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$Title{History Of The Conquest Of Peru
Chapter IX: Part II}
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$Author{Prescott, William H.}
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$Date{1864}
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Title:       History Of The Conquest Of Peru
Book:        Book III: Conquest Of Peru
Author:      Prescott, William H.
Date:        1864

Chapter IX: Part II

     The Spanish governor then proceeded to Pachacamac, where he received the
grateful intelligence of the accommodation with Alvarado; and not long
afterward he was visited by that cavalier himself, previously to his
embarkation.

     The meeting was conducted with courtesy and a show, at least, of
good-will, on both sides, as there was no longer real cause for jealousy
between the parties; and each, as may be imagined, looked on the other with no
little interest, as having achieved such distinction in the bold path of
adventure.  In the comparison, Alvarado had somewhat the advantage; for
Pizarro, though of commanding presence, had not the brilliant exterior, the
free and joyous manner, which, no less than his fresh complexion and sunny
locks, had won for the conqueror of Guatemala, in his campaigns against the
Aztecs, the sobriquet of Tonatiuh, or "Child of the Sun."

     Blithe were the revels that now rang through the ancient city of
Pachacamac; where, instead of songs, and of the sacrifices so often seen there
in honor of the Indian deity, the walls echoed to the noise of tourneys and
Moorish tilts of reeds, with which the martial adventurers loved to recall the
sports of their native land.  When these were concluded, Alvarado reembarked
for his government of Guatemala, where his restless spirit soon involved him
in other enterprises that cut short his adventurous career.  His expedition to
Peru was eminently characteristic of the man.  It was founded in injustice,
conducted with rashness, and ended in disaster. ^19

[Footnote 19: Naharro, Relacion Sumaria, Ms. - Pedro Pizarro, Descub. y
Conq., Ms. - Carta Francisco Pizarro al Senor de Molina, Ms.

     Alvarado died in 1541, of an injury received from a horse which rolled
down on him as he was attempting to scale a precipitous hill in New Galicia.
In the same year, by a singular coincidence, perished his beautiful wife, at
her own residence in Guatemala, which was overwhelmed by a torrent from the
adjacent mountains.]

     The reduction of Peru might now be considered as, in a manner,
accomplished.  Some barbarous tribes in the interior, it is true, still held
out, and Alonso de Alvarado, a prudent and able officer, was employed to bring
them into subjection.  Benalcazar was still at Quito, of which he was
subsequently appointed governor by the Crown.  There he was laying deeper the
foundation of the Spanish power, while he advanced the line of conquest still
higher towards the north.  But Cuzco, the ancient capital of the Indian
monarchy, had submitted.  The armies of Atahuallpa had been beaten and
scattered.  The empire of the Incas was dissolved; and the prince who now wore
the Peruvian diadem was but the shadow of a king, who held his commission from
his conqueror.

     The first act of the governor was to determine on the site of the future
capital of this vast colonial empire.  Cuzco, withdrawn among the mountains,
was altogether too far removed from the sea-coast for a commercial people.
The little settlement of San Miguel lay too far to the north.  It was
desirable to select some more central position, which could be easily found in
one of the fruitful valleys that bordered the Pacific. Such was that of
Pachacamac, which Pizarro now occupied.  But, on further examination, he
preferred the neighbouring valley of Rimac, which lay to the north, and which
took its name, signifying in the Quichua tongue "one who speaks," from a
celebrated idol, whose shrine was much frequented by the Indians for the
oracles it delivered.  Through the valley flowed a broad stream, which, like a
great artery, was made, as usual by the natives, to supply a thousand finer
veins that meandered through the beautiful meadows.

     On this river Pizarro fixed the site of his new capital, at somewhat less
than two leagues' distance from its mouth, which expanded into a commodious
haven for the commerce that the prophetic eye of the founder saw would one day
- and no very distant one - float on its waters.  The central situation of the
spot recommended it as a suitable residence for the Peruvian viceroy, whence
he might hold easy communication with the different parts of the country, and
keep vigilant watch over his Indian vassals.  The climate was delightful, and,
though only twelve degrees south of the line, was so far tempered by the cool
breezes that generally blow from the Pacific, or from the opposite quarter
down the frozen sides of the Cordilleras, that the heat was less than in
corresponding latitudes on the continent.  It never rained on the coast; but
this dryness was corrected by a vaporous cloud, which, through the summer
months, hung like a curtain over the valley, sheltering it from the rays of a
tropical sun, and imperceptibly distilling a refreshing moisture, that clothed
the fields in the brightest verdure.

