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$Title{Table B.: Chronology of Events: Prehistory to 1949} ______________________________________________________________________________ Dates Events ______________________________________________________________________________ Ca. 1600-1500 B.C. ...... Period of the Patriarchs. Abraham entered into covenant with God (Yahweh). God promised land of region to Abraham and his descendants. Covenant and promises repeated with Abraham's son Isaac and grandson Jacob, to whom God gave the name of Israel. Jacob, his sons, their families (i.e., the Children of Israel), and retainers-about 150 persons-migrated to Egypt. Ca. 1250-1210 B.C. ...... Jews under Moses left Egypt, wandered in the desert of Sinai during which time Moses received . The Law in series of meetings with God. The Ark of the Covenant constructed and, with the stone tablets of the Decalogue inside, was henceforth carried with the Twelve Tribes of Israel on their journey. Ca. 1220-1190 B.C. ...... Under leadership of Joshua, tribes conquered Land of Canaan. Ca. 1200-1000 B.C. ...... Tribal confederation; period of the Judges. Ca. 1000 B.C. ........... Saul became king, though functions largely limited to those of military commander. Ca. 1000-965 B.C. ....... David consolidated and expanded kingdoms of (or to 961 B.C.) Israel and Judah (Judea) 965-928 B.C. ............ Reign of Solomon, first figure for which historical (or 961-922 B.C.) records exist outside the Bible. Temple was built, centering on the Holy of Holies in which Ark of Covenant was housed and from which the Divine Presence was believed never to depart. Temple in Jerusalem and The Law became and remain central aspect of Judaism. 900-722 B.C. ............ Two kingdoms, Judah and Israel, gradually lost power and strength. Near end of period the prophesies of the first Isaiah and of other great prophets. 722-720 B.C. ............ Samaria, in Israel, conquered by Shalmaneser V. Samaria made a province of Assyrian Empire. Large number of Jews deported. 720-597 B.C. ............ Weakening states subjected to series of attacks from powerful neighbors. Ca. 627-585 B.C. the prophecies of Jeremiah. 597-586 B.C. ............ Nebuchadnezzar attacked Judah; Jerusalem conquered in 587; it and Temple destroyed and the Ark of the Covenant lost in 586. Huge number of Jews taken into exile (galut) known as the Babylonian Captivity. 538 B.C. ................ First group allowed by Cyrus to return to Jerusalem from Babylon. Ca. 520-515 B.C. ........ Second Temple built. Ca. 445 B.C. ............ Ezra, probably the governor of new commonwealth, reportedly summoned "the people" to the Temple, where for seven days he and others read the Torah to the assembly. 500-200 B.C. ............ Collection, organization, and revision of the literature eventually incorporated into the Bible continued throughout period. 332 B.C. ................ Alexander the Great conquered region, including Israel and Judah. Beginning of Hellenistic influence, which continued for centuries. 301 B.C. ................ Ptolemy I conquered area. 301-175 B.C. ............ Series of wars and invasions in the region resulted in numerous overlords and rulers. In 198 Seleucids conquered Israel; in 175 Antiochus IV seized power. 167 B.C. ................ In response to acts of Antiochus IV-such as outlawing Judaism and the desecration of the Temple-rebellion by Jews began. 166-160 B.C. ............ Under Judas (Judah) Maccabee, rebels victorious. In 164 Jerusalem liberated and Temple rededicated. In 161 treaty of friendship concluded with Rome. 140 B.C. ................ Simon the Just endorsed by an assembly of the people as ruler, high priest, and commander in chief. Hasmonean dynasty begun. 134 B.C. ................ Renewal of treaty with Rome. Simon assassinated. John Hyrcanus ruled until 104. 76-67 B.C. .............. Reign of Salome Alexandra, only rule by a woman. 63 B.C. ................. Pompey captured Jerusalem for Rome. 48 B.C. ................. Caesar endorsed Jewish religious privileges. 37-4 B.C. ............... Reign of Herod. 4 B.C.-A.D. 34 .......... Reign of Herod Philip. A.D. 37-41 .............. Caligula Caesar's demand that he be worshipped as a living god rejected by Jews, provoking crisis and insurrection. A.D. 70 ................. Revolt against Rome that began in A.D. 66 culminated in Roman seizure of Jerusalem and the destruction of the Temple. Qumran and other Essene communities also destroyed. Direct Roman rule imposed, lasted until 395. A.D. 73 ................. Fall of Massada to Roman forces. A.D. 132-135 ............ Bar Kokhba War. A.D. 100-425 ............ Compilation of Jerusalem Talmud (completed ca. 390 or 425), Midrashim (see Glossary), and that section of the Bible known as the Old Testament. Provided framework for life in Diaspora (see Glossary), which began with the various captivities in sixth century B.C., increased during Hellenistic period, and became almost total in aftermath of the destruction of the Temple. A.D. 200 ................ Tertullian, Christian spokesman, wrote and issued a virulently anti-Jewish work, Adversus Judaeos. A.D. 395-638 ............ Byzantine rule. A.D. 500 ................ Babylonian Talmud completed at about this time, although refinements and the final codification were not completed until late in the seventh century. A.D. 535-553 ............ Emperor Justinian voiced strong anti-Jewish sentiment and policy in Corpus Juris Civilis. A.D. 612 ................ Spanish king instituted policy aimed at forcible conversion of Jews. A.D. 632 ................ Byzantine Emperor Heraclius promulgated law calling for forced conversion to Christianity of all Jews in empire. A.D. 630-1500 ........... In 638 Arab Muslims conquered Jerusalem, which they identify as third holiest city of Islam. Jews in areas conquered by Arab Muslims generally welcomed them as liberators. With few exceptions, Jews fared much better under Muslim than Christian rule. Period ca. 900-1141 known as the Golden Age of the Diaspora, with centers in Spain, Morocco, and other Mediterranean Muslim countries. Expulsion of Jews and Muslims from Spain in 1492 marked end of Arab Muslim grandeur and the acceleration of Arab decline, which decline and resulting cultural and commercial stagnation Jews in those areas shared. Jews and Arabs also suffered from brutalities and indignities of various Christian Crusades from the eleventh to fourteenth centuries. A.D. 636-1072 ........... Palestine ruled by Arabs. 1072-1099 ............... Seljuq rule of Palestine. 1096-1099 ............... First Crusade. Before leaving on Crusade, some soldiers massacred Jews in Rhineland. 1099-1291 ............... With some interruptions, Palestine ruled by crusaders. Members of Second Crusade again persecuted Jews in Rhineland. 1182 .................... Jews expelled from France, property confiscated. 1290 .................... After several decades of persecution, including blood libel (see Glossary) trials, Jews expelled from England. 1291-1516 ............... Palestine ruled by Mamluks. 1300-1600 ............... Massacres forced conversions, and expulsions in most countries of Western Europe. Conditions in Spain perhaps worst, culminating in Spanish Inquisition in 1480 and expulsion in 1492. Jews expelled from Sicily, 1493; Lithuania, 1495; Portugal, 1496-97; Brandenberg, 1510; Naples, 1541; Prague, 1541. In 1544 Martin Luther launchd attacks on Jews on charges of deicide. 1517-1917 ............... Palestine conquered by Turks and governed as part of Ottoman Empire. 1648-49 ................. Estimated 100,000 Jews killed and 300 communities destroyed in Ukraine. 1666 .................... Sabbatai Zevi of Turkey proclaimed self as messiah and for short time captured emotional allegiance of world Jewry. 1670-1789 ............... Expulsions and persecutions common throughout Europe. In 1715 Pope Pius VI issued Edict Concerning the Jews, which alluded to deicide charges and extended restrictions on Christian-Jewish relations. 1789 .................... French Revolution and Napoleon's conquests of much of Europe gradually extended measure of civil liberties to European Jews. This provided impetus to Jewish Emancipation or Enlightenment (haskalah) that, launched by Moses Mendelssohn (1729-86) and others, provided such nineteenth and early twentieth century figures as Heinrich Heine (1797-1856); Benjamin Disraeli (1804-81); Karl Marx (1818-83); Johannes Brahms (1833-77); Sigmund Freud (1856-1939); Marcel Proust (1871-1922); Albert Einstein (1879-1955); J. Robert Oppenheimer (1904-67); Saul Bellow (1915- ); and Yehudi Menuhin (1916- ). 1791 .................... Czarist Russia established twenty-five provinces-known as the Pale of Settlement (see Glossary)-in which Jews permitted to live but outside of which they could not permanently reside. 1800-84 ................. In 1827 compulsory military service of twenty-five years for young, male Jews begun in Russia; in 1835 new restrictive laws promulgated by czar. In 1878 in Germany, founding of first political party based on anti-Semitism; German historian Henrich von Treitschke joined anti-Semitic campaign, thus providing academic prestige and sanction. In Russia pogroms resulted in beginning of mass Jewish emigration, mostly to North America. (Between 1880 and 1914 about 2.6 million East European Jews fled to North America, most to United States). 1882 .................... Beginning of First Aliyah (see Glossary; First International Anti-Jewish Congress held in Dresden, Germany. 1882 .................... Leo Pinsker, Russian Jew, wrote Auto-Emancipation, based on which Hibbat Zion was founded in 1890. 1894 .................... Alfred Dreyfus trial in Paris. 1896 .................... Theodor Herzl, an assimilated Jew-resident in Vienna-wrote Der Judenstaat (The Jewish State) calling for separate Jewish state. 1897 .................... First Zionist Congress held in Basel, Switzerland. Under Herzl's leadership Zionist Organization founded with stated aim: "To create for the Jewish people a home in Palestine secured by Public Law." 1899 .................... Houston Stewart Chamberlain, Englishman resident in Germany, published anti-Semitic tract that later provided ideological framework for National-Socialist party of Adolf Hitler. 1903-06 ................. Renewal of pogroms in southern Russia. 1903 .................... Sixth Zionist Congress. Herzl presented British offer to give territory in British East Africa for Jewish homeland. Plan became known as Uganda Scheme. 1904 .................... Beginning of Second Aliyah. 