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MORAY V1.5 Monty, the Modeller An interactive scene designer Copyright 1993-1994 SoftTronics, Lutz + Kretzschmar All Rights Reserved. Munich, Germany CIS : [100023,2006] February 1994 MORAY is a "shareware program" and is provided at no charge to the user for evaluation. You are encouraged to pass a copy of MORAY along to your friends and fellow raytracers for evaluation. Please encourage them to register their copy if they find that they can use it. Please do not give it away altered or as part of another system. All functions in this shareware version are enabled. This is so that you can test all the functionality of the program. Since it is a real-mode program, it will only be able to use conventional memory for the objects. It will use EMS for storing some information, but you will not be a able to design very large scenes with it. Please read Appendix D (page 67) for a definition of shareware. You are expected to register this program if you continue to use it after trying it out. Registration benefits: - you receive a protected mode version of MORAY, so that you can use all the available memory of your machine. - you get up-to-date information on the development of MORAY. - you gain access to a conference on PCGnet where you can download the latest alpha or beta versions long before they are released to the public. - your suggestions are given a higher priority, and you get to see them earlier. - you get special update/upgrade conditions. User Manual Page 2 MORAY V1.5 -------------------------------------------------------------- DISCLAIMER - AGREEMENT Users of MORAY must accept this disclaimer of warranty: "MORAY is supplied as is. The author disclaims all warranties, expressed or implied, including, without limitation, the warranties of merchantability and of fitness for any purpose. The author assumes no liability for damages, direct or consequential, which may result from the use of MORAY." The essence of "user-supported" software is to provide personal computer users with quality software without high prices, and yet to provide incentive for programmers to continue to develop new products. REGISTRATION If you find this program useful and find that you are using MORAY and continue to use MORAY after a reasonable trial period (30 days, for example), you must make a registration payment of US$59 to Lutz + Kretzschmar. The US$59 registration fee will license one copy for use on any one computer at any one time. You must treat this software just like a book. An example is that this software may be used by any number of people and may be freely moved from one computer location to another, so long as there is no possibility of it being used at one location while it's being used at another. Just as a book cannot be read by two different persons at the same time. Commercial users of MORAY must register and pay for their copies of MORAY within 30 days of first use or their license is withdrawn. Site-License arrangements may be made by contacting Lutz + Kretzschmar. To register please read the file REGISTER.INS for instructions. Anyone distributing MORAY for any kind of remuneration must first contact Lutz + Kretzschmar at the address below for authorization. This authorization will be automatically granted to distributors recognized by the ASP as adhering to its guidelines for shareware distributors, and such distributors may begin offering MORAY immediately (However Lutz + Kretzschmar would really appreciate being advised so that the distributor can be kept up-to-date with the latest version of MORAY.). Contacting the authors: Home of POV-Ray and MORAY is CompuServe in the GRAPHDEV area (GO GRAPHDEV). This is the place to ask questions about POV-Ray and MORAY, there are a lot of users of POV-Ray (and MORAY) there. Please see the file SUPPORT.DOC that came with this package for ways of reaching the authors. User Manual Page 3 MORAY V1.5 -------------------------------------------------------------- T A B L E O F C O N T E N T S ----------------------------------- 1. What is MORAY? 7 2. MORAY Features 8 3. Requirements 9 3.1. Hardware 9 3.2. Software 9 4. Installation 10 5. Configuration 10 5.1. MemoryUse 10 5.2. ModelPath 10 5.3. LoopBatchFile 11 5.4. PrintPath20 11 5.5. IncludeFile20 11 5.6. TextureList 11 5.7. StartupScene 11 5.8. ColorDefinition 12 5.9. CheckTextures 12 5.10. WarnOnNoEMS 12 5.11. AlwaysMapEMS 12 5.12. AskOnExport 12 5.13. ViewLayout 13 5.14. GraphicsMode 13 5.15. SnapValues 13 5.16. WireFrameDivs 13 5.17. CamRedrawLimit 14 5.18. ObjRedrawLimit 14 5.19. KeyboardDelay 14 5.20. Setup for automatic rendering 14 6. Theory of operation 16 6.1. Object Attributes 16 6.1.1. Transforms 16 6.1.2. Bounding boxes 16 6.1.3. Texture 17 6.1.4. Visibility Level 17 6.1.5. Nested Attributes 17 6.2. Basic Interaction 18 6.3. The Primitives 18 6.3.1. Cube 18 6.3.2. Sphere 19 6.3.3. Cylinder 19 6.3.4. Cone 19 6.3.5. Torus 19 6.3.6. Disc 19 6.3.7. Plane 19 6.3.8. Rotational sweep 19 6.3.9. Translational sweep 19 6.3.10. Tapering sweep 20 User Manual Page 4 MORAY V1.5 -------------------------------------------------------------- 6.3.11. Bezier Patches 20 6.3.12. Heightfields 21 6.3.13. Light sources 21 6.4. The Non-Primitives 21 6.4.1. CSG Objects 21 6.4.2. Group Objects 22 6.5. The Cameras 22 6.6. The Textures 22 7. Creating an Object 24 7.1. Primitives 24 7.2. Bezier patches 24 7.3. CSG and Group Objects 25 8. Creating a Texture 26 8.1. Predefined POV texture 26 8.2. Opaque texture 26 8.3. Checker texture 26 8.4. Imagemap texture 27 8.5. Wood texture 27 9. Selecting an Object 28 9.1. Graphically 28 9.2. Using the Object Browser 28 9.3. Selecting the Parent of an Object 29 9.4. Selecting the Texture of an Object 29 9.5. Selecting the Bounding Box of an Object 29 10. Editing an Object 30 10.1. The Object Edit Menu 30 10.1.1. Assigning a texture 30 10.1.2. Assigning a bounding box 30 10.1.3. Changing the visibility 31 10.1.4. Setting 'no_shadow' 31 10.1.5. Changing the name 32 10.1.6. Calling the extended editor 32 10.1.7. Leaving the Object edit menu 32 10.2. The Torus Edit menu 32 10.3. The Heightfield Edit menu 32 10.4. The Light Edit menu 32 10.5. The Spotlight Edit menu 33 10.6. The Arealight Edit menu 33 10.7. The Group Edit Menu 34 10.7.1. Adding a sub-object 34 10.7.2. Removing a sub-object 34 10.8. The CSG Edit Menu 34 10.8.1. Adding a sub-object 34 10.8.2. Removing a sub-object 35 10.8.3. Changing the CSG operation 35 10.8.4. Changing the sub-object order 35 11. Copying objects 36 11.1. Orbiting copies 37 12. Texture Editing 38 User Manual Page 5 MORAY V1.5 -------------------------------------------------------------- 12.1. Texture Exporting 38 12.2. Creating a texture 39 12.2.1. Predefined textures 39 12.2.2. Opaque textures 39 12.2.3. Checker textures 39 12.2.4. Wood textures 40 12.2.5. ImageMap textures 40 12.3. Deleting a texture 41 12.4. Copying a texture 41 12.5. Replacing a texture 41 12.6. Texture display 42 13. The main screen 43 13.1. The three 2D Views 43 13.1.1. Disabling a view 43 13.1.2. Enabling a View 43 13.1.3. Enlarging a View 43 13.1.4. Toggling the Grid in a View 43 13.1.5. Panning a View 44 13.1.6. Zooming a View 44 13.2. The 3D View 44 13.2.1. The Rendering Window 44 13.3. Interacting with Objects 45 13.3.1. Setting the interaction mode 45 13.3.2. Using Scaling mode 45 13.3.3. Using Rotation mode 45 13.3.4. Using Translation mode 46 13.4. Limiting interaction dimensions 46 13.5. Interaction strangeness 46 13.6. The Main Menu 46 13.6.1. The Transformation blocks 47 13.6.2. The menu items 47 13.6.2.1. The CREATE button 47 13.6.2.2. The EDIT button 47 13.6.2.3. The COPY button 48 13.6.2.4. The CAMERAS button 48 13.6.2.5. The TEXTURES button 48 13.6.2.6. The FILES button 48 13.6.2.7. The OPTIONS button 48 13.6.2.8. The QUIT button 48 13.6.3. The information block 48 14. The FILES Menu 50 14.1. LOAD 50 14.2. MERGE 50 14.3. SAVE 51 14.4. SAVE SEL 51 14.5. OPTIONS 51 14.6. EXPORT 51 14.7. RENDER 52 14.8. NEW 52 15. Extended Editors 53 15.1. The Bezier Patch Editor 53 15.1.1. Mesh density 53 User Manual Page 6 MORAY V1.5 -------------------------------------------------------------- 15.1.2. Redraw Rate 53 15.1.3. Selecting and deselecting control points 54 15.1.4. Changing the control point positions 55 15.1.4.1. Translate 55 15.1.4.2. Scale 55 15.1.4.3. Local Scale 55 15.1.4.4. Uniform 56 15.1.4.5. Rotate 56 15.1.4.6. Local Rotate 56 15.1.4.7. Mirroring the patch 56 15.1.4.8. Snapping Coordinates 56 15.2. The Sweep Editor 57 15.2.1. Curve divisions 57 15.2.2. Moving a knot 57 15.2.3. Smoothing a knot 58 15.2.4. Adding a knot 58 15.2.5. Deleting a knot 58 15.2.6. Entering values 58 15.2.7. Mirroring a sweep 58 15.2.8. Rotation divisions 58 15.2.9. Exporting to a RAW file 58 16. Appendix A: Hotkeys 60 16.1. Main menu 60 16.2. Object Browser 62 16.3. Bezier Editor 62 17. Appendix B: Tips 63 18. Appendix C: Frequently Asked Questions 65 19. Appendix D: Definition of Shareware 67 20. Appendix E: Index 68 User Manual Page 7 MORAY V1.5 -------------------------------------------------------------- 1. What is MORAY? MORAY is a program with which you can design scenes for the POV- Ray raytracer to render. Contrary to normal scene design, with MORAY you design the scenes graphically. Up to now it was pretty difficult to imagine what the scene looked like, without laying it out on graph paper, or doing many test renders. MORAY is like a graph paper, it lets you place and change objects in wireframe while you see them. MORAY then generates the text file that POV needs to read. MORAY can thus also be used as a rapid prototype tool, to place objects quickly and write the scene file. You can then edit the scene file to suit your needs, just like you have been doing up to now. MORAY stores and works with POV-Ray primitives, as opposed to normal CAD systems, which mostly convert all objects to triangle meshes or similar polygon based formats when outputting. This ensures optimum performance and image quality from the raytracer. If you're a POV enthusiast and have access to CompuServe you should check out the GRAPHDEV forum for the latest news and tips on using POV. The RayTracing conference on PCGnet also carries lots of tips for POV. If you want to obtain the latest version of POV-Ray you can probably do so at the same source you obtained MORAY from. User Manual Page 8 MORAY V1.5 -------------------------------------------------------------- 2. MORAY Features The emphasis in designing MORAY was to be able to work as intuitively and as graphically as possible. Most of the work can be done with the mouse. Three 2D views and a 3D view of your scene are visible on screen. You can perform all transformations of the objects in the 2D views with the mouse. The 3D view shows what the current camera will see, i.e. how POV will raytrace it. MORAY allows you to, - scale, rotate and translate an object interactively on the screen. - define cameras with which to view your scene, that will show the scene in wire frame as POV-Ray will raytrace it. - graphically place a bounding box around an object. - automatically create bounding boxes of any objects, including nested objects. - make CSG or composite objects that can be nested arbitrarily deep. - assign textures from the TEXTURES.INC file to your objects. - define a new texture from within MORAY. You can then hand-tune this texture and MORAY won't interfere. - place imagemaps graphically on objects, eliminating the tedious trial and error approach. - manipulate the control points of a bezier patch to create shapes not easily created otherwise. - create bezier patch meshes that consist of more than just one bezier patch primitive. - create rotational, translational and tapering sweeps that are then output as smooth triangles. - copy complex nested objects. - create multiple copies of an object transforming each copy by amounts you specify in one easy step. - specify the complexity of on screen objects. - specify a region of the 3D view to render. - integrate POV-Ray with MORAY, so that you can seemingly call POV-Ray from within MORAY. User Manual Page 9 MORAY V1.5 -------------------------------------------------------------- 3. Requirements 3.1. Hardware MORAY requires at least a 386, a VGA card and a mouse, although I cannot recommend this set-up. The minimum system, if you want to do some larger scenes, would be a 486DX/25 and 4MB memory, the shareware version needs 2MB EMS. EMS Memory is not required in the registered version, since it is a protected mode version. 3.2. Software No specific software is required. You need to have POV-Ray 2.0 to raytrace the scene. User Manual Page 10 MORAY V1.5 -------------------------------------------------------------- 4. Installation To install MORAY simply copy MRAY.ZIP to a sub-directory of your hard drive (e.g. \MORAY) and unzip it with subdirectories (-d option), using PKZIP V2.04g or later. Please see the README file contained on the distribution disk for a list of files in the ZIP. 5. Configuration There are a number of things that need to be configured for MORAY to work correctly. You need to specify where to write the POV files, what file to include on exporting, what file to load as default and various other settings. The settings are found in the file MORAYPOV.CFG, in the [CONFIG] section. This file can be edited with a text editor and changed according to your set-up. The settings you can specify are described in more detail below. 5.1. MemoryUse The three numbers behind this variable specify the amount of memory (in KB) that MORAY should use for its three main arrays. In the shareware version this is EMS memory. In the registered version this is the amount of XMS and will be taken away from the memory you have available for objects. Generally the default settings are more than enough. Only once the lists get full (watch whether the lowest two buttons in the lower left corner of the screen approach 100%), you may need to increase these numbers. The three numbers should have a ratio of about 24:5:4. 