     The name bestowed on the infant capital was Ciudad de los Reyes, or City
of the Kings, in honor of the day, being the sixth of January, 1535, - the
festival of Epiphany, - when it was said to have been founded, or more
probably when its site was determined, as its actual foundation seems to have
been twelve days later. ^20 But the Castilian name ceased to be used even
within the first generation, and was supplanted by that of Lima, into which
the original Indian name of Rimac was corrupted by the Spaniards. ^21

[Footnote 20: So says Quintana, who follows in this what he pronounces a sure
authority, Father Bernabe Cobo, in his book entitled Fundacion de Lima.
Espanoles Celebres, tom. II. p. 250, nota.]

[Footnote 21: The Mss. of the old Conquerors show how, from the very first,
the name of Lima superseded the original Indian title. "Y el marquez se passo
a Lima y fundo la ciudad de los rreyes que agora es." (Pedro Pizarro, Descub.
y Conq., Ms.) "Asimismo ordenaron que se pasasen el pueblo que tenian en Xauxa
poblado a este Valle de Lima donde agora es esta ciudad de los i aqui se
poblo." Conq. i Pob. del Piru, Ms.]

     The city was laid out on a very regular plan.  The streets were to be
much wider than usual in Spanish towns, and perfectly straight, crossing one
another at right angles, and so far asunder as to afford ample space for
gardens to the dwellings, and for public squares.  It was arranged in a
triangular form, having the river for its base, the waters of which were to be
carried, by means of stone conduits, through all the principal streets,
affording facilities for irrigating the grounds around the houses.

     No sooner had the governor decided on the site and on the plan of the
city, than he commenced operations with his characteristic energy.  The
Indians were collected from the distance of more than a hundred miles to aid
in the work.  The Spaniards applied themselves with vigor to the task, under
the eye of their chief.  The sword was exchanged for the tool of the artisan.
The camp was converted into a hive of diligent laborers; and the sounds of war
were succeeded by the peaceful hum of a busy population. The plaza, which was
extensive, was to be surrounded by the cathedral, the palace of the viceroy,
that of the municipality, and other public buildings; and their foundations
were laid on a scale, and with a solidity, which defied the assaults of time,
and, in some instances, even the more formidable shock of earthquakes, that,
at different periods, have laid portions of the fair capital in ruins. ^22

[Footnote 22: Montesinos, Annales, Ms. ano 1535. - Conq. i Pob. del Piru, Ms.

     The remains of Pizarro's palace may still be discerned in the Callejon de
Petateros, says Stevenson, who gives the best account of Lima to be found in
any modern book of travels which I have consulted. Residence in South America,
vol II. chap. 8.]

     While these events were going on, Almagro, the Marshal, as he is usually
termed by chroniclers of the time, had gone to Cuzco, whither he was sent by
Pizarro to take command of that capital.  He received also instructions to
undertake, either by himself or by his captains, the conquest of the countries
towards the south, forming part of Chili. Almagro, since his arrival at
Caxamalca, had seemed willing to smother his ancient feelings of resentment
towards his associate, or, at least, to conceal the expression of them, and
had consented to take command under him in obedience to the royal mandate.  He
had even, in his despatches, the magnanimity to make honorable mention of
Pizarro, as one anxious to promote the interests of government.  Yet he did
not so far trust his companion, as to neglect the precaution of sending a
confidential agent to represent his own services, when Hernando Pizarro
undertook his mission to the mother-country.

     That cavalier, after touching at St. Domingo, had arrived without
accident at Seville, in January, 1534.  Besides the royal fifth, he took with
him gold, to the value of half a million of pesos, together with a large
quantity of silver, the property of private adventurers, some of whom,
satisfied with their gains, had returned to Spain in the same vessel with
himself.  The custom-house was filled with solid ingots, and with vases of
different forms, imitations of animals, flowers, fountains, and other objects,
executed with more or less skill, and all of pure gold, to the astonishment of
the spectators, who flocked from the neighbouring country to gaze on these
marvellous productions of Indian art. ^23 Most of the manufactured articles
were the property of the Crown; and Hernando Pizarro, after a short stay at
Seville, selected some of the most gorgeous specimens, and crossed the country
to Calatayud, where the emperor was holding the cortes of Aragon.

