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Assume tap water is contaminated until told otherwise--and don't use plumbing (toilets, disposals, drains) until told that sewer lines are intact. Don't eat any food that's near broken glass. Unless you have an emergency, avoid using the telephone. Cellular phones can be very useful; they were used extensively after the San Francisco quake when conventional lines were inundated. If you live near the ocean, listen for tsunami warnings. After the quake (cont.) Quakes of the past --Copyright 1991 Asymetrix Corporation gives you permission e, revise reuse the --individual scripts your own --applications. You may x, however, Sentire --substantial part redistribution jproduct. retains copyright on original elements . Include notice "Portions are they --contain copied --The idea 8comes --Catherine Fletcher, a former Californian who has survived several --earthquakes. --Written HNanette Wright. Screen design HMelody Christensen. --Thanks Tom Arnold, Jeff Day, Brad Gaub, Chad Rancourt. 4sFromAppSampler saveFromAppSampler c"Page" c"Text" c"Help" c"Edit" "&Author F3" "&About ToolBook..." FALSE -- Fake F3 key since I removed (Tom) -- Request boxes explain risk factors fmap blueFactor "No damage." whiteFactor "Minor !; distant cause & " structures; corresponds intensities V & " Mercalli Scale." celadonFactor "Moderate intensity VII"\ & " tealFactor "Major & " higher -- Answers Office can shake glass & " some codes building highrises require that windows fall"\ & " inward. After , watch zsplinters & " containers cups." table "When shaking starts, duck under a sturdy desk."\ & " If tremors severe enough, - itself might hop & " slide. also brace yourself a doorway between the"\ & " walls a hall." pinkChair "Any furniture on wheels casters likely & " shakes. Even refrigerators have been known skid"\ & " across during fileCabinet "Top-heavy cabinets very tip"\ & " over . In 3 looks & " would chair its occupant. If can, bolt & " . Keep drawers"\ & " locked prevent opening spilling their contents." " Heavy hanging mirrors need extra support"\ & " stay attached . Hanging wires tretch & " gauge isn't used. Framed pictures"\ & " should be studs on ;sides, mounting hooks"\ & " 4squeezed closed." books "Objects placed atop shelves will & " . Store caustic chemicals & " ground. "\ & " Place thin front help"\ & " hold . Line th nonskid padded"\ & " matting keep breakables sliding." plant "Anything suspended Ncan"\ & " swing f . In , most } -related"\ & " injuries occur falling }strike people below."\ & " A hung & " be . If swings against & " computer & " & " J equipment, which . Also, & " xuncommon fires electrical problems,"\ & " so be careful machinery pencils loose }sitting on a become dangerous"\ & " missiles . Decrease Hstoring"\ & " other paraphenalia .tbk" celadonFactor leavebook tealFactor window reader table keyDown pinkChair enterBook fileCabinet blueFactor books plant whiteFactor computer pencils author reader author enterBook sizeToPage ;IshowHotwords &Edit &Author F3 &Help &About ToolBook... saveFromAppSampler sFromAppSampler leavebook keyDown author blueFactor No damage. whiteFactor Minor damage; distant earthquakes may cause damage to structures; corresponds to intensities V and VI of the Mercalli Scale. celadonFactor Moderate damage; corresponds to intensity VII of the Mercalli Scale. tealFactor Major damage; corresponds to intensity VIII and higher of the Mercalli Scale. window An earthquake can shake the glass right out of a window, and some codes for building highrises require that windows fall inward. After the quake, watch out for glass splinters in open containers and cups. table When the shaking starts, duck under a sturdy table or desk. If the tremors are severe enough, the desk itself might hop or slide. You can also brace yourself in a doorway or between the walls of a hall. pinkChair Any furniture on wheels or casters is likely to move when the earth shakes. Even refrigerators have been known to skid across the floor during an earthquake. fileCabinet Top-heavy furniture like file cabinets are very likely to tip over during an earthquake. In fact, this cabinet looks like it would fall on the chair and its occupant. If you can, bolt the cabinet to the wall. Keep file drawers locked to prevent drawers from opening and spilling their contents. Heavy hanging objects like mirrors need extra support to stay attached to the wall during shaking. Hanging wires can stretch and break if a heavy gauge isn't used. Framed pictures should be attached to studs on both sides, and mounting hooks should be squeezed closed. books Objects placed atop cabinets or on high shelves will fall during an earthquake. Store heavy objects and caustic chemicals close to the ground. Place thin wire across the front of shelves to help hold books and objects in place. Line shelves with nonskid padded matting to keep breakables from sliding. plant Anything suspended from the ceiling can swing and fall in a quake. In fact, most earthquake-related injuries occur when falling objects strike