistlers are descending tones.  But they are much
longer and their frequency range is greater.  The duration of whistlers
ranges from a fraction of a second to 3 seconds or more.  Their upper
frequency limit upon occasion reaches 40 KHz and the low frequency cutoff
can extend to around 300 Hz.  More commonly, whistlers appear to initiate
between 6 and 10 KHz and to terminate between 600 Hz and 2 KHz, with
maximum energy concentrated around 5 KHz.

     Sometimes whistlers produce extremely pure tones, but a greater or
lesser degree of "swish" or "breathiness" is more common.  This effect is èknown as diffuseness ( not to be confused with dispersion) caused by
signals traveling on a number of slightly different paths.  Occasionally
the diffuseness is so great that a whistler sounds less like a pure tone
than like a white-noise source being swept with an audio filter.

     Whistlers may be either solitary or clustered.  This effect may take
the form of echoes or of distinct but similar whistlers happening at
approximately the same time.  The latter type are known as multiple
whistlers.  Echoes are easy to identify; their rate of frequency decrease
is always less than that of the parent whistler.  Multiple echoes, known as
"echo trains" are not uncommon.  In his book, WHISTLERS AND RELATED
IONOSPHERIC PHENOMENA, Dr. Robert Helliwell describes one well documented
whistler that produced at least 210 echoes!  However, this is quite
unusual; we could listen for a long time without catching such a whistler.

     At times whistlers commence with a sharp click or snap of static.
This is the groundwave or ionosphericly propagated signal of the lightning
stroke that initiated the whistler.  Because of the long distance nature of
whistler propagation and the density of static, such initial impulses are
by no means always audible.

     Whistler formation depends upon a number of independently variable
conditions.  As a consequence, one's chance of hearing whistlers varies
enormously from day to day.  Sometimes they come thick and fast, too fast
even to count.  At other times there may be fewer than one per minute, or
fewer than one in ten minutes...and often there are none at all.  One
listening session may turn up only short, high pitched whistlers while
another will yield a broad mix of types.  Sometimes almost all the
whistlers have echo trains and at others there is not an echo to be heard.
Whistler monitoring is a bit like ocean fishing - even if conditions are
good, you never know exactly what you will catch.

WHISTLER FORMATION - So what is happening here?  As is the case with
tweeks, whistlers are descending tones brought about by a frequency
dispersion occasioned by the passage of complex signals over absorptive
paths.  Whistlers are much longer than tweeks, and this is a clue to the
rather different chain of events that accounts for their origin.  Whistlers
are SO much longer than tweeks that we cannot find terrestrial paths long
enough to account for the observed dispersion.  But as it happens, there
are long enough paths to be found in the earth's immediate vicinity.
     _____________________________________________________________

     As the lightning signal moves through the earth-ionosphere waveguide,
it is not completely confined; energy is continually being lost into the
waveguide "surfaces".  Most of this energy falls prey to absorption, but
given a strong enough signal, there is some penetration.  It may happen
that energy which has passed well into the ionosphere encounters one or
more ionized ducts extending along the magnetic field lines that connect
the polar regions.  If conditions are suitable, the lightning signal
becomes trapped in the duct and embarks on a journey suitable, the
lightning signal becomes trapped in the duct and embarks on a journey to
the opposite hemisphere.  This phenomenon is known as magneto-ionic
ducting.

     The magneto-ionic ducts extend far out into space, creating very long èpaths which in turn give rise to large dispersions.  So when the signal
exits its ionized duct back into the earth-ionosphere waveguide, it does so
as a whistler.  Signal energy remaining trapped in the duct may be returned
along it, accounting for echoes and echo-trains.  Such reflection is also
essential for the appearance of whistlers in the same hemisphere where they
are generated.

     Two distinct types of propagation are required to produce whistlers:
There must be propagation of the lightning signal via earth-ionosphere
waveguide until a duct is intercepted.  Then there must be one or more
transits of the duct.  upon exiting the duct there is once again
propagation within the waveguide.  Magneto-ionic ducts are only accessible
to waveguide-escaping energy at high geomagnetic latitudes.  Likewise,
exiting whistlers are dumped into the waveguide at high latitudes.  Thus,
both lightning and waveguide condition play an important role in whistler
formation.  At the receiving end, latitude is a determining factor in the
number and strength of detectable whistlers.  Geomagnetic latitudes around
50 deg. are best.  Equatorial regions are to be avoided.

     Since the magneto-ionic ducts are essentially longitudinal structures,
whistlers received at one longitude will be weak or unheard at others.
Typically, a whistler may be heard over an area around 1,000 km in
diameter.  Very good conditions or an exceptionally strong whistler may
multiply this range several times.

     Whistlers, by virtue of the mechanisms of their formation and
propagation, provide sensitive indications of the state of those tenuous
but crucial zones which constitute the interface between planetary and
space environments.  As such, they have been the subject of widespread and
intensive study - particularly over the past 35 years.

     In future installments of this series I hope to offer some highlights
in the history of whistler research, along with more information about
whistlers themselves.  There will also be background on VLF Emissions
("dawn chorus") "hiss" and the like.  As soon as possible, there will be a
section on practical receivers, antennas and monitoring strategies.
critical and anecdotal contributions will be greatly appreciated, as will
proven receiver designs.
     _____________________________________________________________

BIBLIOGRAPHY - The following references have been essential in the
development of this cursory introduction to natural VLF radio phenomena.
They develop in depth all of the topics I've touched upon in such a
superficial manner.  They also open other topics essential for an in-depth
understanding of the subject.  For the most part these books and papers are
not readily available.  Try university libraries and the inter-library loan
network through your local public library.

     LOW FREQUENCY WAVES AND IRREGULARITIES IN THE IONOSPHERE.  N. D.
D'Angelo (ed) D. Reidel Publishing Co. Dordecth, Holland.  1969.  Mostly
space-based research.  VERY technical.

     IONOSPHERIC RADIO PROPAGATION.  Kenneth Davies.  National Bureau of
Standards, Monograph 80. 1965.  Excellent propagation text, including VLF.
Nearly impossible to find.  New edition in preparation.è
     WHISTLERS AND RELATED IONOSPHERIC PHENOMENA.  Dr. Robert A. Helliwell.
Standord University Press.  1965.  Comprehensive introduction to pre-space
era whistler research plus the beginnings of the "space age".  Essentially
accurate as far as it goes, which is a lot further than most experimenters
are likely to want to go.  Large (20 page) and excellent bibliography
covering through 1963.

     VERY LOW FREQUENCY MAGNETOSPHERIC RESEARCH IN THE ANTARCTIC.  R. A.
Helliwell.  This is a section from an anthology which I believe is titled:
SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH (or maybe EXPLORATION) IN THE ANTARCTIC.  Further
background on whistler observation and the Antarctic experiments.

     AMATEUR VLF OBSERVATIONS.  W. C. Johnson.  QST MAGAZINE, March 1960.
Amateur whistler monitoring.  Vaccuum tube techniques.

     RADIO PROPAGATION HANDBOOK.  Peter N. Saveskie.  TQAB Books, 1980.
Exciting little chapter on lightning.  Not much on LF/VLF.

     VLF RADIO ENGINEERING.  A. D. Watt.  Pergamon Press, 1967.
Comprehensive chapter of VLF propagation, waveguide mode theory.
.paè
Bernard Helms DX Loggings List for February 1989.

