home *** CD-ROM | disk | FTP | other *** search
Text File | 1996-10-17 | 76.9 KB | 1,915 lines |
-
-
-
- TWM(1) TWM(1)
-
-
- NNAAMMEE
- twm - Tab Window Manager for the X Window System
-
- SSYYNNTTAAXX
- ttwwmm [ --ddiissppllaayy _d_p_y ] [ --ss ] [ --ff _i_n_i_t_f_i_l_e ] [ --vv ]
-
- DDEESSCCRRIIPPTTIIOONN
- _T_w_m is a window manager for the X Window System. It pro-
- vides titlebars, shaped windows, several forms of icon
- management, user-defined macro functions, click-to-type
- and pointer-driven keyboard focus, and user-specified key
- and pointer button bindings.
-
- This program is usually started by the user's session man-
- ager or startup script. When used from _x_d_m_(_1_) or _x_i_n_i_t_(_1_)
- without a session manager, _t_w_m is frequently executed in
- the foreground as the last client. When run this way,
- exiting _t_w_m causes the session to be terminated (i.e.,
- logged out).
-
- By default, application windows are surrounded by a
- ``frame'' with a titlebar at the top and a special border
- around the window. The titlebar contains the window's
- name, a rectangle that is lit when the window is receiving
- keyboard input, and function boxes known as ``titlebut-
- tons'' at the left and right edges of the titlebar.
-
- Pressing pointer Button1 (usually the left-most button
- unless it has been changed with _x_m_o_d_m_a_p) on a titlebutton
- will invoke the function associated with the button. In
- the default interface, windows are iconified by clicking
- (pressing and then immediately releasing) the left title-
- button (which looks like a Dot). Conversely, windows are
- deiconified by clicking in the associated icon or entry in
- the icon manager (see description of the variable SShhooww--
- IIccoonnMMaannaaggeerr and of the function ff..sshhoowwiiccoonnmmggrr).
-
- Windows are resized by pressing the right titlebutton
- (which resembles a group of nested squares), dragging the
- pointer over edge that is to be moved, and releasing the
- pointer when the outline of the window is the desired
- size. Similarly, windows are moved by pressing in the
- title or highlight region, dragging a window outline to
- the new location, and then releasing when the outline is
- in the desired position. Just clicking in the title or
- highlight region raises the window without moving it.
-
- When new windows are created, _t_w_m will honor any size and
- location information requested by the user (usually
- through _-_g_e_o_m_e_t_r_y command line argument or resources for
- the individual applications). Otherwise, an outline of
- the window's default size, its titlebar, and lines divid-
- ing the window into a 3x3 grid that track the pointer are
- displayed. Clicking pointer Button1 will position the
-
-
-
- X Version 11 Release 6.1 1
-
-
-
-
-
- TWM(1) TWM(1)
-
-
- window at the current position and give it the default
- size. Pressing pointer Button2 (usually the middle
- pointer button) and dragging the outline will give the
- window its current position but allow the sides to be
- resized as described above. Clicking pointer Button3
- (usually the right pointer button) will give the window
- its current position but attempt to make it long enough to
- touch the bottom the screen.
-
- OOPPTTIIOONNSS
- _T_w_m accepts the following command line options:
-
-
- --ddiissppllaayy _d_p_y
- This option specifies the X server to use.
-
- --ss This option indicates that only the default screen
- (as specified by --ddiissppllaayy or by the DDIISSPPLLAAYY envi-
- ronment variable) should be managed. By default,
- _t_w_m will attempt to manage all screens on the dis-
- play.
-
- --ff _f_i_l_e_n_a_m_e
- This option specifies the name of the startup file
- to use. By default, _t_w_m will look in the user's
- home directory for files named _._t_w_m_r_c_._n_u_m (where
- _n_u_m is a screen number) or _._t_w_m_r_c.
-
- --vv This option indicates that _t_w_m should print error
- messages whenever an unexpected X Error event is
- received. This can be useful when debugging
- applications but can be distracting in regular
- use.
-
- CCUUSSTTOOMMIIZZAATTIIOONN
- Much of _t_w_m's appearance and behavior can be controlled by
- providing a startup file in one of the following locations
- (searched in order for each screen being managed when _t_w_m
- begins):
-
- $$HHOOMMEE//..ttwwmmrrcc.._s_c_r_e_e_n_n_u_m_b_e_r
- The _s_c_r_e_e_n_n_u_m_b_e_r is a small positive number (e.g.
- 0, 1, etc.) representing the screen number (e.g.
- the last number in the DISPLAY environment vari-
- able _h_o_s_t_:_d_i_s_p_l_a_y_n_u_m_._s_c_r_e_e_n_n_u_m) that would be used
- to contact that screen of the display. This is
- intended for displays with multiple screens of
- differing visual types.
-
- $$HHOOMMEE//..ttwwmmrrcc
- This is the usual name for an individual user's
- startup file.
-
-
-
-
-
- X Version 11 Release 6.1 2
-
-
-
-
-
- TWM(1) TWM(1)
-
-
- <<XXRRoooott>>//lliibb//XX1111//ttwwmm//ssyysstteemm..ttwwmmrrcc
- If neither of the preceding files are found, _t_w_m
- will look in this file for a default configura-
- tion. This is often tailored by the site adminis-
- trator to provide convenient menus or familiar
- bindings for novice users. <XRoot> refers to the
- root of the X11 install tree.
-
- If no startup files are found, _t_w_m will use the built-in
- defaults described above. The only resource used by _t_w_m
- is _b_i_t_m_a_p_F_i_l_e_P_a_t_h for a colon-separated list of directo-
- ries to search when looking for bitmap files (for more
- information, see the _A_t_h_e_n_a _W_i_d_g_e_t_s manual and _x_r_d_b_(_1_)).
-
- _T_w_m startup files are logically broken up into three types
- of specifications: _V_a_r_i_a_b_l_e_s, _B_i_n_d_i_n_g_s, _M_e_n_u_s. The _V_a_r_i_-
- _a_b_l_e_s section must come first and is used to describe the
- fonts, colors, cursors, border widths, icon and window
- placement, highlighting, autoraising, layout of titles,
- warping, use of the icon manager. The _B_i_n_d_i_n_g_s section
- usually comes second and is used to specify the functions
- that should be to be invoked when keyboard and pointer
- buttons are pressed in windows, icons, titles, and frames.
- The _M_e_n_u_s section gives any user-defined menus (containing
- functions to be invoked or commands to be executed).
-
- Variable names and keywords are case-insensitive. Strings
- must be surrounded by double quote characters (e.g.
- "blue") and are case-sensitive. A pound sign (#) outside
- of a string causes the remainder of the line in which the
- character appears to be treated as a comment.
-
- VVAARRIIAABBLLEESS
- Many of the aspects of _t_w_m's user interface are controlled
- by variables that may be set in the user's startup file.
- Some of the options are enabled or disabled simply by the
- presence of a particular keyword. Other options require
- keywords, numbers, strings, or lists of all of these.
-
- Lists are surrounded by braces and are usually separated
- by whitespace or a newline. For example:
-
- AAuuttooRRaaiissee { "emacs" "XTerm" "Xmh" }
-
- or
-
- AAuuttooRRaaiissee
- {
- "emacs"
- "XTerm"
- "Xmh"
- }
-
- When a variable containing a list of strings representing
-
-
-
- X Version 11 Release 6.1 3
-
-
-
-
-
- TWM(1) TWM(1)
-
-
- windows is searched (e.g. to determine whether or not to
- enable autoraise as shown above), a string must be an
- exact, case-sensitive match to the window's name (given by
- the WM_NAME window property), resource name or class name
- (both given by the WM_CLASS window property). The preced-
- ing example would enable autoraise on windows named
- ``emacs'' as well as any _x_t_e_r_m (since they are of class
- ``XTerm'') or xmh windows (which are of class ``Xmh'').
-
- String arguments that are interpreted as filenames (see
- the PPiixxmmaappss, CCuurrssoorrss, and IIccoonnDDiirreeccttoorryy below) will
- prepend the user's directory (specified by the HHOOMMEE envi-
- ronment variable) if the first character is a tilde (~).
- If, instead, the first character is a colon (:), the name
- is assumed to refer to one of the internal bitmaps that
- are used to create the default titlebars symbols: ::xxllooggoo
- or ::ddeelleettee (both refer to the X logo), ::ddoott or ::iiccoonniiffyy
- (both refer to the dot), ::rreessiizzee (the nested squares used
- by the resize button), ::mmeennuu (a page with lines), and
- ::qquueessttiioonn (the question mark used for non-existent bitmap
- files).