5.2. ModelPath The directory in which MORAY stores its native format (binary) files. You can set this to the directory where your MDL files should reside. When installing MORAY, the sub directory MDL is automatically created and this is the default in this file, too. If you want to store the files elsewhere, just change this setting. User Manual Page 11 MORAY V1.5 -------------------------------------------------------------- 5.3. LoopBatchFile This is the name of the batch file you may wish to use in order to automate the edit/trace/edit cycle. You place the name of the batch file here. The default is CALLMRAY.BAT, which is the batchfile that comes with MORAY. You'll need to edit this batch file, so that it can change to your POV directory and back to your MORAY directory. The batch file is commented to help you get it set up. There is a RENDER button in the FILES menu that will make MORAY exit with a return value of 16, which this batch file will test and start POV if needed. 5.4. PrintPath20 The directory to which MORAY will export the POV 2.0 file. If this directory does not exist, MORAY will print a corresponding warning on start-up and when you attempt to export. If you export, MORAY will write the file to the current directory. 5.5. IncludeFile20 This specifies the file which all exported POV files will include. The contents of this file are placed in exported files, before the scene data. By default this file is MRYDEFLT.INC and contains statements to include COLORS.INC, TEXTURES.INC and SHAPES.INC. There is another additional INC file, called MRYDFLT2.INC, which includes a green 'floor' plane and a sky sphere. 5.6. TextureList This file contains the list of textures that you are offered to choose from when creating pre-defined textures. It also contains the colors you can choose from when setting the color of a texture. As it comes with MORAY, it contains all the textures from TEXTURES.INC and all the colors from COLORS.INC. 5.7. StartupScene This setting specifies the MDL-file which MORAY loads on start-up, if no file is specified on the command-line. You can use this to load a file containing a camera, a light and a ground plane, for example. The default file MDLSTART.MDL contains a camera and a light source. You can load and edit this file according to your wishes, then save it and it will consequently be loaded on start- up. User Manual Page 12 MORAY V1.5 -------------------------------------------------------------- 5.8. ColorDefinition MORAY allows you to change the colors of the interface. The filename that comes behind this variable specifies which color definition file to use. You can design your own color schemes, or use the default one. 5.9. CheckTextures This is a switch setting that can be turned on (YES) and off. When on, it makes MORAY check the scene for objects that don't have textures assigned to them, whenever you attempt to export a scene. If MORAY finds an object that has no texture assigned to it, it will highlight this object and give you the chance to assign a texture to it. 5.10. WarnOnNoEMS Since MORAY depends on the availability of EMS memory (in the shareware version) to store the Vector and Edge List, the absence of EMS will consume a lot of the memory available to MORAY. To warn you of this, you can set this variable to YES. If you then start MORAY with no EMS available, MORAY will print a warning and ask you to verify that you wish to continue. MORAY will function correctly until you run out of memory. 5.11. AlwaysMapEMS This setting disables EMS page caching. Normally you would not set this to NO. If you are experiencing problems in a multi-tasking environment, such as Windows 3.1 or Desqview, you may want to set this to YES. The setting will impact the performance of MORAY slightly. 5.12. AskOnExport This setting determines whether MORAY asks you for permission to overwrite an existing *.POV file when you select EXPORT 2 POV. This is to prevent you (and MORAY) from inadvertently erasing a file that you may have edited since the last export. If you set this setting to something else than YES, MORAY will not ask for permission to overwrite the file and will simply export the scene. This does not apply to the INC file that MORAY creates, only the POV files. User Manual Page 13 MORAY V1.5 -------------------------------------------------------------- 5.13. ViewLayout This setting can be used to change the arrangement of the four views. The default setting is the way a technical drawing is made, but you may prefer another setting. Following the keyword are four words: FRONT, TOP, SIDE and 3D. The order these four words appear determine the position of the views. The order is specified as the top-left, then the top-right, the bottom-left and the bottom-right view. 5.14. GraphicsMode This setting can be used to set the default startup graphics resolution. If you leave this unset MORAY will start in 640x480x16. Using the -G commandline parameter overrides this setting. Possible values for Corresponding values for x in GraphicsMode commandline parameter -Gx 640x480x16 5 800x600x16 6 1024x768x16 7 640x480x256 2 800x600x256 3 1024x768x256 4 5.15. SnapValues This determines the initial values of the grid snap (see page 51). 5.16. WireFrameDivs This setting can be used to specify the subdivisions of the wireframe representations of the objects you create. The six numbers following this keyword specify the subdivisions for a sphere, a cylinder, a cone, a torus, a spotlight, and for a disc, respectively. These numbers should be even. If they are odd, they are rounded upwards to the next even integer. They also have a minimum value of 8. User Manual Page 14 MORAY V1.5 -------------------------------------------------------------- 5.17. CamRedrawLimit The number following this keyword specified the number of ticks (1/18s) that the redrawing of the 3D- (camera) window is allowed to take. If the redraw takes longer, this window is not updated while you move the camera, until you have finished placing the camera (by releasing the mouse button). The 3D-View is then redrawn. 5.18. ObjRedrawLimit The number following this keyword specified the number of ticks (1/18s) that the redrawing of the object you are transforming in the 2D-windows is allowed to take. If the redraw takes longer, MORAY will attempt to simplify the objects representation. If the object has a bounding box attached to it, MORAY will use this as the simpler representation. If the object is a bezier patch, the subdivisions will be set to 2 while you move the object (if it doesn't have a bounding box). 5.19. KeyboardDelay The number following this variable specifies the number of clock ticks (1/18th sec) that can pass before MORAY thinks you're not keeping a key depressed. This is useful if you use the keyboard to move the cursor, since the cursor will accelerate if you keep your finger down. 5.20. Setup for automatic rendering MORAY supports integrating POV in the edit/trace/edit cycle with a couple less keystrokes by automating some things. This is how you would work: If you intend to work with a scene and render it in between a couple of times (as one mostly does during the design phase), you don't start MORAY directly, you call the CALLMRAY batch file. This batchfile then starts MORAY. Here you can edit and change the scene. When you're ready to render and after you've set the rendering window in the 3D view, go to the FILES menu and press the RENDER button. MORAY will save and export your scene, and exit. The batchfile will then call POV to render the scene. After it is done, the batch file will start MORAY and the scene you're busy with will be loaded. User Manual Page 15 MORAY V1.5 -------------------------------------------------------------- The batchfile CALLMRAY.BAT that came with the program can be used as a basis for your batch file. There are a couple of things you need to set up before you can use this batch file. You need to edit the CALLMRAY.BAT file and add commands to change to the correct directories for POV and for MORAY. It is commented and this should be simple to do. You also need to have a correct TRACE.BAT file in your POV scene directory or in your path. You can edit the one that came with MORAY, or you can use your own. This batch file is called by GO.BAT with the scene filename as the first argument (without extension). If you've defined a render window in MORAY, the next four arguments to TRACE.BAT will be the correct starting and edning rows and columns specifying the window. User Manual Page 16 MORAY V1.5 -------------------------------------------------------------- 6. Theory of operation 6.1. Object Attributes Objects are what MORAY works with. An object has certain data associated with it that you can change as you would in the text file describing the scene for POV. The data includes positioning information (scaling, rotation, translation), texture information and bounding information. Some of these are optional. There are a couple of other things associated with an object, but we'll come to that later. Each object has a name that needs to be unique in the whole scene. MORAY assists you with ensuring this. The objects you create are kept in a global object list. When you create a complex object, such as a CSG or a Group object, the objects that you assign to this complex object will be removed from the global object list. Thus the global object list contains all top-level objects, i.e. objects that have no parents. 6.1.1. Transforms Each object has transformations associated with it. These transformations are handled a bit differently from the way that POV-Ray handles it. This difference is important to understand. In POV-Ray you can scale, rotate and translate an object any number of times and in any order to achieve a certain transformation. This means that you could first translate an object and then rotate it, which has the effect of moving an object in an orbit. In MORAY the transformations that can be applied to an object are first scaling, then rotation and then translation. You cannot have another order and you cannot add more transformations. Although this seems like a restriction at first, you will soon get over this and it will seem very normal (there are also ways around this). 6.1.2. Bounding boxes An object can have a bounding box associated with it. This bounding box is always defined in the objects local co-ordinates, i.e. before the transformations are applied to it. This is handy, since when you scale, rotate or move an object, its bounding box will follow this movement automatically. It is also automatically copied with an object. User Manual Page 17 MORAY V1.5 -------------------------------------------------------------- 6.1.3. Texture An object can also has a texture associated with it. This texture can be a predefined texture from TEXTURES.INC or a texture that is defined in MORAY. The textures that you cannot define in MORAY are ones with 3D textures, such as marble, bozo, etc. You can however define an imagemap or a wood texture and assign it to an object. The imagemap projections (or the wood) will then be shown on the screen. You can select it and scale, rotate and translate it till it is correctly placed. 6.1.4. Visibility Level Objects in MORAY have a visibility level associated with them. This level determines whether an object will be drawn or not (in MORAY). There is a global visibility level that defines the visibility to be shown. Objects that have a visibility level higher than the global level will not be drawn. You can use this to reduce the complexity drawn on screen and to thus increase the refresh speed. You don't always want to see all the details of a scene. For example, if you are designing a house and want to add a garage, you don't need to see the fixtures in the kitchen, or the knobs on the cupboards or the furniture, you just need the basic shape of the house. So you assign a high level to the furniture and stuff and keep the walls of the house at a low level. To assist you in easily changing the visibility of complex (deeply nested) objects, you can assign relative visibility levels to objects. This means that you can say that the knob of the cupboard has one level of visibility more that the cupboard. Then if you change the cupboards visibility, the knob will change with it, whereas if you manually assign a visibility level of one more to the knob, you will not change the level of the knob when you change that of the cupboard. 6.1.5. Nested Attributes There is something special about nested objects (CSG or Group objects). MORAY allows textures and visibility levels of group- objects to be inherited by lower level objects. This means that you can assign a texture to a high-level object in the hierarchy and objects below this hierarchy will automatically have this texture assigned to them, unless they specifically use another texture. So you don't need to assign a texture to every object you create. If you create a CSG object that should be one colour, you just assign this texture to the CSG and leave the textures of the sub-objects undefined. They will then automatically inherit the texture from the CSG object. User Manual Page 18 MORAY V1.5 -------------------------------------------------------------- This is also true of the visibility level. If an object has 0 as its level it will be assigned the level of its parent object. As mentioned above you can also specify that an object has a visibility level relative to its parent object. 