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- -1-
-
- DCNET 1.0 by Albert E. Pistilli
-
- DCNET is a linear DC network analysis program that can analyze circuits
- consisting of branch combinations of resistors, independent voltage and
- current sources and voltage controlled current sources. The limit of DCNET is
- 25 nodes and 50 branches. The voltage controlled current source counts for two
- branches.
-
- The 4 types of branch models are illustrated as follows:
-
- Resistor (R) Voltage source (E)
-
- | To node | V+ node
- | |
- | RS
- R + |
- | E
- | - |
- | From node | V- node
-
-
- Current source (I) Voltage controlled current source (GM)
- ________ __ ______________To node
- | | To node V+| | |
- | | | | |
- | | | | |
- I RP RI Id RP
- | | | | |
- | | | | |
- |________|__ From node V-| |__________|____From node
-
- For the above illustrations, and the | and _ symbols represents a segment of
- wire. The transfer function for the voltage controlled current source is:
-
- GM*[V+ - V-] = Id
-
- In order to use DCNET, all independent nodes of the circuit must be
- consecutively numbered starting from number one. The choice of the node
- selected to be node one is arbitrary. The ground node must be zero, and the
- total number of nodes entered must not include the ground node. When a
- specific branch is selected, DCNET will prompt the user for all the elements
- shown in the branch illustrations. Branches are entered by specifying the two
- nodes across the branch and the value of the branch. When entering this data,
- separate it with a blank space using the space bar, don't use a comma. For
- resistors, either side may be specified as the From or To node. All voltage
- sources must have a resistor RS in series. DCNET will accept a minimum value
- of 1E-30 ohms for a grounded voltage source when an "ideal" source is desired.
- However, for a floating voltage source, very small values of RS can cause
- roundoff errors. Therefore, it is recommended that RS be limited to a minimum
- of approximately .02 ohms for floating sources.
-
- The current sources have a resistor RP in parallel as illustrated previously.
- DCNET will accept a maximum value of 1E+30 ohms when an "ideal" current source
- is required. When specifying the independent current source I or the GM
- source, the current direction is specified by the From and To nodes. For the
- GM source, the V+ and V- nodes controlling Id require a resistor RI between
- them. For the voltage source, V+ and V- nodes indicate the polarity.
-
- DCNET -1.0
-
-
-
-
- -2-
-
-
- When DCNET is run, it prompts the user for all necessary information. After
- the circuit has been entered, entering X (eXecute) will initiate analysis, and
- the program calculates the node voltages. Afterwards, DCNET allows the branch
- values to be changed by specifying the branch type (R,E,I or Gm), the new
- value and the branch location number. The branch location number was assigned
- by the program when the branch data was originally entered.
-
- In order to model an NPN transistor, the voltage source (E) and voltage
- controlled current source (GM) are connected as follows:
-
- Base________ ______________
- | | | Collector
- V+| | From |
- | | |
- RI Id RP
- | | |
- V-| | To |
- |______RS_+_E_-_____|________|_____
- V+ V- Emitter
-
- The V+ and V- nodes near RI are the controlling voltages for the dependent
- current source Id, while the V+ and V- nodes near E and RS represent the
- polarity of the voltage source. Also, the dependent current source Id has the
- current flowing into the emitter. Set E=0.6 volts and RS to about .1 ohms to
- simulate the base to emitter voltage drop. For the GM source, it can be shown
- that GM = Hfe/RI. Let RI = Rbb, which is about 50 ohms for a low current
- transistor, and using the desired Hfe and the given formula, calculate GM. Let
- RP = 1/Hoe, this is usually in the range of 100K to 1Meg. For a PNP
- transistor, reverse the polarity of E, the current direction of Id and the
- polarity of the controlling voltage of the GM source.
-
- For the operational amplifier model, the voltage controlled current source
- (GM) is used as follows:
-
- +Vin __________ _______________ Output voltage (Vout)
- |V+ | |
- | |To |
- | | |
- RI Id RP
- | | |
- | |From |
- -Vin __________|V- |________|___
- |
- |
- To ground node (0)
-
- For any operational amplifier, let RI equal the differential input
- resistance (Rd) and RP equal the output resistance (Rout). It can be shown
- that the DC differential voltage gain Vout/[V+ - V-] = GM*Rout. For the uA741
- opamp, the typical DC specifications are Rd = 2 Meg, Rout = 75 and
- differential gain = 200,000. Therefore, use the gain formula and solving for
- GM = 200,000/75 = 2667, enter this value of GM in the opamp model to get the
- proper voltage gain. The differential inputs for the amplifier are represented
- by +Vin and -Vin, and the amplifier output is Vout.
-
-
-
- DCNET -1.0
-
-
-
- -3-
-
- A simple example using a uA741 operational amplifier is illustrated below.
- This circuit has a feedback path split in a "T" formation and a +1 volt input.