-
- The following variables may be specified at the top of a
- _t_w_m startup file. Lists of Window name prefix strings are
- indicated by _w_i_n_-_l_i_s_t. Optional arguments are shown in
- square brackets:
-
- AAuuttooRRaaiissee { _w_i_n_-_l_i_s_t }
- This variable specifies a list of windows that
- should automatically be raised whenever the
- pointer enters the window. This action can be
- interactively enabled or disabled on individual
- windows using the function ff..aauuttoorraaiissee.
-
- AAuuttooRReellaattiivveeRReessiizzee
- This variable indicates that dragging out a window
- size (either when initially sizing the window with
- pointer Button2 or when resizing it) should not
- wait until the pointer has crossed the window
- edges. Instead, moving the pointer automatically
- causes the nearest edge or edges to move by the
- same amount. This allows the resizing of windows
- that extend off the edge of the screen. If the
- pointer is in the center of the window, or if the
- resize is begun by pressing a titlebutton, _t_w_m
- will still wait for the pointer to cross a window
- edge (to prevent accidents). This option is par-
- ticularly useful for people who like the press-
- drag-release method of sweeping out window sizes.
-
- BBoorrddeerrCCoolloorr _s_t_r_i_n_g [{ _w_i_n_c_o_l_o_r_l_i_s_t }]
- This variable specifies the default color of the
- border to be placed around all non-iconified win-
- dows, and may only be given within a CCoolloorr,
-
-
-
- X Version 11 Release 6.1 4
-
-
-
-
-
- TWM(1) TWM(1)
-
-
- GGrraayyssccaallee or MMoonnoocchhrroommee list. The optional _w_i_n_-
- _c_o_l_o_r_l_i_s_t specifies a list of window and color
- name pairs for specifying particular border colors
- for different types of windows. For example:
-
- BBoorrddeerrCCoolloorr "gray50"
- {
- "XTerm" "red"
- "xmh" "green"
- }
-
- The default is "black".
-
- BBoorrddeerrTTiilleeBBaacckkggrroouunndd _s_t_r_i_n_g [{ _w_i_n_c_o_l_o_r_l_i_s_t }]
- This variable specifies the default background
- color in the gray pattern used in unhighlighted
- borders (only if NNooHHiigghhlliigghhtt hasn't been set), and
- may only be given within a CCoolloorr, GGrraayyssccaallee or
- MMoonnoocchhrroommee list. The optional _w_i_n_c_o_l_o_r_l_i_s_t allows
- per-window colors to be specified. The default
- is "white".
-
- BBoorrddeerrTTiilleeFFoorreeggrroouunndd _s_t_r_i_n_g [{ _w_i_n_c_o_l_o_r_l_i_s_t }]
- This variable specifies the default foreground
- color in the gray pattern used in unhighlighted
- borders (only if NNooHHiigghhlliigghhtt hasn't been set), and
- may only be given within a CCoolloorr, GGrraayyssccaallee or
- MMoonnoocchhrroommee list. The optional _w_i_n_c_o_l_o_r_l_i_s_t allows
- per-window colors to be specified. The default is
- "black".
-
- BBoorrddeerrWWiiddtthh _p_i_x_e_l_s
- This variable specifies the width in pixels of the
- border surrounding all client window frames if
- CClliieennttBBoorrddeerrWWiiddtthh has not been specified. This
- value is also used to set the border size of win-
- dows created by _t_w_m (such as the icon manager).
- The default is 2.
-
- BBuuttttoonnIInnddeenntt _p_i_x_e_l_s
- This variable specifies the amount by which title-
- buttons should be indented on all sides. Positive
- values cause the buttons to be smaller than the
- window text and highlight area so that they stand
- out. Setting this and the TTiittlleeBBuuttttoonnBBoorrddeerrWWiiddtthh
- variables to 0 makes titlebuttons be as tall and
- wide as possible. The default is 1.
-
- CClliieennttBBoorrddeerrWWiiddtthh
- This variable indicates that border width of a
- window's frame should be set to the initial border
- width of the window, rather than to the value of
- BBoorrddeerrWWiiddtthh.
-
-
-
-
- X Version 11 Release 6.1 5
-
-
-
-
-
- TWM(1) TWM(1)
-
-
- CCoolloorr { _c_o_l_o_r_s_-_l_i_s_t }
- This variable specifies a list of color assign-
- ments to be made if the default display is capable
- of displaying more than simple black and white.
- The _c_o_l_o_r_s_-_l_i_s_t is made up of the following color
- variables and their values: DDeeffaauullttBBaacckkggrroouunndd,
- DDeeffaauullttFFoorreeggrroouunndd, MMeennuuBBaacckkggrroouunndd, MMeennuuFFoorreeggrroouunndd,
- MMeennuuTTiittlleeBBaacckkggrroouunndd, MMeennuuTTiittlleeFFoorreeggrroouunndd,
- MMeennuuSShhaaddoowwCCoolloorr, PPooiinntteerrFFoorreeggrroouunndd, and PPooiinntteerr--
- BBaacckkggrroouunndd. The following color variables may
- also be given a list of window and color name
- pairs to allow per-window colors to be specified
- (see BBoorrddeerrCCoolloorr for details): BBoorrddeerrCCoolloorr, IIccoonn--
- MMaannaaggeerrHHiigghhlliigghhtt, BBoorrddeerrTTiittlleeBBaacckkggrroouunndd, BBoorrddeerrTTii--
- ttlleeFFoorreeggrroouunndd, TTiittlleeBBaacckkggrroouunndd, TTiittlleeFFoorreeggrroouunndd,
- IIccoonnBBaacckkggrroouunndd, IIccoonnFFoorreeggrroouunndd, IIccoonnBBoorrddeerrCCoolloorr,
- IIccoonnMMaannaaggeerrBBaacckkggrroouunndd, and IIccoonnMMaannaaggeerrFFoorreeggrroouunndd.
- For example:
-
- CCoolloorr
- {
- MenuBackground "gray50"
- MenuForeground "blue"
- BorderColor "red" { "XTerm" "yellow" }
- TitleForeground "yellow"
- TitleBackground "blue"
- }
-
- All of these color variables may also be specified
- for the MMoonnoocchhrroommee variable, allowing the same
- initialization file to be used on both color and
- monochrome displays.
-
- CCoonnssttrraaiinneeddMMoovveeTTiimmee _m_i_l_l_i_s_e_c_o_n_d_s
- This variable specifies the length of time between
- button clicks needed to begin a constrained move
- operation. Double clicking within this amount of
- time when invoking ff..mmoovvee will cause the window to
- be moved only in a horizontal or vertical direc-
- tion. Setting this value to 0 will disable con-
- strained moves. The default is 400 milliseconds.
-
- CCuurrssoorrss { _c_u_r_s_o_r_-_l_i_s_t }
- This variable specifies the glyphs that _t_w_m should
- use for various pointer cursors. Each cursor may
- be defined either from the ccuurrssoorr font or from two
- bitmap files. Shapes from the ccuurrssoorr font may be
- specified directly as:
-
- _c_u_r_s_o_r_n_a_m_e "_s_t_r_i_n_g"
-
- where _c_u_r_s_o_r_n_a_m_e is one of the cursor names listed
- below, and _s_t_r_i_n_g is the name of a glyph as found
- in the file <XRoot>/include/X11/cursorfont.h
-
-
-
- X Version 11 Release 6.1 6
-
-
-
-
-
- TWM(1) TWM(1)
-
-
- (without the ``XC_'' prefix). If the cursor is to
- be defined from bitmap files, the following syntax
- is used instead:
-
- _c_u_r_s_o_r_n_a_m_e "_i_m_a_g_e" "_m_a_s_k"
-
- The _i_m_a_g_e and _m_a_s_k strings specify the names of
- files containing the glyph image and mask in
- _b_i_t_m_a_p_(_1_) form. The bitmap files are located in
- the same manner as icon bitmap files. The follow-
- ing example shows the default cursor definitions:
-
- CCuurrssoorrss
- {
- Frame "top_left_arrow"
- Title "top_left_arrow"
- Icon "top_left_arrow"
- IconMgr "top_left_arrow"
- Move "fleur"
- Resize "fleur"
- Menu "sb_left_arrow"
- Button "hand2"
- Wait "watch"
- Select "dot"
- Destroy "pirate"
- }
-
-
- DDeeccoorraatteeTTrraannssiieennttss
- This variable indicates that transient windows
- (those containing a WM_TRANSIENT_FOR property)
- should have titlebars. By default, transients are
- not reparented.
-
- DDeeffaauullttBBaacckkggrroouunndd _s_t_r_i_n_g
- This variable specifies the background color to be
- used for sizing and information windows. The
- default is "white".
