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- Automount mini-Howto
- don@sabotage.org
- v0.2, 7 September 1998
-
- This file describes the autofs automounter, how to configure it, and
- points out some problems to avoid.
- ______________________________________________________________________
-
- Table of Contents
-
-
- 1. Introduction
-
- 1.1 Automount - what and why
- 1.2 Types of automounting
-
- 2. Installation
-
- 3. Configuration
-
- 4. That long wait to unmount
-
- 5. Questions
-
- 5.1 I don't see /auto/floppy, or whatever mountpoint I'm looking for.
- 5.2 How do I see what's mounted?
- 5.3 I put in a win95 disk ("vfat") and it autodetected it as only a regular FAT disk.
- 5.4 My filesystem
- 5.5 Who do I thank for autofs?
-
-
- ______________________________________________________________________
-
- 1. Introduction
-
- 1.1. Automount - what and why
-
- Automouting is the process where mounting (and unmounting) of certain
- filesystems is done automatically by a daemon. If the filesystem is
- unmounted, and a user attempts to access it, it will be automatically
- (re)mounted. This is especially useful in large networked environments
- and for crossmounting filesystems between a few machines (especially
- ones which are not always online). It may also be very useful for
- removable devices, or a few other uses, such as easy switching between
- a forced-on ascii conversion mount of a dos filesystem and a forced-
- off ascii conversion mount of the same dos fs.
-
-
- 1.2. Types of automounting
-
- There are two types of automounters in linux; AMD and autofs. AMD is
- the automount daemon, and supposedly works like the SunOS AMD. It is
- implemented in user space, meaning it's not part of the kernel. Autofs
- is a newer system assisted by the kernel, meaning that the kernel's
- filesystem code knows where the automount mount points are on an
- otherwise normal underlying fs, and the automount program takes it
- from there. Only autofs will be described in this mini-howto.
-
-
-
- 2. Installation
-
- Because autofs is implemented in kernel-space, your kernel must have
- support compiled in. In 2.0.xx it is an experimental option, but
- appears to be quite stable. In 2.1.xx (and presumably 2.2.xx) it is
- not experimental.
- The automount program and its configuration files are also necessary;
- using the rpms (from the usual places) is a great way to go. The
- automount program should be started by an rc script under the
- /etc/rc.d/init.d directory. The rpm installs this, but you will need
- to make sure it gets started, either by linking it from your rc?.d
- directory, using Redhat's control-panel, or on another distribution by
- getting the thing started anyway you care to. Don't look too hard at
- what the rc script does; if you're reading this howto you probably
- don't want to know.
-
-
- 3. Configuration
-
- Installing the RPM's is fun, but here's the part you might not be sure
- about if you haven't done this before.
-
-
- There are two files in /etc, one called auto.master and one called
- auto.misc. My auto.master looks like this:
-
- /auto /etc/auto.misc --timeout 60
-
-
-
- The first entry is not the mount point. It's where the set of mount
- points (found in the second entry) are going to be. The third option
- says that the mounted filesystems can try to unmount themselves 60
- seconds after use. They can't unmount if being used, of course.
-
- Auto.misc is a "map file". Multiple map files can be defined in
- auto.master. My auto.misc looks like this:
-
- kernel -ro,soft,intr ftp.kernel.org:/pub/linux
- cd -fstype=iso9660,ro :/dev/cdrom
- zip -fstype=auto :/dev/hdd4
- floppy -fstype=vfat :/dev/fd0
-
-
-
- The first column (the "key") is the mount point. In this case it would
- be /auto/floppy or whatever. The middle set are the options; read the
- mount manpage for details on this. And the last column specifies where
- the fs comes from. The "kernel" entry is supposed to be an NFS mount.
- The : on all the other lines means its a local device.
-
-
-
- 4. That long wait to unmount
-
- Some of you may be eyeing that 60 second timeout and thinking, that's
- a long time to wait to eject a floppy.. Maybe I'll just sync the disks
- and pop it out unmounted and nobody will notice. Let me suggest saner
- alternatives. First of all, you can change the timeout. But that
- could be a little inefficient; telling the system to unmount stuff
- after only 15 seconds or whatever. There is actually a way to ask the
- automount program to umount. If you send (with the program kill) the
- signal SIGUSR1 to the automount process, it will unmount everything it
- can. But before people start making unmount buttons on their window
- managers, there's a little problem.
-
- The automount process is run by root, and it will only accept signals
- from root. Half of the reason you're probably doing automounting is so
- you can mount an unmount *without* being root. It would be easy to
- make a suid-root C program which does the dirty deed, which is the
- suggested way of solving the problem if users aren't expected to
- behave themselves.
- If the users can be trusted somewhat, a compromise is possible with
- the program sudo. By installing sudo with the following line:
-
- ALL ALL=NOPASSWD:/bin/kill -SIGUSR1 [0-9]*
-
-
-
- you have made it possible for *anyone* on the system to send a SIGUSR1
- signal to *any* process. This will have various effects on programs;
- it will recycle afterstep window manager, but kill xemacs. So if your
- users can be trusted to only send the process id of the automount
- daemon (as found by pidof, for example) then this single command can
- unmount things. That would be done with something like this:
-
- /usr/bin/sudo /bin/kill -SIGUSR1 `/sbin/pidof automount`
-
-
- 5. Questions
-
-
-
- 5.1. I don't see /auto/floppy, or whatever mountpoint I'm looking
- for.
-
- If automount is setup properly, whatever mount point you're looking
- for will be there if you try and use it. If you're browsing the
- directory with a graphical tool, you may need to type in the name
- manually. Unfortunately not being able to choose from the available
- invisible mount points is probably the major drawback of autofs. If it
- really bugs you, edit the configuration files. (Hint, they end in .c
- for "configuration")
-
-
-
-
- 5.2. How do I see what's mounted?
-
- The df command. mount with no options will do the same, plus show the
- options its mounted with.
-
-
-
-
- 5.3. FAT disk. I put in a win95 disk ("vfat") and it autodetected it
- as only a regular
-
- This is not a problem with automount. As of this writing, the "auto"
- fs type does not attempt a vfat mount before it successfully mounts an
- msdos filesystem. VFAT is the Win95 and WinNT long filenames crammed
- into a FAT/MSDOS filesystem. This means that you can't mount vfat
- unless you give up the ability to autodetect all other fs's. Hopefully
- it will be fixed soon. In the mean time, feel free to create multiple
- mount points.
-
-
-
-
- 5.4. My filesystem /grumblesmurf is mounted and kill -SIGUSR1 won't
- unmount it.
-
- It's being used by something. Root probably can't manually unmount it
- either. If you're the one who caused it to be mounted (i.e. it can't
- be someone else using it) look around for a shell that might be in
- that directory. If there are none, look for something else
- (particularly something that might have gone though that directory
- like a directory browser) that might have left an invisible foot in
- the door so to speak.
-
-
- 5.5. Who do I thank for autofs?
-
- Not me. I didn't have anything to do with it. I just wanted to bring
- everyone's attention to what a great job had been done with autofs,
- and how easy it is to use. Compared to the original perpetrators of
- AMD (Hint, they sell an overpriced unice with prehistoric versions of
- free tools) the autofs is very well documented and the implementors
- have my sincere thanks.
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