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GNU Info File | 1994-08-02 | 46.9 KB | 1,112 lines

This is Info file ../info/emacs, produced by Makeinfo-1.54 from the input file emacs.texi. File: emacs, Node: Horizontal Scrolling, Next: Selective Display, Prev: Scrolling, Up: Display Horizontal Scrolling ==================== `C-x <' Scroll text in current window to the left (`scroll-left'). `C-x >' Scroll to the right (`scroll-right'). The text in a window can also be scrolled horizontally. This means that each line of text is shifted sideways in the window, and one or more characters at the beginning of each line are not displayed at all. When a window has been scrolled horizontally in this way, text lines are truncated rather than continued (*note Continuation Lines::.), with a `$' appearing in the first column when there is text truncated to the left, and in the last column when there is text truncated to the right. The command `C-x <' (`scroll-left') scrolls the selected window to the left by N columns with argument N. This moves part of the beginning of each line off the left edge of the window. With no argument, it scrolls by almost the full width of the window (two columns less, to be precise). `C-x >' (`scroll-right') scrolls similarly to the right. The window cannot be scrolled any farther to the right once it is displaying normally (with each line starting at the window's left margin); attempting to do so has no effect. This means that you don't have to calculate the argument precisely for `C-x >'; any sufficiently large argument will restore normally display. File: emacs, Node: Selective Display, Next: Optional Display, Prev: Horizontal Scrolling, Up: Display Selective Display ================= Emacs has the ability to hide lines indented more than a certain number of columns (you specify how many columns). You can use this to get an overview of a part of a program. To hide lines, type `C-x $' (`set-selective-display') with a numeric argument N. Then lines with at least N columns of indentation disappear from the screen. The only indication of their presence is that three dots (`...') appear at the end of each visible line that is followed by one or more invisible ones. The commands `C-n' and `C-p' move across the invisible lines as if they were not there. The invisible lines are still present in the buffer, and most editing commands see them as usual, so you may find point in the middle of invisible text. When this happens, the cursor appears at the end of the previous line, after the three dots. If point is at the end of the visible line, before the newline that ends it, the cursor appears before the three dots. To make everything visible again, type `C-x $' with no argument. File: emacs, Node: European Display, Next: Display Vars, Prev: Optional Display, Up: Display European Character Set Display ============================== Emacs can display accented characters, assuming the font in use supports them. The `M-x standard-display-european' command toggles European character display. When enabled, Emacs displays characters according to the ISO 8859 Latin-1 encoding for European languages; when disabled, Emacs uses octal notation for all characters not specified by the ordinary ASCII standard. Load the library `iso-syntax' to specify the correct syntactic properties for the character codes 128 and above. With a prefix argument, `M-x standard-display-european' enables European character display if and only if the argument is positive. If your terminal can send character codes 128 and up to represent ISO Latin-1 characters, execute the following expression to enable Emacs to understand them: (set-input-mode (car (current-input-mode)) (nth 1 (current-input-mode)) 0) Otherwise, you can load the library `iso-transl' to turn the key `C-x 8' into a "compose character" prefix for entry of the extra ISO Latin-1 printing characters. `C-x 8' is good for insertion (in the minibuffer as well as other buffers), for searching, and in any other context where a key sequence is allowed. If you enter non-ASCII ISO Latin-1 characters often, you might find ISO Accents mode convenient. When this minor mode is enabled, the characters ``', `'', `"', `^', `/' and `~' modify the following letter by adding the corresponding diacritical mark to it, if possible. To enter one of those six special characters, type a space after it. Some of those characters have a corresponding "dead key" accent character in the ISO Latin-1 character set; to enter that character, type the corresponding ASCII character twice. For example, `''' enters the Latin-1 character acute-accent (character code 0264). In addition to the accented letters, you can use these special sequences in ISO Accents mode to enter certain other ISO Latin-1 characters: `~C' `C' with cedilla. `~D' `D' with stroke. `~c' `c' with cedilla. `~d' `d' with stroke. `~<' Left guillemet. `~>' Right guillemet. This feature is available whenever a key sequence is expected: for ordinary insertion, for searching, and for certain command arguments. To enable or disable ISO