-
- DDeeffaauullttFFoorreeggrroouunndd _s_t_r_i_n_g
- This variable specifies the foreground color to be
- used for sizing and information windows. The
- default is "black".
-
- DDoonnttIIccoonniiffyyBByyUUnnmmaappppiinngg { _w_i_n_-_l_i_s_t }
- This variable specifies a list of windows that
- should not be iconified by simply unmapping the
- window (as would be the case if IIccoonniiffyyBByyUUnnmmaappppiinngg
- had been set). This is frequently used to force
- some windows to be treated as icons while other
- windows are handled by the icon manager.
-
- DDoonnttMMoovveeOOffff
- This variable indicates that windows should not be
-
-
-
- X Version 11 Release 6.1 7
-
-
-
-
-
- TWM(1) TWM(1)
-
-
- allowed to be moved off the screen. It can be
- overridden by the ff..ffoorrcceemmoovvee function.
-
- DDoonnttSSqquueeeezzeeTTiittllee [{ _w_i_n_-_l_i_s_t }]
- This variable indicates that titlebars should not
- be squeezed to their minimum size as described
- under SSqquueeeezzeeTTiittllee below. If the optional window
- list is supplied, only those windows will be pre-
- vented from being squeezed.
-
- FFoorrcceeIIccoonnss
- This variable indicates that icon pixmaps speci-
- fied in the IIccoonnss variable should override any
- client-supplied pixmaps.
-
- FFrraammeePPaaddddiinngg _p_i_x_e_l_s
- This variable specifies the distance between the
- titlebar decorations (the button and text) and the
- window frame. The default is 2 pixels.
-
- GGrraayyssccaallee { _c_o_l_o_r_s }
- This variable specifies a list of color assign-
- ments that should be made if the screen has a
- GrayScale default visual. See the description of
- CCoolloorrss.
-
- IIccoonnBBaacckkggrroouunndd _s_t_r_i_n_g [{ _w_i_n_-_l_i_s_t }]
- This variable specifies the background color of
- icons, and may only be specified inside of a
- CCoolloorr, GGrraayyssccaallee or MMoonnoocchhrroommee list. The optional
- _w_i_n_-_l_i_s_t is a list of window names and colors so
- that per-window colors may be specified. See the
- BBoorrddeerrCCoolloorr variable for a complete description of
- the _w_i_n_-_l_i_s_t. The default is "white".
-
- IIccoonnBBoorrddeerrCCoolloorr _s_t_r_i_n_g [{ _w_i_n_-_l_i_s_t }]
- This variable specifies the color of the border
- used for icon windows, and may only be specified
- inside of a CCoolloorr, GGrraayyssccaallee or MMoonnoocchhrroommee list.
- The optional _w_i_n_-_l_i_s_t is a list of window names
- and colors so that per-window colors may be speci-
- fied. See the BBoorrddeerrCCoolloorr variable for a complete
- description of the _w_i_n_-_l_i_s_t. The default is
- "black".
-
- IIccoonnBBoorrddeerrWWiiddtthh _p_i_x_e_l_s
- This variable specifies the width in pixels of the
- border surrounding icon windows. The default is
- 2.
-
- IIccoonnDDiirreeccttoorryy _s_t_r_i_n_g
- This variable specifies the directory that should
- be searched if if a bitmap file cannot be found in
- any of the directories in the bbiittmmaappFFiilleePPaatthh
-
-
-
- X Version 11 Release 6.1 8
-
-
-
-
-
- TWM(1) TWM(1)
-
-
- resource.
-
- IIccoonnFFoonntt _s_t_r_i_n_g
- This variable specifies the font to be used to
- display icon names within icons. The default is
- "variable".
-
- IIccoonnFFoorreeggrroouunndd _s_t_r_i_n_g [{ _w_i_n_-_l_i_s_t }]
- This variable specifies the foreground color to be
- used when displaying icons, and may only be speci-
- fied inside of a CCoolloorr, GGrraayyssccaallee or MMoonnoocchhrroommee
- list. The optional _w_i_n_-_l_i_s_t is a list of window
- names and colors so that per-window colors may be
- specified. See the BBoorrddeerrCCoolloorr variable for a
- complete description of the _w_i_n_-_l_i_s_t. The default
- is "black".
-
- IIccoonniiffyyBByyUUnnmmaappppiinngg [[{{ _w_i_n_-_l_i_s_t }}]]
- This variable indicates that windows should be
- iconified by being unmapped without trying to map
- any icons. This assumes that the user will remap
- the window through the icon manager, the ff..wwaarrppttoo
- function, or the _T_w_m_W_i_n_d_o_w_s menu. If the optional
- _w_i_n_-_l_i_s_t is provided, only those windows will be
- iconified by simply unmapping. Windows that have
- both this and the IIccoonnMMaannaaggeerrDDoonnttSShhooww options set
- may not be accessible if no binding to the _T_w_m_W_i_n_-
- _d_o_w_s menu is set in the user's startup file.
-
- IIccoonnMMaannaaggeerrBBaacckkggrroouunndd _s_t_r_i_n_g [{ _w_i_n_-_l_i_s_t }]
- This variable specifies the background color to
- use for icon manager entries, and may only be
- specified inside of a CCoolloorr, GGrraayyssccaallee or
- MMoonnoocchhrroommee list. The optional _w_i_n_-_l_i_s_t is a list
- of window names and colors so that per-window col-
- ors may be specified. See the BBoorrddeerrCCoolloorr vari-
- able for a complete description of the _w_i_n_-_l_i_s_t.
- The default is "white".
-
- IIccoonnMMaannaaggeerrDDoonnttSShhooww [{ _w_i_n_-_l_i_s_t }]
- This variable indicates that the icon manager
- should not display any windows. If the optional
- _w_i_n_-_l_i_s_t is given, only those windows will not be
- displayed. This variable is used to prevent win-
- dows that are rarely iconified (such as _x_c_l_o_c_k or
- _x_l_o_a_d) from taking up space in the icon manager.
-
- IIccoonnMMaannaaggeerrFFoonntt _s_t_r_i_n_g
- This variable specifies the font to be used when
- displaying icon manager entries. The default is
- "variable".
-
- IIccoonnMMaannaaggeerrFFoorreeggrroouunndd _s_t_r_i_n_g [{ _w_i_n_-_l_i_s_t }]
- This variable specifies the foreground color to be
-
-
-
- X Version 11 Release 6.1 9
-
-
-
-
-
- TWM(1) TWM(1)
-
-
- used when displaying icon manager entries, and may
- only be specified inside of a CCoolloorr, GGrraayyssccaallee or
- MMoonnoocchhrroommee list. The optional _w_i_n_-_l_i_s_t is a list
- of window names and colors so that per-window col-
- ors may be specified. See the BBoorrddeerrCCoolloorr vari-
- able for a complete description of the _w_i_n_-_l_i_s_t.
- The default is "black".
-
- IIccoonnMMaannaaggeerrGGeeoommeettrryy _s_t_r_i_n_g [ _c_o_l_u_m_n_s ]
- This variable specifies the geometry of the icon
- manager window. The _s_t_r_i_n_g argument is standard
- geometry specification that indicates the initial
- full size of the icon manager. The icon manager
- window is then broken into _c_o_l_u_m_n_s pieces and
- scaled according to the number of entries in the
- icon manager. Extra entries are wrapped to form
- additional rows. The default number of columns is
- 1.
-
- IIccoonnMMaannaaggeerrHHiigghhlliigghhtt _s_t_r_i_n_g [{ _w_i_n_-_l_i_s_t }]
- This variable specifies the border color to be
- used when highlighting the icon manager entry that
- currently has the focus, and can only be specified
- inside of a CCoolloorr, GGrraayyssccaallee or MMoonnoocchhrroommee list.
- The optional _w_i_n_-_l_i_s_t is a list of window names
- and colors so that per-window colors may be speci-
- fied. See the BBoorrddeerrCCoolloorr variable for a complete
- description of the _w_i_n_-_l_i_s_t. The default is
- "black".
-
- IIccoonnMMaannaaggeerrss { _i_c_o_n_m_g_r_-_l_i_s_t }
- This variable specifies a list of icon managers to
- create. Each item in the _i_c_o_n_m_g_r_-_l_i_s_t has the
- following format:
-
- "_w_i_n_n_a_m_e" ["_i_c_o_n_n_a_m_e"] "_g_e_o_m_e_t_r_y" _c_o_l_u_m_n_s
-
- where _w_i_n_n_a_m_e is the name of the windows that
- should be put into this icon manager, _i_c_o_n_n_a_m_e is
- the name of that icon manager window's icon, _g_e_o_m_-
- _e_t_r_y is a standard geometry specification, and
- _c_o_l_u_m_n_s is the number of columns in this icon man-
- ager as described in IIccoonnMMaannaaggeerrGGeeoommeettrryy. For
- example:
-
- IIccoonnMMaannaaggeerrss
- {
- "XTerm" "=300x5+800+5" 5
- "myhost" "=400x5+100+5" 2
- }
-
- Clients whose name or class is ``XTerm'' will have
- an entry created in the ``XTerm'' icon manager.