6.2. Basic Interaction When MORAY first starts up you will see the main screen with 3 2D- views, a 3D-view and the main menu. Below the four views is space for various sub-menus. You interact with the scene in the 3 views, using the mouse. You can select and move objects in any of the views. If you have placed a camera in the scene, your actions are displayed in the 3D window from its viewpoint. This is also exactly what POV will render. The menu is operated like any other normal GUI menu, you click the mouse button while the cursor is over the button you want to choose, or press the key that corresponds to the underlined letter on the button. Interaction on the main screen is covered in more detail later (see page 43) 6.3. The Primitives The primitives that MORAY supports are (nearly) all finite objects. They are: Cubes, Spheres, Cylinders, Cones, Discs, Tori, and light sources. A plane object is also supported. More primitives are rotational, translational and tapering sweeps, bezier patches and heightfields. Normally only cubes, cylinders, cones, tori, planes and point light sources can be used in a CSG object. You can, however, add the sweeps to a CSG. This may not work as expected! Additionally, all other objects can be used in Group objects, i.e. All objects can be used in Group objects. 6.3.1. Cube The cube is your standard issue box that goes from (-1,-1,-1) to (1,1,1), i.e. is centered around the origin and is 2 units wide in each direction. User Manual Page 19 MORAY V1.5 -------------------------------------------------------------- 6.3.2. Sphere This is a normal run of the mill sphere, centered at the origin with a radius of 1.0. You can unevenly scale this sphere, the conversion to the correct primitive for POV-Ray is handled by MORAY. 6.3.3. Cylinder The cylinder is defined as an object with its base at Z=0, extending to Z=1, centered on the X-Y plane, with a radius of 1.0. 6.3.4. Cone The cone has its cap plane at Z=0, where the radius is 1.0 and extends to Z=1 where it comes to a point. 6.3.5. Torus The torus lies in the X-Y plane. The major and minor radius can be entered from its editing menu (see page 32). 6.3.6. Disc This is a disc that lies in the XY-plane and has an outer radius of 1.0. The inner radius can be set from the objects editing menu. 6.3.7. Plane This is an endless plane that lies in the XY-plane. 6.3.8. Rotational sweep The rotational sweep is an object defined by taking a number of curves (segments) and rotating them about the Z-axis. When MORAY exports a rotational sweeps, it outputs a union of smooth_triangles. 6.3.9. Translational sweep The translational sweep is an object defined by extruding a number of curves (segments) that make a closed outline, from Z=0 to Z=1. This is output as a union of triangles and smooth_triangles. The cap and base planes are created by splitting the polygon, obtained by connecting all edge points together, into triangles. User Manual Page 20 MORAY V1.5 -------------------------------------------------------------- 6.3.10. Tapering sweep This is a sweep that is defined by taking a number of curves (segments) that make a closed outline and extruding them from Z=1 to Z=0, except that all points on the curves move towards and meet at (0,0,0). 6.3.11. Bezier Patches A single bezier patch (the POV-Ray primitive) is defined by sixteen control points. This does not give you many possibilities of deforming the surface. Basically you can make a 'hump' type shape or a paper sheet like object. To make more complex bezier patch shapes you need to have more control points, i.e. more patches. MORAY has the ability of handling connected bezier patches. Getting two adjoining bezier patches to meet at a common edge is relatively easy, all you need to do is to place the control points that are along the shared edge at the same positions. But getting the patches to make smooth transitions is difficult, because the slope at these shared control points need to be the same in both patches. This is very tedious to do by hand. MORAY handles this for you, making sure that adjoining patches will not only connect correctly, but will also exhibit 1st order continuity, meaning that you won't see a crease or edge where the patches join. This is done by not allowing the user to move the shared control points directly. The shared control points are calculated by MORAY according to how you move the surrounding control points. This ensures that the slope at the control point exhibits 1st order continuity. You can create a sheet of patches. The patches are created so that they share their common edges. You can create one that is 3 by 2 sheets, for example. This patch starts out flat. You can also create a cylinder type structure. It starts out as a cylinder and can be deformed to make a bulging pipe, for example. Two bezier patches share the two opposite edges to make up one cylinder segment. You can specify how many of these segments to stack on top of each other. You can also create another cylinder type-structure. It also start out as a cylinder where not two, but four patches make up one cylinder segment. This arrangement is used for the body and lid of that classical graphic object, the Utah teapot. The spout and handle are made of the 2 cylinder version, above. The patches you create will remain one object, no matter how many sub patches make up the object. User Manual Page 21 MORAY V1.5 -------------------------------------------------------------- 6.3.12. Heightfields MORAY can handle heightfields, although they are shown as cubes, i.e. the heightfield data is not read in from the file. This would be too much data and consume a lot of memory and would bog down redraws pretty heavily. It does have arrows on the axis at the bottom of the height field, to help you with the orientation of the height field. The arrow on the X-axis is closed, while the arrow on the Y-axis is open. This represents the X- and Y- dimensions of the image you are using as a heightfield. Horizontal lines around the box show you the current waterlevel. 6.3.13. Light sources Light sources (point lights, spotlights and arealights) are not really primitive objects, since one can't see them, all they do is let us see the rest. The point light source fits into the primitive object category from the way that MORAY handles it and what you can do with it. While you can place point light sources in composites (group objects), this is not possible with area- and spotlights. So if you make a desk lamp, you can attach the light source to the globe in the lamp. MORAY will calculate the correct position according to the lamp transformations and export the lights in the correct position to POV. MORAY supports the point-light, the spot-light and the area-light light source. 6.4. The Non-Primitives These are CSG objects and Group objects. 6.4.1. CSG Objects CSG objects are made up of one or more primitives or CSG objects and can be a union, a difference or an intersection of these sub- objects. They are not displayed as a CSG wireframe, though. All subobjects are shown (depending on their visibility). Pointlights are always 'unioned' to a CSG object, since it's not really useful to take a difference with an infinitely small point. User Manual Page 22 MORAY V1.5 -------------------------------------------------------------- 6.4.2. Group Objects Group objects are made up of one or more primitives, CSG- or Group objects. They are similar to composites in POV-Ray except that you can place all light sources in Groups. Please note that you should not scale groups that have an area- or a spotlight in them, since this will result in errors. 6.5. The Cameras The cameras are special objects. You can define the position, the lookat and the aperture of the camera. The position and the lookat can be defined to be relative to another object. Thus you could tell the camera to always look at a certain object. You can also tell MORAY how large to display the camera in the wire frame display. MORAY will create the correct definition for POV-Ray. The scaling fields of the camera objects are used differently from the way they work with normal objects. The X-scale specifies how large to draw the viewing pyramid (which has nothing to do with POV), the Z-scale specifies the aperture of the camera in degrees. The rotation fields are not used in cameras. The translation fields define the position of the camera or the position of the lookat point. These can be switched for moving on the screen. Thus there are effectively two sets of translation parameters for cameras, one for the position and one for the lookat. 6.6. The Textures MORAY lets you create new textures or use the ones that come with POV (listed in MRYTXTR.LST, to which you can add your own). When exporting a new scene, MORAY creates a *.POV and an *.INC file. The INC file contains all the texture definitions of the scene (except for predefined ones). You can then go into this INC file and change the settings of the texture to suit your needs. When you then export the same scene again, MORAY knows that you may have changed the texture in the INC file and thus will not export the texture again. New textures, however, will be exported. The POV file contains the camera, object and light definitions and includes the INC file. User Manual Page 23 MORAY V1.5 -------------------------------------------------------------- When you create a new texture you can select a pre-defined texture from a list defined in one of the support files (MRYTXTR.LST), or you can create your own. If you create a pre-defined one you can make changes to the parameters that are available in MORAY. MORAY will then use the pre-defined setting, but will 'overwrite' the settings that you changed. If you create your own you can change the ambient, diffuse, specular, reflection and refraction components as well as the colour. User Manual Page 24 MORAY V1.5 -------------------------------------------------------------- 7. Creating an Object To create a new object, click on the CREATE button in the main menu or press Alt-N (for New). You will be presented with a list of possible objects you can create. Click on the object type of object you wish to create. You will be asked for a name for the object. This must be a unique name, i.e. no other object in the scene is allowed to have the same name. If you enter a name that already exists, MORAY will not create this object. MORAY then creates the object and places it in the global object list. If you are creating a bezier patch you will first be presented with another menu. After this and for all other objects you are then placed in the objects editing menu, where you can specify further information about the object. 7.1. Primitives All primitives require no more information and you are presented with the objects editing menu (see page 30, Editing an Object). 7.2. Bezier patches To create a bezier patch, you need to tell MORAY what type of patch you would like. If you want a sheet type patch, click on SHEET. Then select how many basic patches (i.e. the POV-Ray primitive type patch) to create. You need to specify how many in X and how many in Y should be created. Then click on OK to create the patch. If you want a cylinder-type patch, click on the 2-patch or 4-patch cylinder button. Then specify how many cylinder parts should be stacked on top of each other. Then press OK to create the patch. After the patch has been created you will be placed in the object editing menu (see page 53, Bezier Editor). User Manual Page 25 MORAY V1.5 -------------------------------------------------------------- 7.3. CSG and Group Objects If you create a CSG or Group object you can specify which objects to combine to a CSG or Group. Before creating a CSG or Group object, you should (but don't have to) create all the parts that make up the CSG or Group object and then create a CSG or Group object. After entering the name of the object, you will be presented with the Object Browser. This is to let you add all the objects that make up the CSG or Group to it. When creating a CSG, you should first click on the base object. When making a difference, for example, this would be the object *from* which to subtract. When creating a group click on any one of the objects that belong to the group. Then click the right mouse button. This object will be added to the CSG definition and will disappear from the object browser (for the moment). Proceed in this manner with all subobjects until you have added them all. Now click on the right mouse button without having an object selected. This terminates the addition of subobjects to the CSG or Group object. User Manual Page 26 MORAY V1.5 -------------------------------------------------------------- 8. Creating a Texture To create a texture select TEXTURE from the CREATE menu or CREATE from the TEXTURE menu. You will be shown a list of pre-defined textures available and various other types. Please refer to page 38 for detailed instruction on textures. 8.1. Predefined POV texture MORAY knows about all textures you put in the TextureList (see page 11). The sorted list of these textures is shown in the list box. You can choose one and it will be created for you. If you wish to create another one, simply click on it, otherwise press cancel or click on DONE. When exporting your scene, MORAY will not create the definition of this texture, it's up to you to include the correct file containing the texture declaration. If you want to use one of these basic textures and just change a poarameter or two, you can do so from the Texture Editing menu. All buttons are set to 'NO CHNG' and setting one of the parameters will make MORAY enhance this texture in the POV file. 8.2. Opaque texture This allows you to create the texture from within MORAY. You can change the ambient, diffuse, specular and various other components. When exporting you scene, MORAY will create a texture definition according to your settings. 