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$Title{Israel
Appendix B.   Agreement Between Egypt and Israel}
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$Author{Richard F. Nyrop}
$Affiliation{HQ, Department of the Army}
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$Date{1979}
$Log{}
Title:       Israel
Book:        Israel, A Country Study
Author:      Richard F. Nyrop
Affiliation: HQ, Department of the Army
Date:        1979

Appendix B.   Agreement Between Egypt and Israel

     The Government of the Arab Republic of Egypt and the Government of Israel
have agreed that:

ARTICLE I

     The conflict between them and in the Middle East shall not be resolved by
military force but by peaceful means.

     The Agreement concluded by the Parties January 18, 1974, within the
framework of the Geneva Peace Conference, constituted a first step towards a
just and durable peace according to the provisions of Security Council
Resolution 338 of October 22, 1973.

     They are determined to reach a final and just peace settlement by means
of negotiations called for by Security Council Resolution 338, this Agreement
being a significant step towards that end.

ARTICLE II

     The Parties hereby undertake not to resort to the threat or use of force
or military blockade against each other.

ARTICLE III

     The Parties shall continue scrupulously to observe the cease fire on
land, sea and air and to refrain from all military or para-military actions
against each other.

     The Parties also confirm that the obligations contained in the Annex and,
when concluded, the Protocol shall be an integral part of this Agreement.

ARTICLE IV

     A. The military forces of the Parties shall be deployed in accordance
with the following principles:

     (1) All Israeli forces shall be deployed east of the lines designated as
Lines J and M on the attached map.

     (2) All Egyptian forces shall be deployed west of the line designated as
Line E on the attached map.

     (3) The area between the lines designated on the attached map as Lines E
and F and the area between the lines designated on the attached map as Lines J
and K shall be limited in armament and forces.

     (4) The limitations on armaments and forces in the areas described by
paragraph (3) above shall be agreed as described in the attached Annex.

     (5) The zone between the lines designated on the attached map as Lines E
and J, will be a buffer zone. In this zone the United Nations Emergency
Force will continue to perform its functions as under the Egyptian-Israeli
Agreement on January 18, 1974.

     (6) In the area south from Line E and west from Line M, as defined in the
attached map, there will be no military forces, as specified in the attached
Annex.

     B. The details concerning the new lines, the redeployment of the forces
and its timing, the limitation on armaments and forces, aerial reconnaissance,
the operation of the early warning and surveillance installations and the use
of the roads, the United Nations functions and other arrangements will all be
in accordance with the provisions of the Annex and map which are an
integral part of this Agreement and of the Protocol which is to result from
negotiations pursuant to the Annex and which, when concluded, shall become
an integral Part of this Agreement.

ARTICLE V

     The United Nations Emergency Force is essential and shall continue its
functions and its mandate shall be extended annually.

ARTICLE VI

     The Parties hereby establish a Joint Commission for the duration of this
Agreement. It will function under the aegis of the Chief Coordinator of the
United Nations Peacekeeping Missions in the Middle East in order to consider
any problem arising from this Agreement and to assist the United Nations
Emergency Force in the execution of its mandate. The Joint Commission shall
function in accordance with procedures established in the Protocol.

ARTICLE VII

     Non-military cargoes destined for or coming from Israel shall be
permitted through the Suez Canal.

ARTICLE VIII

     This Agreement is regarded by the Parties as a significant step towards
a just and lasting peace. It is not a final peace agreement.

     The Parties shall continue their efforts to negotiate a final peace
agreement within the framework of the Geneva Peace Conference in accordance
with Security Council Resolution 338.

ARTICLE IX

     This Agreement shall enter into force upon signature of the Protocol and
remain in force until superseded by a new agreement.

     Done at Geneva on the 4th day of September 1975, in four original copies.