- Clients whose name was ``myhost'' would be put
-
-
-
- X Version 11 Release 6.1 10
-
-
-
-
-
- TWM(1) TWM(1)
-
-
- into the ``myhost'' icon manager.
-
- IIccoonnMMaannaaggeerrSShhooww { _w_i_n_-_l_i_s_t }
- This variable specifies a list of windows that
- should appear in the icon manager. When used in
- conjunction with the IIccoonnMMaannaaggeerrDDoonnttSShhooww variable,
- only the windows in this list will be shown in the
- icon manager.
-
- IIccoonnRReeggiioonn _g_e_o_m_s_t_r_i_n_g _v_g_r_a_v _h_g_r_a_v _g_r_i_d_w_i_d_t_h _g_r_i_d_h_e_i_g_h_t
- This variable specifies an area on the root window
- in which icons are placed if no specific icon
- location is provided by the client. The _g_e_o_m_-
- _s_t_r_i_n_g is a quoted string containing a standard
- geometry specification. If more than one IIccoonnRRee--
- ggiioonn lines are given, icons will be put into the
- succeeding icon regions when the first is full.
- The _v_g_r_a_v argument should be either NNoorrtthh or SSoouutthh
- and control and is used to control whether icons
- are first filled in from the top or bottom of the
- icon region. Similarly, the _h_g_r_a_v argument should
- be either EEaasstt or WWeesstt and is used to control
- whether icons should be filled in from left from
- the right. Icons are laid out within the region
- in a grid with cells _g_r_i_d_w_i_d_t_h pixels wide and
- _g_r_i_d_h_e_i_g_h_t pixels high.
-
- IIccoonnss { _w_i_n_-_l_i_s_t }
- This variable specifies a list of window names and
- the bitmap filenames that should be used as their
- icons. For example:
-
- IIccoonnss
- {
- "XTerm" "xterm.icon"
- "xfd" "xfd_icon"
- }
-
- Windows that match ``XTerm'' and would not be
- iconified by unmapping, and would try to use the
- icon bitmap in the file ``xterm.icon''. If FFoorrccee--
- IIccoonnss is specified, this bitmap will be used even
- if the client has requested its own icon pixmap.
-
- IInntteerrppoollaatteeMMeennuuCCoolloorrss
- This variable indicates that menu entry colors
- should be interpolated between entry specified
- colors. In the example below:
-
- MMeennuu "mymenu"
- {
- "Title" ("black":"red") f.title
- "entry1" f.nop
- "entry2" f.nop
-
-
-
- X Version 11 Release 6.1 11
-
-
-
-
-
- TWM(1) TWM(1)
-
-
- "entry3" ("white":"green") f.nop
- "entry4" f.nop
- "entry5" ("red":"white") f.nop
- }
-
- the foreground colors for ``entry1'' and
- ``entry2'' will be interpolated between black and
- white, and the background colors between red and
- green. Similarly, the foreground for ``entry4''
- will be half-way between white and red, and the
- background will be half-way between green and
- white.
-
- MMaakkeeTTiittllee { _w_i_n_-_l_i_s_t }
- This variable specifies a list of windows on which
- a titlebar should be placed and is used to request
- titles on specific windows when NNooTTiittllee has been
- set.
-
- MMaaxxWWiinnddoowwSSiizzee _s_t_r_i_n_g
- This variable specifies a geometry in which the
- width and height give the maximum size for a given
- window. This is typically used to restrict win-
- dows to the size of the screen. The default width
- is 32767 - screen width. The default height is
- 32767 - screen height.
-
- MMeennuuBBaacckkggrroouunndd _s_t_r_i_n_g
- This variable specifies the background color used
- for menus, and can only be specified inside of a
- CCoolloorr or MMoonnoocchhrroommee list. The default is "white".
-
- MMeennuuFFoonntt _s_t_r_i_n_g
- This variable specifies the font to use when dis-
- playing menus. The default is "variable".
-
- MMeennuuFFoorreeggrroouunndd _s_t_r_i_n_g
- This variable specifies the foreground color used
- for menus, and can only be specified inside of a
- CCoolloorr, GGrraayyssccaallee or MMoonnoocchhrroommee list. The default
- is "black".
-
- MMeennuuSShhaaddoowwCCoolloorr _s_t_r_i_n_g
- This variable specifies the color of the shadow
- behind pull-down menus and can only be specified
- inside of a CCoolloorr, GGrraayyssccaallee or MMoonnoocchhrroommee list.
- The default is "black".
-
- MMeennuuTTiittlleeBBaacckkggrroouunndd _s_t_r_i_n_g
- This variable specifies the background color for
- ff..ttiittllee entries in menus, and can only be speci-
- fied inside of a CCoolloorr, GGrraayyssccaallee or MMoonnoocchhrroommee
- list. The default is "white".
-
-
-
-
- X Version 11 Release 6.1 12
-
-
-
-
-
- TWM(1) TWM(1)
-
-
- MMeennuuTTiittlleeFFoorreeggrroouunndd _s_t_r_i_n_g
- This variable specifies the foreground color for
- ff..ttiittllee entries in menus and can only be specified
- inside of a CCoolloorr or MMoonnoocchhrroommee list. The default
- is "black".
-
- MMoonnoocchhrroommee { _c_o_l_o_r_s }
- This variable specifies a list of color assign-
- ments that should be made if the screen has a
- depth of 1. See the description of CCoolloorrss.
-
- MMoovveeDDeellttaa _p_i_x_e_l_s
- This variable specifies the number of pixels the
- pointer must move before the ff..mmoovvee function
- starts working. Also see the ff..ddeellttaassttoopp func-
- tion. The default is zero pixels.
-
- NNooBBaacckkiinnggSSttoorree
- This variable indicates that _t_w_m's menus should
- not request backing store to minimize repainting
- of menus. This is typically used with servers
- that can repaint faster than they can handle back-
- ing store.
-
- NNooCCaasseeSSeennssiittiivvee
- This variable indicates that case should be
- ignored when sorting icon names in an icon man-
- ager. This option is typically used with applica-
- tions that capitalize the first letter of their
- icon name.
-
- NNooDDeeffaauullttss
- This variable indicates that _t_w_m should not supply
- the default titlebuttons and bindings. This
- option should only be used if the startup file
- contains a completely new set of bindings and def-
- initions.
-
- NNooGGrraabbSSeerrvveerr
- This variable indicates that _t_w_m should not grab
- the server when popping up menus and moving opaque
- windows.
-
- NNooHHiigghhlliigghhtt [{ _w_i_n_-_l_i_s_t }]
- This variable indicates that borders should not be
- highlighted to track the location of the pointer.
- If the optional _w_i_n_-_l_i_s_t is given, highlighting
- will only be disabled for those windows. When the
- border is highlighted, it will be drawn in the
- current BBoorrddeerrCCoolloorr. When the border is not high-
- lighted, it will be stippled with a gray pattern
- using the current BBoorrddeerrTTiilleeFFoorreeggrroouunndd and BBoorrddeerr--
- TTiilleeBBaacckkggrroouunndd colors.
-
-
-
-
- X Version 11 Release 6.1 13
-
-
-
-
-
- TWM(1) TWM(1)
-
-
- NNooIIccoonnMMaannaaggeerrss
- This variable indicates that no icon manager
- should be created.
-
- NNooMMeennuuSShhaaddoowwss
- This variable indicates that menus should not have
- drop shadows drawn behind them. This is typically
- used with slower servers since it speeds up menu
- drawing at the expense of making the menu slightly
- harder to read.
-
- NNooRRaaiisseeOOnnDDeeiiccoonniiffyy
- This variable indicates that windows that are
- deiconified should not be raised.
-
- NNooRRaaiisseeOOnnMMoovvee
- This variable indicates that windows should not be
- raised when moved. This is typically used to
- allow windows to slide underneath each other.
-
- NNooRRaaiisseeOOnnRReessiizzee
- This variable indicates that windows should not be
- raised when resized. This is typically used to
- allow windows to be resized underneath each other.
-
- NNooRRaaiisseeOOnnWWaarrpp
- This variable indicates that windows should not be
- raised when the pointer is warped into them with
- the ff..wwaarrppttoo function. If this option is set,
- warping to an occluded window may result in the
- pointer ending up in the occluding window instead
- the desired window (which causes unexpected behav-
- ior with ff..wwaarrpprriinngg).