8.3. Checker texture This texture allows you to create a checker texture, that you can graphically place on an object. Once you have assigned a texture of this type to an object, it will be displayed on the wire frame display. It is a grid of three vertical and three horizontal lines that form the checkers. You can select this texture graphically and scale, rotate and move it about just like any other object. User Manual Page 27 MORAY V1.5 -------------------------------------------------------------- 8.4. Imagemap texture This texture allows you to create an imagemap texture, that you can graphically place on an object. Once you have assigned a texture of this type to an object, it will be displayed on the wire frame display. The wireframe display of the imagemap texture consists of two lines, one represents the X-axis of the image and has a closed arrow on the end, while the other line represents the Y-axis of the image and has an open arrow on it. MORAY supports three projection types: - Planar : This is like a slide projector. The wireframe is a flat rectangle. - Spherical : This wraps an image around an imaginary sphere. The X-axis is represented by a line going around the equator of this sphere. The Y-axis is represented by a line going from the south to the north pole, with an open arrow at the north pole and placed at the seam where the left and right edges of the image meet. - Cylindrical : This wraps an image around an imaginary cylinder. The X-axis is represented by a line going around the bottom of this cylinder. The Y-axis is represented by a line going from the top edge of the cylinder to the bottom edge, with an open arrow at the top edge and placed at the seam where the left and right edges of the image meet. You can select this texture graphically and scale, rotate and move it about just like any other object. 8.5. Wood texture This texture is meant for making it easier to place wood on an object. It also has a graphical display, like the imagemap. The display looks like a cylinder. The wood will have one ring (roughly) in this circle. You can now select the wood and scale and rotate it to make the object look like it was cut out of the wood at a certain angle or position. User Manual Page 28 MORAY V1.5 -------------------------------------------------------------- 9. Selecting an Object Before you can edit or change an object, you need to select it. Only one object can be selected at any one time. It is displayed in yellow on the screen, whereas all the other objects are gray. 9.1. Graphically This is the easiest and most straightforward way to select an object or a camera, or a texture, or a bounding box. Move the cursor over a line that belongs to the object you want to select. Then press and hold the Shift-Key and then the left mouse button. Then drag the mouse to open a rectangle that covers the line, i.e. the line should run through the rectangle you make. The first object MORAY finds that has a line running through this rectangle will be the object that is selected. Since cameras are always the first in the list to be checked, it is quite simple to select one since you don't have to worry about enclosing other objects in the rectangle. 9.2. Using the Object Browser If you click on the SELECT button or press Alt-S in the main menu a window with a tree-like display of the names of all objects will be displayed. The names are displayed in buttons. Top-level objects are displayed at the left edge of the window. Sub-objects are displayed to the right of their parents, connected to them by lines. Bounding boxes are displayed in red above the objects they bound. To select an object simply click on the button with the name of the object you want to select, on it. The selected object is displayed on a yellow button. All the sub-objects belonging to the selected object are displayed in a slightly lighter colour. This may differ if you are using the 16-color mode. There are a number of hotkeys available from the Object Browser. For a complete list of hotkeys, see Appendix A: Hotkeys starting on page 60. If you want to edit the object, you can immediately press Alt-E from the browser. The window will then disappear and the normal object editing menu appears. After you have finished editing the object you will be returned to the browser. If you just want to change the objects name there is a shortcut. Pressing Alt-N will let you do this. User Manual Page 29 MORAY V1.5 -------------------------------------------------------------- If you just want to change the objects visibility level there is a shortcut. Pressing 'L' will let you do this. If you want to delete and object you can also press 'D' or Alt-D to delete the selected object. If you press 'D' you will be asked to verify this decision. Alt-D will not ask for verification. You can use the Alt-1 to Alt-9 keys to 'collapse' the object tree. If you have deeply nested objects and just want the basic top view, you can press Alt-2, for example and only top-level objects and their first subobjects are shown. Objects that have collapsed subobjects have a square with an asterisk on them attached. Use Alt-0 to show all the objects in the object tree. 9.3. Selecting the Parent of an Object If you have selected an object and wish to select its parent, press Alt-P. If no parent object exists for the currently selected object, nothing happens. 9.4. Selecting the Texture of an Object To select the texture of an object, press Alt-T while the object that the texture is assigned to is selected. You can now scale, rotate and move it, just like an normal object. This is handy for placing imagemaps. If the texture is either a wood, a checker or an imagemap then you can also select it graphically, just like you would an object. 9.5. Selecting the Bounding Box of an Object You can select the bounding box of the currently selected object by pressing Alt-B. If the object has no bounding box then nothing will happen. You can directly select the bounding box in the object browser (see above) or graphically in the views of the main menu. User Manual Page 30 MORAY V1.5 -------------------------------------------------------------- 10. Editing an Object Before you can edit an object, you need to select it. See the section above on ways to do this. 10.1. The Object Edit Menu This is a basic menu that all objects share. It offers controls for changing the texture, the bounding box, the visibility level and the name of the object. If an object has another editor (true for bezier patches and sweeps), you can call an extended editor from this menu. More complex objects will have more buttons added to it. 10.1.1. Assigning a texture There is a list button on the left containing all the names of the currently existing textures of this scene. You can assign one of these textures to the object by clicking on the required texture. If you have not yet created the texture for this object, you can do so by clicking on the NEW button next to the CLR TXTR button. You can then create one or more textures in the Texture Editor (see page 38) and can then assign one of them to the object by clicking on the name of the texture in the listbox. The name of the currently assigned texture is shown in a label button. Above this label button is a button with the legend CLR TXTR. This button can be used to clear the reference to the texture. The texture name may have an asterisk ('*') in front of it. This means that the texture has been inherited from the parent object. Clicking on the CLR TXTR button in this case will have no effect. 10.1.2. Assigning a bounding box There is a list button containing all the names of the currently available (i.e. not assigned) bounding boxes. You can assign one of these bounding boxes to the object by clicking on the required bounding box. It will disappear from the list. User Manual Page 31 MORAY V1.5 -------------------------------------------------------------- You can also let MORAY create a bounding box for you. Do this by clicking on the NEW button next to the CLR BOUND button. MORAY will examine the object (together with possible subobjects) and create a bounding box that closely bounds it (them). Note that all CSG objects will be treated as a union. The bounds that MORAY creates will always enclose all sub-objects, even if the CSG is a difference. The name of the currently assigned bounding box is shown in a label button. Above this label button is a button with the legend CLR BOUND. This button can be used to clear the reference to the bounding box. The bounding box will then be placed in the bounding box list. The bounding box may have an asterisk ('*') in front of it. This means that the bounding box has been inherited from the parent object. 10.1.3. Changing the visibility There are four buttons concerned with the visibility level of an object. There is a 'R' button, a '+' button, a display button, a '-' button and another display button. The 'R' button specifies whether the visibility of the object is relative or absolute. If the button is depressed then the level is relative to the parents level. The first display button shows the current visibility level that is assigned to this object. If it is prefixed by a plus sign, then the visibility level is relative to the parent object. The second display button shows the visibility level that results from this objects level and that of the parent, according to the settings of the 'R' button. If it is prefixed by an asterisk, then the visibility level is inherited from the parent object. Pressing the '+' or '-' buttons increases or decreases the visibility level. If you decrease the visibility level to 0, the object will inherit the visibility from its parent, no matter how the 'R' button is set. 10.1.4. Setting 'no_shadow' By clicking on the no_shadow button you can specify that the object should not cast a shadow. User Manual Page 32 MORAY V1.5 -------------------------------------------------------------- 10.1.5. Changing the name The name of the object is displayed in a label button. Pressing the NAME button will pop up an editing window, allowing you to enter the new name. 10.1.6. Calling the extended editor If an object has an extended editor the EXTENDED EDIT button will be available. Press this button to enter the extended editor. See page 53 for the extended editors. 10.1.7. Leaving the Object edit menu To leave this object editing menu either press the DONE button or click the right mouse button. 10.2. The Torus Edit menu The torus menu offers two buttons more than the normal object menu. These are used to set the outer and inner radii of the torus. Clicking on one of the buttons will pop up an editing window, allowing you to specify the new radius. 10.3. The Heightfield Edit menu The heightfield menu offers a button to specify the filename of the heightfield and the water level. Although you can enter any file name, MORAY will only work correctly on GIF, TGA and POT files. If you specify another file name, you will need to edit the POV scene file. Clicking on the buttons will pop up an editing window, allowing you to specify the file name. To change the water level, you can use the slider or click on the number to set it to the value you wish. The value goes from 0 to 255. 10.4. The Light Edit menu The editing menu for lights is similar to the normal object editing menu, except that the texture and bounding box lists are inactive. Additionally it contains sliders for specifying the colour and/or brightness of the light. User Manual Page 33 MORAY V1.5 -------------------------------------------------------------- The top three sliders are R, G and B components respectively. If you want coloured lights, use these sliders to set the light colour. The fourth slider is set by MORAY to the gray equivalent of the colours. If you manipulate the fourth slider you are specifying white light and the slider sets the brightness of the light. All sliders will then be set to the same value. 10.5. The Spotlight Edit menu The editing menu for spotlights is similar to the normal light editing menu, except that the parameters for the spotlight can be set. There are three sliders that define the spotlight, two of which are relevant for POV and one only for MORAY. The first slider, labelled 'FALL.' defines the falloff of the POV spotlight in degrees. This is the outer edge of the 'cone' that defines the spotlight. No light will fall outside this cone. The second slider, labelled 'RAD.' defines the radius of the POV spotlight. This is the inner edge of the spotlight, inside which the light arrives in full brightness. The third slider is used as a scaling factor to make the wireframe display of the cone longer or shorter. This is so that you can set the spotlight cone length so that it ends at your point of interest. This allows you to judge how big to make the cone. 10.6. The Arealight Edit menu The editing menu for arealights is similar to the normal light editing menu, except that the parameters for the arealight can be set. You can change the subdivisions of the are light, by setting the PSEUDO-LIGHT variables. If you want to make a long string of lights, set the X component to 1. Setting the PSEUDO-LIGHT values does not affect the geometric size of the arealight. You can use the normal object transformations to scale, rotate and move the light. The settings specify how many subdivisions there are in the arealight. The slider labelled 'ADAPTIVE' can be used to set the adaptive parameter of the arealight. It determines how many times at least to subdivide the light dimensions when doing shadow test. Please see the POV documentation for a more detailed explanation. User Manual Page 34 MORAY V1.5 -------------------------------------------------------------- The JITTER button can be used to tell POV to jitter the shadow rays. This reduces banding in the shadow of an area light. If the button is depressed then jittering is enabled. 10.7. The Group Edit Menu When you edit a group object the basic editing menu described above will be expanded by controls to add and remove sub-objects and a list of the current sub-objects. 10.7.1. Adding a sub-object To add a sub-object click on the ADD OBJECT button. You will be placed in the Object Browser where you can select the object to add to the group. When you confirm the choice by clicking the right mouse button (or pressing ESC) the object will be removed either from the global object list or from the object it was a sub-object of. It will now appear in the object list of the current object. 