people below. A plant hung from the ceiling should be placed away from your desk and chair. If it swings against the wall, will the container it's in break? computer If you duck under your desk during an earthquake, watch out for heavy objects on top like computer equipment, which can fall. Also, it's not uncommon for quakes to start fires or cause electrical problems, so be careful of the machinery in your office. pencils Any loose objects sitting on a desk can become dangerous missiles during an earthquake. Decrease the risk by storing pencils and other paraphenalia in drawers. AppSamp.tbk sFromAppSampler intro plant plant buttonUp buttonUp plant fileCabinet buttonUp buttonUp fileCabinet books books buttonUp buttonUp books table table buttonUp buttonUp table Chair pinkChair buttonUp buttonUp pinkChair pencils buttonUp buttonUp :pencils computer buttonUp buttonUp yzcomputer quake 139,956 (120), (120) (120), - (120) enterPage enterPage :PHYSSIZE Safety in the office Safety in the office Rocky Tremors Rocky Tremors intro Office of the 90's Click the objects to learn how to secure your office and improve your odds of safely surviving an earthquake.cure your office and improve your odds of safely surviving an earthquake.an earthquake. Office of the 90's pageOfficeSection Case study: Bay Area Earthquake design Damage from quakes quake Office Section Before the quake Office of the 90's After the quake Contents B"introduction" enterPage leavePage enterPage introduction leavePage group 0 group 1 group 2 group 3 group 4 $!<"P#D group 4 #-9a= "Office the 90's" buttonUp buttonUp Office of the 90's Office of the 90's "Bibliography" buttonUp buttonUp Bibliography Bibliography group 3 4the quake" buttonUp buttonUp before the quake Before the quake "during the quake" buttonUp buttonUp during the quake During the quake "After the quake" buttonUp buttonUp After the quake After the quake "Predicting the future" buttonUp buttonUp Predicting the future Predicting the future group 2 "Earthquake design" buttonUp buttonUp Earthquake design Earthquake design "quaking buildings" buttonUp buttonUp quaking buildings Quaking buildings Mstudy: bay area" buttonUp buttonUp case study: bay area Case study: Bay Area will stop?" buttonUp buttonUp when will it stop? When will it stop? group 1 "measuring quakes" buttonUp buttonUp measuring quakes Measuring quakes "quakes the past" buttonUp buttonUp quakes of the past Quakes of the past "what's your risk?" buttonUp buttonUp what's your risk? What's your risk? group 0 ]icons navigate" buttonUp buttonUp using icons to navigate Using icons to navigate "Using hot buttonUp buttonUp Using hot objects Using hot objects "introduction" buttonUp buttonUp introduction ! Da) "earthquakes buttonUp buttonUp earthquakes in history "are office buildings safe?" buttonUp buttonUp are office buildings safe? "what should you buttonUp buttonUp what should you do? "earthquake quiz" buttonUp buttonUp earthquake quiz "earthquake quiz" buttonUp buttonUp earthquake quiz introduction buttonUp buttonUp group 1 group 2 group 3 group 4 group 0 Introduction buttonUp buttonUp group 0 group 2 group 3 group 4 group 1 Earthquakes in history buttonUp buttonUp group 1 group 0 group 3 group 4 group 2 Are office buildings safe? buttonUp buttonUp group 0 group 1 group 2 group 4 group 3 What should you do? buttonUp buttonUp group 0 group 1 group 2 group 3 group 4 Earthquake quiz Contents6) Contents bibliography Introduction uld you do? What should you do? "The Atlantic Gulf coast relatively stable, geologically"\ & " speaking. No major quakes have been recorded area." rockies rugged mountains deep troughs the Basin Range"\ " Province stretch east west Utah's"\ & " Wasatch MSierra Nevadas, north south"\ & " central Idaho through New Mexico, Arizona, & " Faults throughout & " are responsible xonly earthquakes, but also the"\ & " geysers hot springs )Yellowstone National Park." california "After San Francisco's 1989 , scientists"\ & " predicted a chance %great %60% that a similar-sized would"\ & " occur within t30 years Further inland, & " westward-drifting crust continental interior collides & " Sierras, generating more Mono Lake-Long"\ & " Valley region." pacificnw "Drifting tectonic plates off squeezing Pacific Northwest coastline. Scientists a giant &" a magnitude greater will here t300 &" Subduction Juan de Fuca beneath &" has kept Cascade's volcanos like St. Helens supplied"\ ffresh magma." alaska largest United States"\ &" was Good Friday Anchorage, 1964, which measured"\ &" 9.2 on Richter Scale. Alaska sits on a subduction zone,"\ &" where crustal slides another." hawaii "With many frequent tremors, Hawaiian islands"\ volatile. They part a huge undersea range formed violent intersection"\ American Asian southeast "In August 1886, apparent fault South"\ & " Carolina lowlands caused shook"\ & " Charleston crumbled city's historic buildings & " mansions. Tremors were felt across eastern US, demonstrating & " potential widespread devastation should strike midwest formations & " iddled ffaults, entire Midwest acts"\ & " a