FREQ   ID      STATE  LOCATION /  NOTES
____   ____    _____  _________________

175    KRY     OH     Chardon 11/19-1035, 11/19-0048
                      weak, moderate QRN, 7 sec cycle,
                      11/30-2355 to 0014, QSO, loud
                      intermittent QRM,"What a thrill! My
                      First Lowfer Beacon" JK-NY: 12/14
                      frequency = 175.4 BdC-ON
175    HG      OH     Toledo(?) 11/29-1046 "not sure of
                      call letters", very weak JK-NY
176.7  XR      MI     Utica 11/18-2104, 10 or 11 "WR's" per min., GP-OH
185    NWA     DC     Washington 12/14-0621, MSG = " VVV VVV TEST Z
                      DE NWA WASHINGTON DC 20363" BdC-ON (first
                      report of this station to reach DX-Downstairs)
188.4  9HDQ    IN     Daleville 12/10-2051, v. faint, sounded like
                      "A A 9HDQ" definite about the 9HDQ, GP-OH
188.7  WI      MD     Owings 12/14-0615 sending VVV DE WI WI WI WI WI
                      WI BdC-ON
189.3  TH      NJ     Colts Neck 12/14-0529 BdC-ON
189.7  8LXJ              12/14 copied L, X, J at various times but
                         signal not out of the noise long enough
                         to get postive id BdC-ON
190.4  30HH    ONT       12/14 BdC-ON
194    TUK     MA     Nantucket11/19-0101, 11/29-1037, TWEB,
                      JK-NY: 10/24-1726, both ID and TWEB heard, GP-OH
198    DIW     NC     Dixon 11/29-1041 JK-NY; 12/20-2242, RK-AL
201    CE      FL     Cressview 12/20-2242, RK-AL
202    FVS     MS      Forest, 12/20-2242, RK-AL
205    ESU     AL     Summerdale 12/20-2242, RK-AL
207    UEM     BC     Egg Island, 12/19-0417, 1020Hz, DAID, SPM-AB
208    YSK     NWT    Sanikiluaq 11/30-0031, DAID, 9 sec cycle, JK-NY
209    GDW     MI     Gladwin 11/30-0037, 12/1-1047, fast
                      keying, 6 sec cycle, JK-NY
212    LMS     MS     Louisville 11/24-1710, ID freq = 212.43, RK-AL
213    CLB     NC     Wilmington, 12/20-2242, RK-AL
215    UIZ     MI     Utica 11/30-0049, v weak, QRM from
                      CLB, 5 sec cycle, JK-NY
216    CLB     NC     Wilmington 11/30-0045, 12/1-1036, JK-NY
218    YUY     QUE    Rouyn 12/2-1041 v.weak, QRN, 10 sec cycle, JK-NY
222    AYI     MS     Bay St. Louis, 12/20-2242, RK-AL
223    BH      AL     Birmingham, 12/24-2242, RK-AL
223    YYW     ONT    Armstrong 11/30-0059, 12/9-1049, DAID, 10 sec
                      cycle JK-NY
224    BF      PA     Bradford 11/30-0101, 12/1-1032, Fast keying,
                      6 sec cycle, JK-NY
224    BH      AL     Birmingham 12/13-0440 CC-AL
227    YEO     QUE    Lake Eon 12/7-1044, 12/9-1039 DAID, 10 sec
                      cycle, JK-NY
227    NG      UNID       12/7-1040 DAID 10 sec cycle, JK-NY
227    LA      FL     Lakeland 12/20-2242, RK-AL
228    BCZ     AL     Butler 12/20-2242, RL-ALè230    CPP     AL     Cullman 12/13-0430 CC-AL
245    YXE     ONT    Gore Bay 12/15-1046, DAID, 10 sec cycle, JK-NY
245    PTA     ARG    La Plata 12/20-2242, 11.13 sec cycle. RK-AL
248    UL      QUE    Montreal 12/17-1031 DAID 10 sec cycle, JK-NY
248    Z       BC     Sandspit, 11/22-0728, SPM-AB
248    MO      AL     Mobile, 12/20-2242, RK-AL
252    PJR     MS     Prentiss, 12/20-2242, RK-AL
254    RA      SD     Rapid City, 11/22-0734, SPM-AB
256    YXN     NWT    Whale Cove, 11/19-1235, "EB" is 1020Hz off
                      this freq, 400Hz pitch, SPM-AB
258    ORJ     PA     Corry 12/17-0020 6 sec cycle, JK-NY
260    JH      MS     Jackson, 12/20-2242, RK-AL
261    D6      BC     Fairmont 11/22-1322 New Catch, newly
                      authorized, 10.4 sec cycle, 1020 Hz
                      pitch, DAID, med speed,slightly lower than JDN,
                      JSM-BC
263    ZL      BC     Liard River 11/21-0547 New Catch, 10.3
                      sec/cycle, 400Hz pitch, med speed,
                      DAID, JSM-BC;  11/19-1226, 400Hz, SPM-AB
263    VEC     LA     Venice, 12/20-2242, RK-AL
264    JUY     AL     Andalusia 11/24-1734 ID Freq = 265.20 RK-AL
266    BR      GA     Alanta, 12/20-2242, RK-AL
270    EZM     GA     Eastman 12/1-2358,12/20-2242, ID freq = 271.37,
                      RK-AL
272    YQA     ONT    Muskoka 12/17-0039, DAID, 10 sec cyclw, JK-NY
274    CQI     ID     Council, 12/14-0437, SPM-AB
274.39 BKK     UNID      12/1-2354, carrier freq ?, RK-AL
276    YEL     ONT    Elliot Lake 12/17-0048, DAID, 10 sec cycle,
                      JK-NY
277    PF      FL     Panama City, 12/20-2242, RK-AL
278    BKV     FL     Brooksville 11/24-1744 ID frequency = 279.38
                      RK-AL
278    BKB     TX     Kirbyville 11/24-1745 ID frequency = 279.38
                      mixing with BKV, RK-AL
278    XWY     IA     West Union 11/23-0515, SPM-AB
278    GOS     OR     Lakeview, 11/19-1209, SPM-AB
278    BLE     LA     Lake Providence, 12/20-2242, RK-AL
278    EOE     SC     Newberry, 12/20-2242, RK-AL
279    GWR     ND     Gwinner, 12/24-0529,  USB only, SPM-AB
281    EWK     KS     Newton, 11/22-0753, SPM-AB
282.19 STL     UNID    12/1-2343 ,  carrier freq ?, RK-AL
283    SCO     MT     Scobey, 12/21-0417, USB only, v. weak, SPM-AB
283    DUT     AK     Dutch Harbor, 11/22-0747, SPM-AB
284    PAC     MS     Pascagoula, 12/24-2242, RK-AL
287    HUA     AL     Huntsville, 12/13-anytime, CC-AL
287    AOQ     NE     Alliance, 11/19-1204, SPM-AB
290    Y       FL     Yankeetown, 12/20-2242, RK-AL
296    CRZ     IA     Corning 11/23-0532 SPM-AB
296    XMK     AL     Yellow River, 12/20-2242, RK-AL
297    ARF     AL     Albertville 12/13-0501 CC-AL
298    3N      Sask   Weyburn 11/24-0703 New Catch, 10.0 sec
                      cycle, 400Hz pitch, DAID, med speed, JSM-BC
300    C       AL     Moble Point LS 12/13-0503 CC-AL: 12/20-2242,
                      RK-AL
300    H       CA     Humboldt Bay    11/21-0520 New Catch;è                      50/10 marine with 33 IDs per cycle;
                      med fast; JSM-BC
302    EGA     IA     Egale Grove, 11/22-0755, SPM-AB
303    RGD     GA     Thomaston, 12/20-2242, RK-AL
304    BN      TN     Nashville 12/13-0507 CC-AL; 11/23-0537
                      SPM-AB; 12/20-2242, RK-AL
305    ONO     OR     Ontorio, 11/23-0545, 12/14-0455, SPM-AB
307    OT      LA     S.W. Pass Entrance, 12/20-2242, RK-AL
308    HIL     KS     Great Bend, 11/22-0758, SPM-AB
310    H       FL     Edgemont Key, 12/20-2242, RK-AL
311    DVK     KY     Danville, 12/20-2242, RK-AL
313    PIL     TX     Brazos Santiago LS 12/13-0513 CC-AL
314    POH     IA     Pocahontas, 11/23-0600, SPM-AB
320    W       FL     Cape San Blas LS 12/13-0531 CC-AL:
                      10/20-0125, 50 sec of "W" and 10 sec
                      of tone (50/10) GP-OH
323    UT      LA     Calcasieu Pass 11/23-0609 SPM-AB
326    BHF     BAH    Grand Bahama, 10/19-0501, under VV, GP-OH
329    CH      SC     Charleston 10/20-0230, GP-OH
332    FIS     FL     Key West 12/20-2242, 11.83 sec cycle, RK-AL
332    VT      Sask   Buffalo Narrows 12/04-1217 New Catch
                      9.8 sec cycle, 400Hz pitch, DAID,
                      med speed, JSM-BC
335    BDX     MT     Broadus, 11/13-0630, not often heard, SPM-AB
335    IHS     CO     Fort Carson, 11/23-0622, SPM-AB
338    PBT     CA     Red Bluff, 11/23-0635, SPM-AB
341    GIG     NE     Scottsbluff, 11/13-0634, SPM-AB
341    MYZ     KS     Marysville, 12/8-0534, SPM-AB
344    YOP     AB     Rainbow Lake, 11/20-2012, Mixed with "YC"
                      400Hz pitch, DAID, SPM-AB
344    BKU     MT     Baker, 12/8-0503, SPM-AB
344    CQL     CO     Carbondale, 12/8-0504, SPM-AB
344    SIT     AK     Sitka, 11/22-0811, SPM-AB
344    GNC     TX     Seminole, 12/8-0519, SPM-AB
345    2M      BC     Sturdee River 11/16-0727 New Catch
                      according to NBD check list never
                      reported, med speed, 400Hz pitch,
                      10.1 sec cycle, DAID JSM-BC
348    LDF     MT     Lame Deer, 11/13-0637, not often heard,
                      SPM-AB
348    MNC     WA     Shelton, 11/22-0816, SPM-AB
350    HBC     ND     Mohall, 11/13-0545, NY and J5 absent, SPM-AB
350    CWH     AL     Huntsville local (anytime) CC-AL
357    EGE     CO     Eagle 11/22-0545' New Catch, 7.1 sec
                      cycle, med speed, only USB heard, JSM-BC
358    TNY     TN     Fayetteville 12/16-1537, CC-AL
360    GP      MS     Gulfport 11/22-2230 RK-AL
365    ANV     AK     Anvik 10/18-0923 new beacon JB-AK
365    CKK     FL     Miami 12/14-0618, v. weak, CC-AL
366    NBG     LA     New Orleans 12/14-0539, CC-AL
367    NVK     FL     Milton 12/1-2307, ID freq = 367.45, RK-AL
368    BEQ     AL     Bessemer 12/14-0602, CC-AL
371    TS      TN     Memphis 12/13-0535, CC-AL
371    GW      QUE    Kuujjuarapirc, 11/21-0305, DAID, 400Hz, SPM-AB
371    MKA     SD     Miller, 12/8-0549, SPM-ABè374    FLZ     AL     Ozark 12/14-0626, CC-AL: 12/7-0410 GP-OH
375    FS      NWT    Fort Simpson, 11/21-0309, 400Hz, DAID,
                      SPM-AB
379    TL      FL     Tallahassee 12/13-0537 CC-AL
379    CM      NFLD   Channel Head 12/7-0429, under FZI, GP-OH
380    LIO     CRIC   Puerto Limon 12/7-0433 GP-OH; 11/26-0028
                      ID frequency = 379.86, 2nd new country,
                      RK-AL
382    VKS     MS     Vicksburg 11/11-0318 GP-OH
382    LRJ     IA     LeMars 12/8-0558, SPM-AB
382    VCY     ND     Valley City, 11/22-0709, SPM-AB
383    PI      ID     Pocatello 12/6-0603 SPM-AB
386    HAU     MT     Helena, 12/30-0656, SPM-AB
386    BTN     SD     Britton, 12/30-0750, SPM-AB
388    OYD     GA     Floyd 12/1-2258, RK-AL
388    AM      FL     Tampa 12/13-0541, CC-AL
391    DDP     PR     Dorado, 111/13-0549, under EBY, SPM-AB
391    EEF     AK     Sisters Island, 12/30-0736, SPM-AB
392    AGZ     SD     Wagner, 11/24-0414, SPM-AB
392    PNA     WY     Pinedale, 11/24-0416, SPM-AB
393    RO      AL     Birmingham, 12/20-2242, RK-AL
396    ZBB     BAH    S. Bimini 11/30-0514 SPM-AB
396    CMJ     AK     Ketchikan 11/18-0634 New Catch, 8.1
                      sec cycle, med speed, only LSB heard
                      JSM-BC
397    LLJ     ID     Challis, 12/8-0612, SPM-AB
400    TRX     MO     Trenton, 12/20-2242, A FIRST, RK-AL
402    L4      Sask   Nipawin 11/24-0610 New Catch, 9.9 sec
                      cycle, 1020Hz pitch, DAID, Med speed, JSM-BC
403    AXA     IA     Algona, 11/24-0429, SPM-AB
409    RVB     SD     Mobridge, 11/13-0605, SPM-AB
413    OQK     AK     Noatak 10/27-1439 new beacon JB-AK
413    TAM     MEX    Tampico, 11/18-0511, SPM-AB
414    SU      IA     Sioux City, 11/24-0436, SPM-AB
415    HJM     TX     Bonham, 11/24-0441, SPM-AB
423    CKP     IA     Cherokee 10/31-0320, GP-OH
423    AU      AL     Auburn 10/26-0330, GP-OH
426    FTP     AL     Fort Payne, 12/13-0549, CC-AL
516    VPX     WV     Pineville, 11/24-0435, GP-OH
521    ORC     IA     Orange City 11/24-0436, mixing with GF, GP-OH
525    ICW     AK     Nenana 10/7-0950 new beacon JB-AK

Thanks to:

JB-AK: Gerald Brookman, Kenai, AK; Kenwood r-600, MFJ-955
       ant tuner 75' shortwire aprox 20' above ground level,
       oriented ESE-WNW

JSM-BC: Steve McDonald, Pt. Coquitlam, BC; R71a with 8'
        Homebrew shielded loop and Burhans preamp on 20'
        outside tower

JK-NY: James Keller,  Lockport, NY; Realistic DX400, Burhans
       "allwave active" antenna, L400b active, TUN-3, homebrew
        tuned RF preamp, VLF-87 conv, MFJ-722 and MFJ-752è        audio filters

CC-AL: Chris Catotti, Dover, FL; Realistic DX300, 100' longwire
       While on a business trip to Redstone Arsenal, Huntsville
       AL

GP-OH: Gene Pearson, Perrysburg, OH; NRD525, 1000Hz  and 270Hz
       filters

BdC-ON: Bill de Carle, VE3OBE, Thornhill, ONT; 100' sloping wire
        70' above street level, TS430s amature transceiver using
        500Hz narrow CW filter, and 500KHz cutoff in the coax

RK-AL: Roy Keeley, Theodore, AL; Kenwood TS9405, LF Engineering Ant.

SPM-AB: Shaun P, Merrigan, Edmonton, AB; NRD-525, R390A, ant
        ARA30/75', L400-B/ 110' LW

.paè
Bernard Helms DX Loggings List for May 1989.