Accents mode, use the command `M-x iso-accents-mode'. This command affects only the current buffer. File: emacs, Node: Optional Display, Next: European Display, Prev: Selective Display, Up: Display Optional Display Features ========================= To add the current line number of point to the mode line, enable Line Number mode with the command `M-x line-number-mode'. The line number appears before POS, with the letter `L' to indicate what it is. *Note Minor Modes::, for more information about minor modes and about how to use this command. If the buffer is very large (larger than the value of `line-number-display-limit'), then the line number doesn't appear. Emacs doesn't compute the line number when the buffer is large, because that would be too slow. Emacs can optionally display the time and system load in all mode lines. To enable this feature, type `M-x display-time'. The information added to the mode line usually appears after the buffer name, before the mode names and their parentheses. It looks like this: HH:MMpm L.LL [D] Here HH and MM are the hour and minute, followed always by `am' or `pm'. L.LL is the average number of running processes in the whole system recently. D is an approximate index of the ratio of disk activity to cpu activity for all users. (Some fields may be missing if your operating system cannot support them.) The word `Mail' appears after the load level if there is mail for you that you have not read yet. Customization note: the variable `mode-line-inverse-video' controls whether the mode line is displayed in inverse video (assuming the terminal supports it); `nil' means no inverse video. The default is `t'. *Note Display Vars::. File: emacs, Node: Display Vars, Prev: European Display, Up: Display Variables Controlling Display ============================= This section contains information for customization only. Beginning users should skip it. The variable `mode-line-inverse-video' controls whether the mode line is displayed in inverse video (assuming the terminal supports it); `nil' means don't do so. *Note Mode Line::. If the variable `inverse-video' is non-`nil', Emacs attempts to invert all the lines of the display from what they normally are. If the variable `visible-bell' is non-`nil', Emacs attempts to make the whole screen blink when it would normally make an audible bell sound. This variable has no effect if your terminal does not have a way to make the screen blink. When you reenter Emacs after suspending, Emacs normally clears the screen and redraws the entire display. On some terminals with more than one page of memory, it is possible to arrange the termcap entry so that the `ti' and `te' strings (output to the terminal when Emacs is entered and exited, respectively) switch between pages of memory so as to use one page for Emacs and another page for other output. Then you might want to set the variable `no-redraw-on-reenter' non-`nil'; this tells Emacs to assume, when resumed, that the screen page it is using still contains what Emacs last wrote there. The variable `echo-keystrokes' controls the echoing of multi-character keys; its value is the number of seconds of pause required to cause echoing to start, or zero meaning don't echo at all. *Note Echo Area::. If the variable `ctl-arrow' is `nil', control characters in the buffer are displayed with octal escape sequences, all except newline and tab. Altering the value of `ctl-arrow' makes it local to the current buffer; until that time, the default value is in effect. The default is initially `t'. *Note Display Tables: (elisp)Display Tables. Normally, a tab character in the buffer is displayed as whitespace which extends to the next display tab stop position, and display tab stops come at intervals equal to eight spaces. The number of spaces per tab is controlled by the variable `tab-width', which is made local by changing it, just like `ctl-arrow'. Note that how the tab character in the buffer is displayed has nothing to do with the definition of TAB as a command. The variable `tab-width' must have an integer value between 1 and 1000, inclusive. If you set the variable `selective-display-ellipses' to `nil', the three dots do not appear at the end of a line that precedes invisible lines. Then there is no visible indication of the invisible lines. This variable too becomes local automatically when set. If the variable `truncate-lines' is non-`nil', then each line of text gets just one screen line for display; if the text line is too long, display shows only the part that fits. If `truncate-lines' is `nil', then long text lines display as more than one screen line, enough to show the whole text of the line. *Note Continuation Lines::. Altering the value of `truncate-lines' makes it local to the current buffer; until that time, the default value is in effect. The default is initially `nil'. If the variable `truncate-partial-width-windows' is non-`nil', it forces truncation rather than continuation in any window less than the full width of the screen or frame, regardless of the value of `truncate-lines'. For information