continuous slab material shaken. A whose"\ & " epicenter Kansas City, example, transmit its"\ & " seismic energy fa hundred times efficiency than a & " along West Coast. damage severe." northeast Cape Ann 1755 three worst &" known occurred Rockies. &" speculate n unseen instability & " a series Ottawa Boston. risk & " England be underestimated." newMadrid "When Missouri slipped 1990, & " resulting reminded residents their"\ & " . Before struck, communities had"\ & " recognize threat take countermeasures & " California strict codes. A serious & " Mississippi disastrous far-flung effects." ockies alaska hawaii california southeast midwest pacificnw northeast rockies newMadrid The Atlantic Gulf coast is relatively stable, geologically speaking. No major quakes have been recorded in this area. rockies The rugged mountains and deep troughs of the Basin and Range Province stretch east to west from Utah's Wasatch Range to the Sierra Nevadas, and north to south from central Idaho through New Mexico, Arizona, and Mexico. Faults throughout this geologically active area continue to move and are responsible not only for earthquakes, but also for the geysers and hot springs at Yellowstone National Park. california After San Francisco's 1989 earthquake, scientists predicted a chance as great as 60% that a similar-sized quake would occur within the next 30 years in the area. Further inland, the westward-drifting crust of the continental interior collides with the Sierras, generating more earthquakes in the Mono Lake-Long Valley region. pacificnw Drifting tectonic plates off the coast are squeezing the Pacific Northwest coastline. Scientists predict a giant quake with a magnitude of 9 or greater will occur here in the next 300 years. Subduction of the Juan de Fuca plate beneath the Pacific Northwest has also kept the Cascade's volcanos like St. Helens supplied with fresh magma. alaska The largest recorded earthquake in the United States was the Good Friday quake in Anchorage, 1964, which measured 9.2 on the Richter Scale. Alaska sits on a subduction zone, where one crustal plate slides beneath another. hawaii With many volcanos and frequent tremors, the Hawaiian islands are geologically volatile. They are part of a huge undersea mountain range formed from the violent intersection of the North American and Asian plates. southeast In August of 1886, an apparent fault beneath the South Carolina lowlands caused an earthquake of magnitude 7.7 that shook Charleston and crumbled the city's many historic buildings and mansions. Tremors were felt across the eastern US, demonstrating the potential for widespread devastation should another quake strike here. midwest The major rock formations that make up the North American continent are riddled with faults, and the entire Midwest acts like a continuous slab of material when shaken. A quake whose epicenter was in Kansas City, for example, would transmit its seismic energy with a hundred times more efficiency than a quake along the West Coast. The potential for damage in the Midwest is severe. northeast The Cape Ann quake of 1755 is one of three worst quakes known to have occurred in the US east of the Rockies. Scientists speculate that an unseen instability in the crust is responsible for a series of quakes from Ottawa to Boston. The risk of a quake is New England is not to be underestimated. newMadrid When the fault beneath Missouri slipped again in 1990, the resulting magnitude 4.5 earthquake reminded residents of their risk. Before the quake struck, communities in the midwest had been slow to recognize the threat and take countermeasures as California has with its strict building codes. A serious tremor in the Mississippi Valley would have disastrous and far-flung effects. Introduction Introduction This book provides some historical perspective on earthquakes, touches on today's quake-proof construction methods, and tells you what you can do to prepare for an earthquake. bibliography kinson, William. The Next New Madrid Earthquake: A Survival Guide for the Midwest, Southern Illinois University Press, 1989. Bolton, Patricia A. "Earthquake awareness, preparedness, and mitigation," USGS Proceedings of Conference XXXIII: A Workshop on Earthquake Hazards in the Puget Sound, 23-25 October 1985, Seattle, WA: USGS, 1985. Cooper, F.D. "The prediction no one wants to hear: the great quake," Emergency Preparedness Digest, April-June 1990. Harris, Stephen L. Agents of Chaos, Missoula: Mountain Press Publishing Co., 1990. Mann, Brett W. "Modern problems: highrise emergencies," Emergency Preparedness Digest, April-June 1991. Nance, John J. On Shaky Ground: America's Earthquake Alert, New York: William Morrow & Co., 1988. "Quake Part I," Sunset Magazine, October 1990. "Quake Part II," Sunset Magazine, November 1990. ness, and Mitigation" in above doc. by Patricia A. Bolton William Atkinson, The Next New Madrid Earthqyake: A survival Guide for the Midwest, Southern Illinois University Press, 1989 Emergency Preparedness Digest, Vol. 18, No. 2, Apr-June 1991. Published by Emergency Preparedness