FREQ    ID      STATE   LOCATION /  NOTES
____    ____    _____   _________________

180     UNID    USSR?   Alma Ata, 2/26-0810, broadcast, BP-TX
183     UNID               3/2-0122, 3/6-0042 as 168kHz
186.8   BA      IL      Landcaster, 2/19-0733, BP-TX
187.3   UPN     OH      Cincinnati, 2/25-0329 BP-TX
189.84  R       NV      Nevada Test site, 2/19-0725, BP-TX
194     TUK     MA      Nantucket, 3/6-0046, WX-S, 7 sec
                        cycle,JEK-NY
200     YLD     BC      Dease Lake 2/1-0138, 400Hz, DAID, BP-TX
203     RED     MT      Red Loage, 2/24-0929 SF-CA
204     RMD     OR      McDermitt 3/3-0848 SF-CA
209     AEC     NV      Nevada Test Site? 3/3-0906 SF-CA
209     IB      ONT     Atikokan 3/6-0104 WX-s, DAID, 10 sec
                        cycle, JEK-NY
209     GDW     MI      Gladwin 3/6-0113 QRM from IB, 5.5 sec
                        cycle, JEK-NY
210     F6      BC      Chetwynd, 1/15-1249, med speed keying,
                        1020Hz, DAID, USB only noted, SPM-ALTA
211     HDG     ID      Gooding 3/3-0914 SF-CA: 2/19-1127, USB,
                        SPM-ALTA
212     MPZ     IA      Mount Pleasant, 2/19-1130, USB, SPM-ALTA
215     ML      IL      Moline 2/11-0137 BP-TX
216     JMR     MN      Mora, 2/19-1143, USB med.-fast keying,
                        SPM-ALTA
219     AWG     IA      Washington, 2/19-1146, USB noted,
                        SPM-ALTA
220     HLE     ID      Hailby, 2/24-0943,SF-CA
224     DN      MAN     Dauphin, 2/28-1124, New Catch, DAID,
                        400Hz, 10.3 sec cycle, med speed JSM-BC
227     SLB     IA      Storm Lake, 2/19-1203, med-fast keying,
                        USB noted, SPM-ALTA
230     RDK     IA      Red Oak, 2/19-1210, Fast keying, usb
                        noted, SPM-ALTA
233     BR      MAN     Brandon, 2/28-1119, New Catch, DAID,
                        400Hz, 10.2 sec/ cycle, med slow speed,
                        JSM-BC
230.5   SAL     UNID        2/11-0226 BP-TX
236     YZA     BC      Ashcroft 2/22-1106,SF-CA
242     XC      BC      Cranbrook 2/22-1101, SF-CA
242     FSE     MN      Fooston, 2/19-1154, Med.-fast keying, USB
                        noted, SPM-ALTA
245     HE      BC      Hope, 2/22-1056, SF-CA
254     SM      NWT     Fort Smith, 3/25-0755, SR-OR
254     SPK     NV      Reno, 2/22-0936, SF-CA
257     YXR     ONT     Earlton, 2/19-0414,DAID, BP-TX
263     UAO     CA      Salinas, 2/24-0844, SF-CA
266     ICK     AK      Metlakatla, 3/25-0915, SR-OR
268     ZWL     Sask    Wollaston, 2/26-0711, DAID, 400Hz, BP-TX
272     XS      BC      Prince George, 2/22-1028, SF-CA
272     YLB     ALTA    Lac La Biche, 2/11-0359, 400Hz, BP-TXè277     YLC     NWT     Lake Harbour, 2/25-0535
278     GWR     ND      Gwinner 2/26-0704, New Catch, only USB
                        heard, 6.8 sec cycle, med fast ID, exc
                        conditions tonite, JSM-BC
278     XSO     NV      Tonopah, 2/22-1016, SF-CA
278     HR      AR      Harrison, 2/11-0407, BP-TX
283     DUT     AK      Dutch Harbor, 3/25-0948, SR-OR
286     T       AK      Cape Spencer 2/26-1240, New Catch, 50/10
                        marine with 48 IDs per cycle, med fast.
                        JSM-BC
287     PE      Alta    Peace River 2/25-0545, DAID, 400Hx, BP-TX
287     FET     NE      Fremont, 2/19-0501, BP-TX
290     TYV     AR      Toneyville, 2/19-0503, BP-TX
290     P       CA      Point Pinos, 2/26-0907, SF-CA
294     BMC     UT      Brigham City 2/11-0419, BP-TX
296     V4      Alta    Bonnyville, 2/26-0419, 400Hz, NO DAID,
                        BP-TX
296     LGD     OR      La Grande, 2/23-0900, SF-CA
299     TV      ALTA    Turner Valley 2/22-0817, SF-CA
300     H       CA      Humbolt Bay 2/23-0907, SF-CA
302     O       CA      Pt. Arguello 2/26-0959, seq 3 and 6 not a
                        sound out of L and V tonight, QSL from
                        Coast Guard states that L and V are NOT
                        sequenced! but whenever I hear them they
                        certainly are, SF-CA
305     RO      NM      Roswell 2/8-0445 WEB-TX: 2/18-1246, USB,
                        med speed keying, SPM-ALTA
305.6   LG      UNID       2/8-0440 WEB-TX
308     UTS     TX      Huntsville 2/8-0450 WEB-TX
310     H       FL      Egmont Key LS, 3/25-0743, SR-OR
311     9Y      ALTA    Pincher Creek, 2/19-0530,DAID, 400Hz,
                        BP-TX
311     HY      NWT     Hay River 2/26-0739,400Hz, DAID, BP-TX:
                        3/25-0745, SR-OR
313.7   LPE     UNID       2/8-0453 WEB-TX
316     HI      NWT     Holman Is. 1/15-1316, med. speed keying,
                        400Hz, DAID, USB only, SPM-ALTA
318     UT      AK      Cape Decision LS, 3/25-0842, SR-OR
319     TC      BC      Etheloa Bay 2/26-0853, SF-CA
322.2   FT      UNID       2/19-0548, BP-TX
326     DC      BC      Princeton 2/26-0822, SF-CA
326.7   JY      UNID       2/8-0510 WEB-TX
329     YEK     NWT     Eskiom Point 2/26-0525, 400Hz, BP-TX
329     TAD     CO      Trinidad 3/4-0858, SF-CA
329.6   HMA     TX      Hondo 2/8-0520 WEB-TX
330     CZN     Mex     Cozumel, 2/26-0751, BP-TX
331.6   IC      KS      Wichita 2/8-0535 WEB-TX
332     FIS     FL      Key West 2/13-0520 WEB-TX
332     PHN     MI      Port Huron 2/17-1026 fast keying, 6 sec
                        cycle, JEK-NY
332     QT      ONT     Thunder Bay, 3/25-0838, SR-OR
333     STI     ID      Mountian Home  2/23-0944, SF-CA
338     ZU      Alta    White Court 3/4-0929, SF-CA
338     DE      MI      Detroit 2/17-1036, fast keying, 6 sec
                        cycle,JEK-NYè338     SYG     TX      Arcola 2/13-0532 WEB-TX
338     LM      MO      St. Louis, 2/26-0542, BP-TX
344     XX      BC      Abbotsford 3/4-0810, SF-CA
344     SIT     AK      Sitka 3/25-0836, SR-OR
347     LFA     OR      Klamath Falls, 2/18-1258, LSB, SPM-ALTA
348     MNC     WA      Shelton 3/4-0952, SF-CA
350     OKT     TX      Yoakum 2/14-1134 WEB-TX
350     LF      TX      Lufkin 2/14-1134 WEB-TX
351     YKQ     PQ      Fort Rupert, 2/20-1026 Fast keying, DAID,
                        10 sec cycle, JEK-NY
351     NO      NV      Reno, 2/26-1029, SF-CA
353     LI      AR      Little Rock 2/14-1140 WEB-TX
359     YAZ     BC      Tofino 3/4-1009, SF-CA
360     PN      PQ      Port Menier, 2/20-1038, new catch, DAID,
                        10 sec cycle, JEK-NY
362     C7      ONT     Geraldton 2/28-0646 New Catch, DAID,
                        400Hz, 9.9 sec/ cycle, med speed, JSM-BC:
                        3/25-0820, SR-OR
362     EZB     CA      Oakland, 2/18-0246, BP-TX
362     LKM     LA      Lafayette, 2/19-0620, BP-TX
366     YMW     PQ      Maniwaki, 2/20-1041, DAID, 10 sec cycle
                        JEK-NY
368     SX      BC      Skookum, 3/4-1021, DAID, SF-CA
368     JEU     GM      Offshore 2/19-0627, BP-TX
371     TS      TN      Memphis 2/14-1145 WEB-TX
371     ITU     MT      Great Falls, 2/19-0635, ex GT, BP-TX
372     YCO     NWT     Coppermine, 2/26-0835, 400Hz, BP-TX
372     CQD     PA      Erie 2/21-1024, 8 sec cycle, JEK-NY
373     MF      OR      Medford, 3/4-1032, SF-CA
374     LW      ID      Lewiston, 3/4-1056, SF-CA
374     SA      NS      Sable Is. 2/21-1033, new catch, DAID, 10
                        sec cycle, QRM form ELM, JEK-NY
378     RJ      PQ      Roberval, 2/28-0628 New Catch, DAID,
                        400Hz, 10.2 sec per cycle, med speed,
                        JSM-BC:  2/21-1040, New Catch, DAID, 10 sec
                        cycle, QRM from YPQ, JEK-NY
378     OT      OR      North Bend, 3/4-1059, SF-CA
378     ZFA     NWT     Faro, 3/25-0802, SR-CA
385     HYX     MI      Saginaw, 2/21-0023, 2/22-0112, fast
                        keying, 6 sec cycle, JEK-NY
387     SGR     TX      Huston 3/19-0305 WEB-TX
388     DT      MI      Detroit, 2/21-0057, 6 sec cycle, JEK-NY
391     DDP     PR      San Juan 2/27-0455 WEB-TX
392     ML      PQ      Charlevoix, 2/22-1025, DAID, 10 sec
                        cycle, QRM from OO, JEK-NY
392.1   EI      UNID       2/27-0435 WEB-TX
394     YB      Ont     North Bay, 2/22-1032, DAID, 10 sec cycle,
                        WX-s, JEK-NY
394     RWO     AK      Kodiak, 2/19-1117, TWEB, SPM-ALTA
396     PH      PQ      Inukjak, 2-23-1026, new catch, QRM, DAID,
                        10 sec cycle, JEK-NY
396     ZBB     Bahama  South Bimini 2/23-0811, SF-CA
397     SB      CA      San Bernardino, 2/23-0835, SF-CA
397     3I      BC      Sierra, 2/3-0439, med speed keying.
                        400Hz, DAID, USB only noted, SPM-ALTAè398     ROB     TX      Waco 2/27-0440 WEB-TX
398     AI      OK      Ardmore 2/27-0445 WEB-TX
399     D       ONT     Dryden 2/28-0554 New Catch, DAID,
                        400Hz, 10.4 sec cycle, med speed, best
                        E-W condx of the season noted tonite.
                        JSM-BC
400     TRX     MO      Trenton 2/27-0450 WEB-TX
401     Y8      PQ      St. Nicephore, 2/27-0056, DAID, 10 sec
                        cycle, JEK-NY
404     YSL     NB      St. Leonard, 2/27-0106, DAID, 10 sec
                        cycle, JEK-NY
404     OLF     MT      Wolf Point 2/22-0852, SF-CA
405     YXL     ONT     Sioux Lookout, 2/27-0108, new catch, weak
                        sig.,QRM, DAID, 10 sec cycle, WX-s, JEK-NY
407     NUW     WA      Whidbey Is. 1/18-1248, med speed keying,
                        1020Hz, USB noted, SPM-ALTA
411     RM      ALTA    Rocky Mountain House, 2/22-0859, SF-CA
413     OEG     AZ      Yuma 2/22-0906, SF-CA
413     YHD     ONT     Dryden, 2/26-0327, 400Hz, DAID, BP-TX
414     LYZ     MT      Libby 2/22-0904, SF-CA
414     BC      PQ      Baie Comeau, 2/27-0122 and 0201 fast
                        keying 10 sec cycle, DAID, JEK-NY
414     OOA     IA      Oskaloosa, 2/19-0715, BP-TX
415     IEE     CA      Oil Platform Irene 2/22-0920, SF-CA
417     RGB     CO      Rifle, 2/22-0927, SF-CA
417     EVB     FL      New Smyrna Beach, 2/27-0135, faded out,
                        new catch, 5 sec cycle, JEK-NY
417     HHG     IN      Huntington, 2/27-0146, 6 sec cycle. JEK-NY
417     A       UNID         3/2-0015, V. weak, QRM, DAID, 10 sec
                        cycle, JEK-NY
419     RYS     MI      Grosse Ile, 2/27-0140, 3/2-0016. 6 sec
                        cycle, JEK-NY
423     CKP     IA      Cherokee 2/22-0530 New Catch, ex-206,
                        excellent sig, med fast ID, 6.5 s cycle,
                        JMS-BC
428     SN      UNID       3/2-0040, DAID, 10 sec cycle., JEK-NY
438     CFH     NSB     CFB Halifax 2/28-0527, New Catch, noted
                        v. strong, V marker JSM-BC
515     RRQ     IA      Rock Rapids 3/2-0543, New Catch, both
                        sidebands noted, 6.2 sec cycle, med fast,
                        JSM-BC
515     CL      WA      Port Angeles 2/24-0911, SF-CA
515     SAK     MT      Kalispell 3/4-0805, SF-CA
516     VPX     WV      Pineville, 2/26-0347, first WV, BP-TX
520     BF      WA      Seattle 2/22-0910, SF-CA
529     SQM     AK      Summer Strait, 3/25-0804, SR-OR
530     NB      ONT     North Bay 2/28-0558 New Catch, DAID,
                        1020Hz, 10.1 sec cycle, med speed,
                        logged at last! Have been looking for
                        this one the past 4 winters, JSM-BC

Thanks to:

JSM-BC: Steve McDonald (VE7SL), Pt Coquitlam, BC, with R-71a and
HB 8' active loop on 15' towerè
WEB-TX: William E. Bowers (KB5IQO), Stafford, TX with Racal -RA-
6793a+ LF mod Ant. LFE 400B, Burhans 3' loop, radio West 22"
ferrite.