-
- NNooSSaavveeUUnnddeerrss
- This variable indicates that menus should not
- request save-unders to minimize window repainting
- following menu selection. It is typically used
- with displays that can repaint faster than they
- can handle save-unders.
-
- NNooSSttaacckkMMooddee [{ _w_i_n_-_l_i_s_t }]
- This variable indicates that client window
- requests to change stacking order should be
- ignored. If the optional _w_i_n_-_l_i_s_t is given, only
- requests on those windows will be ignored. This
- is typically used to prevent applications from
- relentlessly popping themselves to the front of
- the window stack.
-
- NNooTTiittllee [{ _w_i_n_-_l_i_s_t }]
- This variable indicates that windows should not
- have titlebars. If the optional _w_i_n_-_l_i_s_t is
- given, only those windows will not have titlebars.
-
-
-
- X Version 11 Release 6.1 14
-
-
-
-
-
- TWM(1) TWM(1)
-
-
- MMaakkeeTTiittllee may be used with this option to force
- titlebars to be put on specific windows.
-
- NNooTTiittlleeFFooccuuss
- This variable indicates that _t_w_m should not set
- keyboard input focus to each window as it is
- entered. Normally, _t_w_m sets the focus so that
- focus and key events from the titlebar and icon
- managers are delivered to the application. If the
- pointer is moved quickly and _t_w_m is slow to
- respond, input can be directed to the old window
- instead of the new. This option is typically used
- to prevent this ``input lag'' and to work around
- bugs in older applications that have problems with
- focus events.
-
- NNooTTiittlleeHHiigghhlliigghhtt [{ _w_i_n_-_l_i_s_t }]
- This variable indicates that the highlight area of
- the titlebar, which is used to indicate the window
- that currently has the input focus, should not be
- displayed. If the optional _w_i_n_-_l_i_s_t is given,
- only those windows will not have highlight areas.
- This and the SSqquueeeezzeeTTiittllee options can be set to
- substantially reduce the amount of screen space
- required by titlebars.
-
- OOppaaqquueeMMoovvee
- This variable indicates that the ff..mmoovvee function
- should actually move the window instead of just an
- outline so that the user can immediately see what
- the window will look like in the new position.
- This option is typically used on fast displays
- (particularly if NNooGGrraabbSSeerrvveerr is set).
-
- PPiixxmmaappss { _p_i_x_m_a_p_s }
- This variable specifies a list of pixmaps that
- define the appearance of various images. Each
- entry is a keyword indicating the pixmap to set,
- followed by a string giving the name of the bitmap
- file. The following pixmaps may be specified:
-
- PPiixxmmaappss
- {
- TitleHighlight "gray1"
- }
-
- The default for _T_i_t_l_e_H_i_g_h_l_i_g_h_t is to use an even
- stipple pattern.
-
- PPrriioorriittyy _p_r_i_o_r_i_t_y
- This variable sets _t_w_m's priority. _p_r_i_o_r_i_t_y
- should be an unquoted, signed number (e.g. 999).
- This variable has an effect only if the server
- supports the SYNC extension.
-
-
-
- X Version 11 Release 6.1 15
-
-
-
-
-
- TWM(1) TWM(1)
-
-
- RRaannddoommPPllaacceemmeenntt
- This variable indicates that windows with no spec-
- ified geometry should be placed in a pseudo-random
- location instead of having the user drag out an
- outline.
-
- RReessiizzeeFFoonntt _s_t_r_i_n_g
- This variable specifies the font to be used for in
- the dimensions window when resizing windows. The
- default is "fixed".
-
- RReessttaarrttPPrreevviioouussSSttaattee
- This variable indicates that _t_w_m should attempt to
- use the WM_STATE property on client windows to
- tell which windows should be iconified and which
- should be left visible. This is typically used to
- try to regenerate the state that the screen was in
- before the previous window manager was shutdown.
-
- SSaavveeCCoolloorr { _c_o_l_o_r_s_-_l_i_s_t }
- This variable indicates a list of color assign-
- ments to be stored as pixel values in the root
- window property _MIT_PRIORITY_COLORS. Clients may
- elect to preserve these values when installing
- their own colormap. Note that use of this mecha-
- nism is a way an for application to avoid the
- "technicolor" problem, whereby useful screen
- objects such as window borders and titlebars dis-
- appear when a programs custom colors are installed
- by the window manager. For example:
-
- SSaavveeCCoolloorr
- {
- BorderColor
- TitleBackground
- TitleForeground
- "red"
- "green"
- "blue"
- }
-
- This would place on the root window 3 pixel values
- for borders and titlebars, as well as the three
- color strings, all taken from the default col-
- ormap.
-
- SShhoowwIIccoonnMMaannaaggeerr
- This variable indicates that the icon manager win-
- dow should be displayed when _t_w_m is started. It
- can always be brought up using the ff..sshhoowwiiccoonnmmggrr
- function.
-
- SSoorrttIIccoonnMMaannaaggeerr
- This variable indicates that entries in the icon
-
-
-
- X Version 11 Release 6.1 16
-
-
-
-
-
- TWM(1) TWM(1)
-
-
- manager should be sorted alphabetically rather
- than by simply appending new windows to the end.
-
- SSqquueeeezzeeTTiittllee [{ _s_q_u_e_e_z_e_-_l_i_s_t }]
- This variable indicates that _t_w_m should attempt to
- use the SHAPE extension to make titlebars occupy
- only as much screen space as they need, rather
- than extending all the way across the top of the
- window. The optional _s_q_u_e_e_z_e_-_l_i_s_t may be used to
- control the location of the squeezed titlebar
- along the top of the window. It contains entries
- of the form:
-
- "_n_a_m_e" _j_u_s_t_i_f_i_c_a_t_i_o_n _n_u_m _d_e_n_o_m
-
- where _n_a_m_e is a window name, _j_u_s_t_i_f_i_c_a_t_i_o_n is
- either lleefftt, cceenntteerr, or rriigghhtt, and _n_u_m and _d_e_n_o_m
- are numbers specifying a ratio giving the relative
- position about which the titlebar is justified.
- The ratio is measured from left to right if the
- numerator is positive, and right to left if nega-
- tive. A denominator of 0 indicates that the
- numerator should be measured in pixels. For con-
- venience, the ratio 0/0 is the same as 1/2 for
- cceenntteerr and -1/1 for rriigghhtt. For example:
-
- SSqquueeeezzeeTTiittllee
- {
- "XTerm" left 0 0
- "xterm1" left 1 3
- "xterm2" left 2 3
- "oclock" center 0 0
- "emacs" right 0 0
- }
-
- The DDoonnttSSqquueeeezzeeTTiittllee list can be used to turn off
- squeezing on certain titles.
-
- SSttaarrttIIccoonniiffiieedd [{ _w_i_n_-_l_i_s_t }]
- This variable indicates that client windows should
- initially be left as icons until explicitly
- deiconified by the user. If the optional _w_i_n_-_l_i_s_t
- is given, only those windows will be started
- iconic. This is useful for programs that do not
- support an _-_i_c_o_n_i_c command line option or
- resource.
-
- TTiittlleeBBaacckkggrroouunndd _s_t_r_i_n_g [{ _w_i_n_-_l_i_s_t }]
- This variable specifies the background color used
- in titlebars, and may only be specified inside of
- a CCoolloorr, GGrraayyssccaallee or MMoonnoocchhrroommee list. The
- optional _w_i_n_-_l_i_s_t is a list of window names and
- colors so that per-window colors may be specified.
- The default is "white".
-
-
-
- X Version 11 Release 6.1 17
-
-
-
-
-
- TWM(1) TWM(1)
-
-
- TTiittlleeBBuuttttoonnBBoorrddeerrWWiiddtthh _p_i_x_e_l_s
- This variable specifies the width in pixels of the
- border surrounding titlebuttons. This is typi-
- cally set to 0 to allow titlebuttons to take up as
- much space as possible and to not have a border.
- The default is 1.
-
- TTiittlleeFFoonntt _s_t_r_i_n_g
- This variable specifies the font to be used for
- displaying window names in titlebars. The default
- is "variable".
-
- TTiittlleeFFoorreeggrroouunndd _s_t_r_i_n_g [{ _w_i_n_-_l_i_s_t }]
- This variable specifies the foreground color used
- in titlebars, and may only be specified inside of
- a CCoolloorr, GGrraayyssccaallee or MMoonnoocchhrroommee list. The
- optional _w_i_n_-_l_i_s_t is a list of window names and
- colors so that per-window colors may be specified.
