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$Title{Plutarch's Lives
Part II}
$Subtitle{}
$Author{Plutarch}
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$Subject{pericles
time
upon
having
city
power
every
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nor
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$Date{c75}
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Title:       Plutarch's Lives
Book:        Pericles
Author:      Plutarch
Date:        c75
Translation: Dryden, Arthur Hugh Clough

Part II

     Cimon, while he was admiral, ended his days in the Isle of Cyprus. And
the aristocratical party, seeing that Pericles was already before this grown
to be the greatest and foremost man of all the city, but nevertheless wishing
there should be somebody set up against him, to blunt and turn the edge of his
power, that it might not altogether prove a monarchy, put forward Thucydides
of Alopece, a discreet person, and a near kinsman of Cimon's, to conduct the
opposition against him; who, indeed, though less skilled in warlike affairs
than Cimon was, yet was better versed in speaking and political business, and
keeping close guard in the city, and engaging with Pericles on the hustings,
in a short time brought the government to an equality of parties. For he would
not suffer those who were called the honest and good (persons of worth and
distinction) to be scattered up and down and mix themselves and be lost among
the populace, as formerly, diminishing and obscuring their superiority amongst
the masses; but taking them apart by themselves and uniting them in one body,
by their combined weight he was able, as it were upon the balance, to make a
counterpoise to the other party.

     For, indeed, there was from the beginning a sort of concealed split, or
seam, as it might be in a piece of iron, marking the different popular and
aristocratical tendencies; but the open rivalry and contention of these two
opponents made the gash deep, and severed the city into the two parties of the
people and the few. And so Pericles, at that time more than at any other, let
loose the reins to the people, and made his policy subservient to their
pleasure, contriving continually to have some great public show or solemnity,
some banquet, or some procession or other in the town to please them, coaxing
his countrymen like children, with such delights and pleasures as were not,
however, unedifying. Besides that every year he sent out three-score galleys,
on board of which there went numbers of the citizens, who were in pay eight
months, learning at the same time and practising the art of seamanship.

     He sent, moreover, a thousand of them into the Chersonese as planters, to
share the land among them by lot, and five hundred more into the isle of
Naxos, and half that number to Andros, a thousand into Thrace to dwell among
the Bisaltae, and others into Italy, when the city of Sybaris, which now was
called Thurii, was to be repeopled. And this he did to ease and discharge the
city of an idle, and, by reason of their idleness, a busy, meddling crowd of
people; and at the same time to meet the necessities and restore the fortunes
of the poor townsmen, and to intimidate, also, and check their allies from
attempting any change, by posting such garrisons, as it were, in the midst of
them.

     That which gave most pleasure and ornament to the city of Athens, and the
greatest admiration and even astonishment to all strangers, and that which now
is Greece's only evidence that the power she boasts of and her ancient wealth
are no romance or idle story, was his construction of the public and sacred
buildings. Yet this was that of all his actions in the government which his
enemies most looked askance upon and cavilled at in the popular assemblies,
crying out how that the commonwealth of Athens had lost its reputation and was
ill-spoken of abroad for removing the common treasure of the Greeks from the
isle of Delos into their own custody; and how that their fairest excuse for so
doing, namely, that they took it away for fear the barbarians should seize it,
and on purpose to secure it in a safe place, this Pericles had made
unavailable, and how that "Greece cannot but resent it as an insufferable
affront, and consider herself to be tyrannized over openly, when she sees the
treasure, which was contributed by her upon a necessity for the war, wantonly
lavished out by us upon our city, to gild her all over, and to adorn and set
her forth, as it were some vain woman, hung round with precious stones and
figures and temples, which cost a world of money."