Canada. "Modern Problems...Highrise Emergencies" by Brett W. Mann. Atkinson, William. The Next New Madrid Earthquake: A Survival Guide for the Midwest, Southern Illinois University Press, 1989. Bolton, Patricia A. "Earthquake awareness, preparedness, and mitigation," USGS Proceedings of Conference XXXIII: A Workshop on Earthquake Hazards in the Puget Sound, 23-25 October 1985, Seattle, WA: USGS, 1985. Cooper, F.D. "The prediction no one wants to hear: the great quake," Emergency Preparedness Digest, April-June 1990. Harris, Stephen L. Agents of Chaos, Missoula: Mountain Press Publishing Co., 1990. Mann, Brett W. "Modern problems: highrise emergencies," Emergency Preparedness Digest, April-June 1991. Nance, John J. On Shaky Ground: America's Earthquake Alert, New York: William Morrow & Co., 1988. "Quake Part I," Sunset Magazine, October 1990. "Quake Part II," Sunset Magazine, November 1990. Wood, Dr. Robert Muir. Earthquakes and Volcanoes, New York: Weidenfeld & Nicholson, 1987.... & Co., 1988. Bibliographys"\ BF2F2F2 buttonUp buttonUp table table buttonUp buttonUp table plant plant buttonUp buttonUp plant fileCabinet buttonUp buttonUp fileCabinet books books buttonUp buttonUp books Chair pinkChair buttonUp buttonUp pinkChair buttonUp buttonUp "yellowTile" "Contents" buttonUp buttonUp yellowTile 0,50,100 yellowTile 0,0,0 Contents yellowTile buttonUp buttonUp buttonUp buttonUp pencils buttonUp buttonUp :pencils computer buttonUp buttonUp yzcomputer J)H!v buttonUp buttonUp ( window Quaking buildings are office buildings safe? earthquakes in history What's your risk? hawaii hawaii buttonUp buttonUp hawaii Hawaii alaska alaska buttonUp buttonUp alaska Alaska Anchorage Key to risk of damage tealFactor buttonUp buttonUp tealFactor Zone 3 celadonFactor buttonUp buttonUp 2celadonFactor Zone 2 whiteFactor buttonUp buttonUp whiteFactor Zone 1 blueFactor buttonUp buttonUp blueFactor Zone 0 SouthCarolina Arizona buttonUp buttonUp Alabama Mississippi Texas Louisiana Florida south_Fa AK_MS TX_LA midwest buttonUp buttonUp Gmidwest NorthDakota Minnesota Wisconsin Michigan Colorado SouthDakota Oklahoma Kansas Nebraska newMadrid buttonUp buttonUp newMadrid Kentucky WestVirginia Missouri Arkansas Illinois Indiana Tennessee New_Madrid southeast buttonUp buttonUp southeast Maryland Georgia NorthCarolina Virginia Charleston NewYork northEast buttonUp buttonUp northEast B &(n northeast northeast buttonUp buttonUp northeast Pennsylvania NewJersey Manhattan Maine Massachusettes Conneticut Rhode_Island New_England Lake_Erie North_ME Boston pacificnw pacificnw buttonUp buttonUp pacificnw Oregon Washington CentralOregon pugetsound Nevada rockies buttonUp buttonUp z<rockies california california buttonUp buttonUp california California WestCoast Wyoming rockies buttonUp buttonUp z<rockies rockies buttonUp buttonUp z<rockies Montana Idaho NewMexico MN_WY_UT Southwest rocky_mt rockies buttonUp buttonUp z<rockies What's your risk? Click a region to find out its potential for damage should an earthquake occur. Earthquake design Buildings designed for earthquake resistance are very ductile, meaning they'll sway or stretch under pressure. The most dangerous type of building to be in during an earthquake is one of unreinforced masonry, which simply crumbles apart during a quake's shaking. A few highrises today resist quakes through "base isolation." The point is to isolate the building from the ground to lessen the impact of the ground-shaking on the building. One interesting way this is done is by setting clusters of ball bearings under the building's columns and walls so the structure literally rolls through the quake. ls through the quake. o the structure literally rolls through the quake. are non-quake resistant structures retrofitted? Walls can be braced, buttresses built to take the force...'s columns and walls so the structure literally rolls through the quake. How are non-quake resistant structures retrofitted? Walls can be braced, buttresses built to take the force.ake. How are non-quake resistant structures retrofitted? Walls can be braced, buttresses built to take the force......ing way this is done is by setting clusters of ball bearings under the building's columns and walls so the structure literally rolls through the quake. How are non-quake resistant structures retrofitted? Walls can be braced, buttresses built to take the force.n be braced, buttresses built to take the force. Earthquake design Quaking buildings What can you expect to happen to your office during an earthquake? An earthquake's vibrations cause building foundations to settle or fail; buildings to lurch; earth to liquify, compact, or slide, leading to further building damage; and lakes and pools to form waves that can flood nearby structures. Expect a building's nonstructural elements (lighting fixtures, plumbing, ceiling tiles, etc.) and its contents to fall, tip, or break. heir haste to leave a building during a quake, people can get injured when a building's cornices and facings fall across doorways, catching those who exit. That's why it's a better idea to stay