10.7.2. Removing a sub-object To remove one of the sub-objects click on this object in the list. The UNGROUP button will be activated. Pressing on this button will cause the object to be ungrouped and it will re-appear in the global object list. 10.8. The CSG Edit Menu When you edit a CSG object the basic editing menu described above will be expanded by controls to add and remove sub-objects, to show a list of the current sub-objects, to change the order of the sub-objects and to specify the operation. The first object listed in the sub-object list is the base object. If the CSG is a difference this will be the base object from which all subsequent objects will be removed. 10.8.1. Adding a sub-object To add a sub-object click on the ADD OBJECT button. You will be placed in the Object Browser where you can select the object to add to the CSG. When you confirm the choice by clicking the right mouse button (or pressing ESC) the object will be removed either from the global object list or from the object it was a sub-object of. It will now appear in the object list of the current object. User Manual Page 35 MORAY V1.5 -------------------------------------------------------------- 10.8.2. Removing a sub-object To remove one of the sub-objects click on this object in the list. The UNGROUP button will be activated. Pressing this button will cause the object to be ungrouped and it will re-appear in the global object list. 10.8.3. Changing the CSG operation Press the OPER button until correct CSG operation is shown. Choices are DIFFRNC, INTERSCT, UNION and MERGE. DIFFRNC makes an object that consists of the first subobject in the list minus all the rest, i.e. all subobjects except the first are cut away from the first subobject. INTERSCT makes an object that consists of all the space that all the subobjects share. UNION makes an object that consists of all the subobjects. MERGE makes an object that consists of all the subobjects, but without any internal surfaces (useful for glass objects). 10.8.4. Changing the sub-object order Press the CYCLE button to cycle the subobjects. The first object becomes the last object in the list and the second object becomes the first object. This allows an object that was not added to the CSG object as the first object to be made the main (base) object. User Manual Page 36 MORAY V1.5 -------------------------------------------------------------- 11. Copying objects MORAY allows you to make single or multiple copies of the selected object. If you click on COPY or press Alt-C from the main menu, a sub-menu will open where the main menu was. By default, the menu is setup for making a single, exact copy of the object. If that's all you want to do, just click on OK. There are transformation buttons, just like in the main menu, which enable you to transform each object as it is created. For example, if you make multiple copies of a cube and set the X- Translation to 2, each new cube will be offset by 2 units from the last created cube along the X-axis, forming a line of cubes. There are two modes that you can specify for scaling and rotation. There are also two translation modes but the second is a bit different. Change modes by clicking on the SCALING, ROTATION or TRANSLATE buttons. The button text will change from OFFSET to FACTOR (or ORBIT for the TRANSLATE button) or vice versa. OFFSET means that for the new copy the values that you entered are simply added to the values that the previous copy had. For example, if you've set X-translate to 2, all subsequent copies will be two units away from each other on the X-axis. FACTOR means that the values of the object are *multiplied* by the values that you entered. For example if you've set X-translate to 2, and the first cube has a X-translation of 1, the first copy will be at an X-translation of 2, the next at 4, the next at 8, then at 16, at 32 and so on. ORBIT will be explained in the next section. The ATTACH TO SAME OBJECT button specifies whether to attach the new copies, that will be created, to the same parent object as the original object is attached to. This button is only active if the object you are copying has a parent object. The REPEAT COUNT button specifies how many copies to create. Click on the button to enter a repeat count. Once all the settings have been set to your satisfaction, click on the OK button for the objects to be created. If you change your mind, press CANCEL. User Manual Page 37 MORAY V1.5 -------------------------------------------------------------- 11.1. Orbiting copies The ORBIT modifier for the TRANSLATE button allows you to place objects in a circle. Since MORAY always does rotation before translation, rotation will always make an object turn about its own axis, never about a point. You need to set the translation values to the actual co-ordinates that result. This copy function will do this for you, by calculating the co- ordinates where the copies need to go in order to simulate a rotation about the origin. Place the object at a point on the orbit. The object is always rotated about the origin. Let's say you want to place 12 cubes in a circle with a radius of 10 about the X-axis. Then set the X- translation of your original to 10. Call the copy function and set TRANS ORBIT mode. Then set the Z-component of the TRANS ORBIT block to 30 (since 360 divided by 12 is 30 degrees). Each successive copy will be placed as if it was rotated about the origin by 30 degrees. Since this function actually sets the translation values of the object, the cubes won't face towards the inside of the circle. To do this, you also need to set the Z- component of the rotation block to 30 degrees. Then each copy will also rotate about its own axis by 30 degrees. Then set the repeat count to 11 (since we already have one in place) and press OK. User Manual Page 38 MORAY V1.5 -------------------------------------------------------------- 12. Texture Editing You can edit some of the parameters of textures that you create in MORAY. There are two ways to edit the texture. Either you need to select it and the click on EDIT or press Alt-E, or you can click on TEXTURES and then select it from the list box. Since an imagemap texture has more parameters that you can change, it has its own additional editing menu. See page 41 for imagemap editing. Pressing TEXTURES from the main menu brings you to the Texture Editor. On the left is a list showing all the texture names that you have created in this scene. Clicking on a texture will set all the buttons to the texture settings of that texture. You can then click on the parameters and enter new values. There are also four sliders with which you can set the pigment (colour and filter) of the texture. The GET button allows you to get colours from the MRYTXTR.LST file, which contains all the colours of the standard COLORS.INC file. The NAME button allows you to change the name of the texture. 12.1. Texture Exporting When you first export your scene, MORAY creates a .POV and a .INC file. The .INC file will contain your textures and the .POV file will contain your objects, and will include the .INC file. MORAY also outputs 'markers' into the .INC file (as comments). When you subsequently export the scene again, MORAY will check for the .INC file and if it is found will scan it for the 'markers' that tell it the names of textures that have already been exported to the .INC file. These textures will then not be exported again, because you may have changed them in the .INC file. New textures that you have added since last exporting will be appended to the .INC file. If you delete the .INC file before exporting, MORAY will export all the textures with their current settings. User Manual Page 39 MORAY V1.5 -------------------------------------------------------------- There is something special about the pre-defined textures. You'll notice that when you edit a pre-defined texture all the buttons show 'NOCHNG' (No Change). If you then edit, say, the diffuse component, this component will show the value that you entered. When exporting an object that has this texture attached to it, MORAY will modify the texture statement of that object in the POV file. 12.2. Creating a texture To create a new texture press CREATE. You will be presented with a list of predefined textures and a few other buttons with other kinds of textures to create. 12.2.1. Predefined textures These are textures that come with POV-Ray in the TEXTURES.INC file. The texture names in this file have been put in the MRYTXTR.LST file under the [TEXTURES] section. You can add your own textures to this file if you wish, but must make sure that you either add the definition of this texture to your own include file and include this file with your scene, or you must add your texture definition to TEXTURES.INC, although this is not recommended. This is because if you wish to share your POV file with someone, they won't have the texture definition in their TEXTURES.INC file. 12.2.2. Opaque textures This is a normal texture, without gradients or maps, etc. Just a colour and the lighting parameters. All the parameters can be set and adjusted in the editor. Note that once the file has been exported, making changes will not be exported to the .INC file, unless you delete the .INC file. See Texture Exporting above for an explanation. 12.2.3. Checker textures This is also a normal texture. Just two colours and the lighting parameters. The second colour can't be set from within MORAY, it is always white. The wireframe display consists of six lines, three vertical and three horizontal. The spacing between these lines represents one unit, i.e. the squares created by the lines define one checker. User Manual Page 40 MORAY V1.5 -------------------------------------------------------------- All the parameters can be set and adjusted in the editor. Note, that once the file has been exported, making changes will not be exported to the .INC file, unless you delete the .INC file. See Texture Exporting above for an explanation. 12.2.4. Wood textures This texture adds the wood and turbulence keywords as well as a simple colour map. This texture is also displayed in the wireframe views when assigned to an object to help you see how the rings are placed and where the major axis runs. You can also scale, rotate and translate the texture to find the correct orientation for your wood. The wireframe display consists of a cylinder running along the major axis and approximately describe the first ring circumference. All the parameters can be set and adjusted in the editor. Note, that once the file has been exported, making changes will not be exported to the .INC file, unless you delete the .INC file. See Texture Exporting above for an explanation. 12.2.5. ImageMap textures This texture is also displayed in the wireframe views when assigned to an object to help you see how the image will be mapped. You can also scale, rotate and translate the texture to find the correct orientation for the imagemap. MORAY supports three projection types: planar, spherical and cylindrical. For the planar imagemap, the wireframe display consists of a square with arrows on the axis, describing the orientation of the image. The origin of the two arrows represents the lower left corner of the image file. The closed arrow runs along the X-axis (horizontal) of the image, while the open arrow runs along the Y- axis (vertical) of the image. For the spherical imagemap, the wireframe display consists of a circle around the equator of the sphere and a line along the seam from one pole to the other. The closed arrow runs along the X-axis (horizontal) of the image, while the open arrow runs along the Y- axis (vertical) of the image. For the cylindrical imagemap, the wireframe display consists of a circle around the bottom of the cylinder and a line along the seam from the bottom to the top of the cylinder. The closed arrow runs along the X-axis (horizontal) of the image (around the cylinder), while the open arrow runs along the Y-axis (vertical) of the image. User Manual Page 41 MORAY V1.5 -------------------------------------------------------------- All the lighting parameters can be set and adjusted in the editor. Changing the colour will not have an effect, since the colour comes from the image file. Note, that if the scene has been exported before, these changes will not be reflected in the .INC file, unless you delete the .INC file. See Texture Exporting above for an explanation. The Imagemap texture also has it's own editor, next to the editing facilities in the texture editor. Here you can set the filename, tiling and smoothing of the imagemap texture. To get to this editor, press Alt-E or click on EDIT from the main menu, while this texture is selected. You will then see a new editing menu. From this editing menu, click on FILENAME to specify the filename to use for the texture map. You need to specify the extension, too, since MORAY extracts the extension when exporting to POV to specify the image file type. Click on the ONCE/TILED button to toggle between the two. The displayed status is the status that will be exported. If the button says ONCE the texture will only be mapped once onto this body. Click on the ROUGH/SMOOTH button to switch on (or off) the interpolation parameter. The displayed status is the one that is used. 12.3. Deleting a texture You can only remove unused textures, i.e. textures that are not being used by objects. To delete textures that are not being used in the scene, click on the DEL UNUSD button. 12.4. Copying a texture You can use the COPY button in the Texture Editing menu to make a copy of the currently selected texture. You will be prompted for a new name and the texture will then be created, if it doesn't exist already. 