JEK-NY: James Keller, Lockport, NY with Buirhans VLF-87
converter, DX-400 receiver, L400b on 20' mast, TUN-3, RF tuner/
Preamp (H.B.), MFJ 722, MFJ752B, MFJ752c audio filters

SF-CA: Stan Forsman, Campbell, CA with RBL-5, modified filters,
100' longwire and 5' loop

BP-TX: Bobby Pearce, Amarillo, TX, Kenwood R-5000, converter,
5000+' longwire ant.

SR-OR: Steve Ratzlaff, on vacation in Elgin, Oregon

SPM-ALTA: Shaun Merrigan, Edmonton, Alberta with NDR-525/R390a
ant: ARA30/75' L400b and 110' longwire

Long ago and far away (from this QTH!)

Back in the late 60's and early 70's I was living in Roseburg,
Oregon. In those days I was more interested in MW-DXing.  I noted
a station on the low end of the AM band sending OB in the DAID
format.  I was wondering if anyone might have an idea as to what
it was.  Seens to have gone off the air in the mid 70's.

Note from Steve McDonald:

At last condx showed a breif 'improvement' especially on the 28th
(UTC); best E-W condx noted in over a year. Am very plased with
the |NB-530 logging as I have been hunting for it for 4 years
now.  Once I logger D-399 in Ontario I put the NB freq in memory
and checked it every 30 sec; all told the beacon was in for about
30 minutes, peaking around 0610z.  The newly located CKP-423 is
proving to a great E-W propagation indicator; some nites it is
extremely strong. QSLs are off to all the new catches except the
RJ...my French is too poor!
.paè
Bernard Helms DX Loggings List for June 1989.

FREQ    ID      STATE   LOCATION /  NOTES
____    ____    _____   _________________

217     TST     CA      Lakeport, 3/25-1050, good, med-fast,
                        4.35 sec cycle, assigned ident LOP
                        noted on the air with this test ident.
                        Visited on 4/7, located west side Hwy 29
                        NE of Lampson Field; 55' umbrella
                        w/6 spoke tophat, DSB,   AWP-CA
219     YBL     BC      Campbell River, 2/27-0805, SPM-AB
234     X6      BC      Creston, 2/27-0815, 1020Hz, DAID, SPM-AB
245     YZE     ONT     Gore Bay, 3/19-0106, DAID, 10 sec cycle,
                        JK-NY
248     UL      PQ      Montreal, 3/19-0112, DAID, 10 sec cycle
                        JK-NY
254     SPK     NV      Reno, 2/27-0924, SPM-AB
256     FRU     UNID         3/19-0130, fast keying, DAID, JK-NY
258     ORJ     PA      Corry, 3/19-0139, DSB, fast keying, 5 sec
                        cycle, JK-NY
260     FRU     UNID         See 256kHz JK-NY
269     EL      NY      Wellsville, 3/19-0144, new catch, 5 sec cycle,
                        JK-NY
270     TEU or NU            3/19-0146, DAID, 5.5 sec cycle, JK-NY
272     YQA     ONT     Muskoka, 3/19-0151, DAID, 10 sec cycle, JK-NY
276     YEL     ONT     Elliot Lake, 3/22-0045, weak, DAID, 10 sec
                        cycle, JK-NY
278     NM      PQ      Matagami, 3/22-0053, v. weak, DAID, 10 sec
                        cycle, JK-NY
281     PT      PA      Williamsport, 3/19-0205, 10 sec cycle, JK-NY
282     TOT     CO      Denver 2/25-1300, med speed keying, USB=
                        282.03, SPM-AB
286     GD      ONT     Goderich, 3/22-0101, new catch, DAID, 10 sec
                        cycle, JK-NY
297     C       OH      Cleveland Harbor, 3/23-0025, slow keying, LSB,
                        DA3ID, 20 sec cycle, JK-NY
316     CR      OR      Columbia River Entrance, 3/25-1125, weak,
                        50/10 format, med speed, AWP-CA
318     R       PQ      Cap Des Rosiers, 3/27-0040, DAID, 10 sec cycle
                        JK-NY
323     FP      OH      Fairport Harbor, 3/27-0053, v. weak, DA15ID,
                        60 sec cycle (50/10? ed.) JK-NY
324     J       AK      Guard Is LS, 2/25-1145, med speed keying,
                        USB=325.02, SPM-AB
332     YFM     PQ      La Grande 4, 3/28-0032, new catch, DAID, 10
                        sec cycle, JK-NY
332     PHN     MI      Port Huron, 3/28-0034, fast keying, 6 sec
                        cycle, JK-NY
335     CNK     KS      Concordia, 2/25-1135, med speed keying,
                        USB=336.02, SPM-AB
335     YKF     ONT     Waterloo-Wellington, 3/28-0040, new catch,
                        DAID, 10 sec cycle, JK-NY
338     VTI     IA      Vinton, 2/25-1131, med speed keying,è                        1020Hz, USB=339.03, SPM-AB
338     DE      MI      Detroit, 3/28-0044, 6 sec cycle, JK-NY
341     DB      YT      Burwash, 2/25-1116, med speed keying,
                        1020Hz, DAID, USB=342.02, SPM-AB
341     OIN     KS      Oberlin, 2/25-1123, med speed keying,
                        LSB=339.97, no USB noted, SPM-AB
344     AVN     NY      Rochester, 3/28-0050, 8 sec cycle, TWEB,
                        JK-NY
353     F7      ONT     Georgian Bay, 3/28-0103, 3/29-0036,
                        new catch, v. weak, DAID, 10 sec cycle,
.paè
Bernard Helms DX Loggings List for July 1989.

FREQ    ID      STATE   LOCATION /  NOTES
____    ____    _____   _________________

194     TUK     MA      Nantucket, 4/15-0028 TWEB, JK-NY
203     MGC     IND     Michigan City 4/10-2121 JK-IL
206     IIB     IA      Independance 4/10-2003 JK-IL
209     GDW     MI      Gladwin, 4/15-0103, weak, JK-NY
209     DKB     IL      DeKalb 4/6-0117 JK-IL
212     VP      IN      Valparaiso 5/7-1704 JK-IL
212     E7      ONT     Goderich, 4/15-0111, DAID, new catch
                        JK-IL
212     AWW     IN      Winchester, 4/15-0116, new catch, QRN,
                        v. weak, 7 sec cycle, JK-NY
216     CLB     NC      Wilmington 4/2-0115 JK-IL: 4/15-0121
                        QRN, weak, 10 sec cycle, JK-NY
221a    TBB     UNID       5/5-1158 heard with SCR-221
                        7.96 sec cycle, med-fast keying,
                        by loop/fade-out east of me, probably
                        WA or SA, ET-AUS
223     YYW     ONT     Armstrong, 4/15-0128, fast keying, weak, QRN,
                        DAID, JK-NY
224     MO      ONT     Moosonee, 4/15-0131, new catch, QRN, weak
                        10 sec cycle, DAID, JK-NY
230     VYS     IL      LaSalle 4/11-0112 JK-IL
242     GM      WI      Milwaukee, 4/9-0110, TWEB, JK-IL
245     YZE     ONT     Gore Bay, 4/19-0121, v weak, QRN, DAID
                        10 sec cycle, JK-NY
248     MX      IL      Chicago, 4/4-0101, JK-IL
248     UL      PQ      Montreal, 4/19-0127, QRN, DAID, 10 sec cycle
                        JK-NY
254     BOZ     IL      Rockford, 4/10-0042, JK-IL
254     CMW     AUS     Camooweal QLD 4/10-1243 ET-AUS
254     HRX     AUS     Harriet Platform off WA, 5/3-2207
                        6.33 sec cycle, med-fast keying
                        100w, private beacon of Bond Corp.
                        ET-AUS
255     SO      INS     Solo/Surakarta,4/25-2202 Java,
                        cycle 7.2 s, med. keying, ET-AUS
258     ORJ     PA      Corry, 4/19-0136, QRN, v. weak, 5.5 sec cycle,
                        JK-NY
260     PYA     NY      Penn Yan, 4/20-0025, fast keying, 6.5 sec
                        cycle, JK-NY
261     SKU     NY      Newburg, 4/20-0022 neg. keying FRU, 5 sec
                        cycle (thanks to Ken Stryker for ID), JK-NY
263     GGP     IN      Logensport, 5/3-0712, JK-IL
265     SJ      SNG     St. Johns Is., 4/25-2209 ET-AUS
269     NBU     IL      Glenview, 4/10-0248, JK-IL
272     MUT     IA      Muscatine, 5/3-2246, JK-IL
272     EA      NE      Kearney, 4/20-0055, new catch, QRN, v. weak,
                        DAID, 6 sec cycle, JK-NY
272     YQA     ONT     Muskoka, 4/20-0101, DAID, 10 sec cycle
                        JK-NYè276     TL      AUS     Townsville QLD, First logging since '87
                        4/12-1241, ET-AUS
281     PT      PA      Williamsport, 4/22-0059, strong, QRN, v. weak
                        10 sec cycle, JK-NY
282     PK      MLA     Pekan/Kuantan, Selangor, 5/9-2046, ET-AUS
287a    LEC     UNID       5/9-1246, suspect further change of call/
                        status for LC-287, ET-AUS
294     C       OH      Cleveland, 5/3-0303, 25 letters with 10 sec
                        dash, JK-IL
297     OQ      NY      Oak Orchard, 4/22-0106, DA13ID, 60 sec cycle
                        JK-NY
298     M       WI      Milwaukee, 5/6-1725, M followed by 5 sec
                        tone, JK-IL
302     BN      AUS     Crisbane QLD 4/21-1853 ET-AUS
310     H       FL      Egmont Key, 4/22-0142, v. weak, DA33ID
                        61 sec cycle, JK-NY
312a    MEK     UNID       5/9-1239, cycle 9.68s, med keying,
                        when last reported this call was on 359a
                        ET-AUS
312     M       MI      Manitoh Is. Light, 4/22-0147,new catch,
                        seq 4, JK-NY
314     P       MI      Ft. Gratiot Light, 4/22-0150, DA25ID, JK-NY
318     R       PQ      Cap Des Rosiers, 4/22-0154, QRM/QRN, DAID,
                        10 sec cycle, Jk-NY
323     UWP     NFLD    Argentina, 4/22-0158, new catch, DAID
                        10 sec cycle, JK-NY
326     VV      ONT     Wiarton, 5/6-1735, JK-IL
332     HK      IL      Chicago, 4/4-0010, JK-IL
332     PHN     MI      Port Huron, 4/28-0051, QRM, weak,
                        6 sec cycle, JK-NY
335     RWN     IN      Winamac, 4/26-0120, JK-IL
338     DE      MI      Detroit, 4/28-0058, QRM, weak, 6 sec cycle
                        JK-NY
343     MS      MAU     Plaisance, 4/25-2154,5/5-2228, DAID,
                        ET-AUS
350     ME      IL      Chicago, 4/4-0014, JK-IL
356     PI      IL      Peoria, 4/8-0150, JK-IL
356     VES     OH      Versailles, 4/8-0150, JK-IL
358     5SM     MDG     Toamasina, 4/27-2157, DAID, ET-AUS
359     UES     WI      Waukesha, 4/10-0018, JK-IL
362     RZL     IN      Rensselaer, 4/10-0018, JK-IL
362     SB      ONT     Sudbury, 5/6-0402, JK-IL
365     OL      INS     Balikpapan/Sepinggan, Kalimantan
                        4/29-2215, ET-AUS
371     RYV     WI      Watertown, 5/8-1910, JK-IL
377     MCX     IN      Monticello, 5/13-2342, JK-IL
377     CWI     IA      Clinton, 5/13-1639, JK-IL
385     HYX     MI      Saginaw, 4/28-0145, QRN, QRM, v. weak,
                        5.5 sec cycle, JK-NY
388     DT      MI      Detroit, 4/28-0149, QRN, QRM, v. weak
                        6 sec cycle, JK-NY
391     CPB     IN      Culver, 5/13-0030, JK-IL
400     MS      WI      Madison, 5/13-0033, JK-IL
404     LVV     WI      Delevan, 5/13-0034, JK-IL
407     SWH     AUS     Swan Hill VIC, 4/25-1215 ET-AUSè409     YTA     ONT     Pembroke, 5/5-0035, QRM, v. weak, DAID
                        10 sec cycle, JK-NY
410     PB      AFS     Pietersburg 4/25-2155 ET-AUS
411     VFU     OH      Van Wert, 5/14-1916, JK-IL
413a    MTI     UNID       5/9-1324, cycle 9.38, med keying,
                        to NE of me, ET-AUS
414     PCW     OH      Port Clinton, 5/5-0044, v. weak,
                        fast keying, 7 sec cycle, JK-NY
414     3U      PQ      Gatineau, 5/5-0050, new catch, QRM,
                        v. weak, DAID, 10 sec cycle, JK-NY
417     HHG     IN      Huntington, 5/14-1543, JK-IL
419     RYS     MI      Grosse Ile, 5/5-0057, fast keying,
                        5.5 sec cycle, JK-NY
432     NMG     UNID       4/10-0229, Sending Med. speed cw
                        wx reports and omega maint. sked,
                        JK-IL
436     WCC     MA      Chatham, 4/6-0300, Calling CQ 9KQF DE
                        WCC QRU, JK-IL
438     CFH     NS      Halifax, 4/6-0304, calling CQ C13L
                        and NAWB DE CFH, JK-IL

Thanks to:

ET-AUS: J. Eric Thew, Ballajura 6066, Western Australia

JK-IL: Jim Krenek K9YJL, La Grange Park, IL: Kenwood R5000
        TN3 wire tuner, 128' indoor attic antenna-end fed

JK-NY: James E. Keller, Lockport, NY: L400B ant on 20' mast
        TUN-3, Homebrew tuner/preamp, VLF-87 converter, DX-400
        receiver, 3 audiio filters
.paè
Bernard Helms DX Loggings List for August 1989.