- The default is "black".
-
- TTiittlleePPaaddddiinngg _p_i_x_e_l_s
- This variable specifies the distance between the
- various buttons, text, and highlight areas in the
- titlebar. The default is 8 pixels.
-
- UUnnkknnoowwnnIIccoonn _s_t_r_i_n_g
- This variable specifies the filename of a bitmap
- file to be used as the default icon. This bitmap
- will be used as the icon of all clients which do
- not provide an icon bitmap and are not listed in
- the IIccoonnss list.
-
- UUsseePPPPoossiittiioonn _s_t_r_i_n_g
- This variable specifies whether or not _t_w_m should
- honor program-requested locations (given by the
- PPPPoossiittiioonn flag in the WM_NORMAL_HINTS property) in
- the absence of a user-specified position. The
- argument _s_t_r_i_n_g may have one of three values:
- ""ooffff"" (the default) indicating that _t_w_m should
- ignore the program-supplied position, ""oonn"" indi-
- cating that the position should be used, and ""nnoonn--
- zzeerroo"" indicating that the position should used if
- it is other than (0,0). The latter option is for
- working around a bug in older toolkits.
-
- WWaarrppCCuurrssoorr [{ _w_i_n_-_l_i_s_t }]
- This variable indicates that the pointer should be
- warped into windows when they are deiconified. If
- the optional _w_i_n_-_l_i_s_t is given, the pointer will
- only be warped when those windows are deiconified.
-
- WWiinnddoowwRRiinngg { _w_i_n_-_l_i_s_t }
- This variable specifies a list of windows along
- which the ff..wwaarrpprriinngg function cycles.
-
-
-
- X Version 11 Release 6.1 18
-
-
-
-
-
- TWM(1) TWM(1)
-
-
- WWaarrppUUnnmmaappppeedd
- This variable indicates that the ff..wwaarrppttoo function
- should deiconify any iconified windows it encoun-
- ters. This is typically used to make a key bind-
- ing that will pop a particular window (such as
- _x_m_h), no matter where it is. The default is for
- ff..wwaarrppttoo to ignore iconified windows.
-
- XXoorrVVaalluuee _n_u_m_b_e_r
- This variable specifies the value to use when
- drawing window outlines for moving and resizing.
- This should be set to a value that will result in
- a variety of of distinguishable colors when exclu-
- sive-or'ed with the contents of the user's typical
- screen. Setting this variable to 1 often gives
- nice results if adjacent colors in the default
- colormap are distinct. By default, _t_w_m will
- attempt to cause temporary lines to appear at the
- opposite end of the colormap from the graphics.
-
- ZZoooomm [ _c_o_u_n_t ]
- This variable indicates that outlines suggesting
- movement of a window to and from its iconified
- state should be displayed whenever a window is
- iconified or deiconified. The optional _c_o_u_n_t
- argument specifies the number of outlines to be
- drawn. The default count is 8.
-
- The following variables must be set after the fonts have
- been assigned, so it is usually best to put them at the
- end of the variables or beginning of the bindings sec-
- tions:
-
- DDeeffaauullttFFuunnccttiioonn _f_u_n_c_t_i_o_n
- This variable specifies the function to be exe-
- cuted when a key or button event is received for
- which no binding is provided. This is typically
- bound to ff..nnoopp, ff..bbeeeepp, or a menu containing win-
- dow operations.
-
- WWiinnddoowwFFuunnccttiioonn _f_u_n_c_t_i_o_n
- This variable specifies the function to execute
- when a window is selected from the TTwwmmWWiinnddoowwss
- menu. If this variable is not set, the window
- will be deiconified and raised.
-
- BBIINNDDIINNGGSS
- After the desired variables have been set, functions may
- be attached titlebuttons and key and pointer buttons.
- Titlebuttons may be added from the left or right side and
- appear in the titlebar from left-to-right according to the
- order in which they are specified. Key and pointer button
- bindings may be given in any order.
-
-
-
-
- X Version 11 Release 6.1 19
-
-
-
-
-
- TWM(1) TWM(1)
-
-
- Titlebuttons specifications must include the name of the
- pixmap to use in the button box and the function to be
- invoked when a pointer button is pressed within them:
-
- LLeeffttTTiittlleeBBuuttttoonn "_b_i_t_m_a_p_n_a_m_e" = _f_u_n_c_t_i_o_n
-
- or
-
- RRiigghhttTTiittlleeBBuuttttoonn "_b_i_t_m_a_p_n_a_m_e" = _f_u_n_c_t_i_o_n
-
- The _b_i_t_m_a_p_n_a_m_e may refer to one of the built-in bitmaps
- (which are scaled to match TTiittlleeFFoonntt) by using the appro-
- priate colon-prefixed name described above.
-
- Key and pointer button specifications must give the modi-
- fiers that must be pressed, over which parts of the screen
- the pointer must be, and what function is to be invoked.
- Keys are given as strings containing the appropriate
- keysym name; buttons are given as the keywords BBuutt--
- ttoonn11-BBuuttttoonn55:
-
- "FP1" = _m_o_d_l_i_s_t : _c_o_n_t_e_x_t : _f_u_n_c_t_i_o_n
- BBuuttttoonn11 = _m_o_d_l_i_s_t : _c_o_n_t_e_x_t : _f_u_n_c_t_i_o_n
-
- The _m_o_d_l_i_s_t is any combination of the modifier names
- sshhiifftt, ccoonnttrrooll, lloocckk, mmeettaa, mmoodd11, mmoodd22, mmoodd33, mmoodd44, or
- mmoodd55 (which may be abbreviated as ss, cc, ll, mm, mm11, mm22, mm33,
- mm44, mm55, respectively) separated by a vertical bar (|).
- Similarly, the _c_o_n_t_e_x_t is any combination of wwiinnddooww,
- ttiittllee, iiccoonn, rroooott, ffrraammee, iiccoonnmmggrr, their first letters
- (iiccoonnmmggrr abbreviation is mm), or aallll, separated by a verti-
- cal bar. The _f_u_n_c_t_i_o_n is any of the ff.. keywords
- described below. For example, the default startup file
- contains the following bindings:
-
- Button1 = : root : f.menu "TwmWindows"
- Button1 = m : window | icon : f.function "move-or-lower"
- Button2 = m : window | icon : f.iconify
- Button3 = m : window | icon : f.function "move-or-raise"
- Button1 = : title : f.function "move-or-raise"
- Button2 = : title : f.raiselower
- Button1 = : icon : f.function "move-or-iconify"
- Button2 = : icon : f.iconify
- Button1 = : iconmgr : f.iconify
- Button2 = : iconmgr : f.iconify
-
- A user who wanted to be able to manipulate windows from
- the keyboard could use the following bindings:
-
- "F1" = : all : f.iconify
- "F2" = : all : f.raiselower
- "F3" = : all : f.warpring "next"
- "F4" = : all : f.warpto "xmh"
- "F5" = : all : f.warpto "emacs"
-
-
-
- X Version 11 Release 6.1 20
-
-
-
-
-
- TWM(1) TWM(1)
-
-
- "F6" = : all : f.colormap "next"
- "F7" = : all : f.colormap "default"
- "F20" = : all : f.warptoscreen "next"
- "Left" = m : all : f.backiconmgr
- "Right" = m | s : all : f.forwiconmgr
- "Up" = m : all : f.upiconmgr
- "Down" = m | s : all : f.downiconmgr
-
- _T_w_m provides many more window manipulation primitives than
- can be conveniently stored in a titlebar, menu, or set of
- key bindings. Although a small set of defaults are sup-
- plied (unless the NNooDDeeffaauullttss is specified), most users
- will want to have their most common operations bound to
- key and button strokes. To do this, _t_w_m associates names
- with each of the primitives and provides _u_s_e_r_-_d_e_f_i_n_e_d
- _f_u_n_c_t_i_o_n_s for building higher level primitives and _m_e_n_u_s
- for interactively selecting among groups of functions.
-
- User-defined functions contain the name by which they are
- referenced in calls to ff..ffuunnccttiioonn and a list of other
- functions to execute. For example:
-
- Function "move-or-lower" { f.move f.deltastop f.lower }
- Function "move-or-raise" { f.move f.deltastop f.raise }
- Function "move-or-iconify" { f.move f.deltastop f.iconify }
- Function "restore-colormap" { f.colormap "default" f.lower }
-
- The function name must be used in ff..ffuunnccttiioonn exactly as it
- appears in the function specification.
-
- In the descriptions below, if the function is said to
- operate on the selected window, but is invoked from a root
- menu, the cursor will be changed to the SSeelleecctt cursor and
- the next window to receive a button press will be chosen:
-
- !! _s_t_r_i_n_g
- This is an abbreviation for ff..eexxeecc _s_t_r_i_n_g.