in your office during a quake than try to leave. fall across doorways, catching those who exit. That's why it's a better idea to stay in your office during a quake than try to leave. The original engineering analysis was incomplete. Ceilings have inadequate connections. The building's designers underestimated the force of the ground-shaking that the building would have to endure. Quaking buildings d d d + Case study: Bay Area High-rise buildings proved to be among the safer havens during the 1989 San Francisco earthquake, which struck at 5:04 p.m. when many people were in their offices or leaving them. In response to the 1971 San Fernando tremor, San Francisco adopted stringent building codes designed to keep highrises intact when the earth shakes. Not one highrise built according to these codes suffered major damage in the 1989 quake. According to one highrise dweller, trying to keep his balance during the quake was like walking on a moving waterbed. d. ys as much as 14 feet. According to one highrise dweller, trying to keep one's balance during the quake was like walking on a moving waterbed. waterbed. The red lines show faults in the Bay area. :PHYSSIZE San Francisco Andreas Rogers Creek Hayward Concord Green Valley Cala- veras Case study: Bay Area, California "survivalKit" leavePage leavePage survivalKit Move or secure heavy objects that can fall, such as bookcases. Even heavy furniture can scoot across an office during large tremors. Place large objects such as plants close to the ground rather than atop file cabinets or shelves. This helps prevent them from falling on you. Store chemicals or other volatile substances close to the ground, such as on a bottom shelf, where they're less likely to spill if disturbed. Keep handy a battery-powered radio, flashlight, and spare batteries plus an emergency survival kit. You may want one kit for the office and one for your car. in power switch is for Keep handy a battery-powered radio, flashlight, and spare batteries plus an emergency survival kit.survival kit.t. "SurvivalKit" buttonUp buttonUp SurvivalKit survivalKit Emergency Survival Kit Battery-powered radio Flashlight Spare batteries Sleeping bags Blankets Needed prescriptions First aid kit Bottled water [Click to dismiss] "survivalKit" buttonUp buttonUp survivalKit Before the quake (cont.) When will it stop? You can expect the shaking to last from one to five minutes in a quake of magnitude 7.5-9. The 1989 San Francisco quake was atypical for a quake of its magnitude and lasted just over 10 seconds. The 1906 San Francisco quake lasted for more than a minute. The 1964 Alaska quake lasted 4-1/2 to 7 minutes...ition, if you're near the sea, the fault or rupture caused by the quake may start a tsunami. You can expect the shaking to last from one to five minutes in a quake of magnitude 7.5 - 9. The 1989 San Francisco quake was atypical for a quake of its magnitude and lasted just over 10 seconds. The 1906 San Francisco quake lasted for more than a minute. The 1964 Alaska quake lasted 4-1/2 to 7 minutes. When will it stop? Measuring quakes When the quake hits: If you're in a brick building, get against an interior, non-masonry wall. If you're in a parking garage, crouch against a pillar or solid wall. Do not try to drive your car. If you're in an elevator, push all floor buttons and get off at first stop. If trapped between floors, use the intercom or escape through the ceiling trap door. Even if you follow the "duck and cover" rule, you must be careful. The desk or table you duck under could slip and slide during the shaking. You could even get thrown off balance as you try to duck under it. If you stand in a doorway, the door may swing and injure you. During the quake (cont.) Predicting the future -- Capture direct navigation correct myLeftArrow "What's your risk?" myLeftArrow myLeftArrow What's your risk? While scientists have been studying earthquakes for many years, they are as yet not able to predict them with much precision. The most likely indicator for a quake in a given area is whether a quake has occurred there before. New technology such as global satellite positioning is showing scientists exactly how much the earth's crust is moving, a sign of impending earthquakes. But your best protection against an earthquake is still preparedness.rizontal points with satellites, Measurements are compared from year to year to detect earth movement to within a pencil width. GPS has shown that Mt. Everest, in the highly quake-prone Himalayas, is growing by about 1 cm a year...other way researchers are seeing the earth's crustal activity. GPS measures distances between horizontal points with satellites, Measurements are compared from year to year to detect earth movement to within a pencil width. GPS has shown that Mt. Everest, in the highly quake-prone Himalayas, is growing by about 1 cm a year. Predicting the future Measuring quakes re measured "Mercalli" leavePage leavePage Mercalli The Richter Scale measures the magnitude of an earthquake, which can be translated as the amount of energy released. The Richter