[Footnote 23: Herrera, Hist. General, dec. 5, ib. 6, cap. 13. - Lista de
todo lo que Hernando Pizarro trajo del Peru, ap. Mss. de Munoz.]

     Hernando was instantly admitted to the royal presence, and obtained a
gracious audience.  He was more conversant with courts than either of his
brothers, and his manners, when in situations that imposed a restraint on the
natural arrogance of his temper, were graceful and even attractive. In a
respectful tone, he now recited the stirring adventures of his brother and his
little troop of followers, the fatigues they had endured, the difficulties
they had overcome, their capture of the Peruvian Inca, and his magnificent
ransom.  He had not to tell of the massacre of the unfortunate prince, for the
tragic event, which had occurred since his departure from the country, was
still unknown to him.  The cavalier expatiated on the productiveness of the
soil, and on the civilization of the people, evinced by their proficiency in
various mechanic arts; in proof of which he displayed the manufactures of wool
and cotton, and the rich ornaments of gold and silver.  The monarch's eyes
sparkled with delight as he gazed on these last.  He was too sagacious not to
appreciate the advantages of a conquest which secured to him a country so rich
in agricultural resources.  But the returns from these must necessarily be
gradual and long deferred; and he may be excused for listening with still
greater satisfaction to Pizarro's tales of its mineral stores; for his
ambitious projects had drained the imperial treasury, and he saw in the golden
tide thus unexpectedly poured in upon him the immediate means of replenishing
it.

     Charles made no difficulty, therefore, in granting the petitions of the
fortunate adventurer.  All the previous grants to Francis Pizarro and his
associates were confirmed in the fullest manner; and the boundaries of the
governor's jurisdiction were extended seventy leagues further towards the
south.  Nor did Almagro's services, this time, go unrequited.  He was
empowered to discover and occupy the country for the distance of two hundred
leagues, beginning at the southern limit of Pizarro's territory. ^24 Charles,
in proof, still further, of his satisfaction, was graciously pleased to
address a letter to the two commanders, in which he complimented them on their
prowess, and thanked them for their services. This act of justice to Almagro
would have been highly honorable to Hernando Pizarro, considering the
unfriendly relations in which they stood to each other, had it not been made
necessary by the presence of the marshal's own agents at court, who, as
already noticed, stood ready to supply any deficiency in the statements of the
emissary.

[Footnote 24: The country to be occupied received the name of New Toledo, in
the royal grant, as the conquests of Pizarro had been designated by that of
New Castile.  But the present attempt to change the Indian name was as
ineffectual as the former, and the ancient title of Chili still designates
that narrow strip of fruitful land between the Andes and the ocean, which
stretches to the south of the great continent.]

     In this display of the royal bounty, the envoy, as will readily be
believed, did not go without his reward.  He was lodged as an attendant of the
Court; was made a knight of Santiago, the most prized of the chivalric orders
in Spain; was empowered to equip an armament, and to take command of it; and
the royal officers at Seville were required to aid him in his views and
facilitate his embarkation for the Indies. ^25

[Footnote 25: Ibid., loc. cit.]

     The arrival of Hernando Pizarro in the country, and the reports
spread by him and his followers, created a sensation among the Spaniards
such as had not been felt since the first voyage of Columbus.  The
discovery of the New World had filled the minds of men with indefinite
expectations of wealth, of which almost every succeeding expedition had
proved the fallacy.  The conquest of Mexico, though calling forth general
admiration as a brilliant and wonderful exploit, had as yet failed to
produce those golden results which had been so fondly anticipated.  The
splendid promises held out by Francis Pizarro on his recent visit to the
country had not revived the confidence of his countrymen, made incredulous
by repeated disappointment.  All that they were assured of was the
difficulties of the enterprise; and their distrust of its results was
sufficiently shown by the small number of followers, and those only of the
most desperate stamp, who were willing to take their chance in the
adventure.