1905 .................... Czarist Russia's secret police, Okhrana, arranged for printing the Protocol of the Elders of Zion, concocted by an anonymous Parisian: pamphlet appeared to reveal a secret plan by Jews for attainment of world domination. During 1920s article was translated into all major world languages and given wide circulation and considerable credence, particularly in Germany and in the United States, where until 1927 its publication was subsidized by Henry Ford. 1911 .................... Tenth Zionist Congress adopted what came to be known as "synthetic" trend of Zionism, expounded by Chaim Weizmann. November 2, 1917 ........ Issuance of letter that became known as the Balfour Declaration, which stated that British government favored "the establishment in Palestine of a National Home for the Jewish People." 1917-21 ................. Many thousand Jews killed in Poland and Ukraine; in 1919 estimated 3,000 Jews killed in Hungary. 1918-48 ................. Palestine ruled by Great Britain. 1919-23.................. Third Aliyah. 1920 .................... Histadrut (see Glossary) and Haganah (see Glossary founded in Palestine. 1922 .................... League of Nations approved and formalized British Mandate over Palestine, which in fact had been instituted by 1920. 1924-31 ................. Fourth Aliyah. 1925 .................... Mein Kampf published. 1929 .................... Arabs in Jerusalem rioted over acquisition of land by Jewish immigrants. 1932-39.................. Fifth Aliyah; marked by refugees from Nazi Germany. 1935 .................... Germany issued Nuremberg Laws, which among other things denied Jews German citizenship. July 1937................ Royal Commission on Palestine (Peel Commission) issued its report, which described Arab and Jewish positions as irreconcilable and the Mandate as unworkable. Commission recommended partition of Palestine into Jewish and Arab states but with British retention of Mandate power over Nazareth, Bethlehem, Jerusalem, and a corridor from Jerusalem to the seacoast (see fig. 5, ch. 1). August 1937 ............. Twentieth Zionist Congress agreed in principle to partition proposal but rejected proposed boundaries. November 1937 ........... Woodhead Commission reversed Peel Commission recommendations, stated that partition impractical. March 1938 .............. British government called a conference in London of Jewish and Arab representatives, but conference failed, in part because Arabs refused to negotiate directly with Jewish representatives. May 17, 1939 ............ British government issued a White Paper that extended British rule in Palestine for a ten-year period; placed limits on Jewish immigration and their land purchases in Palestine; and stated that a Palestinian government would be established at the end of ten years. Arabs generally negative to White Paper, and Jews rejected it completely. In September 1939 David Ben-Gurion stated, "We [the Jews in Palestine] shall fight the war against Hitler as if there were no White Paper, and we shall fight the White Paper as if there were no war." 1939-45 ................. Thousands of Palestinian Jews joined British Army and fought on all main fronts during World War II; in September 1944 separate Jewish Brigade was formed within British Army. Within Palestine, Jewish Agency (see Glossary)-main Jewish organization-resisted British Mandate attempts to regulate land sales and arranged immigration of many Jewish refugees from Europe. May 8, 1945 ............. Germany surrendered; official estimate of the number of victims of what came to be known as the Holocaust (see Glossary) eventually placed at 5,820,000, roughly 37 percent of world Jewish population in 1939. July 1945 ............... New Labour Government in London endorsed 1939 White Paper and sought to limit Jewish immigration into Palestine and to block land purchases by Jews in Palestine. May 1946 ................ Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry report denounced 1939 White Paper and called for immediate entrance into Palestine of about 100,000 European Jews, most of whom were stateless survivors of Holocaust. British rejected this, noting that Palestine was an armed camp. Activities of Irgun (see Glossary) and Stern Gang (see Glossary) intensified. British deported number of Jews to Cyprus. July 22, 1946 ........... Irgun bombed King David Hotel killing many British officials and over 100 Arab and Jewish employees of hotel. December 1946............ Twenty-second Zionist Congress designated Ben-Gurion an executive chairman and defense minister of Jewish Agency; instituted significant arming and expansion of Haganah. 1947 ................... Great Britain turned Palestine issue over to United Nations (UN). In May UN established United Nations Special Committee on Palestine (UNSCOP), which in August submitted a report calling for partition (see fig. 5, ch. 1). In November 1947 General Assembly adopted proposal. April 9, 1948............ Irgun terrorists kill most inhabitants of Dayr (Deir) Yasin, over 250 people. In next few weeks over 200,000 Arabs flee from the area. May 14, 1948............. Israel issued Declaration of the Establishment of the State of Israel. June 20, 1948............ Supply ship Altalena, loaded with arms and ammunition for Irgun, burns near Tel Aviv during raid by newly created Israel Defense Forces, precipitating the rapid decline of the Irgun. May 1948-January 1949 ... On May 15 Arab military forces attacked Israel. By January 1949 Israeli forces held area that remained in mid-1978 the de jure territory of Israel.