Scale is logarithmic. Every full point in magnitude represents an earthquake ten times more powerful. So a quake of magnitude 8 is 100 times stronger than one of magnitude 6. The Mercalli Scale defines 12 levels of observed intensity of earthquakes. It measures the degree of ground shaking at a certain location, so it's used to describe an earthquake's effects on people and buildings in a given place. Mercalli levels "Mercalli" B"mercalliOK" buttonUp buttonUp Mercalli mercalliOK Mercalli These are some ratings of intensity from the Mercalli Scale: Level I: The quake is barely felt by people at the site. Level VI: Plaster walls crack, tables slide, chimneys are damaged. Level XII: Ground tosses visibly up and down, objects fly wildly into the air, structures collapse.the air, structures collapse.......... mercalliOK "Mercalli" buttonUp buttonUp Mercalli Measuring quakes What should you do? What should you do? In 1990, seismic catastrophes caused almost as many deaths worldwide as during the entire decade of the 1980s. Preparedness is the key in reducing loss of life and damage when an earthquake occurs. Earthquake Quiz Earthquake quiz In the office of the nineties, earthquake preparedness is a way of life. You want to protect your possessions and protect yourself from your possessions. The first step in improving your odds of surviving an earthquake is to identify the risks. The next page illustrates some of those risks. Using icons to navigate Click the icons to move around in this book. t that appears in reverse type is a hotword. Click hotwords for more details...! "Icons: Symbols used a graphical user interface launch applications, navigate, control the display information a variety ways." buttonUp buttonUp Icons: Symbols used in a graphical user interface to launch applications, navigate, and control the display of information in a variety of ways. AAAAAA AAAAAA AAAAAA AAAAAA Return to the last page viewed.to the last page viewed...... Go to the Contents page.go to the Contents page.... Go back one page.to go back one page. Go forward one page.go forward one page.viewed. Using icons to navigate pageQuakeSection Predicting the future During the quake When will it stop? Tms Rmn fD|D|% System System Tms Rmn fD|D|% s Rmn fD|D|% Tms Rmn fD|D|% fD|D|% fD|D|% System fD|D|% Earthquake safety in the office fD|D|% fD|D|% fD|D|% fD|D|% :PRINTLAYOUT Tms Rmn fD|D|% System Tms Rmn fD|D|% fD|D|% fD|D|% xplain the risk factors fmap blueFactor "No damage." whiteFactor "Minor !; distant earthquakes may cause & " structures; corresponds intensities V & " Mercalli scale." celadonFactor "Moderate intensity VII"\ & " tealFactor "Major & " higher whiteFactor blueFactor celadonFactor tealFactor blueFactor No damage. whiteFactor Minor damage; distant earthquakes may cause damage to structures; corresponds to intensities V and VI of the Mercalli scale. celadonFactor Moderate damage; corresponds to intensity VII of the Mercalli scale. tealFactor Major damage; corresponds to intensity VIII and higher of the Mercalli scale. shaanxi "Shaanxi, China. 1556. The worst natural disaster recorded"\ & " huge earthquake (estimated )magnitude 8.0-8.3)"\ & " spread devastation over 98 & " counties. An X830,000 people were killed." calcutta "Calcutta, India. 1737. Few details are available about & " , which 300,000 newMadrid "New , MO. A series 4-8.7 quakes & " 1811 1812 felt a 1 million square mile area."\ & " injured epicenter now known"\ & " be a fault North American continental"\ & " plate." honshu "Honshu, Japan. 1854. An 107,000 & " twhole subduction zone beneath island moved. Stress builds"\ & " up ocean dives under & " relieved Hseismic activity. has cycle i-up"\ & " Frelease fearthquakes 1707, 1854, 1944-46." sanFrancisco "San , CA. 1906. When northern Andreas & " shifted H22 ft., 3 was released that & " 3,000 around . As & " city's less powerful 1989 , much damage occurred"\ & " areas underlain Hlandfill along waterfront. & " off largest urban fire raged s, leaving nearly"\ & " 350,000 homeless." messina "Messina, Italy. 1908. Crustal movement shook Sicily & " 7.5 intensity. shore lowered H3 ft."\ & " place, tsunamis coast."\ & " An 160,000 gansu "Gansu, 920. A sent"\ & " intense shockwaves through poor soil province,"\ & " causing major landslides across a 26,000 & " 150,000 yokohama "Yokohama, & " fires throughout fanned H50 mph winds."\ & " In nearby Tokyo, 400,000 buildings within a 7 & " burned ashes. An 140,000 nanshan "Nanshan, 927. struck & " mountainous region measured 8.3 on Richter Scale & " XI on Mercalli . An 200,000 sanriku "Sanriku, 933. A submarine measuring"\ & " 8.9 on generated 75-ft. devastated & " coastal . An 2,900 assam "Assam, 950. sits atop a shallow, almost"\ & " produce & " 7. Such =-angle faults & " planet lso found Chile Alaska."\ & " An 1,530 chile 4. 1960. Called & " southern 9 on , killing"\ & " 5,300 3 . It toward Hawaii"\ & " G more alaska "Anchorage, AK. 1964. Good Friday & " four minutes 8.4. shaking & " rearranged Alaskan real estate & " lifting dropping mountains, ice fields, fiords, seashore."