     But now these promises were realized.  It was no longer the golden
reports that they were to trust; but the gold itself, which was displayed
in such profusion before them.  All eyes were now turned towards the West.
The broken spendthrift saw in it the quarter where he was to repair his
fortunes as speedily as he had ruined them.  The merchant, instead of
seeking the precious commodities of the East, looked in the opposite
direction, and counted on far higher gains, where the most common articles
of life commanded so exorbitant prices.  The cavalier, eager to win both
gold and glory at the point of his lance, thought to find a fair field for
his prowess on the mountain plains of the Andes.  Ferdinand Pizarro found
that his brother had judged rightly in allowing as many of his company as
chose to return home, confident that the display of their wealth would
draw ten to his banner for every one that quitted it.

     In a short time that cavalier saw himself at the head of one of the
most numerous and well-appointed armaments, probably, that had left the
shores of Spain since the great fleet of Ovando, in the time of Ferdinand
and Isabella.  It was scarcely more fortunate than this.  Hardly had
Ferdinand put to sea, when a violent tempest fell on the squadron, and
compelled him to return to port and refit.  At length he crossed the
ocean, and reached the little harbour of Nombre de Dios in safety.  But no
preparations had been made for his coming, and, as he was detained here
some time before he could pass the mountains, his company suffered greatly
from scarcity of food.  In their extremity, the most unwholesome articles
were greedily devoured, and many a cavalier spent his little savings to
procure himself a miserable subsistence.  Disease, as usual, trod closely
in the track of famine, and numbers of the unfortunate adventurers,
sinking under the unaccustomed heats of the climate, perished on the very
threshold of discovery.

     It was the tale often repeated in the history of Spanish enterprise.
A few, more lucky than the rest, stumble on some unexpected prize, and
hundreds, attracted by their success, press forward in the same path.  But
the rich spoil which lay on the surface has been already swept away by the
first comers, and those who follow are to win their treasure by
long-protracted and painful exertion. - Broken in spirit and in fortune,
many returned in disgust to their native shores, while others remained
where they were, to die in despair.  They thought to dig for gold; but
they dug only their graves.

     Yet it fared not thus with all Pizarro's company.  Many of them, crossing
the Isthmus with him to Panama, came in time to Peru, where, in the desperate
chances of its revolutionary struggles, some few arrived at posts of profit
and distinction.  Among those who first reached the Peruvian shore was an
emissary sent by Almagro's agents to inform him of the important grant made to
him by the Crown.  The tidings reached him just as he was making his entry
into Cuzco, where he was received with all respect by Juan and Gonzalo
Pizarro, who, in obedience to their brother's commands, instantly resigned the
government of the capital into the marshal's hands.  But Almagro was greatly
elated on finding himself now placed by his sovereign in a command that made
him independent of the man who had so deeply wronged him; and he intimated
that in the exercise of his present authority he acknowledged no superior.  In
this lordly humor he was confirmed by several of his followers, who insisted
that Cuzco fell to the south of the territory ceded to Pizarro, and
consequently came within that now granted to the marshal.  Among these
followers were several of Alvarado's men, who, though of better condition than
the soldiers of Pizarro, were under much worse discipline, and had acquired,
indeed, a spirit of unbridled license under that unscrupulous chief. ^26 They
now evinced little concern for the native population of Cuzco; and, not
content with the public edifices, seized on the dwellings of individuals,
where it suited their convenience, appropriating their contents without
ceremony, - showing as little respect, in short, for person or property, as if
the place had been taken by storm. ^27

[Footnote 26: In point of discipline, they presented a remarkable contrast to
the Conquerors of Peru, if we may take the word of Pedro Pizarro, who assures
us that his comrades would not have plucked so much as an ear of corn without
leave from their commander.  "Que los que pasamos con el Marquez a la
conquista no ovo hombre que osase tomar vna mazorca de mahiz sin licencia."
Descub. y Conq., Ms.]

[Footnote 27: "Se entraron de paz en la ciudad del Cuzco i los salieron todos
los naturales a rescibir i les tomaron la Ciudad con todo quanto havia de
dentro llenas las casas de mucha ropa i algunas oro i plata i otras muchas
cosas, i las que no estaban bien llenas las enchian de lo que tomaban de las
demas casas de la dicha ciudad, sin pensar que en ello hacian ofensa alguna
Divina ni humana, i porquesta es una cosa larga i casi incomprehensible, la
dexase al juicio de quien mas entiende aunque en el dano rescebido por parte
de los naturales cerca deste articulo yo se harto por mis pecados que no
quisiera saber ni haver visto." Conq. i Pob. del Piru, Ms.]