-
- ff..aauuttoorraaiissee
- This function toggles whether or not the selected
- window is raised whenever entered by the pointer.
- See the description of the variable AAuuttooRRaaiissee.
-
- ff..bbaacckkiiccoonnmmggrr
- This function warps the pointer to the previous
- column in the current icon manager, wrapping back
- to the previous row if necessary.
-
- ff..bbeeeepp This function sounds the keyboard bell.
-
- ff..bboottttoommzzoooomm
- This function is similar to the ff..ffuullllzzoooomm func-
- tion, but resizes the window to fill only the bot-
- tom half of the screen.
-
-
-
- X Version 11 Release 6.1 21
-
-
-
-
-
- TWM(1) TWM(1)
-
-
- ff..cciirrcclleeddoowwnn
- This function lowers the top-most window that
- occludes another window.
-
- ff..cciirrcclleeuupp
- This function raises the bottom-most window that
- is occluded by another window.
-
- ff..ccoolloorrmmaapp _s_t_r_i_n_g
- This function rotates the colormaps (obtained from
- the WM_COLORMAP_WINDOWS property on the window)
- that _t_w_m will display when the pointer is in this
- window. The argument _s_t_r_i_n_g may have one of the
- following values: ""nneexxtt"", ""pprreevv"", and ""ddeeffaauulltt"".
- It should be noted here that in general, the
- installed colormap is determined by keyboard
- focus. A pointer driven keyboard focus will
- install a private colormap upon entry of the win-
- dow owning the colormap. Using the click to type
- model, private colormaps will not be installed
- until the user presses a mouse button on the tar-
- get window.
-
- ff..ddeeiiccoonniiffyy
- This function deiconifies the selected window. If
- the window is not an icon, this function does
- nothing.
-
- ff..ddeelleettee
- This function sends the WM_DELETE_WINDOW message
- to the selected window if the client application
- has requested it through the WM_PROTOCOLS window
- property. The application is supposed to respond
- to the message by removing the indicated window.
- If the window has not requested WM_DELETE_WINDOW
- messages, the keyboard bell will be rung indicat-
- ing that the user should choose an alternative
- method. Note this is very different from
- f.destroy. The intent here is to delete a single
- window, not necessarily the entire application.
-
- ff..ddeellttaassttoopp
- This function allows a user-defined function to be
- aborted if the pointer has been moved more than
- _M_o_v_e_D_e_l_t_a pixels. See the example definition
- given for FFuunnccttiioonn ""mmoovvee--oorr--rraaiissee"" at the begin-
- ning of the section.
-
- ff..ddeessttrrooyy
- This function instructs the X server to close the
- display connection of the client that created the
- selected window. This should only be used as a
- last resort for shutting down runaway clients.
- See also f.delete.
-
-
-
- X Version 11 Release 6.1 22
-
-
-
-
-
- TWM(1) TWM(1)
-
-
- ff..ddoowwnniiccoonnmmggrr
- This function warps the pointer to the next row in
- the current icon manger, wrapping to the beginning
- of the next column if necessary.
-
- ff..eexxeecc _s_t_r_i_n_g
- This function passes the argument _s_t_r_i_n_g to
- /bin/sh for execution. In multiscreen mode, if
- _s_t_r_i_n_g starts a new X client without giving a dis-
- play argument, the client will appear on the
- screen from which this function was invoked.
-
- ff..ffooccuuss This function toggles the keyboard focus of the
- server to the selected window, changing the focus
- rule from pointer-driven if necessary. If the
- selected window already was focused, this function
- executes an ff..uunnffooccuuss.
-
- ff..ffoorrcceemmoovvee
- This function is like ff..mmoovvee except that it
- ignores the DDoonnttMMoovveeOOffff variable.
-
- ff..ffoorrwwiiccoonnmmggrr
- This function warps the pointer to the next column
- in the current icon manager, wrapping to the
- beginning of the next row if necessary.
-
- ff..ffuullllzzoooomm
- This function resizes the selected window to the
- full size of the display or else restores the
- original size if the window was already zoomed.
-
- ff..ffuunnccttiioonn _s_t_r_i_n_g
- This function executes the user-defined function
- whose name is specified by the argument _s_t_r_i_n_g.
-
- ff..hhbbzzoooomm
- This function is a synonym for ff..bboottttoommzzoooomm.
-
- ff..hhiiddeeiiccoonnmmggrr
- This function unmaps the current icon manager.
-
- ff..hhoorriizzoooomm
- This variable is similar to the ff..zzoooomm function
- except that the selected window is resized to the
- full width of the display.
-
- ff..hhttzzoooomm
- This function is a synonym for ff..ttooppzzoooomm.
-
- ff..hhzzoooomm This function is a synonym for ff..hhoorriizzoooomm.
-
- ff..iiccoonniiffyy
- This function iconifies or deiconifies the
-
-
-
- X Version 11 Release 6.1 23
-
-
-
-
-
- TWM(1) TWM(1)
-
-
- selected window or icon, respectively.
-
- ff..iiddeennttiiffyy
- This function displays a summary of the name and
- geometry of the selected window. If the server
- supports the SYNC extension, the priority of the
- client owning the window is also displayed.
- Clicking the pointer or pressing a key in the win-
- dow will dismiss it.
-
- ff..lleeffttiiccoonnmmggrr
- This function similar to ff..bbaacckkiiccoonnmmggrr except that
- wrapping does not change rows.
-
- ff..lleeffttzzoooomm
- This variable is similar to the ff..bboottttoommzzoooomm func-
- tion but causes the selected window is only
- resized to the left half of the display.
-
- ff..lloowweerr This function lowers the selected window.
-
- ff..mmeennuu _s_t_r_i_n_g
- This function invokes the menu specified by the
- argument _s_t_r_i_n_g. Cascaded menus may be built by
- nesting calls to ff..mmeennuu.
-
- ff..mmoovvee This function drags an outline of the selected
- window (or the window itself if the OOppaaqquueeMMoovvee
- variable is set) until the invoking pointer button
- is released. Double clicking within the number of
- milliseconds given by CCoonnssttrraaiinneeddMMoovveeTTiimmee warps
- the pointer to the center of the window and con-
- strains the move to be either horizontal or verti-
- cal depending on which grid line is crossed. To
- abort a move, press another button before releas-
- ing the first button.
-
- ff..nneexxttiiccoonnmmggrr
- This function warps the pointer to the next icon
- manager containing any windows on the current or
- any succeeding screen.
-
- ff..nnoopp This function does nothing and is typically used
- with the DDeeffaauullttFFuunnccttiioonn or WWiinnddoowwFFuunnccttiioonn vari-
- ables or to introduce blank lines in menus.
-
- ff..pprreevviiccoonnmmggrr
- This function warps the pointer to the previous
- icon manager containing any windows on the current
- or preceding screens.
-
- ff..pprriioorriittyy _s_t_r_i_n_g
- This function sets the priority of the client own-
- ing the selected window to the numeric value of
-
-
-
- X Version 11 Release 6.1 24
-
-
-
-
-
- TWM(1) TWM(1)
-
-
- the argument _s_t_r_i_n_g, which should be a signed
- integer in double quotes (e.g. "999" ). This
- function has an effect only if the server supports
- the SYNC extension.
-
- ff..qquuiitt This function causes _t_w_m to restore the window's
- borders and exit. If _t_w_m is the first client
- invoked from _x_d_m, this will result in a server
- reset.
-
- ff..rraaiissee This function raises the selected window.
-
- ff..rraaiisseelloowweerr
- This function raises the selected window to the
- top of the stacking order if it is occluded by any
- windows, otherwise the window will be lowered.
-
- ff..rreeffrreesshh
- This function causes all windows to be refreshed.
-
- ff..rreessiizzee
- This function displays an outline of the selected
- window. Crossing a border (or setting AAuuttooRReellaa--
- ttiivveeRReessiizzee) will cause the outline to begin to
- rubber band until the invoking button is released.
- To abort a resize, press another button before
- releasing the first button.
-
- ff..rreessttaarrtt
-
- This function kills and restarts _t_w_m.
-
- ff..rriigghhttiiccoonnmmggrr
- This function is similar to ff..nneexxttiiccoonnmmggrr except
- that wrapping does not change rows.
-
- ff..rriigghhttzzoooomm
- This variable is similar to the ff..bboottttoommzzoooomm func-
- tion except that the selected window is only
- resized to the right half of the display.