For the Government of the Arab Republic of Egypt Major General Taha
al Magdoub
______________________________________________________________________________
Ahmed Osman
______________________________________________________________________________
For the Government of Israel
Ambassador Mordechai Gazit
______________________________________________________________________________
Major General Herzl Shafir
______________________________________________________________________________
WITNESS
Lt. General Ensio Siilasvou
______________________________________________________________________________
Chief, UNEF in the Middle East

ANNEX TO THE AGREEMENT

     Within 5 days after the signature of the Egypt-Israel Agreement,
representatives of the two Parties shall meet in the Military Working
Group of the Middle East Peace Conference at Geneva to begin preparation
of a detailed Protocol for the implementation of the Agreement. The Working
Group will complete the Protocol within 2 weeks. In order to facilitate
preparation of the Protocol and implementation of the Agreement, and to
assist in maintaining a scrupulous observance of the cease fire and other
elements of the Agreement, the two Parties have agreed on the following
principles, which are an integral part of the Agreement, as guidelines for
the Working Group.

     1. Definitions of Lines and Areas

     The deployment lines, areas of limited forces and armaments, Buffer
Zones, the area south from Line E and west from Line M, other designated
areas, road sections for common use and other features referred to in
Article IV of the Agreement shall be as indicated on the attached map
(1:100,000-U.S. Edition).

     2. Buffer Zones

     (a) Access to the Buffer Zones will be controlled by the United Nations
Emergency Force, according to procedures to be worked out by the Working Group
and the United Nations Emergency Force.

     (b) Aircraft of either Party will be permitted to fly freely up to the
forward line of that Party. Reconnaissance aircraft of either Party may fly up
to the middle line of the Buffer Zone E and J on agreed schedule.

     (c) In the Buffer Zone, between Lines E and J, there will be
established under Article IV of the Agreement an Early Warning System
entrusted to United States civilian personnel as detailed in a separate
proposal, which is a part of this Agreement.

     (d) Authorized personnel shall have access to the Buffer Zone for transit
to and from the Early Warning System; the manner in which this is carried out
shall be worked out by the Working Group and the United Nations Emergency
Force.

     3. Area South of Line E and West of Line M

     (a) In this area, the United Nations Emergency Force will assure that
there are no military or para-military forces of any kind, military
fortifications and military installations; it will establish checkpoints and
have the freedom of movement necessary to perform this function.

     (b) Egyptian civilians and third-country civilian oil personnel shall
have the right to enter, exit from, work, and live in the above indicated
area, except for Buffer Zones 2A, 2B and the United Nations Posts. Egyptian
civilian police shall be allowed in the area to perform normal civil police
functions among the civilian population in such numbers and with such weapons
and equipment as shall be provided for in the Protocol.

     (c) Entry to and exit from the area, by land, by air or by sea, shall be
only through the United Nations Emergency Force checkpoints. The United
Nations Emergency Force shall also establish checkpoints along the road, the
dividing line and at other points, with the precise locations and number to be
included in the Protocol.

     (d) Access to the airspace and the coastal area shall be limited to
unarmed Egyptian civilian vessels and unarmed civilian helicopters and
transport planes involved in the civilian activities of the area as agreed by
the Working Group.

     (e) Israel undertakes to leave intact all currently existing civilian
installations and infrastructures.

     (f) Procedures for use of the common sections of the coastal road along
the Gulf of Suez shall be determined by the Working Group and detailed in the
Protocol.

     4. Aerial Surveillance

     There shall be a continuation of aerial reconnaissance missions by the
United States over the areas covered by the Agreement (the area between Lines
F and K), following the same procedures already in practice. The missions will
ordinarily be carried out at a frequency of one mission over 7-10 days, with
either Party or the United Nations Emergency Force empowered to request an
earlier mission. The United States Government will make the mission results
available expeditiously to Israel, Egypt and the Chief Coordinator of the
United Nations Peacekeeping Missions in the Middle East.

     5. Limitation of Forces and Armaments

     (a) Within the Areas of Limited Forces and Armaments (the areas between
Lines J and K and Lines E and F) the major limitations shall be as follows:

     (1) Eight (8) standard infantry battalions.

     (2) Seventy-five (75) tanks.

     (3) Seventy-two (72) artillery pieces, including heavy mortars (i.e.,
with caliber larger than 120 mm.), whose range shall not exceed twelve (12)
km.