about side-by-side windows, see *Note Split Window::. See also *Note Display: (elisp)Display. The variable `baud-rate' holds the the output speed of the terminal, as far as Emacs knows. Setting this variable does not change the speed of actual data transmission, but the value is used for calculations such as padding. It also affects decisions about whether to scroll part of the screen or redraw it instead--even when using a window system, (We designed it this way, despite the fact that a window system has no true "output speed", to give you a way to tune these decisions.) File: emacs, Node: Search, Next: Fixit, Prev: Display, Up: Top Searching and Replacement ************************* Like other editors, Emacs has commands for searching for occurrences of a string. The principal search command is unusual in that it is "incremental"; it begins to search before you have finished typing the search string. There are also nonincremental search commands more like those of other editors. Besides the usual `replace-string' command that finds all occurrences of one string and replaces them with another, Emacs has a fancy replacement command called `query-replace' which asks interactively which occurrences to replace. * Menu: * Incremental Search:: Search happens as you type the string. * Nonincremental Search:: Specify entire string and then search. * Word Search:: Search for sequence of words. * Regexp Search:: Search for match for a regexp. * Regexps:: Syntax of regular expressions. * Search Case:: To ignore case while searching, or not. * Replace:: Search, and replace some or all matches. * Other Repeating Search:: Operating on all matches for some regexp. File: emacs, Node: Incremental Search, Next: Nonincremental Search, Prev: Search, Up: Search Incremental Search ================== An incremental search begins searching as soon as you type the first character of the search string. As you type in the search string, Emacs shows you where the string (as you have typed it so far) would be found. When you have typed enough characters to identify the place you want, you can stop. Depending on what you plan to do next, you may or may not need to terminate the search explicitly with RET. `C-s' Incremental search forward (`isearch-forward'). `C-r' Incremental search backward (`isearch-backward'). `C-s' starts an incremental search. `C-s' reads characters from the keyboard and positions the cursor at the first occurrence of the characters that you have typed. If you type `C-s' and then `F', the cursor moves right after the first `F'. Type an `O', and see the cursor move to after the first `FO'. After another `O', the cursor is after the first `FOO' after the place where you started the search. Meanwhile, the search string `FOO' has been echoed in the echo area. If you make a mistake in typing the search string, you can cancel characters with DEL. Each DEL cancels the last character of search string. This does not happen until Emacs is ready to read another input character; first it must either find, or fail to find, the character you want to erase. If you do not want to wait for this to happen, use `C-g' as described below. When you are satisfied with the place you have reached, you can type RET, which stops searching, leaving the cursor where the search brought it. Also, any command not specially meaningful in searches stops the searching and is then executed. Thus, typing `C-a' would exit the search and then move to the beginning of the line. RET is necessary only if the next command you want to type is a printing character, DEL, RET, or another control character that is special within searches (`C-q', `C-w', `C-r', `C-s', `C-y', `M-y', `M-r', or `M-s'). Sometimes you search for `FOO' and find it, but not the one you expected to find. There was a second `FOO' that you forgot about, before the one you were looking for. In this event, type another `C-s' to move to the next occurrence of the search string. This can be done any number of times. If you overshoot, you can cancel some `C-s' characters with DEL. After you exit a search, you can search for the same string again by typing just `C-s C-s': the first `C-s' is the key that invokes incremental search, and the second `C-s' means "search again". To reuse earlier search strings, use the "search ring". The commands `M-p' and `M-n' move through the ring to pick a search string to reuse. These commands leave the selected search ring element in the minibuffer, where you can edit it. Type `C-s' or `C-r' to terminate editing the string and search for it. If your string is not found at all, the echo area says `Failing I-Search'. The cursor is after the place where Emacs found as much of your string as it could. Thus, if you search for `FOOT', and there is no `FOOT', you might see the cursor after the `FOO' in `FOOL'. At this point there are several things you can do. If your string was mistyped, you can rub some of it out and correct it. If you like the place you have found, you can type RET or some other Emacs command to "accept what the search offered". Or you can