-
- ff..ssaavveeyyoouurrsseellff
- This function sends a WM_SAVEYOURSELF message to
- the selected window if it has requested the mes-
- sage in its WM_PROTOCOLS window property. Clients
- that accept this message are supposed to check-
- point all state associated with the window and
- update the WM_COMMAND property as specified in the
- ICCCM. If the selected window has not selected
- for this message, the keyboard bell will be rung.
-
- ff..sshhoowwiiccoonnmmggrr
- This function maps the current icon manager.
-
-
-
-
- X Version 11 Release 6.1 25
-
-
-
-
-
- TWM(1) TWM(1)
-
-
- ff..ssoorrttiiccoonnmmggrr
- This function sorts the entries in the current
- icon manager alphabetically. See the variable
- SSoorrttIIccoonnMMaannaaggeerr.
-
- ff..ttiittllee This function provides a centered, unselectable
- item in a menu definition. It should not be used
- in any other context.
-
- ff..ttooppzzoooomm
- This variable is similar to the ff..bboottttoommzzoooomm func-
- tion except that the selected window is only
- resized to the top half of the display.
-
- ff..uunnffooccuuss
- This function resets the focus back to pointer-
- driven. This should be used when a focused window
- is no longer desired.
-
- ff..uuppiiccoonnmmggrr
- This function warps the pointer to the previous
- row in the current icon manager, wrapping to the
- last row in the same column if necessary.
-
- ff..vvllzzoooomm
- This function is a synonym for ff..lleeffttzzoooomm.
-
- ff..vvrrzzoooomm
- This function is a synonym for ff..rriigghhttzzoooomm.
-
- ff..wwaarrpprriinngg _s_t_r_i_n_g
- This function warps the pointer to the next or
- previous window (as indicated by the argument
- _s_t_r_i_n_g, which may be ""nneexxtt"" or ""pprreevv"") specified
- in the WWiinnddoowwRRiinngg variable.
-
- ff..wwaarrppttoo _s_t_r_i_n_g
- This function warps the pointer to the window
- which has a name or class that matches _s_t_r_i_n_g. If
- the window is iconified, it will be deiconified if
- the variable WWaarrppUUnnmmaappppeedd is set or else ignored.
-
- ff..wwaarrppttooiiccoonnmmggrr _s_t_r_i_n_g
- This function warps the pointer to the icon man-
- ager entry associated with the window containing
- the pointer in the icon manager specified by the
- argument _s_t_r_i_n_g. If _s_t_r_i_n_g is empty (i.e. ""),
- the current icon manager is chosen.
-
- ff..wwaarrppttoossccrreeeenn _s_t_r_i_n_g
- This function warps the pointer to the screen
- specified by the argument _s_t_r_i_n_g. _S_t_r_i_n_g may be a
- number (e.g. ""00"" or ""11""), the word ""nneexxtt"" (indi-
- cating the current screen plus 1, skipping over
-
-
-
- X Version 11 Release 6.1 26
-
-
-
-
-
- TWM(1) TWM(1)
-
-
- any unmanaged screens), the word ""bbaacckk"" (indicat-
- ing the current screen minus 1, skipping over any
- unmanaged screens), or the word ""pprreevv"" (indicating
- the last screen visited.
-
- ff..wwiinnrreeffrreesshh
- This function is similar to the ff..rreeffrreesshh function
- except that only the selected window is refreshed.
-
- ff..zzoooomm This function is similar to the ff..ffuullllzzoooomm func-
- tion, except that the only the height of the
- selected window is changed.
-
- MMEENNUUSS
- Functions may be grouped and interactively selected using
- pop-up (when bound to a pointer button) or pull-down (when
- associated with a titlebutton) menus. Each menu specifi-
- cation contains the name of the menu as it will be
- referred to by ff..mmeennuu, optional default foreground and
- background colors, the list of item names and the func-
- tions they should invoke, and optional foreground and
- background colors for individual items:
-
- MMeennuu "_m_e_n_u_n_a_m_e" [ ("_d_e_f_f_o_r_e":"_d_e_f_b_a_c_k") ]
- {
- _s_t_r_i_n_g_1 [ ("_f_o_r_e_1":"_b_a_c_k_n")] _f_u_n_c_t_i_o_n_1
- _s_t_r_i_n_g_2 [ ("_f_o_r_e_2":"_b_a_c_k_n")] _f_u_n_c_t_i_o_n_2
- .
- .
- .
- _s_t_r_i_n_g_N [ ("_f_o_r_e_N":"_b_a_c_k_N")] _f_u_n_c_t_i_o_n_N
- }
-
-
- The _m_e_n_u_n_a_m_e is case-sensitive. The optional _d_e_f_f_o_r_e and
- _d_e_f_b_a_c_k arguments specify the foreground and background
- colors used on a color display to highlight menu entries.
- The _s_t_r_i_n_g portion of each menu entry will be the text
- which will appear in the menu. The optional _f_o_r_e and _b_a_c_k
- arguments specify the foreground and background colors of
- the menu entry when the pointer is not in the entry.
- These colors will only be used on a color display. The
- default is to use the colors specified by the MMeennuuFFoorree--
- ggrroouunndd and MMeennuuBBaacckkggrroouunndd variables. The _f_u_n_c_t_i_o_n portion
- of the menu entry is one of the functions, including any
- user-defined functions, or additional menus.
-
- There is a special menu named TTwwmmWWiinnddoowwss which contains
- the names of all of the client and _t_w_m-supplied windows.
- Selecting an entry will cause the WWiinnddoowwFFuunnccttiioonn to be
- executed on that window. If WWiinnddoowwFFuunnccttiioonn hasn't been
- set, the window will be deiconified and raised.
-
-
-
-
-
- X Version 11 Release 6.1 27
-
-
-
-
-
- TWM(1) TWM(1)
-
-
- IICCOONNSS
- _T_w_m supports several different ways of manipulating iconi-
- fied windows. The common pixmap-and-text style may be
- laid out by hand or automatically arranged as described by
- the IIccoonnRReeggiioonn variable. In addition, a terse grid of
- icon names, called an icon manager, provides a more effi-
- cient use of screen space as well as the ability to navi-
- gate among windows from the keyboard.
-
- An icon manager is a window that contains names of
- selected or all windows currently on the display. In
- addition to the window name, a small button using the
- default iconify symbol will be displayed to the left of
- the name when the window is iconified. By default, click-
- ing on an entry in the icon manager performs ff..iiccoonniiffyy.
- To change the actions taken in the icon manager, use the
- the iiccoonnmmggrr context when specifying button and keyboard
- bindings.
-
- Moving the pointer into the icon manager also directs key-
- board focus to the indicated window (setting the focus
- explicitly or else sending synthetic events NNooTTiittlleeFFooccuuss
- is set). Using the ff..uuppiiccoonnmmggrr, ff..ddoowwnniiccoonnmmggrr
- ff..lleeffttiiccoonnmmggrr, and ff..rriigghhttiiccoonnmmggrr functions, the input
- focus can be changed between windows directly from the
- keyboard.
-
- BBUUGGSS
- The resource manager should have been used instead of all
- of the window lists.
-
- The IIccoonnRReeggiioonn variable should take a list.
-
- Double clicking very fast to get the constrained move
- function will sometimes cause the window to move, even
- though the pointer is not moved.
-
- If IIccoonniiffyyBByyUUnnmmaappppiinngg is on and windows are listed in
- IIccoonnMMaannaaggeerrDDoonnttSShhooww but not in DDoonnttIIccoonniiffyyBByyUUnnmmaappppiinngg,
- they may be lost if they are iconified and no bindings to
- ff..mmeennuu ""TTwwmmWWiinnddoowwss"" or ff..wwaarrppttoo are setup.
-
- FFIILLEESS
- $HOME/.twmrc.<screen number>
- $HOME/.twmrc
- <XRoot>/lib/X11/twm/system.twmrc
-
- EENNVVIIRROONNMMEENNTT VVAARRIIAABBLLEESS
- DISPLAY This variable is used to determine which X server
- to use. It is also set during ff..eexxeecc so that pro-
- grams come up on the proper screen.
-
- HOME This variable is used as the prefix for files that
- begin with a tilde and for locating the _t_w_m
-
-
-
- X Version 11 Release 6.1 28
-
-
-
-
-
- TWM(1) TWM(1)
-
-
- startup file.
-
- SSEEEE AALLSSOO
- X(1), Xserver(1), xdm(1), xrdb(1)
-
- AAUUTTHHOORRSS
- Tom LaStrange, Solbourne Computer; Jim Fulton, MIT X Con-
- sortium; Steve Pitschke, Stardent Computer; Keith Packard,
- MIT X Consortium; Dave Sternlicht, MIT X Consortium; Dave
- Payne, Apple Computer.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- X Version 11 Release 6.1 29
-
-
-