FREQ   ID      STATE  LOCATION /  NOTES
____   ____    _____  _________________

194     TUK     MA      Nantucket 5/13-0103 QRN, v. weak
                        unable to hear TWEB JK-NY
198     DIW     NC      Dixon 5/13-0111 QRN, v. weak, 7.5 sec
                        cycle, JK-NY
212     TBB     AUS     Tumby Bay SA, 5/13-1249, new NDB, ET-AUS
216     CLB     NC      Wilmington 5/13-0128,v. weak, QRN,
                        10 sec cycle, JK-NY
230     VG      ALTA    Vermillion 5/31-1046, 5/31-1110, WH-CA
236     YZA     BC      Ashcroft 5/31-1052 WH-CA
236     BKT     AUS     Burketown QLD, 5/14-1417, new beacon,
                        new catch, 9.42 s cycle, med-fast keying,
                        ET-AUS
242     NAB     AUS     Nabarlek NT, 6/4-1442, new catch, ET-AUS
245     YZE     ONT     Gore Bay 5/19-0125, QRN, QRM, DAID, 10
                        sec cycle, JK-NY
245     HE      BC      Hope 5/30-1131, WH-CA
248     UL      PQ      Montreal 5/19-0129, QRN, QRM, DAID
                        10 sec cycle, JK-NY
258     ORJ     PA      Corry 5/19-0145, QRN, QRM, 5.5 sec cycle
                        JK-NY
272     YQA     ONT     Muskoka 5/19-0154, QRN, QRM, DAID, 10 sec
                        cycle JK-NY
274     CQI     ID      Council 5/31-1112, WH-CA
280     Y       UNID      5/19-0200 weak, QRN, DAID, 10 sec cycle
                        JK-NY
284     DPG     UT      Dugway Proving Grounds, 5/29-1131 WH-CA
287     LEC     AUS     Leigh Creek SA, 6/9-1211, ex LC-287
                        FSU de-commissioned, ET-AUS
288     SL      CA      San Luis Obispo, 5/28-0902, WH-CA
294     SC      CA      Santa Cruz Breakwater LS 5/29-1145, WH-CA
296     R       NS      Cape Roseway 5/29-1210, WH-CA
298     ML      CA      Moss Landing 6/2-1018 WH-CA
300     B       PQ      Rea Islet LS 6/2-0915 WH-CA
305     ON      Chile   Puerto Montt 5/28-0918, WH-CA
306     W       NY      Oswego, 5/28-0906, WH-CA
308     OE      WI      Sturgeon Bay Canal, 5/28-0912, WH-CA
312     MEK     AUS     Meekatharra, 5/11-0143,ex MR-312, Flight
                        Service Unit  (FSU)  de-commissioned,
                        ET-AUS
314     YN      SASK    Swift Current, 5/31-1118, WH-CA
314     VM      CA      Ventura Marina S, Jetty  6/1-0915, WH-CA
320     YQF     ALTA    Red Deer, 5/31-1125 WH-CA
320     BRM     AUS     Broome WA, 5/25-2051, ex-BR-320,
                        FSU de-commissioned, ET-AUS
323     CAR     AUS     Carnarvon WA, 6/1-2031, ex CR-323, FSU
                        de-commissioned, ET-AUS
325     BO      CA      Bodega Head, 5/30-1050, WH-CA
326     CI      IA      Ceder Rapids, 5/30-1107, WH-CA
332     PHN     MI      Port Huron 5/27-0106, 6 sec cycle, JK-NYè332a    MK      UNID      5/25-2050, almost continuous repetition
                        to the NE of ET-AUS
338     DE      MI      Detroit 5/27-0109, 6 sec cycle, JK-NY
340     SN      MLA     Sandakan, Sabah, 5/25-2045, new catch
                        ET-AUS
344a    XMR     UNID      5/13-2014 N of ET-AUS
345a    XMAR    UNID      5/15-2211, 6/9-2021, cycle 7 sec, fast
                        but spaced keying, to the N of ET-AUS
347     SBX     MT      Shelby 5/28-0920, WH-CA
348     MNC     WA      Shelton 5/28-0932, WH-CA
349a    XP      UNID      6/9-2023, med-keying,cycle 9.73 sec, suspect
                        AUS NBD but where? to the N of ET-AUS
354     ZES     BC      Cape Scott 6/1-0931, WH-CA
356     FR      OR      Medford, 6/1-0922, WH-CA
366     YMW     PQ      Maniwaki, 5/27-0142, QRN, QRM v. weak, DAID,
                        10 sec cycle, JK-NY
368     SIR     WY      Rawlings, 5/28-0946, WH-CA
368     ZP      BC      Sandspit, 5/28-1002, WH-CA
372     CQD     PA      Erie, 5/27-0146, QRM from L, 8 sec cycle
                        JK-NY
374     EP      BC      Estevan Point, 5/31-1130, 6/1-0946, WH-CA
374     LW      ID      Lewiston 5/28-1010, WH-CA
382     EA      ALTA    Empress, 5/28-1015, WH-CA
382     FXR     REU     St. Denis/Gillot, 5/30-2248, little or no
                        modulation, DAID, ET-AUS
383     PI      ID      Pocatello, 5/30-1127, WH-CA
383     MM      OR      McMinnville 6/1-1010, WH-CA
385     WL      BC      Williams Lake 5/28-1030, WH-CA
385     DT      MI      Detriot, 5/27-0205, QRM from X, v. weak
                        6 sec cycle, JK-NY
385     HYX     MI      Saginaw, 5/27-0210, QRM from X, v. weak
                        5.5 sec cycle, JK-NY
391     EBY     WA      Neah Bay, 6/1-1020, WH-CA
392     EUR     MT      Eureka, 5/30-1120, WH-CA
392     PNA     WY      Pinedale, 6/1-1022, WH-CA
393     FXI     Tahiti  Papeete, 6/1-1026, WH-CA
396     ZBB     Bahamas South Bimini, 6/9-0136, QRM from A, 6 sec
                        cycle, JK-NY
404a    XA      UNID      6/6-1850, med-fast keying, cycle 6.13 sec
                        (suspect faulty code-wheel on KA-404, but
                        keying/cycle too fast for AUS NDB) to the
                        N of ET-AUS
407     GTE     AUS     Groote Eylandt NT, 5/14-1358, 15w, new catch
                        ET-AUS
413     OEG     AZ      Yuma, 6/1-1030, WH-CA
415     LO      MT      West Yellowstone, 6/1-1029, WH-CA
416     MTI     AUS     Mornington Is. QLD 5/12-2029 new beacon
                        co-ordinates 16.40s 139.10e, ET-AUS
419     RYS     MI      Grosse Isle, 6/9-0149, 5 sec cycle, JK-NY
427a    PKD     INS     Surabaya Radio, Java, 5/21-1302, Tfc list
                        ET-AUS

Thanks to:

JK-NY: Jim Keller, Lockport, NY  L400B ant on 20' mast, TUN-3èHB RF tuner/preamp, Berhans VLF-87 converter, DX-400 receiver,
3 audio filters

WH-CA: Willian O. Hooper, Los Altos, CA

ET-AUS: J. Eric Thew, Ballajura, W. Australia, with Braun T-1000
and HB loop

.paè
Bernard Helms DX Loggings List for October 1989.

FREQ   ID      STATE  LOCATION /  NOTES
____   ____    _____  _________________

208     SSN     NY      Romulus, 7/21-0124, new catch, QRM
                        from FD, v. weak, 8.5 sec cycle, JK-NY
227     YEO     PQ      Lake Eon, 7/21-0140, new catch, v. weak,
                        DAID, 10 sec cycle, JK-NY
240     ABA     AUS     Albany, WA, ex-AL, med. speed keying,
                        10 sec cycle, ET-AUS
240     BA      INS     Blora Town, Java, 7/22-1150, ET-AUS
242     GDG     AUS     Gidgie Goldmine, 7/22-0650, near Sandstone
                        WA, DAID (SR-HI please note ET-AUS), ET-AUS
248     UL      PQ      Montreal, 7/21-0153, QRM from KZ, DAID,
                        10 sec cycle, JK-NY
272     YQA     ONT     Muskoka, 7/22-0124, DAID, 10 sec cycle,
                        JK-NY
285.24  JM      UNID      8/3-2125, 8/4-2026, 2DA2ID, ET-AUS
287     MU      UNID      8/3-2121, 2IDLP, ET-AUS
296.4   FLI     AUS     Flinders Is. TAS, 8/8-2043, only USB
                        heard, ET-AUS
302a    ZAM     PHIL    Zamboanga, Mindanao 7/13-2031 and most
                        nights to 7/29 ET-AUS
303a    GM      URS     Mys Gamova LS 7/18-2021, ET-AUS
303a    PO      URS     Mys Povorotnyy LS 7/18-2023, ET-AUS
303a    PM      UNID        7/21-1948, 2 ID followed by a long pause
                        ET-AUS
304     AXB     AUS     Cape Leeuwin Lt 7/21-2233, DA2ID (SR-HI
                        please note, ET-AUS) ZAM, PO, GM, PM all
                        heard in the LSB of AXB  ET-AUS
310     AM      UNID       7/11-2011, 2DA2ID, ET-AUS
318     R       PQ      Cap Des Rosiers, 7/22-0150 10 sec cycle,
                        DAID, JK-NY
332     YFM     PQ      La Grande 4, 7/28-0214, QRM from IA, DAID,
                        10 sec cycle, JK-NY
332     DBY     AUS     Derby WA, ex-DB, 8/5-2129, now privately
                        operated, ET-AUS
348     CIN     AUS     Derby/Curtin AFB 7/28-1234 and nightly
                        thereafter, 9.69 sec cycle, think this
                        replaced DES-350, but official confirmation
                        not obtained at 8/10 ET-AUS
350     DES     AUS     Derby South, 7/11-2014 and nightly to 7/26
                        CIN-348, ET-AUS
350     OC      INS     Semarang/Achmad Yani, Java, 7/28-1225,
                        ET-AUS
362     XMAR    UNID       7/14-1924, to the NE, sounds like the
                        same xmitter on 345a ET-AUS
365     CA      INS     Cirebon/Panggung, Java, 8/5-2116, medium
                        speed keying, 7.48 sec cycle, ET-AUS
374     SA      NS      Sable Island, 8/1-0136, QRM from ELM, DAID,
                        10 sec cycle, JK-NY
388     3Z      AB      Taber, 7/4-1057, good, 1020Hz AP-CA
390     OU      INS     Banjarmasin/Syamsuddin Noor, Kalimantan,è                        7/28-1213, ET-AUS
395     MOG     AUS     Mount Magnet WA, 7/21-2006, 11.16sec,
                        med. fast keying, sounds like a new xmitter
                        ET-AUS
396     LM      AUS     Learmont WA, 7/13-2036, fast keying,
                        XP not heard, ET-AUS
396     XP      AUS     UNID  7/11-2009 Heard in the place of
                        LM-396; assume Learmonth AFB testing new
                        and more powerful beacon, 11.54 sec,
                        med. keying, ET-AUS
414     BC      PQ      Baie Comeau, 8/1-0152, DAID, 10 sec cycle,
                        JK-NY
419     RYS     MI      Grosse Ile, 8/1-0156, v. weak, fast keying,
                        5.5 sec cycle, JK-NY
444     VOK     NFLD    Cartwright, Labrador 8/9-0221 Marine
                        forecast for Labrador waters, weak
                        but readable BC-VT

Thanks to:

BC-VT: Bob Curtis  W1EXZ, Colchester, VT with NRD-515 and longwire
AP-CA: Arthur W. Peterson, Richmond, CA with FRG-7, converter,
   AF filter, longwire ant.
JK-NY: Jim Keller, Lockport, NY, with l400B on 20' mast, TUN-3,
   Homebrew RF tuner/preamp, Burhans VLF-87 converter, DX-400
   receiver, 3 MFJ audio filters
ET-AUS: J. Eric Thew, Ballajura, Western Australia, with Braun
   T-1000 to 7/25 and Kenwood R5000 after, ant is homebrew loop
   (So you won the Lotto!!  Have fun with the new receiver-ed)
.paè

Bernard Helms DX Loggings List for November 1989.