\ & " An , including 12 Hdrowning Crescent City,"\ & " CA, where 20-ft crashed tangshan "Tangshan, 976. exploded & " , industrial , levelling factories, apartments,"\ & " schools, 240,000 infrastructure--pipes,"\ & " cables, drains-- smashed, news xreach"\ & " Beijing some hours, carried Ha motorist." mexicoCity "Michoacan, Mexico. 1985. levelled"\ & " villages Mexican 10,000 & " Hundreds modern office 240 miles"\ & " , collapsed during the"\ & " . Built on ancient lake bed fa high > table,"\ & " they suffered maximum intensities ground"\ & " liquified. Much district & " constructed on a similarly susceptible mud." newMadrid gansu yokohama calcutta nanshan honshu sanriku sanFrancisco assam chile alaska shaanxi tangshan messina mexicoCity shaanxi Shaanxi, China. 1556. The worst natural disaster in recorded history, this huge earthquake (estimated at magnitude 8.0-8.3) spread devastation over 98 of China's counties. An estimated 830,000 people were killed. calcutta Calcutta, India. 1737. Few details are available about this disaster, which killed an estimated 300,000 people. newMadrid New Madrid, MO. A series of magnitude 8.4-8.7 quakes in 1811 and 1812 were felt over a 1 million square mile area. Few people were injured or killed. The epicenter is now known to be a fault in the middle of the North American continental plate. honshu Honshu, Japan. 1854. An estimated 107,000 people killed when the whole subduction zone beneath the island moved. Stress builds up as the ocean plate dives under the continental plate and is relieved by seismic activity. Honshu has felt this cycle of build-up then release with earthquakes in 1707, 1854, 1944-46. sanFrancisco San Francisco, CA. 1906. When the northern San Andreas fault shifted by 22 ft., an earthquake of magnitude 8.3 was released that killed an estimated 3,000 people in and around San Francisco. As with the city's less powerful 1989 quake, much of the worst damage occurred in areas underlain by landfill along the waterfront. The quake set off the largest urban fire in US history that raged over 4 square miles, leaving nearly 350,000 people homeless. messina Messina, Italy. 1908. Crustal movement shook Sicily with magnitude 7.5 intensity. The shore line was lowered by 3 ft. in one place, and tsunamis raged along the coast. An estimated 160,000 people killed. gansu Gansu, China. 1920. A magnitude 8.6 quake sent intense shockwaves through the poor soil of this province, causing major landslides and damage across a 26,000 square mile area. An estimated 150,000 people were killed. yokohama Yokohama, Japan. 1923. A quake of magnitude 8.3 set off a series of fires throughout the city, which were fanned by 50 mph winds. In nearby Tokyo, 400,000 buildings within a 7 square mile area were burned to ashes. An estimated 140,000 people were killed. nanshan Nanshan, China. 1927. The earthquake that struck this mountainous region measured 8.3 on the Richter Scale and XI on the Mercalli Scale. An estimated 200,000 people were killed. sanriku Sanriku, Japan. 1933. A huge submarine earthquake measuring 8.9 on the Richter Scale generated 75-ft. tsunamis that devastated this coastal region. An estimated 2,900 people were killed. assam Assam, India. 1950. Assam sits atop a shallow, almost horizontal fault that shifted to produce an earthquake of magnitude 8.7. Such low-angle faults produce the largest earthquakes on the planet and are also found in Chile and Alaska. An estimated 1,530 people were killed. chile Chile. 1960. Called the largest recorded quake, it struck the southern coast of Chile and measured 8.9 on the Richter Scale, killing an estimated 5,300 people. It sent a tsunami toward Hawaii and Japan, killing more people. alaska Anchorage, AK. 1964. The Good Friday quake shook Alaska for four minutes with a magnitude of 8.4. The shaking was felt over a million square miles and rearranged Alaskan real estate by lifting and dropping mountains, ice fields, fiords, and seashore. An estimated 131 people were killed, including 12 by drowning in Crescent City, CA, where 20-ft tsunami-generated waves crashed ashore. tangshan Tangshan, China. 1976. The magnitude 8.2 quake exploded beneath this large, industrial city, levelling factories, apartments, schools, and killing 240,000 people. The city's infrastructure--pipes, cables, drains--was smashed, and news of the disaster did not reach Beijing for some hours, carried by a motorist. mexicoCity Michoacan, Mexico. 