12.5. Replacing a texture You may change your mind about what type of texture to assign to an object, or you may work with dummy textures until the geometry (i.e. scene layout) is finished and then wish to set the textures to their correct setting. User Manual Page 42 MORAY V1.5 -------------------------------------------------------------- This function can be used to accomplish this. You select the texture in the list on the left of the menu that you want to replace and then click on REPLACE. You then need to create the texture (see above). If you've defined it somewhere already then create a pre-defined one with the correct name. When done, MORAY will replace all references to the first texture by references to the newly created one. 12.6. Texture display The imagemap textures are displayed in the wire frame display to aid you in placing (scaling, moving, rotating) it relative to your object. They have arrows on the two axis that represent the image to assist you in seeing exactly how the image file will be mapped onto the object. The wood texture is also displayed in the wire frame display to help you place it correctly. It is displayed as a cylinder around center of the wood. Use this as a reference when scaling the texture. User Manual Page 43 MORAY V1.5 -------------------------------------------------------------- 13. The main screen The main screen is divided into four views. To the right and below these views are menu areas. On the main screen the area to the right contains the Main menu and the area below the views is empty. Most of the menu buttons have underlined letters. These letters are the corresponding hotkeys of these buttons. 13.1. The three 2D Views The 2D views represent views from above, from the side and from the front. Each view can be separately panned and zoomed and can have a labelled grid to aid you in placing objects. 13.1.1. Disabling a view You can disable a view by moving the cursor over it and pressing the '-' key. The view will be cleared and will not be refreshed when you change the scene. 13.1.2. Enabling a View You can enable a disabled view by moving the cursor over it and pressing the '+' key. The view will from then on be updated when you change the scene. 13.1.3. Enlarging a View You can enlarge a view by placing your cursor over the view in question and pressing either the middle button, if you have a three-button mouse, or both left and right buttons if you have a two-button mouse. The view will be enlarged to cover the area previously covered by the three views. If you are using a two- button mouse it is a good idea to make sure the right button is pressed slightly ahead of the left button. Pressing the same button(s) again will make the view revert to its original size. 13.1.4. Toggling the Grid in a View You can turn the grid in a view on and off by moving the cursor into the specific view in question and pressing Alt-G. This will turn the grid off if it was on and on if it was off. User Manual Page 44 MORAY V1.5 -------------------------------------------------------------- 13.1.5. Panning a View Each view can be separately panned to bring certain areas of a scene into view. To do this, move the cursor into the view you want to pan. Press and hold the CTRL-key. Now press and hold the left mouse button and drag the scene. The scene will follow the mouse. When done release everything. 13.1.6. Zooming a View To zoom into or out of a view, move the cursor to the view in question. Now press and hold the ALT-key. Press and hold the left mouse button and move the mouse up (away from you), to zoom out of the view or move it down (towards you) to zoom into the view. To zoom the view in such a way that all objects will be visible in the view, press Alt-Z. You can also define a rectangle in the view that defines an area of interest that you want to zoom into. Do this by additionally pressing and holding the Shift key. In other words, press and hold ALT and Shift and the left mouse button. Then drag open a rectangle about the area of interest and let go of all the buttons. This rectangle will be zoomed into the view. 13.2. The 3D View The 3D view is the view that the selected camera sees and the view that the raytracer will create. If this window is blank, you either don't have a camera defined, or it's pointing away from any objects in the scene, or you're out of memory. This view can also be enlarged and disabled (see above). 13.2.1. The Rendering Window You can set the rendering window for POV in this view, too. This is an area of the view that POV will trace. MORAY will create a GO.BAT file with the correct commandline parameters for POV, reflecting the window you have defined. You define this window by opening a rectangle in this view (no Alt or Crtl or Shift) about the area you want rendered. MORAY will create a GO.BAT file in your POV scene directory (i.e. where the POV file is also written to), that has the correct commandline switches. User Manual Page 45 MORAY V1.5 -------------------------------------------------------------- 13.3. Interacting with Objects You interact graphically with the selected object in the views on the screen. All interaction is done by moving the cursor over the view where you want to interact with the object, depressing the left mouse button and moving the mouse until the object has been manipulated to your satisfaction and then releasing the mouse button. What happens to the object when you do this is determined by the currently set interaction mode. There are three basic interaction modes: scaling, rotating and moving. Scaling is divided into uniform and non-uniform scaling. 13.3.1. Setting the interaction mode The interaction mode is set by either clicking on the mode you need on the main menu, or by pressing the corresponding key on the keyboard. You cannot change interaction modes while having the mouse button depressed. To set: - non-uniform scaling mode, press 'S' or click on SCL. - uniform scaling mode, press 'U' or click on USCL. - rotation mode, press 'R' or click on ROTATE. - translation mode, press 'T' or click on TRANS. 13.3.2. Using Scaling mode To scale objects, you need to move the mouse into the view that displays the objects in the dimensions you want to scale. If you have uniform scaling mode set, this doesn't matter, since all dimensions of the object are scaled equally. Now press the left mouse button and drag the mouse to the upper right. The object will follow the mouse movement. When you've scaled enough, release the button. 13.3.3. Using Rotation mode To rotate an object move the mouse into the view where the axis of rotation would come out of the monitor. Move the mouse to a point away from the objects origin, press and hold the left mouse button and drag the mouse around the objects origin. It will rotate about its origin, following your mouse. User Manual Page 46 MORAY V1.5 -------------------------------------------------------------- 13.3.4. Using Translation mode To move an object move the mouse into the view representing the plane in which to move the object, i.e. the dimension that should remain the same should be the one that would stick out of the screen. 13.4. Limiting interaction dimensions You can lock the translation and scaling of objects to certain dimensions. This helps you if you want to move an object in one direction only, for example. Say you have a cube at the correct height (Z), but need to move it to the left (X+). You go to the XZ view and press the 'Z' key. This 'locks' the Z-coordinate of the object. Then use the mouse to move the cube. It will only slide along the X-axis, the Z-position will stay fixed. To see whether a dimension is locked, look at the cursor position display in the lower right corner. The buttons of those dimensions that are locked are depressed. The 'X', 'Y' and 'Z' keys act as toggles on their respective dimensions. 13.5. Interaction strangeness When you select an object and attempt to scale, rotate or move it, it may not follow your mouse. This happens when the object is part of a hierarchy of objects that have also been rotated or scaled. For example consider the following set-up: you have a group containing two non-transformed cubes. Now you rotate the group by 90 degrees around the Z-axis. If you now select one of the cubes and attempt to move it along the X-axis, it will move along the Y- axis! This is because the transformation of the cube (translation in X) is appended to the group transformation (rotation about Z). So the cubes X translation gets rotated to a (in the absolute world) Y translation. So when designing scenes, start from the bottom up and only group objects once all subobjects have the correct relative position to one another. 13.6. The Main Menu The main menu is the menu that you see when the program has started up. It has two main regions. The top half or so contains information about the current object. Specifically it displays the name of the object and its transformations. User Manual Page 47 MORAY V1.5 -------------------------------------------------------------- 13.6.1. The Transformation blocks The very first button contains the name of the object. The second one shows what type of object is selected. Then follow three blocks of transformation information, as well as the current transformation mode indicators (more on that later). The first block of three buttons contain the scaling that is being applied to the object in X, Y, Z order. The second block contains the rotation in degrees that is being applied to the object in X, Y, Z order. The third block contains the translation that is being applied to the object. Beneath this last block is a UNDO XFRM button. This allows you to undo the very last object transformation that you did. When you select a new object, this information is lost. 13.6.2. The menu items Following the transformation block are a couple of menu items that allow you to access certain functions of the program. 13.6.2.1. The CREATE button This button brings you to a menu where you can create new objects, cameras or textures. Hotkey : Alt-N The SELECT button This button can be used if you want to select an object by name instead of graphically (see later). Hotkey : Alt-S 13.6.2.2. The EDIT button This button can be used to edit the currently selected object. If no object is selected you will be placed in the Object Browser to select one. If you do select one you will then be placed in this objects editing menu. Hotkey: Alt-E User Manual Page 48 MORAY V1.5 -------------------------------------------------------------- 13.6.2.3. The COPY button This button makes one or more copies of the currently selected object. If no object is selected you will be placed in the Object Browser in order to select one. You will then be presented with another menu, where you specify a few things about the new object(s). This menu is explained in more detail later. Hotkey : Alt-C 13.6.2.4. The CAMERAS button This brings you to the camera list editor. Here you can create, delete or rename cameras. 13.6.2.5. The TEXTURES button This button brings you to the texture editor where you can create, edit, replace or delete textures. 13.6.2.6. The FILES button This button brings you the files submenu. Here you can load, save, merge and export scenes. Hotkey : Alt-F 13.6.2.7. The OPTIONS button This button brings up the options menu, where you can set various parameters for MORAY to use. Hotkey : Alt-O 13.6.2.8. The QUIT button This button will exit the program. If you have changed the scene and have not saved it, you will be asked to confirm this action. Hotkey : Alt-X 13.6.3. The information block Below the main menu are six buttons that give you information about the current state of MORAY. User Manual Page 49 MORAY V1.5 -------------------------------------------------------------- The first three show the X, Y and Z position of the cursor when in one of the 2D views. They also indicate when a coordinate is locked (see page 46). The fourth button shows the amount of available conventional memory and the amount of available EMS in the shareware program. In the registered version it shows the total amount of memory available. The fifth button shows the number of points currently being calculated for every refresh and the percentage of the point list used. The sixth button shows the number of edges currently being drawn during a refresh and the percentage of the edge list used. When the percentages in either of these buttons gets close to 100%, you should increase the memory available for the edge and vector list. This is done by changing the values in the 'MemoryUse' variable in the MORAYPOV.CFG file (see Configuration, page 10) User Manual Page 50 MORAY V1.5 -------------------------------------------------------------- 14. The FILES Menu The files menu is used to load, save, merge and export files to/from disk, to start a render (under certain conditions), to delete the scene in memory and to set some options. The actions that can be executed use the current filename, which is shown below the list of available drives. If it is empty, the action buttons are inactive. To enter a new filename click on the filename button. An editing window will pop up where you can enter a filename. To select a filename already on disk, simply click on the name in the list button showing the MDL files in the ModelPath (see Configuration, page 10) directory. It will appear in the filename button above the list. If your file is in another directory you can navigate through the directories by clicking on the directory names, which are surrounded by square brackets. When you are done, press DONE or the cancel button to leave the FILES menu. 14.1. LOAD Once you have selected or entered a name, click on LOAD to load the MDL file. If there is a scene in memory you will be asked whether to delete this scene. Answer YES if you want to discard the scene in memory and load the one on disk. If you press NO, MORAY will not load the file. 14.2. MERGE You can add files to your current scene by clicking on MERGE. The selected filename will be loaded and added to the scene. This can be used to import objects from a library for example. User Manual Page 51 MORAY V1.5 -------------------------------------------------------------- 14.3. SAVE If you loaded a file and now want to save it again, you can click on SAVE directly, since the filename will still be the same (unless you merged in another file). MORAY will keep the old file, changing its extension to BAK, and will save the scene to the original name. If you want to enter a new name under which to save the scene, do this *before* clicking on SAVE. 14.4. SAVE SEL If you want to save an object of a scene only, you can use this button to do so. The object you wish to save must be selected. You can use this button to create your own library of objects, which you can share with others. You are prompted for a filename. 