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-
- U.S. AVHRR MOSAIC
-
-
- The mosaic of the conterminous United States was prepared using 16
- images from the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) sensors
- on the meteorological satellites NOAA-8 and NOAA-9. The images were
- acquired between May 24, 1984 and May 14, 1986. Standard image
- processing techniques were used to enhance the detail and the data were
- resampled to a resolution of 1000 meters (1 km) per picture element
- (pixel) and cast into an Albers Equal Area projection. The satellite
- image was then further enhanced by digitally introducing terrain shading
- based on USGS digital elevation models. The image size for the U.S.
- AVHRR mosaic is 2874 lines by 4632 samples.
-
- The satellites launched by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric
- Administration (NOAA) in Sun-synchronous polar obits have an orbital
- period of approximately 102 minutes. The orbital height is 805 km with
- a swatch width of 3000 km at the nadir. The orbital tracks repeat every
- 8 days, thereby providing more frequent coverage than the Landsat series
- of satellites.
-
- Two channels of data were used in the false-color infrared mosaic
- image. Channel 1 (0.58-0.68 um) was used to control the amount of blue
- and green in the composite, and Channel 2 (0.72-1.1 um) was used to
- control the amount of red. Channel 1 is in the red portion of the
- visible spectrum, which is sensitive to daytime clouds and vegetation.
- Channel 2 is in the reflected infrared (near-infrared) part of the
- spectrum and is used for shoreline and vegetation discrimination. The
- image simulates a false-color infrared composite as it would appear
- using these AVHRR channels to display on an 24-bit color monitor
- typically found on larger image processing systems. This composite was
- processed as a single image file and its color palette containing an
- optimum subset of 255 colors. This subset is from the thousands of
- colors need to show the original two channel composite as displayed on
- the 24-bit monitor. This optimum subset allows display of color
- composite images representing multiple AVHRR sensor channels on PC's
- having an 8-bit VGA graphics capability.
-
- On false-color infrared mosaics, vegetation appears in various tones
- of red instead of green. The "redness" indicates vegetation density and
- type and whether growing on dry land or in a swamp (a mixture of reddish
- vegetation and dark blue surface water produce dark tones). Grasslands
- appear light red, deciduous trees and croplands appear red, and
- coniferous forests appear dark red or maroon. Desert areas appear white
- and urban areas (pavement and buildings) appear bluish green. Lakes,
- rivers, and oceans appear in various shades of blue, dark blue for deep
- water and light blue for shallow or turbid water. Exposed bedrock
- generally appears as a dark bluish-green or other dark tone.
-
- The files in this directory for these images are:
-
- USA.RED data file for AVHRR band 2 for red
- USA.GRN data file for AVHRR band 1 for green
- USA.BLU data file for AVHRR band 1 for blue
- USA.RGB data file for 3-band color composte
-
- USA_R.LBL IMDISP label file for red
- USA_G.LBL IMDISP label file for green band
- USA_B.LBL IMDISP label file for blue band
- USA_RGB.LBL IMDISP label file for the 3-band color
- composite
-
- USA.PAL IMDISP color palette
-
- Further information on the image enhancement techniques and the
- identification of the specific images used in the mosaic may be obtained
- from the U.S. Geological Survey, EROS Data Center, Customer Services,
- Sioux Falls, SD 57198. A two-sided 19" x 23" color map of the mosaic
- is available for a nominal fee by requesting the "United States
- Satellite View" from the U.S.
-