type `C-g', which removes from the search string the characters that could not be found (the `T' in `FOOT'), leaving those that were found (the `FOO' in `FOOT'). A second `C-g' at that point cancels the search entirely, returning point to where it was when the search started. An upper-case letter in the search string makes the search case-sensitive. If you delete the upper-case character from the search string, it ceases to have this effect. *Note Search Case::. If a search is failing and you ask to repeat it by typing another `C-s', it starts again from the beginning of the buffer. Repeating a failing reverse search with `C-r' starts again from the end. This is called "wrapping around". `Wrapped' appears in the search prompt once this has happened. The `C-g' "quit" character does special things during searches; just what it does depends on the status of the search. If the search has found what you specified and is waiting for input, `C-g' cancels the entire search. The cursor moves back to where you started the search. If `C-g' is typed when there are characters in the search string that have not been found--because Emacs is still searching for them, or because it has failed to find them--then the search string characters which have not been found are discarded from the search string. With them gone, the search is now successful and waiting for more input, so a second `C-g' will cancel the entire search. To search for a newline, type LFD (also known as `C-j'). To search for another control character such as control-S or carriage return, you must quote it by typing `C-q' first. This function of `C-q' is analogous to its meaning as an Emacs command: it causes the following character to be treated the way a graphic character would normally be treated in the same context. You can also specify a character by its octal code: enter `C-q' followed by three octal digits. You can change to searching backwards with `C-r'. If a search fails because the place you started was too late in the file, you should do this. Repeated `C-r' keeps looking for more occurrences backwards. A `C-s' starts going forwards again. `C-r' in a search can be cancelled with DEL. If you know initially that you want to search backwards, you can use `C-r' instead of `C-s' to start the search, because `C-r' is also a key running a command (`isearch-backward') to search backward. The characters `C-y' and `C-w' can be used in incremental search to grab text from the buffer into the search string. This makes it convenient to search for another occurrence of text at point. `C-w' copies the word after point as part of the search string, advancing point over that word. Another `C-s' to repeat the search will then search for a string including that word. `C-y' is similar to `C-w' but copies all the rest of the current line into the search string. Both `C-y' and `C-w' convert the text they copy to lower case if the search is current not case-sensitive; this is so the search remains case-insensitive. The character `M-y' copies the most recent killed text into the search string. To customize the special characters that incremental search understands, alter their bindings in the keymap `isearch-mode-map'. Slow Terminal Incremental Search -------------------------------- Incremental search on a slow terminal uses a modified style of display that is designed to take less time. Instead of redisplaying the buffer at each place the search gets to, it creates a new single-line window and uses that to display the line that the search has found. The single-line window comes into play as soon as point gets outside of the text that is already on the screen. When you terminate the search, the single-line window is removed. Then Emacs redisplays the window in which the search was done, to show its new position of point. The slow terminal style of display is used when the terminal baud rate is less than or equal to the value of the variable `search-slow-speed', initially 1200. The number of lines to use in slow terminal search display is controlled by the variable `search-slow-window-lines'. 1 is its normal value. File: emacs, Node: Nonincremental Search, Next: Word Search, Prev: Incremental Search, Up: Search Nonincremental Search ===================== Emacs also has conventional nonincremental search commands, which require you to type the entire search string before searching begins. `C-s RET STRING RET' Search for STRING. `C-r RET STRING RET' Search backward for STRING. To do a nonincremental search, first type `C-s RET'. This enters the minibuffer to read the search string; terminate the string with RET, and then the search takes place. If the string is not found, the search command gets an error. The way `C-s RET' works is that the `C-s' invokes incremental search, which is specially programmed to invoke nonincremental search if the argument you give it is empty. (Such an empty argument would otherwise be useless.) `C-r RET' also works this way. However, nonincremental searches performed using `C-s RET' do not call `search-forward' right away. The first