FREQ     ID     STATE    LOCATION /  NOTES
____    ____    _____    _________________

171     AT(?)   UNID        1200-1500 9/3 to 9/7 WOH-CA
182.8   H2      CA       Decanso 1315-8/31, WOH-CA
183     UNID                music and voice (Russian ?) 1350-9/9,
                         WOH-CA
183.5   Z1      CA       San Jose 1357-9/6, WOH-CA
189     UNID    UNID        music and voice (Russian?)  1353-9/9,
                         WOH-CA
194     TUK     MA       Nantucket, 0107-8/18, TWEB, weak, unable to
                         copy voice, 7 sec cycle, JK-NY
198     DIW     NC       Dixon, 0714-9/21, 10.5 sec cycle KB-IN
204     RMD     OR       McDermitt, 1231-9/2, new catch, 5.6 sec
                         cycle, med fast both sidebands noted, JSM-BC
206     GLS     TX       Houston, 0623-9/21, KB-IN
212     OVE     CA       Oroville Muni, 1350-9/2, good, first time
                         noted with official ident. (ex-TST), 5.84
                         sec cycle, med fast keying, AWP-CA :
                         1235-8/31, WOH-CA: 1242-8/30, new catch, 5.8
                         sec cycle, fast speed, both side bands noted,
                         JSM-BC
218     RL      ONT      Red Lake 1343-9/7, WOH-CA
227     CG      BC       Castlegar 1150-9/2, DAID, WOH-CA
245     TLR     CA       Tulare 1229-8/30, new catch, 8.2 sec cycle,
                         med speed, both sidebands noted well JSM-BC
248     UL      PQ       Montreal 0200-8/18,QRM from KZ, DAID, 10
                         sec cycle, JK-NY
250     FO      MAN      Flin Flon, 1208-9/7, DAID, WOH-CA
265     SJ      SNG      St. Johns Is. 2016-8/11, ET-AUS
266     VR      BC       Vancouver 1322-9/9, DAID, WOH-CA
269     YK      BC       Castlegar 1210-9/2, DAID, WOH-CA
272     CHX     UNID        1238-9/14, v. slow id, WOH-CA
272     UNID    UNID         1247-9/9, music and voice (russian?)
                         WOH-CA
272     YQA     ONT      Muskoka, 0229-8/19, QRM from EL, strong,
                         DAID, 10 sec cycle, JK-NY
275     PLS     MT       Polson 1251-9/7, WOH-CA
276     YEL     ONT      Elliot Lake, 0235-8/19, DAID, 10 sec cycle,
                         JK-NY
282     PK      MLA      Pekan/Kuantan 1212-8/22, ET-AUS
283     PT      ONT      Pelee Island 0244-8/19, QRN, DAID, 10 sec
                         cycle, JK-NY
284     2U      BC       Mackenzie, 1157-9/11, DAID, new catch, 10.5
                         sec, 400Hz, med speed, JSM-BC
285     MU      INS      Tanjung Beteng (State?), 1951-9/9, DA2ID LP
                         2ID but probably not complete cycle, ET-AUS
294     L       ONT      Long Point L.S., 0253-8/19, seq 25, DA3ID,
                         20 sec cycle, JK-NY
299     TV      Alta     Turner Valley, 1305-9/7, WOH-CA
308     O       BC       Triple Island, 1237-9/1, New catch, DA3ID, è                         19.9 sec cycle, slow, seq 2/5, JSM-BC
310     AM      INS      Ambon/Tanjung Nusanive, 2DA2ID, LP, medium
                         keying, 1212-8/26, ET-AUS
310     H       FL       Egmont Key LS, 1220-9/1, groups of 3, WOH-CA
311     HY      NWT      Hay River, 1145-9/3, new catch, DAID, 10.2
                         sec, 400Hz, med speed, v. strong, JSM-BC
312     UNT     BC       Naramata, 1220-9/2, DAID, WOH-CA
314     SPY     AK       St. Paul Is. 1253-9/9, WOH-CA (wonder if the
                         ident. was chosen to tease the Russians!)
317     R       ONT      Trenton CFB, 0055-8/20, DAID, 10 sec cycle,
                         JK-NY
320     HTN     MT       Miles City, 1307-9/14, WOH-CA
323     FP      OH       Fairport Harbor, 0110-8/20, strong, DA14ID
                         61 sec cycle, JK-NY
324     ID      ID       Idado Falls, 1335-9/9, WOH-CA
325     BO      CA       Bodega Head, 1354-9/7, WOH-CA
326     BHF     Bah      Grand Bank, 0616-9/21, new catch, 8.5 sec
                         cycle KB-IN
328     LAC     WA       Tacoma (Army) 1331-9/8, WOH-CA
330     D       ARG      San Del Estero 1310-9/8, DA3ID, WOH-CA(?)
332     POA     HI       Pahoa, 1240-9/2, WOH-CA
332     PHN     MI       Port Huron, 0139-8/20, QRM from IA and PHN
                         6 sec cycle, JK-NY
332     YFM     PQ       LaGrande 4, 0146-8/20, QRM from IA and PHN,
                         DAID, 10 sec cycle, JK-NY
338     DE      MI       Detroit, 0150-8/20, weak, 6 sec cycle, JK-NY
343     MS      MAU      Plaisance, 2244-8/20, DAID, ET-AUS
344     CL      OH       Cleveland, 0121-9/6, TWEB, v. weak, covered
                         by AVN, 5sec cycle, JK-NY
344     DN      AUS      Darwin NT, TWEB, 2040-9/6, ET-AUS
347     NID     UNID        UNID (could this be NUD-347 Adak AK mis
                         keying?) 1310-8/31, WOH-CA
350     CIN     AUS      Derby/Curtain RAAF 2145-8/17, corrects report
                         in Oct. DX-Downstairs, ET-AUS
353     F7      ONT      Georgian Bay / Barry Sound, 0156-9/6, still
                         being keyed D7, DAID, 10 sec cycle, JK-NY
360     PN      PQ       Port Menier, 0209-9/6, v. weak covered by LYS
                         DAID, 10 sec cycle, JK-NY
362     SB      ONT      Sudbury, 0219-9/6, weak, covered by YLS,
                         DAID, 10 sec cycle
366     YMW     PQ       Maniwaki, 0226-9/6, almost burried by L, DAID
                         10 sec cycle, JK-NY
367     HA      Fr. Poly Hoa Atoll, 1219-8/30, DA2ID, v. strong
                         several mornings, JSM-BC
371     ITU     MT       Great Falls, 1311-9/7, new catch, WOH-CA
372     CQD     PA       Erie, 0243-9/6, QRM from ELM, 8 sec cycle,
                         JK-NY
372     UQN     GA       Vidalia, 0632-9/21, 6.5 sec cycle, KB-IN
374     SA      NS       Sable Island, 0250-9/6, QRM from ELM, DAID,
                         10 sec cycle, JK-NY
375     OJ      INS      Hasanuddin/Ujung Pandang, Sulawesi, 2037-8/28
                         ET-AUS
382     FXR     REU      St. Denis/Gillot, 2101-8/20, DAID, ET-AUS
383.4   WON     AUS      Wonthaggi, VIC 8/21-2040, only USB heard,
                         ET-AUSè385     HYX     MI       Saginaw, 0022-9/11, fast keying, QRM from X
                         5.5 sec cycle, JK-NY
388     JW      Alta     Pigeon 1252-9/14, DAID, WOH-CA
388     GE      WA       Spokane 1257-9/14, WOH-CA
391     MS      UNID        1346-9/8, DAID, WOH-CA
393     UKS     USPI     Kosrae Island, 1403-9/7, WOH-CA
394     YB      ONT      North Bay, 0032-9/11, v weak, almost buried
                         under OO, 10 sec cycle, DAID, JK-NY
395     OW      INS      Palembang/Talangbetutu, Sumatra, 1342-8/27,
                         ET-AUS
396     PH      PQ       Inukjuak, 0038-9/11, v weak, QRM from A,
                         DAID, 10 sec cycle, JK-NY
396     ZBB     Bah      S. Bimini, 0637-9/21, 6 sec cycle, KB-IN
400     WR      INS      Waru/Surabaya, Java, 1340-8/27, ET-AUS
404     ZR      ONT      Sarnia, 0054-9/11, new catch, almost buried
                         under R, DAID, 10 sec cycle, JK-NY
412     SO      Vatuatu  Luganville Santo/Pekoa 1310-9/14, WOH-CA(?)
414     PCW     OH       Port Clinton, 0109-9/11, v. weak, fast
                         keying, 6 sec cycle, JK-NY
414     HQ      WA       Hoquiam, 1226-9/2, WOH-CA
416     MTI     AUS      Mornington Is. QLD 1331-8/27, ET-AUS
417     HHG     IN       Huntington, 0114-9/11, v weak, 7 sec cycle,
                         copied on LSB, JK-NY
419     RYS     MI       Grosse Ile, 0119-9/11, fast keying, QRN, 5.5
                         sec cycle, JK-NY
424     RVJ     GA       Reidsville, 0642-9/21, 6 sec cycle, KB-IN
429     JNM     GA       Monroe, 0645-9/21, weak, KB-IN
432     MHP     GA       Metter, 0646-9/21, 6 sec cycle, KB-IN
1650.7  TI      AZ       Kingman, 1234-9/1, 1226-9/6, WOH-CA
1687.3  D       CA       Descanso, 1218-9/2, 1228-9/6, WOH-CA


Thanks to:

KB-IN: Ken Berkebile (NB9I), Merrillville, IN with 4' whip on 40'
tower (no amp.) homebrew converter IF at 80 meters,  one stage
tuneable RF amp, Kenwood TS-130s with 270 Hz filter

AWP-CA : Arthur Peretson, Richmond, CA

JK-NY: James Keller, Lockport, NY with L400b on 20' mast, HB
tuner/preamp, Burhans VLF-87 converter, DX-400 receiver, 3
audio filters

WOH-CA: William Hooper, Los Altos, CA with HB regenerative pre-amp, LF
Engineering converter, Magnavox receiver, MFJ audio filter

JSM-BC: Steve McDonald, Port Coquitlam, BC with R-71a and HB 8'
shielded loop with Burhan's preamp on 20' tower

ET-AUS: Eric Thew, Ballajura, Western Australia with R-5000 and
home brew loop


è
Bernard Helms DX Loggings List for December 1989.