     (4) The total number of personnel shall not exceed eight thousand
(8,000).

     (5) Both parties agree not to station or locate in the area weapons which
can reach the line of the other side.

     (6) Both Parties agree that in the areas between lines J and K, and
between Line A (of the Disengagement Agreement of January 18, 1974) and Line
E, they will construct no new fortifications or installations for forces of a
size greater than that agreed herein.

     (b) The major limitations beyond the Areas of Limited Forces and Armament
will be:

     (1) Neither side will station nor locate any weapon in areas from which
they can reach the other line.

     (2) The Parties will not place anti-aircraft missiles within an area of
ten (10) kilometers east of Line K and west of Line F, respectively.

     (c) The United Nations Emergency Force will conduct inspections in order
to ensure the maintenance of the agreed limitations within these areas.

     6. Process of Implementation

     The detailed implementation and timing of the redeployment of forces,
turnover of oil fields, and other arrangements called for by the Agreement,
Annex and Protocol shall be determined by the Working Group, which will agree
on the stages of this process, including the phased movement of Egyptian
troops to Line E and Israeli troops to Line J. The first phase will be the
transfer of the oil fields and installations to Egypt. This process will begin
within two weeks from the signature of the Protocol with the introduction of
the necessary technicians, and it will be completed no later than eigth weeks
after it begins. The details of the phasing will be worked out in the Military
Working Group.

     Implementation of the redeployment shall be completed within 5 months
after signature of the Protocol.

Major General Taha al Magdoub        Ambassador Mordechai Gazit
______________________________________________________________________________
Ahmed Osman                        Major General Herzl Shafir
______________________________________________________________________________
For the Government of the Arab       For the Government of Israel
Republic of Egypt

WITNESS

                        Lt. General Ensio Siilasvuo
______________________________________________________________________________
                      Chief, UNEF in the Middle East

PROPOSAL

     In connection with the Early Warning System referred to in Article IV of
the Agreement between Egypt and Israel concluded on this date and as an
integral part of that Agreement, (hereafter referred to as the Basic
Agreement), the United States proposes the following:

     1. The Early Warning System to be established in accordance with Article
IV in the area shown on the map attached to the Basic Agreement will be
entrusted to the United States. It shall have the following elements;

     a. There shall be two surveillance stations to provide strategic early
warning, one operated by Egyptian and one operated by Israeli personnel. Their
locations are shown on the map attached to the Basic Agreement. Each station
shall be manned by not more than 250 technical and administrative personnel.
They shall perform the functions of visual and electronic surveillance only
within their stations.

     b. In support of these stations, to provide tactical early warning and
to verify access to them, three watch stations shall be established by the
United States in the Mitla and Giddi Passes as will be shown on the map
attached to the Basic Agreement. These stations shall be operated by United
States civilian personnel. In support of these stations, there shall be
established three unmanned electronic sensor fields at both ends of each Pass
and in the general vicinity of each station and the roads leading to and from
those stations.

     2. The United States civilian personnel shall perform the following
duties in connection with the operation and maintenance of these stations:

     a. At the two surveillance stations described in paragraph 1 a. above,
United States civilian personnel will verify the nature of the operations of
the stations and all movement into and out of each station and will
immediately report any detected divergency from its authorized role of visual
and electronic surveillance to the Parties to the Basic Agreement and to the
United Nations Emergency Force.

     b. At each watch station described in paragraph 1 b. above, the United
States civilian personnel will immediately report to the Parties to the Basic
Agreement and to the United Nations Emergency Force any movement of armed
forces, other than the United Nations Emergency Force, into either Pass and
any observed preparations for such movement.

     c. The total number of United States civilian personnel assigned to
functions under this Proposal shall not exceed 200. Only civilian personnel
shall be assigned to functions under this Proposal.

     3. No arms shall be maintained at the stations and other facilities
covered by this Proposal, except for small arms required for their protection.

     4. The United States personnel serving the Early Warning System shall be
allowed to move freely within the area of the system.