thing done is to see if the next character is `C-w', which requests a word search. *Note Word Search::. Forward and backward nonincremental searches are implemented by the commands `search-forward' and `search-backward'. These commands may be bound to keys in the usual manner. The feature that you can get to them via the incremental search commands exists for historical reasons, and to avoid the need to find suitable key sequences for them. File: emacs, Node: Word Search, Next: Regexp Search, Prev: Nonincremental Search, Up: Search Word Search =========== Word search searches for a sequence of words without regard to how the words are separated. More precisely, you type a string of many words, using single spaces to separate them, and the string can be found even if there are multiple spaces, newlines or other punctuation between the words. Word search is useful for editing a printed document made with a text formatter. If you edit while looking at the printed, formatted version, you can't tell where the line breaks are in the source file. With word search, you can search without having to know them. `C-s RET C-w WORDS RET' Search for WORDS, ignoring details of punctuation. `C-r RET C-w WORDS RET' Search backward for WORDS, ignoring details of punctuation. Word search is a special case of nonincremental search and is invoked with `C-s RET C-w'. This is followed by the search string, which must always be terminated with RET. Being nonincremental, this search does not start until the argument is terminated. It works by constructing a regular expression and searching for that; see *Note Regexp Search::. Use `C-r RET C-w' to do backward word search. Forward and backward word searches are implemented by the commands `word-search-forward' and `word-search-backward'. These commands may be bound to keys in the usual manner. The feature that you can get to them via the incremental search commands exists for historical reasons, and to avoid the need to find suitable key sequences for them. File: emacs, Node: Regexp Search, Next: Regexps, Prev: Word Search, Up: Search Regular Expression Search ========================= A "regular expression" ("regexp", for short) is a pattern that denotes a class of alternative strings to match, possibly infinitely many. In GNU Emacs, you can search for the next match for a regexp either incrementally or not. Incremental search for a regexp is done by typing `C-M-s' (`isearch-forward-regexp'). This command reads a search string incrementally just like `C-s', but it treats the search string as a regexp rather than looking for an exact match against the text in the buffer. Each time you add text to the search string, you make the regexp longer, and the new regexp is searched for. To search backward in the buffer, use `C-M-r' (`isearch-backward-regexp'). All of the control characters that do special things within an ordinary incremental search have the same function in incremental regexp search. Typing `C-s' or `C-r' immediately after starting the search retrieves the last incremental search regexp used; that is to say, incremental regexp and non-regexp searches have independent defaults. They also have separate search rings that you can access with `M-p' and `M-n'. If you type SPC in incremental regexp search, it matches any sequence of whitespace characters, including newlines. If you want to match just a space, type `C-q SPC'. Note that adding characters to the regexp in an incremental regexp search can make the cursor move back and start again. For example, if you have searched for `foo' and you add `\|bar', the cursor backs up in case the first `bar' precedes the first `foo'. Nonincremental search for a regexp is done by the functions `re-search-forward' and `re-search-backward'. You can invoke these with `M-x', or bind them to keys, or invoke them by way of incremental regexp search with `C-M-s RET' and `C-M-r RET'. File: emacs, Node: Regexps, Next: Search Case, Prev: Regexp Search, Up: Search Syntax of Regular Expressions ============================= Regular expressions have a syntax in which a few characters are special constructs and the rest are "ordinary". An ordinary character is a simple regular expression which matches that same character and nothing else. The special characters are `$', `^', `.', `*', `+', `?', `[', `]' and `\'. Any other character appearing in a regular expression is ordinary, unless a `\' precedes it. For example, `f' is not a special character, so it is ordinary, and therefore `f' is a regular expression that matches the string `f' and no other string. (It does *not* match the string `ff'.) Likewise, `o' is a regular expression that matches only `o'. (When case distinctions are being ignored, these regexps also match `F' and `O', but we consider this a generalization of "the same string", rather than an exception.) Any two regular expressions A and B can be concatenated. The result is a regular expression which matches a string if A matches some amount of the beginning of that string and B matches the rest of the string. As a simple example, we can