FREQ     ID     STATE   LOCATION /  NOTES
____    ____    _____   _________________

162             UNID       10/13-1800, irregular data burst, sounded
                        like packet transmission or white noise, +10db
                        on S meter, also noted to be alternating
                        between 162, 168, and 172, JMK-CO
176.850 7FS               10/9(?)  KAR-WA
204     RMD     OR      McDermitt 10/8-1149, med speed keying, 6.9 sec
                        cycle, USB=205.06, SPM-AB
206     EF      BC      Castlegar 10/8-1142, USB=207.03, 1020Hz, DAID,
                        10.35 sec cycle, SPM-AB
212     BCY     OK      Boise City 10/8-11347 med fast keying, 8.6 sec
                        cycle, USB=212.03, No LSB noted, SPM-AB
216     CLB     NC      Carolina Beach 11/5-0520, RWP-NJ
233     FPK     UNID      11/5-0529,RWP-NJ
241     EW      NJ      Newark 11/5-0530, RWP-NJ
248     IAI     UNID      11/5-0533, RWP-NJ
254     CAT     NJ      Morristown 11/5-0537, RWP-NJ
263     JDN     MT      Jordan 8/7-0647, Med fast keying, 6.7 sec
                        cycle, defect in keying makes the J sound
                        like four dashes, USB=263.97,SPM-AB
265     SJ      SNG     St. John Is. 9/25-1931, ET-AUS
269     RT      UNID       11/5-0540, RWP-NJ
272     V1      SK      Moose Jaw, 10/9-1234, 1020  Hz, med. speed
                        keying, 10.2sec, SPM-AB
275     ING     PA      Amber 11/5-0545, RWP-NJ
282     PK      MLA     Pekan/Kuantan, Pahang(?), 9/30-1858, ET-AUS
284     DPG     UT      Dugway Proving Grounds, 10/4-1251, med speed
                        keying, USB=285.02, SPM-AB
285     TM      Col     Tumaco 11/5-0546, RWP-NJ
285     MU      INS     Tanjung Beteng (State?), 9/29-2009, 2DA2ID,
                        ID on 285.0 possibly A1, ET-AUS
285     JM      INS     Kanrangjamunag (state?),9/13-2027, 10/7-2105,
                        2DA2ID, ID on 285.0, possibly A1, ET-AUS
290     TF      INS     Branti/Tanjung Karang, Sumatra, 9/24-2048,
                        ET-AUS
291     RT      NY      Fire Island 11/5-0549, RWP-NJ
314     ZN      MB      Portage La Prairie CFB, 10/9-1155, 1020Hz
                        pitch, DAID, med speed keying, 10.45 sec cycle,
                        new catch, SPM-AB
318     DI      INS     Dewakang Besar (island between Kalimantan &
                        Sulawesi,) 9/23-2046, 2DA2ID, ET-AUS
329     MK      INS     Pulau Matak, (State?) 9/22-2052, ET-AUS
343     MS      Mau     Plaisance, 9/20-2132, 10/5-2140, DAID, ET-AUS
350     OC      INS     Achmad Yani, Java, 9/23-2044, ET-AUS
358     5SM     MDG     Toamasina?Tamatave, 9/25-1934, DAID, ET-AUS
363     RNB     NJ      Millville 11/5-0555, RWP-NJ
365     ADT     KS      Atwood  10/9-1134, med fast, 4.7 sec cycle,
                        USB=366.01, SPM-AB
365     SFF     WA      Spokane 10/8-1240, med keying, USB=366.03
                        new catch, SPM-ABè365     OL      INS     Seppinggan, Kalimantan, 10/3-2035, ET-AUS
366     PLV     OR      Wilsonville 10/9-1308,USB=367.02, SPM-AB
368     L       ONT     Toronto 11/5-0610, RWP-NJ
369     TT      NJ      Trenton 11/5-0611, RWP-NJ
371     YK      WA      Yakima 10/8-1242, SPM-AB
373     JF      NY      JFK International 11/5-0618, RWP-NJ
375     YMJ     SK      Moose Jaw CFB, 10/9-1703, 1020 Hz pitch,
                        med fast keying, 10.8 sec cycle, USB=376.03
                        SPM-AB
375     OJ      INS     Hasanuddin, Sulawesi, 9/11-2014, 10/7-2215,
                        inter-character gap sometimes. ET-AUS
379     GKQ     NJ      Newark  11/5-0627, RWP-NJ
382     FXR     REU     St. Denis/Gillot, 9/10-2038, 9/24-2057, DAID,
                        ET-AUS
388     NXX     UNID       11/5-0619, RWP-NJ
391     DDP     PR      San Juan 11/5-0625, RWP-NJ
395     DL      UNID       11/5-0640, RWP-NJ
395     DW      INS     Talangbetutu, Sumatra, 9/22-2103, 10/6-1946,
                        ET-AUS
396     ZBB     Bahamas Bimini  11/5-0635, RWP-NJ
414     HQ      WA      Hoquiam, 10/9-1322, med speed keying, 6 sec
                        cycle, LSB=412.92, No USB noted, SPM-AB
417     IY      IA      Charles City, 10/8-0521, USB=418.0, SPM-AB
426     EN      NE      Omaha 10/8-1220, med speed keying, USB=427.01
                        SPM-AB
516     YWA     ONT     Petawawa  11/5-0753, RWP-NJ
530     WNFC221             10/9(?), xmission with Test tape
                        heard both in Vancouver, WA and Portland,
                        OR KAR-WA

Thanks to:

RWP-NJ: Richard W. Parker (KB2DMD), Trenton, NJ with Collins
R-389/URR and 150' longwire ant.

JMK-CO: John M. Knight, Florissant, CO with FRG-7700 and long wire
ant.

KAR-WA: K.A. Roegner (W7OIN), Vancouver, WA equipment not given
on report

SPM-AB: Shaun P. Merrigan, Edmonton, AB with NRD525"M" and various
ant.

ET-AUS: J. Eric Thew, Ballajura, Western Australia with Kenwood R5000
and DIY loop


.paè
Steve Martin's List of Lowfer transmitter operators, Sept 1989.

Bill       DeCarle    VE3OBE  *

Harry      Lanier     KF4VK  4VK                               AL

Chuck      Roblin     WB6QLF QLF
                      614 Marguerita Ave.  Santa Monica        CA 90402
                      ZORI also

Wallie     Jones      W6SZQ  WJ
                      9090 Nagle Avenue    Arleta              CA 91331

Frank      Cathell    K3YAZ  H
                      P. O. Box 535
                      10405 Tanglewood Ln  Desconso            CA 92016

Cliff      Buttschardt W6HDO  HDO
                      950 Pacific Street   Morro Bay           CA 93442

Michael    Midke      WB6EER Z2
                      P. O. Box 123        San Simeon          CA 93452

Steve      Ratzlaff          SR
                      900 Henderson, 60 A  Sunnyvale           CA 94086

Steve      McGreevy   N6NKS  TLX
                      45 Elda Drive        San Rafael          CA 94903

John       Ramsey     N1AKB  JR
                      P. O. Box 868        W. Hartford         CT 06107

Jack    H. Ross       K4NTD  NTD
                      P. O. Box 167        Oakland             FL 32760-0167
                      no longer active

Chris   M. Catotti    1606 South Dover Rd. Dover               FL 33527-9387

Thomas  E. Gruis      K0HTF  D
                      1243-48th Street     Des Moines          IA 50311-2405
                      515-277-2512

Ken        Stryker    2856-G West Touhy Av Chicago             IL 60645
                      unid beacons editor

Brice      Anderson   W9PNE  BA
                      P. O. Box 14         Lancaster           IL 62855

Henry   H. Lee  III   KB1PE  HL
                      24 Cutler Drive      Ashland             MA 01721

Jack       Berman     W1BGW  BN
                      28 New Haven Street  West Roxbury        MA 02132
èMike       Tuggle            TUG
                      6613 Jefferson Blvd  Frederick           MD 21701-5815
                      301-371-9390

David   C. Holland    K3YAY  DCH
                      300 South Main St.   Berlin              MD 21811

Bob     D. Null       N4QR   N
                      501 North First Ave  Maiden              NC 28650

Norman     Harbison   K2NH   MOO
                      RR 2  Box 224        Monroeville         NJ 08343
                      also NH

James   E. Keller
                      6763 Minnick Road    Lockport            NY 14094-9519
                      Lot 206 Suburban Acr

Chester    Koziol     W2IHX  2IHX
                      129 North 19th St.   Olean               NY 14760

David   J. Raney      WC8E   UPN
                      4128 Linden Avenue   Cincinnati          OH 45236
                      513-791-0740

John    R. Wright            1SUN
                      303 Meadowlark Lane  Durant              OK 74701
                      405-924-3699

Herb    D. Balfour    VE3OHH  *
                      91 Elgin Mills Rd W  Richmond Hill       ON L4C 4M1
                      Canada

Sid        Ratzlaff          SR
                      Rte 2 Box 56         Elgin               OR 97827

John       Shiels     W3OKP  KP
                      3212 Chestnut Street Murrysville         PA 15668

Clint      Turner     KA7OEI CT
                      145 West St.         Pleasant Gap        PA 16823
                      814-359-2663

Tom        Bohlander  WA3KLR 3KLR
                      2731 Hawthorne Rd.   Glenside            PA 19038
                      215-886-8666FN20


Joe        Oliver     KB4ODE ODE
                      P. O. Box 338        Hardeeville         SC 29927
                      803-784-6704EM92

Arliss     Thompson   W7XU   XU
                      RR 3  Box 224        Sioux Falls         SD 57106
                      605-368-2305  Grid EN13  prev: ATè
Bob        Pearce                          Amarillo            TX

Greg       Raven      KF5N    *
                      4550 Sunnybank Ct.   Fort Worth          TX 76137

Ken     A. Roegner    W7OIN
                      4904 NE 40th Avenue  Vancouver           WA 98661

.paè
Steve Martin's Lowfer List for Sept 1989.