     While these events were passing in the ancient Peruvian capital, the
governor was still at Lima, where he was greatly disturbed by the accounts
he received of the new honors conferred on his associate.  He did not know
that his own jurisdiction had been extended seventy leagues further to the
south, and he entertained the same suspicion with Almagro, that the
capital of the Incas did not rightly come within his present limits.  He
saw all the mischief likely to result from this opulent city falling into
the hands of his rival, who would thus have an almost indefinite means of
gratifying his own cupidity, and that of his followers.  He felt, that,
under the present circumstances, it was not safe to allow Almagro to
anticipate the possession of power, to which, as yet, he had no legitimate
right; for the despatches containing the warrant for it still remained
with Hernando Pizarro, at Panama, and all that had reached Peru was a copy
of a garbled extract.

     Without loss of time, therefore, he sent instructions to Cuzco for
his brothers to resume the government, while he defended the measure to
Almagro on the ground, that, when he should hereafter receive his
credentials, it would be unbecoming to be found already in possession of
the post.  He concluded by urging him to go forward without delay in his
expedition to the south.

     But neither the marshal nor his friends were pleased with the idea of
so soon relinquishing the authority which they now considered as his
right.  The Pizarros, on the other hand, were pertinacious in reclaiming
it.  The dispute grew warmer and warmer.  Each party had its supporters;
the city was split into factions; and the municipality, the soldiers, and
even the Indian population, took sides in the struggle for power.  Matters
were proceeding to extremity, menacing the capital with violence and
bloodshed, when Pizarro himself appeared among them. ^28

[Footnote 28: Pedro Pizarro, Descub. y Conq., Ms. - Herrera Hist. General,
dec. 5, lib. 7, cap. 6 - Conq. i Pob. del Piru, Ms.]

     On receiving tidings of the fatal consequences of his mandates, he
had posted in all haste to Cuzco, where he was greeted with undisguised
joy by the natives, as well as by the more temperate Spaniards, anxious to
avert the impending storm.  The governor's first interview was with
Almagro, whom he embraced with a seeming cordiality in his manner; and,
without any show of resentment, inquired into the cause of the present
disturbances.  To this the marshal replied, by throwing the blame on
Pizarro's brothers; but, although the governor reprimanded them with some
asperity for their violence, it was soon evident that his sympathies were
on their side, and the dangers of a feud between the two associates seemed
greater than ever.  Happily, it was postponed by the intervention of some
common friends, who showed more discretion than their leaders.  With their
aid a reconciliation was at length affected, on the grounds substantially
of their ancient compact.

     It was agreed that their friendship should be maintained inviolate;
and, by a stipulation that reflects no great credit on the parties, it was
provided that neither should malign nor disparage the other, especially in
their despatches to the emperor; and that neither should hold
communication with the government without the knowledge of his
confederate; lastly, that both the expenditures and the profits of future
discovery should be shared equally by the associates.  The wrath of Heaven
was invoked by the most solemn imprecations on the head of whichever
should violate this compact, and the Almighty was implored to visit the
offender with loss of property and of life in this world, and with eternal
perdition in that to come! ^29 The parties further bound themselves to the
observance of this contract by a solemn oath taken on the sacrament, as it
was held in the hands of Father Bartolome de Segovia, who concluded the
ceremony by performing mass.  The whole proceeding, and the articles of
agreement, were carefully recorded by the notary in an instrument bearing
date June 12, 1535, and attested by a long list of witnesses. ^30
[Footnote 29: "E suplicamos a su infinita bondad que a qualquier de nos
que fuere en contrario de lo asi convenido, con todo rigor de justicia
permita la perdicion de su anima, tin y mal acavamiento de su vida,
destruicion y perdimientos de su familia, honrras y hacienda."
Capitulacion entre Pizarro y Almagro 12 de Junio, 1535, Ms.]

[Footnote 30: This remarkable document, the original of which is preserves
in the archives of Simancas, may be found entire in the Castilian, 10
Appendix, No. 11.]