14.5. OPTIONS Clicking on this button will open a menu below the views, which allows you to change a few options. You can call an ABOUT box, which shows the current version number and the name of the user to which this program is registered. You can call the texture checking routine. This searches the scene for objects that have no textures assigned to them. This object will be selected and you can the edit it and assign a new texture. You can enable or disable the grid snap. You can also set the snap grid size. The default values for this setting can be set in the CONFIG section of the MORAYPOV.CFG file (see page 13). You can also set the global visibility level. The registered mode version also has a REGISTER button available. You will receive instructions for using this button once you have registered the program. 14.6. EXPORT This button is used to actually write the scene in memory to a .POV and an .INC scene file. MORAY will create the files in the target directory as specified in the CFG file (see page 11). You can then leave MORAY and start POV to trace the scene you just created. User Manual Page 52 MORAY V1.5 -------------------------------------------------------------- 14.7. RENDER This button is a combination of buttons. It first does a SAVE, then an EXPORT, and then it quits with an exit code of 16. This can be used in a batchfile to call POV. See LoopBatchFile on page 11 and automatic rendering on page 14. 14.8. NEW This button clears the scene in memory. It will ask you to verify this decision first, though. User Manual Page 53 MORAY V1.5 -------------------------------------------------------------- 15. Extended Editors Two object types have further editors that change the object geometry; the Bezier patches and the sweeps. 15.1. The Bezier Patch Editor This editor allows you to change the control points of your patch and the graininess of the patch display, i.e. how fine to draw the patch. The patch is drawn in the 2D-Views and the 3D-Views, and you manipulate the points similar to how you would manipulate the objects in the main screen. The views can be panned and zoomed just as on the main screen. The patch is manipulated by moving control points. MORAY allows you to move a single control point or a selection of control points. There are a couple of ways to move the control points, you can move them, you can scale them and you can rotate them. 15.1.1. Mesh density You can adjust the amount of mesh lines that MORAY will create for your patch. If you want a detailed view, you would select a high density, i.e. move the slider to the right. This will slow down screen redraws and chew up memory. If you're satisfied and don't need that much detail you could then select a lower setting. This setting is only relevant for MORAY, since POV-Ray handles the bezier patches itself. 15.1.2. Redraw Rate Apart from using the Mesh density setting to decrease the amount of lines that need to be drawn, you have two more options of increasing the redraw rate while moving the control points. The SHOW MESH button can be used to hide or show the mesh while moving the control points. The mesh redrawing can take quite some time, so it may be good to hide it while moving the points. Once you release the mouse button, after dragging the points, the mesh will be redrawn. Hotkey : M User Manual Page 54 MORAY V1.5 -------------------------------------------------------------- The SHOW CTRL button can be used to hide or show the control point grid while moving control points. Hotkey : C 15.1.3. Selecting and deselecting control points To select points move the cursor to a view where the control points are visible. Press the Left-Shift-key and then open a rectangle that encloses the points. Do this by clicking the left mouse button, keeping it pressed and moving the mouse. When the points are inside the rectangle release the mouse button. The selected points will now be marked. You can see the number of points you have selected in the corresponding button on the menu. You can also depress the Left-Shift-key and press and release the left mouse button. In this case all points near the cursor will be selected. To deselect points, do the same as above, but enclose the selected points. MORAY tries to guess at what you're attempting to do with respect to selecting or deselecting. If you do a select operation on points that are already selected, MORAY assumes you want to deselect them and does so. If you do a select operation on points that are all deselected, MORAY assumes you want to select them. If you do a select operation where you enclose selected and deselected points, MORAY can't know what you want to do, so it looks at the keyboard modifier. If you've pressed Left-Shift, MORAY assumes you want to select and if you've pressed Right- Shift, MORAY assumes you want to deselect. Naturally, you can change views between selection operations. So if you wanted to select a point in the side view and there are other points 'behind' this point you'll have selected all these points. Then to deselect those that are behind the point of interest, you would go to the top view and deselect the ones that you're not interested in. There are three buttons that you can use to change the selection. You can select all the control points by pressing on MARK ALL. This is good for moving the whole origin of the patch somewhere else. User Manual Page 55 MORAY V1.5 -------------------------------------------------------------- You can deselect all points by clicking on UNMARK ALL. This is useful, if it would be a bit tedious to deselect the points by hand. You can change the state of all the points by clicking on TOGGLE MARKS. This selects deselected points and deselects selected points. If you want to select all points but one, you could select that one and then click on this button. 15.1.4. Changing the control point positions Once you've selected points to manipulate you have seven possibilities of moving them. While moving the control points, the control grid and the actual patch mesh can be made to disappear (see Redraw Rate, above). Once you are finished moving the points about, the mesh will reappear. You can select three basic modes: scaling, rotation and translation. Scaling and rotation can be made to work locally (more later) and scaling can be switched to and from uniform scaling. 15.1.4.1. Translate Use this mode if you want to just move all the selected points to a new location. Move them just like you would an object. Press and hold the left mouse button and move the mouse. Hotkey : T 15.1.4.2. Scale Use this mode to move the points in such a way that it would represent scaling the points relative to the whole patch. When you move the mouse, after pressing and holding the left mouse button, the points will be scaled accordingly. Hotkey: S 15.1.4.3. Local Scale If you want to scale the points in relation to each other, i.e. want to get them closer together or further apart, you would use this mode. MORAY calculates the center of gravity of all selected points and scales relative to this point. Hotkey : L (after pressing S) User Manual Page 56 MORAY V1.5 -------------------------------------------------------------- 15.1.4.4. Uniform If you press the UNIFORM button then scaling will be uniform, i.e. MORAY will scale the selected points equally in all three dimensions. Hotkey : U (toggle) 15.1.4.5. Rotate If you want to rotate the points about the origin use this mode. Again, press and hold the left mouse button and move the cursor in a circular path around the origin. Hotkey : R 15.1.4.6. Local Rotate If you want to rotate the points in relation to each other, i.e. about their center, use this mode. MORAY calculates the center of gravity of all selected points and rotates the points around this point, according to the movement of the cursor. Hotkey : L (after pressing R) 15.1.4.7. Mirroring the patch You can use the three MIRROR buttons to flip a patch about an axis. It will flip the whole patch, not only the marked points. 15.1.4.8. Snapping Coordinates You may want to snap points to certain numbers at times. For example, you may want a point place *exactly* at X=0. While you could do so by endlessly zooming into the point and always moving it to the zero line, this is a bit awkward. The SNAP POINTS button does just this. It asks you for a number and rounds the coordinates of all the marked points to a multiple of this number. If you entered, say 0.1, it would set all the components of the marked points to a number that's divisible (without rest) by 0.1. For example if you have marked a points at (4.6605, 9.429) and snap with 0.1 it will be moved to (4.7,9.4), if you enter 0.05, it will be moved to (4.65, 9.45). To limit the snapping to certain components you need only arrest those coordinates that you don't want snapped. As a reminder the editor that pops up asking you for a value will say which components are not arrested and will be snapped. User Manual Page 57 MORAY V1.5 -------------------------------------------------------------- 15.2. The Sweep Editor The three sweep types (rotational, translational, tapering) all have the same editor. Sweeps consists of a number of curved line segments, forming a closed outline. For a translational sweep, this outline is swept along a straight line from Z=0 to Z=1. For a rotational sweep the outline is rotated about the Z-axis. For a tapering sweep the outline is swept from Z=1 to Z=0, but is also shrunk to a point at the same time. The editing screen can be panned and zoomed like the views on the main menu, except that Alt-Z and the area selection are not active. The editor starts out with four segments, arranged in a square. At each end of a segment is a point with two handles (a knot). These handles determine at what angle the curves leave the knot. To move the handles, move the cursor over a handle, press and hold the left mouse button and move the handles about. The handles only rotate about the position of the knot, i.e. where the two curve segments meet. Normally the two handles are locked in relation to each other. To move only one of them, press and hold the Shift key before pressing the mouse button. 15.2.1. Curve divisions The divisions slider determines how many times the line segments are subdivided. For editing, this setting only influences the display on the screen, but once you leave the editor, it determines how fine the wire frame will be displayed. This of course directly influences the amount of memory the object requires and how fast it can be redrawn. The divisions setting also determines the number of divisions used for exporting. 15.2.2. Moving a knot To move a knot, move the cursor over the knot position, press and hold the left mouse button and drag the knot around. The attached curve segments will move along with the knot. When you have placed the knot correctly, let go of the mouse button. User Manual Page 58 MORAY V1.5 -------------------------------------------------------------- 15.2.3. Smoothing a knot In order for a sweep to be continuous across a knot, the handles need to be at the same angle or 180 degrees apart. To make the handles of a knot form a straight line you can use the FLATTEN button. Click on it, then move the cursor over the knot in question and click again. The handles will be set to the same angle and the sweep will not have a visible edge there. 15.2.4. Adding a knot To add a knot, click on the INSERT KNOT button. Then move the cursor onto the curve at the position where you wish to insert the knot. Click the mouse. A knot will be inserted there, in such a way as not to create an edge. You can then move or edit this knot. 15.2.5. Deleting a knot To delete a knot, click on the DELETE KNOT button, move the cursor over the knot you wish to delete and click the mouse. The knot will be removed and the knots on either side of the deleted knot will be joined. You can delete all knots except three, since you cannot make a useful outline with two segments. 15.2.6. Entering values You can also directly enter the values for the last selected knot. Simply click on the corresponding button and enter the new value. 15.2.7. Mirroring a sweep You can use the two MIRROR buttons to flip a sweep about an axis. 15.2.8. Rotation divisions When you edit rotational sweeps, you can determine the number of divisions that should be made when rotating about the axis during exporting. 15.2.9. Exporting to a RAW file You can export sweeps to a file in raw format. This will allow you to create sweeps that you can use with other programs that can read raw files. Raw files are normal ASCII text-files that contain data that define triangles. There are nine numbers per line, three sets of XYZ coordinates. User Manual Page 59 MORAY V1.5 -------------------------------------------------------------- There is a program called RAW2POV.EXE by Steve Anger that creates POV files from Raw files, that are tightly bounded and may speed up rendering. RAW2POV.EXE can be found on CompuServe (GO GRAPHDEV, LIB 8) or on most BBS that have POV. User Manual Page 60 MORAY V1.5 -------------------------------------------------------------- 16. Appendix A: Hotkeys Most menus in MORAY have buttons with a letter that is underlined. Pressing this letter while the menu is active is the same as clicking on the button, i.e. they are all hotkeys. Apart from these normal menu keys there are also other special keys in some of the menus. 