     Pericles, on the other hand, informed the people, that they were in no
way obliged to give any account of those moneys to their allies, so long as
they maintained their defence, and kept off the barbarians from attacking
them; while in the meantime they did not so much as supply one horse or man or
ship, but only found money for the service; "which money," said he, "is not
theirs that give it, but theirs that receive it, if so be they perform the
conditions upon which they receive it." And that it was good reason, that, now
the city was sufficiently provided and stored with all things necessary for
the war, they should convert the overplus of its wealth to such undertakings,
as would hereafter, when completed, give them eternal honor, and, for the
present, while in process, freely supply all the inhabitants with plenty. With
their variety of workmanship and of occasions for service, which summon all
arts and trades and require all hands to be employed about them, they do
actually put the whole city, in a manner, into state-pay; while at the same
time she is both beautified and maintained by herself. For as those who are of
age and strength for war are provided for and maintained in the armaments
abroad by their pay out of the public stock, so, it being his desire and
design that the undisciplined mechanic multitude that stayed at home should
not go without their share of public salaries, and yet should not have them
given them for sitting still and doing nothing, to that end he thought fit to
bring in among them, with the approbation of the people, these vast projects
of buildings and designs of works, that would be of some continuance before
they were finished, and would give employment to numerous arts, so that the
part of the people that stayed at home might, no less than those that were at
sea or in garrisons or on expeditions, have a fair and just occasion of
receiving the benefit and having their share of the public moneys.

     The materials were stone, brass, ivory, gold, ebony, cypress-wood; and
the arts of trades that wrought and fashioned them were smiths and carpenters,
moulders, founders and braziers, stone-cutters, dyers, goldsmiths, ivory,
workers, painters, embroiderers, turners; those again that conveyed them to
the town for use, merchants and mariners and shipmasters by sea, and by land,
cartwrights, cattle-breeders, waggoners, rope-makers, flax-workers, shoemakers
and leather-dressers, road-makers, miners. And every trade in the same nature,
as a captain in an army has his particular companys of soldiers under him, had
its own hired company of journeymen and laborers belonging to it banded
together as in array, to be as it were the instrument and body for the
performance of the service. Thus, to say all in a word, the occasions and
services of these public works distributed plenty through every age and
condition.

     As then grew the works up, no less stately in size than exquisite in
form, the workmen striving to outvie the material and the design with the
beauty of their workmanship, yet the most wonderful thing of all was the
rapidity of their execution. Undertakings, any one of which singly might have
required, they thought, for their completion, several successions and ages of
men, were every one of them accomplished in the height and prime of one man's
political service. Although they say, too, that Zeuxis once, having heard
Agatharchus the painter boast of despatching his work with speed and ease,
replied, "I take a long time." For ease and speed in doing a thing do not give
the work lasting solidity or exactness of beauty; the expenditure of time
allowed to a man's pains beforehand for the production of a thing is repaid by
way of interest with a vital force for its preservation when once produced.
For which reason Pericles' works are especially admired, as having been made
quickly, to last long. For every particular piece of his work was immediately,
even at that time, for its beauty and elegance, antique; and yet in its vigor
and freshness looks to this day as if it were just executed. There is a sort
of bloom of newness upon those works of his, preserving them from the touch of
time, as if they had some perennial spirit and undying vitality mingled in the
composition of them.

     Phidias had the oversight of all the works, and was surveyor-general,
though upon the various portions other great masters and workmen were
employed. For Callicrates and Ictinus built the Parthenon; the chapel at
Eleusis, where the mysteries were celebrated, was begun by Coroebus, who
erected the pillars that stand upon the floor or pavement, and joined them to
the architraves; and after his death Metagenes of Xypete added the frieze and
the upper line of columns; Xenocles of Cholargus roofed or arched the lantern
on the top of the temple of Castor and Pollux; and the long wall, which
Socrates says he himself heard Pericles propose to the people, was undertaken
by Callicrates. This work Cratinus ridicules, as long in finishing, -

     "'Tis long since Pericles, if words would do it,
     Talk'd up the wall; yet adds not one mite to it."

     The Odeum, or music-room, which in its interior was full of seats and
ranges of pillars, and outside had its roof made to slope and descend from one
single point at the top, was constructed, we are told, in imitation of the
king of Persia's Pavilion; this likewise by Pericles' order; which Cratinus
again, in his comedy called The Thracian Women, made an occasion of raillery,
-

     "So, we see here,
     Jupiter Long-pate Pericles appear,
     Since ostracism time, he's laid aside his head,
     And wears the new Odeum in its stead."

     Pericles, also, eager for distinction, then first obtained the decree for
a contest in musical skill to be held yearly at the Panathenaea, and he
himself, being chosen judge, arranged the order and method in which the
competitors should sing and play on the flute and on the harp. And both at
that time, and at other times also, they sat in this music-room to see and
hear all such trials of skill.