1985. The magnitude 8.1 quake levelled villages in this Mexican state and killed an estimated 10,000 people. Hundreds of modern office buildings in Mexico City, 240 miles from the epicenter, collapsed during the shaking. Built on an ancient lake bed with a high water table, they suffered maximum shaking intensities when the ground liquified. Much of San Francisco's waterfront district is constructed on a similarly susceptible mud. Using Hot Objects Hot objects link you to additional details about something. In this book, text and graphics can be "hot." Text that appears in reverse type is a hotword. Click hotwords for more details. Instructions are given to tell you when a graphic is a hot object. For example, click the chair below.tails. "This acts like a footnote." buttonUp buttonUp This hotword acts like a footnote. "A chair the office 90's." buttonUp buttonUp A chair for the office of the 90's. Using hot objects Earthquake Quiz Quakes of the past :PHYSSIZE newMadrid newMadrid buttonUp buttonUp newMadrid sanFrancisco sanfrancisco buttonUp buttonUp sanfrancisco shaanxi shaanxi buttonUp buttonUp :shaanxi chile chile buttonUp buttonUp chile messina messina buttonUp buttonUp <messina honshu honshu buttonUp buttonUp honshu yokohama yokohama buttonUp buttonUp Whyokohama mexicoCity mexicoCity buttonUp buttonUp mexicoCity calcutta calcutta buttonUp buttonUp =bcalcutta sanriku sanriku buttonUp buttonUp Gsanriku alaska alaska buttonUp buttonUp alaska assam assam buttonUp buttonUp assam nanshan nanshan buttonUp buttonUp 75nanshan tangshan tangshan buttonUp buttonUp ctangshan gansu gansu buttonUp buttonUp gansu Quakes of the past Click a yellow triangle for details about the worst quakes in world history. earthquakes in history Earthquakes in history Earthquakes recur where they have occurred in the past. You might be surprised to know that 39 of the 50 states are considered at risk of an earthquake. This section describes how earthquakes are measured and shows a history of the worst quakes ever. Then find out the risk of an earthquake in different parts of the United States. Are office buildings safe? Are office buildings safe? When an earthquake strikes, many people feel the urge to GET OUT. Yet surveys have shown that during an earthquake, a majority of injuries occur when people try to enter or exit a building. Is it safe to be inside during an earthquake? It can be. The following sections discuss how buildings are made to withstand shaking and what you can expect to happen if you're caught inside when a quake hits. What's your risk? buttonUp buttonUp "yellowTile" "Contents" buttonUp buttonUp yellowTile 0,50,100 yellowTile 0,0,0 Contents yellowTile buttonUp buttonUp buttonUp buttonUp Before the quake Researchers agree: being prepared is the best defense against earthquakes. You should have a plan in place to direct you where to go and what to do if an earthquake strikes. This can help you stay calm when the shaking starts. Plan and practice earthquake drills. Develop a highrise evacuation plan and arrange a rendezvous point for reuniting family members after a quake. Know the locations of emergency exits, fire alarms, fire extinguishers. Keep a charged fire extinguisher in your office. s an emergency survival kit. Plan and practice earthquake drills. Develop a highrise evacuation plan and arrange a rendezvous point for reuniting family members after a quake. Know the locations of emergency exits, fire alarms, fire extinguishers. Keep a charged fire extinguisher in your office. Before the quake During the quake Stay in your office or apartment for the duration of the quake. Don't move until the shaking has stopped, and don't run for exits. Stairs may be damaged or jammed with people. "Duck and cover" is still good advice: duck under a desk or table and hold on, stand in an interior doorway, or crouch in a hall. Be aware that even a heavy desk or table may "walk" during the quake. Stay clear of anything that could fall on you, including panes of glass. Expect the fire alarm and sprinkler systems to be set off. Be ready for aftershocks. an earthquake. Expect the fire alarm and sprinkler systems to be set off. Be ready for aftershocks. ady for aftershocks. shocks. r car. If you're in an elevator when quake starts, push all floor buttons and get off at first stop. If trapped between floors, use intercom or escape through ceiling trap door. Don't panic at the movement of the building. Most highrises are designed to sway during an earthquake. Expect the fire alarm and sprinkler systems to be set off. Be ready for aftershocks. During the quake After the quake After the quake If a quake strikes when you're at the office, a top priority will be reuniting with your family. But wait until you hear that it's safe to leave the building. Consider too whether you can even get home. Is that the best place to go? Listen to radio reports, but confirm the news you hear before acting. Prepare to survive on your own at least 72 hours. Communications will be disrupted, and emergency response teams will be under heavy pressure. A quake is a terrifying experience. Be aware of the trauma it causes. Be patient with yourself and others. . Be patient with yourself and others. told that sewer lines are intact. Don't eat any food that's near broken glass. Unless you have an emergency, avoid using the telephone. Cellular phones can be very usefule; they were used extensively after the San Francisco quake when conventional lines were inundated. If you live near the ocean, listen for tsunami warnings. A quake is a terrifying experience. Be aware of the trauma it causes. Be patient with yourself and others. 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