-
-
-
- 560K 560K
-
- ________/\/\/\____________/\/\/\_
- | | |
- | / |
- | \ 560K |
- | / |
- | | |
- | Ground |
- 560K | |
- ____/\/\/\_____|_________********* |
- | -Vin * *_______________|__
- | * uA741 * Vout
- +1 volt _______* *
- | | +Vin *********
- | |
- Ground Ground
-
- In order to enter the above circuit into DCNET, we must add the expanded uA741
- model. The nodes numbers are shown in parenthesis. This is illustrated as
- follows:
-
- 560K 560K
- ________/\/\/\____________/\/\/\_
- | (3) | |
- | \ |
- | / 560K |
- | \ |
- | | | (4)
- | Ground (0) |
- | |
- 560K | |
- (1) ___/\/\/\_____|_________ _______________|__ Vout
- | (2) -Vin |-V | |
- +1 volt RI |To |
- | _______|+V Id RP
- | | +Vin |From |
- | | |________|__
- | | |
- Ground (0) Ground (0) Ground (0)
-
- In this example, the lowest numbered node (1) is at the left and the nodes are
- consecutively numbered moving to the right. Although desirable, it isn't
- necessary to number the nodes in this fashion. For example, the nodes labeled
- (1) and (3) may be interchanged and the circuit reentered without problems.
- However, you can't define any node with a number whose value is greater than
- the total number of nodes in the circuit. In other words, since the above
- circuit has a total of four nodes, no node may be defined with the number 5 or
- above.
-
- The DCNET run for the above circuit is shown below with the user entering all
- information to the right of the colon. The program echos back the data just
- entered and assigns a branch location number. After initiating analysis by
-
- DCNET -1.0
-
-
- -4-
-
- entering X, the results are printed out and the program then allows the branch
- values to be changed. In this run, the value of GM was reduced to 1333. After
- the change, DCNET prompts the user again if additional changes to the circuit
- are desired. If not, the analysis begins.
-
-
- Enter number of nodes: 4
-
- Enter R,E,I,Gm or eXecute: E
- Enter E in volts,RS,V+,V- nodes: 1 .0001 1 0
- E= 1 RS= .0001 V+= 1 V-= 0 Branch= 1
-
- Enter R,E,I,Gm or eXecute: ? R
- Enter R in Ohms, From, To nodes: 560E3 1 2
- R= 5.600E+05 From node= 1 To node= 2 Branch= 2
-
- Enter R,E,I,Gm or eXecute: R
- Enter R in Ohms, From, To nodes: 560E3 2 3
- R= 5.600E+05 From node= 2 To node= 3 Branch= 3
-
- Enter R,E,I,Gm or eXecute: R
- Enter R in Ohms, From, To nodes: 560E3 0 3
- R= 5.600E+05 From node= 0 To node= 3 Branch= 4
-
- Enter R,E,I,Gm or eXecute: R
- Enter R in Ohms, From, To nodes: 560E3 4 3
- R= 5.600E+05 From node= 4 To node= 3 Branch= 5
-
- Enter R,E,I,Gm or eXecute: G
- Enter GM in Mhos,RP,From,To nodes: 2667 75 0 4
- GM= 2667 RP= 75 From node= 0 To node= 4 Branch= 6
- Enter Rin,V+,V- : 2E6 0 2
- RI= 2.000E+06 V+=0 V-=2 Branch= 7
-
- Enter R,E,I,Gm or eXecute: X
-
- Node( 1 )= 1.0000E+00 Volt(s)
- Node( 2 )= 1.4999E-05 Volt(s)
- Node( 3 )= -1.000E+00 Volt(s)
- Node( 4 )= -3.000E+00 Volt(s)
-
- Change branch value? Enter Yes or No: y
-
- Enter Branch Type,New Value,Branch number: G 1333 6
- New Value of G is 1.333E+03 at Branch 6
- eXecute or Change another branch value? Enter X or C: X
-
-
- Node( 1 )= 1.0000E+00 Volt(s)
- Node( 2 )= 3.0008E-05 Volt(s)
- Node( 3 )= -9.999E-01 Volt(s)
- Node( 4 )= -3.000E-00 Volt(s)
-
- Change branch value? Enter Yes or No: No
-
- Program terminated
-
-
-
-
- DCNET -1.0
-
- -5-
-
- If you have any questions regarding DCNET, send them along with a self
- addressed stamped envelope to the address listed below. Your comments or
- suggestions on the program are welcome. Permission is given to freely copy
- this program. Future changes that will be added to later versions of DCNET
- include better error trapping and the addition of a diode branch.
-
- HVCC ELT Dept.
- Vandenburgh Ave.
- Troy, New York 12180
-
- Acknowledgment is given to R. Jensen and B. Watkins, authors of "Network
- Analysis - Theory and Computer Methods".
-
- NOTICE: This program is provided without warranties of any kind. The entire
- risk as to quality and performance of this program is with the user. Should
- the program prove defective, the user assumes the entire responsibility.
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- DCNET -1.0