     The propylaea, or entrances to the Acropolis, were finished in five
years' time, Mnesicles being the principal architect. A strange accident
happened in the course of building, which showed that the goddess was not
averse to the work, but was aiding and cooperating to bring it to perfection.
One of the artificers, the quickest and the handiest workman among them all,
with a slip of his foot fell down from a great height, and lay in a miserable
condition, the physicians having no hopes of his recovery. When Pericles was
in distress about this, Minerva appeared to him at night in a dream, and
ordered a course of treatment, which he applied, and in a short time and with
great ease cured the man. And upon this occasion it was that he set up a brass
statue of Minerva, surnamed Health, in the citadel near the altar, which they
say was there before. But it was Phidias who wrought the goddess' image in
gold, and he has his name inscribed on the pedestal as the workman of it; and
indeed the whole work in a manner was under his charge, and he had, as we have
said already, the oversight over all the artists and workmen, through
Pericles' friendship for him; and this, indeed, made him much envied, and his
patron shamefully slandered with stories, as if Phidias were in the habit of
receiving, for Pericles' use, freeborn women that came to see the works. The
comic writers of the town, when they had got hold of this story, made much of
it, and bespattered him with all the ribaldry they could invent, charging him
falsely with the wife of Menippus, one who was his friend and served as
lieutenant under him in the wars; and with the birds kept by Pyrilampes, an
acquaintance of Pericles, who, they pretended, used to give presents of
peacocks to Pericles' female friends. And how can one wonder at any number of
strange assertions from men whose whole lives were devoted to mockery, and who
were ready at any time to sacrifice the reputation of their superiors to
vulgar envy and spite, as to some evil genius, when even Stesimbrotus the
Thasian has dared to lay to the charge of Pericles a monstrous and fabulous
piece of criminality with his son's wife? So very difficult a matter is it to
trace and find out the truth of any thing by history, when, on the one hand,
those who afterwards write it find long periods of time intercepting their
view, and, on the other hand, the contemporary records of any actions and
lives, partly through envy and ill-will, partly through favor and flattery,
pervert and distort truth.

     When the orators, who sided with Thucydides and his party, were at one
time crying out, as their custom was, against Pericles, as one who squandered
away the public money, and made havoc of the state revenues, he rose in the
open assembly and put the question to the people, whether they thought that he
had laid out much; and they saying, "Too much, a great deal," "Then," said he,
"since it is so, let the cost not go to your account, but to mine; and let the
inscription upon the buildings stand in my name." When they heard him say
thus, whether it were out of a surprise to see the greatness of his spirit, or
out of emulation of the glory of the works, they cried aloud, bidding him to
spend on, and lay out what he thought fit from the public purse, and to spare
no cost, till all were finished.

     At length, coming to a final contest with Thucydides, which of the two
should ostracize the other out of the country, and having gone through this
peril, he drew his antagonist out, and broke up the confederacy that had been
organized against him. So that now all schism and division being at an end,
and the city brought to evenness and unity, he got all Athens and all affairs
that pertained to the Athenians into his own hands, their tributes, their
armies, and their galleys, the islands, the sea, and their wide-extended
power, partly over other Greeks and partly over barbarians, and all that
empire, which they possessed, founded and fortified upon subject nations and
royal friendships and alliances.

     After this he was no longer the same man he had been before, nor as tame
and gentle and familiar as formerly with the populace, so as readily to yield
to their pleasures and to comply with the desires of the multitude, as a
steersman shifts with the winds. Quitting that loose, remiss, and, in some
cases, licentious court of the popular will, he turned those soft and flowery
modulations to the austerity of aristocratical and regal rule; and employing
this uprightly and undeviatingly for the country's best interests, he was able
generally to lead the people along, with their own wills and consents, by
persuading and showing them what was to be done; and sometimes, too, urging
and pressing them forward extremely against their will, he made them whether
they would or no, yield submission to what was for their advantage. In which,
to say the truth, he did but like a skilful physician, who, in a complicated
and chronic disease, as he sees occasion, at one while allows his patient the
moderate use of such things as please him, at another while gives him keen
pains and drugs to work the cure. For there arising and growing up, as was
natural, all manner of distempered feelings among a people which had so vast a
command and dominion, he alone, as a great master, knowing how to handle and
deal fitly with each one of them, and, in an especial manner, making that use
of hopes and fears, as his two chief rudders, with the one to check the career
of their confidence at any time, with the other to raise them up and cheer
them when under any discouragement, plainly showed by this, that rhetoric, or
the art of speaking, is, in Plato's language, the government of the souls of
men, and that her chief business is to address the affections and passions,
which are as it were the strings and keys to the soul, and require a skilful
and careful touch to be played on as they should be. The source of this
predominance was not barely his power of language, but, as Thucydides assures
us, the reputation of his life, and the confidence felt in his character; his
manifest freedom from every kind of corruption, and superiority to all
considerations of money. Notwithstanding he had made the city of Athens, which
was great of itself, as great and rich as can be imagined, and though he were
himself in power and interest more than equal to many kings and absolute
rulers, who some of them also bequeathed by will their power to their
children, he, for his part, did not make the patrimony his father left him
greater than it was by one drachma.