Frequency  ID    City               ST  Grid  Schedule
=========  ====  =================  ==  ====  ============================
160.800xk  NH    Monroeville        NJ  FM29  Occ.  See MOO.
162.000    T     Sunnyvale          CA        24 Hrs/7 Days        [08/89]
163.800    FPV   Granada Hills      CA        wknds-alt frq 182.62 [02/89]
163.880    M     San Diego          CA        Int.                 [08/89]
164.440x   D     Des Moines         IA  EN31  Testing              [05/89]
166.503    C     Morro Bay          CA  CM95  24 Hrs/7 Days        [12/88]
167.250    AHN   Fallbrook          CA        24 Hrs/7 Days        [05/89]
169.960    NRE   San Diego          CA        24 Hrs/7 Days        [12/88]
170.400x   B     San Ysidro         CA        24 Hrs/7 Days        [12/88]
171.000xk  CB    Portsmouth         NH  FN43  24 Hrs/7 Days
175.225    MAX   Wheatland          WY  DN72  24 H/7 D CW/BPSK-ASCII BR
175.388xk  KRY   Chardon            OH  EN91  24 Hr BPSK capable  [02/89]
175.703    FAW   Orem               UT        24 Hrs/7 Days
176.000     *    Morro Bay          CA  CM95  *=HDOMBAY -- 24 Hrs/7 Days
176.260    CO    Glenwood Springs   CO  DM69  24 Hrs/7 Days        [05/89]
176.740x   XR    Utica              MI  EN82  24 Hr                [02/89]
176.750    SR    Elgin              OR        TO                   [08/89]
176.850    7FS   Belfair            WA  CN87  24 H/7 Dy 12 wpm CCW [01/89]
176.925    HB    Hamden             CT  FN31  24 Hrs/7 Days
177.490    UCP   Saratoga           CA  CM97  1400-1700 UTC        [11/88]
177.750    CT    Pleasant Gap       PA  FN10  24 Hrs/7 Days        [05/89]
177.800x   ARK   Leslie             AR  FN42  24 Hrs/7 Days
178.000v   N     Maiden             NC  EM95  Occ.                  [4/89]
179.000x   MPM   Salt Lake City     UT  DN40  24 Hrs/7 Days/CW-ASCII alt
179.500x   ZMK   Daleville          IN  EN70  24 Hrs/7 Days
179.540    WJ    Arleta             CA        Occ.                 [05/89]
179.624     *    Laurentians, QUE       FN36  *=VE3OBE   on soon   [08/89]
180.224    F     Los Banos          CA  CM97  FSK - BR
180.800s   XU    Sioux Falls        SD  EN13  TO                   [08/89]
181.170    IZJ   San Gabriel        CA        1100-0700 UTC daily
181.288    MEL   San Jose           CA  CM97  24 Hrs/7 Days        [08/89]
181.500v   ZORI  Santa Monica       CA        Occ. Spark Xmtr test [01/89]
181.710    TLX   San Rafael         CA        BR                   [08/89]
182.000x   ZZZ   Loretto            TN  EM65  24 Hrs/7 Days
182.600v   QLF   Santa Monica       CA        Occ. CW now, SSB soon[05/89]
182.620    FPV   Granada Hills      CA        wknds-alt frq 163.80 [02/89]
182.672    G     Palo Alto          CA  CM97  24 Hrs/7 Days
182.880    H,H2  Descanso           CA        24 H/7 D alt 166.90  [08/89]
183.160xk  PRK   Saratoga           CA  CM97  24 Hrs/7 Days
183.630    PLI   Burbank            CA        Unknown              [05/89]
184.016    EK    Sunnyvale          CA  CM97  24 H/7 D             [08/89]
184.320    N3S   Mocksville         NC  EM95  Testing              [08/89]
184.383    TI    Kingman            AZ  DM34  24 Hrs/7 Days        [08/89]
184.390    HO    Pahoa              HI  BK29  BR                   [02/89]
184.430    V     Forestville        CA  CM97  24 Hrs/7 Days        [05/89]
184.460    B     Fresno             CA        24 Hrs/7 Days        [02/89]
184.588    Q     Boulder            CO        24 Hrs/7 Days
184.800    T     Mountain View      CA        Int.                 [08/89]
185.000    AU    Champlain          IL  EM59  0100-0600Z/7 Dys     [12/88]
185.000    BN    Roxbury            MA  FN42  Occ.                  [4/89]è185.000    ZYK   Redway             CA        24 Hrs/7 Days        [05/89]
185.080    TMT   San Rafael         CA        BR                   [12/88]
185.100x   T     Rohnert Park       CA  CM88  24 Hrs/7 Days
185.410xk  XMGR  Cleveland          TN  EM75  24 Hrs/7 Days        [12/88]
185.490    AZ    Tucson             AZ  DM41  TO                   [08/89]
185.500    UM    Rehoboth           MA  FN41  Occ.
185.700    JPH   Riverdale          MD  FM18  13-03Z Daily         [05/89]
185.700    JPH   Riverdale          MD  FM18  Occ. evenings        [02/89]
185.800    OHH   Willowdale, ONT        FN03  Remote  24 Hrs       [02/89]
186.404xk  HRM   Oakland            NJ  FN21  TO
186.800x   BA    Lancaster          IL  EM68  24 Hr/7 Dy           [08/89]
186.920    MS    Scottsburg         IN  EN68  24 Hrs/7 Days        [01/89]
187.000    ELU   Simi Valley        CA        24 Hrs  Sat/Sun on SSB
187.037x   TUG   Frederick          MD  FM19  Testing on weekends  [04/89]
187.200x   DBQ   Ft. Washington     PA  FN20  24 Hrs/7 Days
187.252     *    Haslet             TX  EM12  * = TEXAS  24 Hrs/7 Days
187.300s   UPN   Cincinnati         OH  EM79  Occ.                 [02/89]
187.500    DCH   Berlin             MD  FM28  off till Sept.       [08/89]
187.500    J     Los Angeles        CA        24 Hrs/7 Days        [02/89]
187.500    RM    Duluth             MN        24 Hrs/7 Days
187.500    WV    Letter Gap         WV  EM98  testing              [02/89]
187.590    SM    San Jose           CA  CM97  24 Hrs/7 Days        [11/88]
187.750xk  MOO   Monroeville        NJ  FM29  Occ.
188.000v   YHO   Cincinnati         OH  EM79  24 Hrs/7 Days        [05/89]
188.400x   JR    West Hartford      CT  FN31  24 Hr/7 Dy           [01/89]
188.470x   9HDQ  Daleville          IN  EN70  24 Hrs/7 Days
188.700sk  WI    Owings             MD  FM18  24 Hrs/7 Days
188.800    4VK   nr West Point GA   AL  EM73  BR                   [08/89]
188.880x   2IHX  Olean              NY  FN20  21-00Z daily         [12/88]
189.100v   HL    Ashland            MA  FN42  BR-(508)-881-7662
189.360xk  TH    Colts Neck         NJ  FN20  Unknown              [08/89]
189.500xk  KP    Murrysville        PA  FN00  BR                   [05/89]
189.560vk  1RB   Foxboro            MA  FN42  Weekends & holidays  [04/89]
189.729xk  8LXJ  Morrow             OH  EM79  Occ.                 [02/89]
189.780x   ABC   Hilton Head Island SC  EM92  BR                   [08/89]
189.801    3KLR  Upper Dublin       PA  FN20  Unknown              [08/89]
189.840    R     Nevada Test Site   NV  DM26  Unknown              [08/89]
189.880xk  QYV   Donora             PA  FN00  TO                   [05/89]
190.400    OHH   Richmond Hills  ONT    FN03  Occ.                 [08/89]


.paè
Steve Martin's Lowfer List for July 1989.
Updated by LWDBS SysOp 891003.

Frequency  ID    City               ST  Grid  Schedule
=========  ====  =================  ==  ====  ============================
160.800xk  NH    Monroeville        NJ  FM29  Occ.  See MOO.
163.800    FPV   Granada Hills      CA        24 Hrs/7 Days
163.850    M     San Diego          CA        24 Hrs/7 Days
163.930    AVV   Independence       OR        Off the air
163.930x   MSG   Paso Robles        CA        Intermittent
164.440x   D     Des Moines         IA  EN31  24 Hrs/7 Days
166.667    H     Descanso           CA        24 Hrs/7 Days
167.250    AHN   Fallbrook          CA        24 Hrs/7 Days
169.863xk  1SUN  Durant             OK  DM23  Off until Sept
171.000xk  CB    Portsmouth         NH  FN43  24 Hrs/7 Days
172.380v   1LM   Plymouth           MA  FN41  24 Hrs/7 Days
174.527    3KLR  Glenside           PA  FN20  Off the air
174.600x   8TXT  Sandusky           OH  EN81  Nights and BR
175.000    SUK   Eldorado Hills     CA        Temp. off the air
175.000x   HG    Toledo             OH  EN81  Nights
175.225    MAX   Wheatland          WY        24 Hrs/7 Days-BPSK/ASCII BR
175.350xk  GEO   Wintergarden       FL  EL98  Unknown
175.388xk  KRY   Chardon            OH  EN91  24 Hrs/7 Days
175.472    MUK   San Luis Obispo    CA        Temp off the air
175.703    FAW   Orem               UT        24 Hrs/7 Days
176.000     *    Morro Bay          CA        *=HDOMBAY -- 24 Hrs/7 Days
176.000    KP    Murrysville        PA  FN20  Weekends and BR
176.263    CO    Glenwood Springs   CO  DM69  24 Hrs/7 Days
176.460    6RDJ  South Whitley      IN  EN71  Off the air
176.740x   R     Utica              MI  EN82  24 Hrs/7 Days
176.750    SR    Elgin              OR        24 Hrs/7 Days"
176.850    7FS   Montesano          WA        Temp. off the air
176.925    HB    Hamden             CT  FN31  24 Hrs/7 Days
176.963    C     Morro Bay          CA  CM95  24 Hrs/7 Days
177.000    DA    Braintree          MA  FN42  Occasionally
177.000k   KJ    Chicago            IL  EN61  Unknown
177.200    ABK   Akron              NY        Weekends
177.260    NVA   Pahrump            NV        temp. off the air
177.480    UCP   Saratoga           CA  CM97  1400-1700 UTC
177.520    DW    Middlesboro        MA  FN41  Weekends
177.750s   CT    Bountiful          UT  DN40  24 Hrs/7 Days/CCW/BPSK Alt.
177.800x   ARK   Leslie             AR        24 Hrs/7 Days
178.000    AT    Crow               OR        24 Hrs/7 Days/10s ON 20s OFF
178.000v   N     Maiden             NC        24 Hrs/7 Days
178.977    TIM   Pitman             NJ        Occasionally
179.000    MPM   Salt Lake City     UT  DN40  24 Hrs/7 Days/CW-ASCII alt.
179.200     *    nr Toronto, ONT              *=VE3OBE - occ.
179.500x   ZMK   Daleville          IN  EN70  24 Hrs/7 Days
17x.200    JKS   San Anselmo        CA        24 Hrs/7 Days-hopping 4 freq
180.030x   NTD   Oakland            FL  EL98  Unknown
180.224    F     Los Banos          CA        BR
180.400    4NB   Manchester         TN        24 Hrs/7 Days
180.601    NX    Los Altos          CA        24 Hrs/7 Days
181.170    IZJ   San Gabriel        CA        1100-0700 UTC daily          è181.287    MEL   San Jose           CA  CM97  24 Hrs/7 Days
181.711    TLX   Novato             CA        24 Hrs/7 Days
182.000    DRM   Gerrard            OH        On soon
182.000x   ZZZ   Loretto            TN  EM65  24 Hrs/7 Days
182.672    G     Palo Alto          CA  CM97  24 Hrs/7 Days
182.880x   H2    San Diego          CA        24 Hrs on weekends
183.160xk  PRK   Saratoga           CA  CM97  24 Hrs/7 Days
183.630    PLI   Toluca Lake        CA        24 Hrs/7 Days
183.700    YHO   Cincinatti         OH  EM79  24 Hrs/7 Days
183.800v   YHO   Cincinnati         OH  EM79  24 Hrs/7 Days
184.016    EK    Sunnyvale          CA  CM97  24 Hrs/7 Days
184.320x   JR    West Hartford      CT  FN31  24 Hrs/7 Days, remote
184.425    V     Sunnyvale          CA        testing-contact EK for info
184.588    Q     Boulder            CO        24 Hrs/7 Days
184.750xk  1SNN  Waltham            MA  FN42  Afternoon.  174.75 kHz WKN
185.000    ZYK   Redway             CA        24 Hrs/7 Days
185.100    T     Rohnert Park       CA        24 Hrs/7 Days- nr Sonomo S U
185.185    SA    San Rafael         CA        24 Hrs/7 Days
185.363xk  XMGR  Cleveland          TN  EM75  24 Hrs/7 Days
185.49     AZ    Tucson             AZ        off until September
185.500    UM    Rehoboth           MA  FN41  Occasionally
185.860x   JPH   Riverdale          MD        24 Hrs/7 Days- (891003 {LW})
186.404xk  HRM   Oakland            NJ  FN21  Temp. off the air
186.75x    BA    Lancaster          IL  EM68  24 Hrs/7 Days
187.000    ELU   Simi Valley        CA        24 Hrs  Sat/Sun on SSB
187.000x   OMG   Treasure Island    FL  EL98  temp. off the air
187.006vk  OWR   Paso Robles        CA        Unknown
187.040    TUG   Bel Air            MD        temp. off the air
187.200x   DBQ   Ft. Washington     PA  FN20  24 Hrs/7 Days
187.252     *    nr Haslet          TX        * = TEXAS  24 Hrs/7 Days
187.263    SKY   San Simeon         CA        BR - contact Z2 or EK
187.300    UPN   Cincinnati         OH  EN79  Nights and weekends
187.470    NI    North Charleston   SC        sked unknown
187.470    SM    San Jose           CA  CM97  sked unknown
187.488    X     Letter Gap         WV        24 Hrs/7 Days
187.490    J     Los Angeles        CA        24 Hrs/7 Days
187.500    DCH   Berlin             MD        off until September
187.500    KEN   Pt. Pleasant Beach NJ  FM29  temp. off the air
187.500    RM    Duluth             MN        24 Hrs/7 Days
187.560x   JM    Broken Arrow       OK        by request
187.800    QH    Quartz Hill        CA        Unknown
187.846xk  XY    Kearny             NJ  FN20  Unknown
187.900xk  MOO   Monroeville        NJ  FM29  Weekends
188.300    OJ    Bolton             MA        Nights
188.470x   9HDQ  Daleville          IN  EN70  24 Hrs/7 Days
188.700sk  WI    Owings             MD  FM18  24 Hrs/7 Days
189.000    JUG   Cincinnati         OH  EM79  off the air
189.210xk  QYV   Donora             PA  FN00  24 Hrs/7 Days
189.360xk  TH    Colts Neck         NJ  FN20  24 Hrs/7 Days
189.560vk  1RB   Foxboro            MA  FN42  Weekends and Holidays
189.700xk  GHK   Palm Bay           FL  EL98  Unknown
189.729xk  8LXJ  Morrow             OH  EM79  Nights, weekends, occ. days
189.780x   ABC   Hilton Head Island SC  EM92  24 Hrs/7 Days
189.800k   NTS   Mercury            NV        temp. off the air
190.400    OHH   Richmond Hills, ONT          24 Hrs/7 Days                è

Name    Comment            (SysOp)       City        State  Baud  Phone
_____   _______________________________  ___________ _____  ____  ____________

AMRAD   Amateur Radio      Kesteloot     Falls Church  VA   2400  703 734 1387

ANARC   Assoc North American Radio Clubs               KS   2400  913 345 1978

FCC     Product cert & reg               Laurel        MD   2400  310 725 1072

3Winks  Amateur Radio      Staten        Rockville     MD   2400  301 590 9629
3Winks  Amateur Radio      Staten        Rockville     MD   9600  301 670 9621

USNO    Navel Obsv; LORAN, OMEGA, Time   Washington    DC  *1200  202 653 1079

USNO    UTC continuously sent (ONLY)     Washington    DC  *1200  202 653 0351