     Thus did these two ancient comrades, after trampling on the ties of
friendship and honor, hope to knit themselves to each other by the holy
bands of religion.  That it should have been necessary to resort to so
extraordinary a measure might have furnished them with the best proof of
its inefficacy.

     Not long after this accommodation of their differences, the marshal
raised his standard for Chili; and numbers, won by his popular manners, and by
his liberal largesses, - liberal to prodigality, - eagerly joined in the
enterprise, which they fondly trusted would lead even to greater riches than
they had found in Peru.  Two Indians, Paullo Topa, a brother of the Inca
Manco, and Villac Umu, the high-priest of the nation, were sent in advance,
with three Spaniards, to prepare the way for the little army.  A detachment of
a hundred and fifty men, under an officer named Saavedra, next followed.
Almagro remained behind to collect further recruits; but before his levies
were completed, he began his march, feeling himself insecure, with his
diminished strength, in the neighbourhood of Pizarro! ^31 The remainder of his
forces, when mustered, were to follow him.

[Footnote 31: "El Adelantado Almagro despues que se vido en el Cuzco
descarnado de su jente temio al Marquez no le prendiese por las alteraciones
pasadas que havia tenido con sus hermanos como ya hemos dicho, i dicen que por
ser avisado dello tomo la posta i se fue al pueblo de Paria donde estava su
Capitan Saavedra." Conq. i Pob. del Piru, Ms.]

     Thus relieved of the presence of his rival, the governor returned
without further delay to the coast, to resume his labors in the settlement
of the country.  Besides the principal city of "The Kings,' he established
others along the Pacific, destined to become hereafter the flourishing
marts of commerce.  The most important of these, in honor of his
birthplace, he named Truxillo, planting it on a site already indicated by
Almagro. ^32 He made also numerous repartimientos both of lands and Indians
among his followers, in the usual manner of the Spanish Conquerors; ^33 -
though here the ignorance of the real resources of the country led to very
different results from what he had intended, as the territory smallest in
extent, not unfrequently, from the hidden treasures in its bosom, turned
out greatest in value. ^34

[Footnote 32: Carta de F. Pizarro a Molina, Ms.]

[Footnote 33: I have before me two copies of grants of encomiendas by
Pizarro, the one dated at Xauxa, 1534, the other at Cuzco, 1539. - They
emphatically enjoin on the colonist the religious instruction of the
natives under his care, as well as kind and considerate usage.  How
ineffectual were the recommendations may be inferred from the lament of
the anonymous contemporary often cited, that "from this time forth, the
pest of personal servitude was established among the Indians, equally
disastrous to body and soul of both the master and the slave." (Conq. i
Pob. del Piru, Ms.) This honest burst of indignation, not to have been
expected in the rude Conqueror, came probably from an ecclesiastic.]

[Footnote 34: "El Marques hizo encomiendas en los Espanoles, las quales
fueron por noticias que ni el sabia lo que dava ni nadie lo que rescebia
sino a tiento ya poco mas o menos, y asi muchos que pensaron que se les
dava pocos se hallaron con mucho y al contrario" Ondegardo, Rel. Prim.,
Ms.]

     But nothing claimed so much of Pizarro's care as the rising metropolis of
Lima; and, so eagerly did he press forward the work, and so well was he
seconded by the multitude of laborers at his command, that he had the
satisfaction to see his young capital, with its stately edifices and its pomp
of gardens, rapidly advancing towards completion.  It is pleasing to
contemplate the softer features in the character of the rude soldier, as he
was thus occupied with healing up the ravages of war, and laying broad the
foundations of an empire more civilized than that which he had overthrown.
This peaceful occupation formed a contrast to the life of incessant turmoil in
which he had been hitherto engaged.  It seemed, too, better suited to his own
advancing age, which naturally invited to repose.  And, if we may trust his
chroniclers, there was no part of his career in which he took greater
satisfaction.  It is certain there is no part which has been viewed with
greater satisfaction by posterity; and, amidst the woe and desolation which
Pizarro and his followers brought on the devoted land of the Incas, Lima, the
beautiful City of the Kings, still survives as the most glorious work of his
creation, the fairest gem on the shores of the Pacific.