     Thucydides, indeed, gives a plain statement of the greatness of his
power; and the comic poets, in their spiteful manner, more than hint at it,
styling his companions and friends the new Pisistratidae, and calling on him
to abjure any intention of usurpation, as one whose eminence was too great to
be any longer proportionable to and compatible with a democracy or popular
government. And Teleclides says the Athenians had surrendered up to him -

     "The tribute of the cities, and with them, the cities too, to do with them as
          he pleases, and undo;
     To build up, if he likes, stone walls around a town; and again, if so he
          likes, to pull them down;
     Their treaties and alliances, power, empire, peace, and war, their wealth and
          their success forevermore."

     Nor was all this the luck of some happy occasion; nor was it the mere
bloom and grace of a policy that flourished for a season; but having for forty
years together maintained the first place among statesmen such as Ephialtes
and Leocrates and Myronides and Cimon and Tolmides and Thucydides were, after
the defeat and banishment of Thucydides, for no less than fifteen years
longer, in the exercise of one continuous unintermitted command in the office,
to which he was annually reelected, of General, he preserved his integrity
unspotted; though otherwise he was not altogether idle or careless in looking
after his pecuniary advantage; his paternal estate, which of right belonged to
him, he so ordered that it might neither through negligence be wasted or
lessened, nor yet, being so full of business as he was, cost him any great
trouble or time with taking care of it; and put it into such a way of
management as he thought to be the most easy for himself, and the most exact.
All his yearly products and profits he sold together in a lump, and supplied
his household needs afterward by buying every thing that he or his family
wanted out of the market. Upon which account, his children, when they grew to
age, were not well pleased with his management, and the women that lived with
him were treated with little cost, and complained of his way of housekeeping,
where every thing was ordered and set down from day to day, and reduced to the
greatest exactness; since there was not there, as is usual in a great family
and a plentiful estate, any thing to spare, or over and above; but all that
went out or came in, all disbursements and all receipts, proceeded as it were
by number and measure. His manager in all this was a single servant, Evangelus
by name, a man either naturally gifted or instructed by Pericles so as to
excel every one in this art of domestic economy.

     All this, in truth, was very little in harmony with Anaxagoras' wisdom;
if, indeed, it be true that he, by a kind of divine impulse and greatness of
spirit, voluntarily quitted his house, and left his land to lie fallow and to
be grazed by sheep like a common. But the life of a contemplative philosopher
and that of an active statesman are, I presume, not the same thing; for the
one merely employs, upon great and good objects of thought, an intelligence
that requires no aid of instruments nor supply of any external materials;
whereas the other, who tempers and applies his virtue to human uses, may have
occasion for affluence, not as a matter of mere necessity, but as a noble
thing; which was Pericles' case, who relieved numerous poor citizens.

     However, there is a story, that Anaxagoras himself, while Pericles was
taken up with public affairs, lay neglected, and that, now being grown old, he
wrapped himself up with a resolution to die for want of food; which being by
chance brought to Pericles' ear, he was horror-struck, and instantly ran
thither, and used all the arguments and entreaties he could to him, lamenting
not so much Anaxagoras' condition as his own, should he lose such a counsellor
as he had found him to be; and that, upon this, Anaxagoras unfolded his robe,
and showing himself, made answer: "Pericles," said he, "even those who have
occasion for a lamp supply it with oil."

