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- FINAGLE'S LAW
- (Why nothing in Research and Development happens the way it should)
-
- Ever since the first scientific experiment, men have been plagued by the un-
- ceasing antagonism of Nature. Only his patience, adaptability and forbearance
- have permitted the scientist to learn a few minor facts about the operation of
- the universe.
-
- We still do not really know why this should be so. It's only
- natural that Nature should be logical and neat - but it isn't, and
- the best teacher of all, Experience, turns out to be just the
- gradual acceptance of Nature's pigheadedness.
-
- Over the years a series of laws have evolved. The laws actually
- represent a distillation of experience of thousands of
- experimenters, but (until Dr. Finagle came along) they were never
- recorded for the study and edification of younger members of our
- profession because they had no derivation - no proof. They are true
- because they have always been true. Look into your own experience
- and see if this is not so.
-
- We are grateful to John W. Campbell, editor of Astounding Science
- Fiction, for bringing this work to our attention, and to the many
- readers of that magazine who collected and contributed samples so
- that others might share in their experience.
-
- FINAGLE'S CREED: Science is Truth - don't be misled by facts.
-
- FINAGLE'S MOTTO: Smile - tomorrow it will be worse.
-
- ON EXPERIMENTS
-
- (The first four laws are the only ones dignified by number. Note
- the beauty and simplicity of the First Law. Also, note that the
- three remaining laws refer to men's reactions to Nature - not to
- Nature itself).
-
- FIRST LAW: If anything can go wrong with an experiment, it will.
-
- SECOND LAW: No matter what result is anticipated, there is always
- someone willing to fake it.
-
- THIRD LAW: No matter what the result, there is always someone
- eager to misinterpret it.
-
- FOURTH LAW: No matter what occurs, there is always someone who
- believed it happened according to his pet theory.
-
- THE LAW OF THE TOO-SOLID GOOF:
- In any collection of data, the figure that is most-obviously
- correct - beyond all need of checking - is the mistake.
-
- COROLLARY I: No one whom you ask for help will see it either.
-
- COROLLARY II: Everyone who stops by with unsought advice will
- see it immediately.
-
- HUMAN FOIBLES
-
- The remaining rules outline the human problems that follow from the
- above. To some extent, they represent man's reaction to Nature and,
- even more aptly, man's reaction to man.
-
- LAWS OF REVISION (Often lumped into the Now They Tell Us! Law)
-
- FIRST LAW: Information necessitating a change in design will be
- conveyed to the designer after - and only after - the
- plans are complete.
-
- COROLLARY I: In simple cases, where one obvious right way is
- opposed to one obvious wrong way, it is often
- wiser to choose the wrong way right off. This is
- one step ahead of choosing the right way, which
- turns out to be a wrong way, which has to become
- a right way.
-
- SECOND LAW: The more innocuous the revision appears to be at first,
- the further its influence will extend and more plans
- will have to be redrawn.
-
- THIRD LAW: If, when the completion of a design is imminent, field
- dimensions are finally supplied as they actually are -
- instead of as they were meant to be - it is always
- simpler to start all over.
-
- FOURTH LAW: Even if it is impossible to assemble a part
- incorrectly, still a way will be found to do it wrong.
-
- COROLLARY I: It is usually impractical to worry beforehand
- about interferences - if you have none, someone
- will make one for you.
-
- THE LAW OF THE LOST ICH:
- In designing any type of construction, no over-all dimension
- can be totalled correctly after 4 P.M. Friday.
-
- COROLLARY I: Under the same conditions, if any minor
- dimensions are given to 1/16 of an inch, they
- cannot be totalled at all.
-
- COROLLARY II: The correct total will be self-evident at 9:01
- Monday morning.
-
- A further series of rules - or really advice to experimenters - has
- been formulated. they are a natural consequence of the first four
- laws reduced to day-to-day practice.
-
- 1. Experiments must be reproducible - they should all fail in
- the same way.
- 2. First draw your curves - then plot the readings.
- 3. Experience is directly proportional to equipment ruined.
- 4. A record of data is useful - it indicates you've been
- working.
- 5. To study a subject best, understand it thoroughly before you
- start.
- 6. In case of doubt, make it sound convincing.
- 7. Do not believe in miracles - rely on them.
- 8. Always leave room to add an explanation when it doesn't work.
- (This open door policy is also known as the Rule of the Way
- Out.)
- 9. Deliveries that normally take one day will take five when you
- are waiting.
- 10. When adjusting (or drawing or computing, etc.) remember that
- the eye of the chief inspector (engineer, draftsman, etc.) is
- more accurate than the finest instrument.
- 11. After adding two weeks to a schedule for unexpected delays,
- add another two weeks for the unexpected unexpected delays.
- 12. In any problem, if you find yourself doing an unending amount
- of work, the answer may be obtained by inspection.
-
- THE FINAGLE FACTOR
-
- A mathematical notation of Finagle's work has been developed. Here,
- however, there seems to be some confusion, because two other names
- enter the picture: "fudge" and "diddle" factors are also used to
- considerable advantage y scientists and engineers.
-
- Years ago - when the universe was relatively easy to understand -
- the Finagle factor consisted of a simple additive constant
- (sometimes known as a variable constant) in the form:
-
- X' = Kf + X.
-
- where any measured variable, X, could be made to agree with theory,
- X', by simple addition of the Finagle factor, Kf.
-
- Later difficulties couldn't be solved so easily and so a fudge
- factor, Kb, was added.
-
- X' = Kf + KbX.
-
- Powerful as this adjustment was, World War II studies in servo
- theory indicated a need for a still-stronger influence. The diddle
- factor, Kd, was born and made to multiply the quadratic term.
-
- X' = Kf + KbX + dX*X.
-
- It is felt that, at least at present, reality can be made to conform
- to mathematical theory with reasonable agreement on the basis of
- these three factors.
-
- However, John W. Campbell feels there is a different basic structure
- behind the Finagle, fudge and diddle factors. The Finagle factor,
- he claims, is characterized by changing the universe to fit an
- equation. The fudge factor, on the other hand, changes the equation
- to fit the universe. And finally, the diddle factor changes things
- so that th universe and the equation appear to fit, without making
- any real change in either.
-
- For example, the planet Uranus was introduced to the universe when
- Newtonian laws couldn't be to match known planetary motions. This
- is a beautiful example of the application of the Finagle factor.
-
- Einstein's work leading to relativity was strongly influenced by the
- observed facts about the orbit of Mercury. Obviously a fudge factor
- was introduced.
-
- The photographer's use of a "soft-focus" lens when taking portraits
- of women over 35 is an example of the diddle factor. By blurring
- the results, photographs are made to appear to match the facts in a
- far more satisfactory manner.
-
- To our knowledge, this is the first clear enunciation of the
- scientific method. All our vast sum of human knowledge has been
- derived with these as the basic tools. By having them in writing
- for the first time, perhaps our children can build even better
- futures than the best we envision today.
-
- REPRODUCED FROM THE IRE STUDENT QUARTERLY, SEPTEMBER 1958.
-
- ENDFILE