     5. The United States and its personnel shall be entitled to have such
support facilities as are reasonably necessary to perform their functions.

     6. The United States personnel shall be immune from local criminal,
civil, tax and customs jurisdiction and may be accorded any other specific
privileges and immunities provided for in the United Nations Emergency Force
Agreement of February 13, 1957.

     7. The United States affirms that it will continue to perform the
functions described above for the duration of the Basic Agreement.

     8. Notwithstanding any other provision of this Proposal, the United
States may withdraw its personnel only if it concludes that their safety is
jeopardized or that continuation of their role is no longer necessary. In the
latter case the Parties to the Basic Agreement will be informed in advance in
order to give them the opportunity to make alternative arrangements. If both
Parties to the Basic Agreement request the United States to conclude its role
under this Proposal, the United States will consider such requests conclusive.

     9. Technical problems including the location of the watch stations will
be worked out through consultation with the United States.

Henry A. Kissinger
Secretary of State

ADDENDUM TO APPENDIX A

Separate Agreements and Assurances

     Sections 1 (b) and 2 (a), (b), and (c) of the Proposal (q.v.) provide for
the operation of various visual and electronic surveillance equipment by 200
United States civilians. The Department of State therefore sought-and
eventually received-Congressional approval for the implementation of this part
of the Proposal. During his appearances before the Congressional committees
that conducted hearings on what was termed the "Early Warning System in
Sinai," Secretary of State Kissinger provided the committees with the texts of
two separate memoranda of agreement between Israel and the United States, of a
separate assurance by the United States to Israel, and a separate assurance by
the United States to Egypt. Copies of these secret documents were printed by
the Washington Post on September 16, 1976, and by the New York Times the next
day. On October 3, the Senate Foreign Relations Committee-despite objections
by the Department of State-made the documents public and printed the texts in
one of its official reports of the hearings before the Committee (U.S.
Congress. Ninety-fourth Congress, First Session. Senate Committee on Foreign
Relations. Memoranda of Agreements Between the Governments of Israel and the
United States, October 6 & 7, 1975. Washington: GPO, 1975). Subsequently, the
texts were published in the Congressional Record.

Agreements with and Assurances to Israel

     The agreements and assurances focus on Israel's present and future
military requirements, including possible emergency logistics and supply;
Israel's possible future oil needs; a continuation of the historical
commitment by the United States of Israel's sovereignty and security; the
general principle of freedom of navigation on the high seas and through
straits connecting international waters; the Geneva Peace Conference and the
role of the Palestine Liberation Organization; and the continuation of United
States economic, technical, and military aid and assistance to Israel.

     The executive branch of the United States government agreed to seek
Congressional funding for a continuation of military and economic assistance
to Israel and to consider making advanced weapons available to Israel,
including such item as the F-16 aircraft and Pershing ground-to-ground
missiles with conventional warheads. The United States agreed that should
Israel be unable to purchase oil to meet its domestic requirements, the United
States would attempt to make such purchases on Israel's behalf and if
necessary to assist in securing transport.

     Israel and the United States agreed that the next Egypt-Israel agreement
should be a final peace agreement. The United States agreed neither to
recognize nor to negotiate with the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO)
until the PLO accepts the United Nations Security Council Resolutions 242 and
338, which acceptance would in turn be a tacit recognition of Israel's right
to exist. Israel and the United States further agreed that the Geneva Peace
Conference will be reconvened at a date acceptable both to Israel and the
United States. The United States also agreed to oppose, and if necessary to
veto, any attempt in the Security Council to revise Security Council
Resolutions 242 and 338 or the terms of reference of the Geneva Peace
Conference in a manner that would alter their original purpose.

Assurances to Egypt

     In its assurances to the government of Egypt, the United States agreed to
make a serious effort to initiate negotiations between Israel and Syria.
Should Israel violate the Egypt-Israel Agreement, the United States stated
that it would consult with Egypt as to what course of action the United States
might take. The United States agreed to provide Egypt with technical
assistance for an early warning station and reaffirmed its intention to
provide economic assistance to Egypt, subject to Congressional approval and
funding.