     The Lacedaemonians beginning to show themselves troubled at the growth of
the Athenian power, Pericles, on the other hand, to elevate the people's
spirit yet more, and to raise them to the thought of great actions, proposed a
decree, to summon all the Greeks in what part soever, whether of Europe or
Asia, every city, little as well as great, to send their deputies to Athens to
a general assembly, or convention, there to consult and advise concerning the
Greek temples which the barbarians had burnt down, and the sacrifices which
were due from them upon vows they had made to their gods for the safety of
Greece when they fought against the barbarians; and also concerning the
navigation of the sea, that they might henceforward all of them pass to and
fro and trade securely, and be at peace among themselves.

     Upon this errand, there were twenty men, of such as were above fifty
years of age, sent by commission; five to summon the Ionians and Dorians in
Asia, and the islanders as far as Lesbos and Rhodes; five to visit all the
places in the Hellespont and Thrace, up to Byzantium; and other five besides
these to go to Boeotia and Phocis and Peloponnesus, and from hence to pass
through the Locrians over to the neighboring continent, as far as Acarnania
and Ambracia; and the rest to take their course through Euboea to the Oetaeans
and the Malian Gulf, and to the Achaeans of Phthiotis and the Thessalians; all
of them to treat with the people as they passed, and to persuade them to come
and take their part in the debates for settling the peace and jointly
regulating the affairs of Greece.

     Nothing was effected, nor did the cities meet by their deputies, as was
desired; the Lacedaemonians, as it is said, crossing the design underhand, and
the attempt being disappointed and baffled first in Peloponnesus. I thought
fit, however, to introduce the mention of it, to show the spirit of the man
and the greatness of his thoughts.

     In his military conduct, he gained a great reputation for wariness; he
would not by his good-will engage in any fight which had much uncertainty or
hazard; he did not envy the glory of generals whose rash adventures fortune
favored with brilliant success, however they were admired by others; nor did
he think them worthy his imitation, but always used to say to his citizens
that, so far as lay in his power, they should continue immortal, and live
forever. Seeing Tolmides, the son of Tolmaeus, upon the confidence of his
former successes, and flushed with the honor his military actions had procured
him, making preparation to attack the Boeotians in their own country, when
there was no likely opportunity, and that he had prevailed with the bravest
and most enterprising of the youth to enlist themselves as volunteers in the
service, who besides his other force made up a thousand, he endeavored to
withhold him and to advise him from it in the public assembly, telling him in
a memorable saying of his, which still goes about, that, if he would not take
Pericles' advice, yet he would not do amiss to wait and be ruled by time, the
wisest counsellor of all. This saying, at that time, was but slightly
commended; but within a few days after, when news was brought that Tolmides
himself had been defeated and slain in battle near Coronea, and that many
brave citizens had fallen with him, it gained him great repute as well as
good-will among the people, for wisdom and for love of his countrymen.

     But of all his expeditions, that to the Chersonese gave most satisfaction
and pleasure, having proved the safety of the Greeks who inhabited there. For
not only by carrying along with him a thousand fresh citizens of Athens he
gave new strength and vigor to the cities, but also by belting the neck of
land, which joins the peninsula to the continent, with bulwarks and forts from
sea to sea, he put a stop to the inroads of the Thracians, who lay all about
the Chersonese, and closed the door against a continual and grievous war, with
which that country had been long harassed, lying exposed to the encroachments
and influx of barbarous neighbors, and groaning under the evils of a predatory
population both upon and within its borders.

     Nor was he less admired and talked of abroad for his sailing round the
Peloponnesus, having set out from Pegae, or The Fountains, the port of Megara,
with a hundred galleys. For he not only laid waste the sea-coast, as Tolmides
had done before, but also, advancing far up into main land with the soldiers
he had on board, by the terror of his appearance drove many within their
walls; and at Nemea, with main force, routed and raised a trophy over the
Sycyonians, who stood their ground and joined battle with him. And having
taken on board a supply of soldiers into the galleys, out of Achaia, then in
league with Athens, he crossed with the fleet to the opposite continent, and,
sailing along by the mouth of the river Achelous, overran Acarnania, and shut
up the Ceniadae within their city walls, and having ravaged and wasted their
country, weighed anchor for home with the double advantage of having shown
himself formidable to his enemies, and at the same time safe and energetic to
his fellow-citizens; for there was not so much as any chance-miscarriage that
happened, the whole voyage through, to those who were under his charge.