16.1. Main menu Alt-n where n is 1 to 9 sets the global visibility level to n. Alt-0 Sets the global visibility level to 10. Alt-B Selects the bounding box of the currently selected object. Alt-C Calls the Object Duplicator to make copies of the currently selected object. Alt-D Deletes the currently selected object (doesn't delete textures and cameras). No questions asked. Alt-E Edit the currently selected object. Alt-F Calls the Files Menu. Alt-G Toggles the grid display in the window the cursor is over. Alt-I Toggles the updating of the cursor position display. Alt-N Calls the Create menu. Alt-O Calls the Option Menu. Alt-P Selects the parent object of the currently selected object. Alt-R Refreshes the screen. Alt-S Calls the Object Browser. Alt-T Selects the texture of the currently selected object. Alt-U Deselects all objects. Alt-V Verifies that all the objects in the scene have a texture attached to them. Alt-X Quit the program. Alt-Z Zooms the view under the cursor to enclose all objects. '-' Disable the view under the cursor. '+' Enable the view under the cursor. 'D' Deletes the currently selected objects. Asks for verification first. 'M' Calls the camera edit menu. 'R' Set the transformation mode the rotation. 'S' Set the transformation mode to non-uniform scaling. 'T' Set the transformation mode to translation. 'U' Set the transformation mode to uniform scaling. 'X' Arrests movement in the X-axis. 'Y' Arrests movement in the Y-axis. 'Z' Arrests movement in the Z-axis. 'L' If the selected object is a camera, make the translation transformations move the lookat point. User Manual Page 61 MORAY V1.5 -------------------------------------------------------------- 'P' If the selected object is a camera, make the translation transformations move the camera position. User Manual Page 62 MORAY V1.5 -------------------------------------------------------------- 16.2. Object Browser Alt-1 Collapses the object tree to display only top level objects. Alt-n Collapses the object tree to display only the top n levels of objects. Alt-0 Shows the complete object tree. Alt-B Selects the bounding box of the currently selected object. Alt-C Calls the object duplicator with the currently selected object. Alt-D Deletes the currently selected object (no questions asked). 'D' Deletes the currently selected object (asks for verification first). 'L' Allows you to change the visibility level of the object. Alt-E Edit the currently selected object. Alt-N Allows you to edit the name of the selected object. Alt-O Calls the Options menu. Alt-P Select the parent object of the currently selected object. 16.3. Bezier Editor Alt-S Toggle Grid Snap Alt-O Call the options menu 'C' Toggle the display of the control grid. 'G' Toggle the display of the grids. 'M' Toggle the display of the mesh. 'T' Select translation mode for moving the control points. 'S' Select non-uniform scaling mode for moving the control points. 'U' Select uniform scaling mode for moving the control points. 'R' Select rotation mode for moving the control points. 'L' Select local mode if either scaling or rotation mode is selected. 'N' Deselect the selected points. 'A' Select all points. 'X' Arrests movement in the X-axis. 'Y' Arrests movement in the Y-axis. 'Z' Arrests movement in the Z-axis. 'P' Asks for a number and snaps all non-arrested components of marked points to a multiple of this number. '+' Disable the view under the cursor. '-' Enable the view under the cursor. User Manual Page 63 MORAY V1.5 -------------------------------------------------------------- 17. Appendix B: Tips - Use the visibility setting of objects to hide fine details when working with large scenes. This will improve redraw speed. - Use the relative visibility setting on nested objects. This allows you to quickly hide large objects when working on the details of other objects. - Since CSG objects are not displayed in their final form, you should make the subobjects of a difference have a visibility level that's higher than the base object, i.e. the first object of the CSG difference should have a lower visibility level than all the other sub-objects. This will avoid the cluttering of the display by all those shapes that cut away from the base shape. - Design Group- or CSG-Objects with their origin at the global origin, then move the group. Don't group objects at their final location, move the group to the final location. This makes editing subobjects easier. - Don't transform Group- or CSG-Objects until all their subobjects have been correctly placed. This helps you transform subobjects with the mouse, without getting confused. - Don't assign textures to subobjects of Group- or CSG-objects, unless they have a different texture from the rest of the Group object, since textures are inherited to subobjects. This lets you easily change the texture of the whole object later, without having to go to each subobject to change the texture. - Group objects logically. If you make a body, group the eyes together. Then group the eyes, nose, mouth and skull together. Then group the upper body with the head and arms, etc. This lets you transform the entities better, e.g. turning the bodies head, involves only the changing of the rotation of the head. Eyes, mouth and skull will follow. - Don't make the divisions of sweeps and beziers too high. During editing, set the divisions as high as you want, but when finished, set it to an acceptable level, where you can make out enough detail. This is so that your display doesn't get cluttered, the redraw speed stays high, and memory is saved. - If you use the snap to grid function, use it from the very beginning. This is because only the cursor is snapped, not the objects themselves. So if an object has an X translation of 0.05 and you set the X-Snap to 0.5, moving the object will change the X translation by 0.5 (in this example to 0.55). User Manual Page 64 MORAY V1.5 -------------------------------------------------------------- - Use the '-' key to disable views if you only need one view to edit in. This will improve the redraw rate. When done use the '+' key to redraw the disabled views. - If your bezier patches are coming out with holes or have other irregularities, you may have to increase the u_steps and v_steps or decrease the flatness of the patches (in the objects Editing Menu). - Bound your CSG Differences. Although POV 2.0 has bounding slabs, they are not active for differences. - If you are creating an object that is to use hierarchical linkage, you should proceed from the outside in and create and place the objects in such a way that the axis of rotation is along one of the main axis at the origin. You may want to look at the sample file ROBOT.MDL for an example. User Manual Page 65 MORAY V1.5 -------------------------------------------------------------- 18. Appendix C: Frequently Asked Questions Q: Not all my disk drives are being displayed in the FILES menu. A: MORAY limits the amount of available drives to 8, so you need to install MORAY on one of your first eight drives. Q: Why can't I see the imagemap texture I created? A: You need to assign it to an object first. Then it will become visible. There's no point in displaying it if it hasn't been assigned to an object. Q: When I export the imagemap, Moray outputs the string 'ugh' in the output file, which POV doesn't swallow. A: This happens when you haven't set the filename of the imagemap in its editing menu. Moray looks at the filename and tries to figure out whether it's a GIF, a TGA or a POT file. If it's none of those it outputs 'ugh'. Q: How do I set the name of image file/smoothness/interpolation of an imagemap texture? A: You can set these from the imagemaps editing menu. To get there you need to select the imagemap texture. This can only be done once the imagemap is assigned to an object. Select this object then press Alt-T to select it's texture. Now press Alt-E to call the imagemaps editor where you'll find the correct buttons. Q: I can't see my heightfield, althoug the wireframe shows it's in the cameras field of view. A: Did you assign a texture to the heightfield? Heightfields are objects like all others too and need to have a texture. Q: I want a heightfield to have the same colors as those that make up the heightfield in its image file. A: You need to create an imagemap texture that uses the same filename as the heightfield and assign this texture to the heightfield. Q: How do I create a difference/intersection? A: Create the objects that make up the difference/intersection. Then create a CSG object. This will cause the Object Browser to appear. First select the object that will be the base object, e.g. the one *from* which you are going to subtract. Then click the right mouse button. Then proceed with all other subobjects you want to subtract. When done again click on the right button without selecting an object. Q: I've created a CSG object correctly, but POV always displays it as a union. A: You have probably forgotten to set the CSG operation in the CSG Object editor. User Manual Page 66 MORAY V1.5 -------------------------------------------------------------- Q: MORAY crashes after a while and writes the following line to the MORAY.ERR file: [INTEGRITY CHECK FAILED.. ABORTING] A: - This may be caused by the use of a compressed drive like Stacker or DblSpace. Try installing MORAY on an uncompressed drive. - This may also be caused by tampering with the EXE. You will need to re-extract MORAY.EXE from the ZIP and try again. Q: The display in the 3D window is not shown although I have defined a camera. A: You may be out of memory. Check the amount of free memory in the lower right corner of the screen. If the second number is 0, you are running without EMS and MORAY needs to use conventional memory to store the vertices and edges. In this case if there is not enough memory, the 3D view is not shown. You need to make EMS available to the system. Q: I get holes when rendering Bezier patches. Why? A: This can be the case if you have a pretty convoluted or heavily-twisted and deformed patch and can be rectified by decreasing the flatness and/or increasing the step parameters in the patches Editing menu. Q: My bezier patches look very square and blocky. Why? A: You need to decrease the flatness or increase the steps in the patches editing menu. Q: When I press on NEW to assign a texture to an object, then create one and come back, it still complains that there is no texture attached. A: When you click on NEW you are placed in the Texture Editor. Here you can create any number of textures, you can edit, delete, etc. textures. When you quit from the Texture Editor, no texture is passed back to the Object Editor, only the list is updated. To now actually assign this texture you need to click on it in the list box. Q: I cannot change the LookAt of the camera. A: Since the camera has two 3D points associated with it (location and lookat), you need to tell MORAY which point you want to move. Press 'L' to move the LookAt point and 'P' to move the Position of the camera. User Manual Page 67 MORAY V1.5 -------------------------------------------------------------- 19. Appendix D: Definition of Shareware Shareware distribution gives users a chance to try software before buying it. If you try a Shareware program and continue using it, you are expected to register. Copyright laws apply to both Shareware and commercial software, and the copyright holder retains all rights, with a few specific exceptions as stated below. Shareware authors are accomplished programmers, just like commercial authors, and the programs are of comparable quality. (In both cases, there are good programs and bad ones!) The main difference is in the method of distribution. The author specifically grants the right to copy and distribute the software, either to all and sundry or to a specific group. For example, some authors require written permission before a commercial disk vendor may copy their Shareware. Shareware is a distribution method, not a type of software. You should find software that suits your needs and pocketbook, whether it's commercial or Shareware. The Shareware system makes fitting your needs easier, because you can try before you buy. And because the overhead is low, prices are low also. Shareware has the ultimate money-back guarantee -- if you don't use the product, you don't pay for it. User Manual Page 68 MORAY V1.5 -------------------------------------------------------------- G 20. Appendix E: Index Grid setting snap, 51 toggling, 43 Group Object, 22 adding subobjects, 34 creation, 25 B editing, 34 removing subobjects, 34 Bezier patch creation, 24 editing, 53 editor hotkeys, 62 H general, 20 mirroring, 56 Heightfield, 21 snap points, 56 editing, 32 Browser, 28 Hotkeys, 60 hotkeys, 62 I C Imagemap Camera, 22 editing, 41 Checker Installation, 10 display, 39 Interaction Cone, 19 general, 18 Configuration, 10 CSG Object, 21 changing order, 35 creation, 25 L editing, 34 operation, 35 Light source, 21 removing subobjects, 35 editing, 32; 33 Cube, 18 Cylinder, 19 M E Main menu, 46 hotkeys, 60 EMS MDL free display, 49 directory, 10 page caching, 12 startup scene, 11 warning, 12 O F Object Files assign a bounding box, 30 exporting, 22; 51 assign a texture, 30 general, 50 bounding box, 16 loading, 50 browser, 28 merging, 50 creation, 24 saving, 51 deleting all, 52 editing, 30 general, 16 User Manual Page 69 MORAY V1.5 -------------------------------------------------------------- interaction, 45 deleting, 41 name, 32 display, 42 no_shadow flag, 31 editing, 38 primitives, 18 exporting, 22 selection, 28 imagemap, 27 texture, 17 imagemap display, 40 transformations, 16 opaque, 26; 39 visibility, 17; 31 pre-defined, 26 Options, 51 pre-defined list, 11 replacing, 41 wood, 27; 40 Torus, 19; 32 P editing, 32 Transformations POV limiting, 46 calling, 52 mode, 45 creating file, 51 undo last, 47 overwriting files, 12 U R Undo, 47 RAW exporting to, 58 RAW2POV.EXE, 59 Registering V instructions, 2 View disabling, 43 enabling, 43 S enlarging, 43 grid display, 43 Scene panning, 44 starting a new, 52 zooming, 44 Selecting visibility, 31 objects, 28 changing an objects, 31 the bounding box, 29 general, 17 the parent, 29 relative, 31 the texture, 29 setting global, 60 via Browser, 28 Sphere, 19 Sweep editing, 57 W export to RAW, 58 mirroring, 58 Wood rotational, 19 display, 40; 42 rotational divisions, 58 tapering, 20 translational, 19 T Texture checker, 26; 39 copying, 41 creation, 26