     Entering also the Euxine Sea with a large and finely equipped fleet, he
obtained for the Greek cities any new arrangements they wanted, and entered
into friendly relations with them; and to the barbarous nations, and kings and
chiefs round about them, displayed the greatness of the power of the
Athenians, their perfect ability and confidence to sail wherever they had a
mind, and to bring the whole sea under their control. He left the Sinopians
thirteen ships of war, with soldiers under the command of Lamachus, to assist
them against Timesileus the tyrant; and when he and his accomplices had been
thrown out, obtained a decree that six hundred of the Athenians that were
willing should sail to Sinope and plant themselves there with the Sinopians,
sharing among them the houses and land which the tyrant and his party had
previously held.

     But in other things he did not comply with the giddy impulses of the
citizens, nor quit his own resolutions to follow their fancies, when, carried
away with the thought of their strength and great success, they were eager to
interfere again in Egypt, and to disturb the king of Persia's maritime
dominions. Nay, there were a good many who were, even then, possessed with
that unblest and inauspicious passion for Sicily, which afterward the orators
of Alcibiades' party blew up into a flame. There were some also who dreamt of
Tuscany and of Carthage, and not without plausible reason in their present
large dominion and the prosperous course of their affairs.

     But Pericles curbed this passion for foreign conquest, and unsparingly
pruned and cut down their ever busy fancies for a multitude of undertakings;
and directed their power for the most part to securing and consolidating what
they had already got, supposing it would be quite enough for them to do, if
they could keep the Lacedaemonians in check; to whom he entertained all along
a sense of opposition; which, as upon many other occasions, so he particularly
showed by what he did in the time of the holy war. The Lacedaemonians, having
gone with an army to Delphi, restored Apollo's temple, which the Phocians had
got into their possession, to the Delphians; immediately after their
departure, Pericles, with another army, came and restored the Phocians. And
the Lacedaemonians have egraven the record of their privilege of consulting
the oracle before others, which the Delphians gave them, upon the forehead of
the brazen wolf which stands there, he, also, having received from the
Phocians the like privilege for the Athenians, had it cut upon the same wolf
of brass on his right side.

     That he did well and wisely in thus restraining the exertions of the
Athenians within the compass of Greece, the events themselves that happened
afterward bore sufficient witness. For, in the first place, the Euboeans
revolted, against whom he passed over with forces; and then, immediately
after, news came that the Megarians were turned their enemies, and a hostile
army was upon the borders of Attica, under the conduct of Plistoanax, king of
the Lacedaemonians. Wherefore Pericles came with his army back again in all
haste out of Euboea, to meet the war which threatened at home; and did not
venture to engage a numerous and brave army eager for battle; but perceiving
that Plistoanax was a very young man, and governed himself mostly by the
counsel and advice of Cleandrides, whom the ephors had sent with him, by
reason of his youth, to be a kind of guardian and assistant to him, he
privately made trial of this man's integrity, and, in a short time, having
corrupted him with money, prevailed with him to withdraw the Peloponnesians
out of Attica. When the army had retired and dispersed into their several
states, the Lacedaemonians in anger fined their king in so large a sum of
money, that, unable to pay it, he quitted Lacedaemon; while Cleandrides fled,
and had sentence of death passed upon him in his absence. This was the father
of Gylippus, who overpowered the Athenians in Sicily. And it seems that this
covetousness was an hereditary disease transmitted from father to son; for
Gylippus also afterwards was caught in foul practices, and expelled from
Sparta for it. But this we have told at large in the account of Lysander.

     When Pericles, in giving up his accounts of this expedition, stated a
disbursement of ten talents, as laid out upon fit occasion, the people,
without any question, nor troubling themselves to investigate the mystery,
freely allowed of it. And some historians, in which number is Theophrastus the
philosopher, have given it as a truth that Pericles every year used to send
privately the sum of ten talents to Sparta, with which he complemented those
in office, to keep off the war; not to purchase peace neither, but time, that
he might prepare at leisure, and be the better able to carry on war hereafter.

     Immediately after this, turning his forces against the revolters, and
passing over into the island of Euboea with fifty sail of ships and five
thousand men in arms, he reduced their cities, and drove out the citizens of
the Chalcidians, called Hippobotae, horse-feeders, the chief persons for
wealth and reputation among them; and removing all the Histiaeans out of the
country, brought in a plantation of Athenians in their room; making them his
ne example of severity, because they had captured an Attic ship and killed all
on board.