concatenate the regular expressions `f' and `o' to get the regular expression `fo', which matches only the string `fo'. Still trivial. To do something nontrivial, you need to use one of the special characters. Here is a list of them. `. (Period)' is a special character that matches any single character except a newline. Using concatenation, we can make regular expressions like `a.b' which matches any three-character string which begins with `a' and ends with `b'. `*' is not a construct by itself; it is a postfix operator, which means to match the preceding regular expression repetitively as many times as possible. Thus, `o*' matches any number of `o's (including no `o's). `*' always applies to the *smallest* possible preceding expression. Thus, `fo*' has a repeating `o', not a repeating `fo'. It matches `f', `fo', `foo', and so on. The matcher processes a `*' construct by matching, immediately, as many repetitions as can be found. Then it continues with the rest of the pattern. If that fails, backtracking occurs, discarding some of the matches of the `*'-modified construct in case that makes it possible to match the rest of the pattern. For example, matching `ca*ar' against the string `caaar', the `a*' first tries to match all three `a's; but the rest of the pattern is `ar' and there is only `r' left to match, so this try fails. The next alternative is for `a*' to match only two `a's. With this choice, the rest of the regexp matches successfully. `+' is a postfix character, similar to `*' except that it must match the preceding expression at least once. So, for example, `ca+r' matches the strings `car' and `caaaar' but not the string `cr', whereas `ca*r' matches all three strings. `?' is a postfix character, similar to `*' except that it can match the preceding expression either once or not at all. For example, `ca?r' matches `car' or `cr'; nothing else. `[ ... ]' is a "character set", which begins with `[' and is terminated by a `]'. In the simplest case, the characters between the two brackets are what this set can match. Thus, `[ad]' matches either one `a' or one `d', and `[ad]*' matches any string composed of just `a's and `d's (including the empty string), from which it follows that `c[ad]*r' matches `cr', `car', `cdr', `caddaar', etc. You can also include character ranges a character set, by writing two characters with a `-' between them. Thus, `[a-z]' matches any lower-case letter. Ranges may be intermixed freely with individual characters, as in `[a-z$%.]', which matches any lower case letter or `$', `%' or period. Note that the usual special characters are not special any more inside a character set. A completely different set of special characters exists inside character sets: `]', `-' and `^'. To include a `]' in a character set, you must make it the first character. For example, `[]a]' matches `]' or `a'. To include a `-', write `-' at the beginning or end of a range. To include `^', make it other than the first character in the set. `[^ ... ]' `[^' begins a "complemented character set", which matches any character except the ones specified. Thus, `[^a-z0-9A-Z]' matches all characters *except* letters and digits. `^' is not special in a character set unless it is the first character. The character following the `^' is treated as if it were first (`-' and `]' are not special there). A complemented character set can match a newline, unless newline is mentioned as one of the characters not to match. This is in contrast to the handling of regexps in programs such as `grep'. `^' is a special character that matches the empty string, but only at the beginning of a line in the text being matched. Otherwise it fails to match anything. Thus, `^foo' matches a `foo' which occurs at the beginning of a line. `$' is similar to `^' but matches only at the end of a line. Thus, `xx*$' matches a string of one `x' or more at the end of a line. `\' has two functions: it quotes the special characters (including `\'), and it introduces additional special constructs. Because `\' quotes special characters, `\$' is a regular expression which matches only `$', and `\[' is a regular expression which matches only `[', etc. Note: for historical compatibility, special characters are treated as ordinary ones if they are in contexts where their special meanings make no sense. For example, `*foo' treats `*' as ordinary since there is no preceding expression on which the `*' can act. It is poor practice to depend on this behavior; better to quote the special character anyway, regardless of where is appears. For the most part, `\' followed by any character matches only that character. However, there are several exceptions: two-character sequences starting with `\' which have special meanings. The second character in the sequence is always an ordinary character on their own. Here is a table of `\' constructs. `\|' specifies an alternative. Two regular expressions A and B with `\|' in between form an expression that matches anything that either A or B matches. Thus, `foo\|bar' matches either `foo' or `bar' but no other string. `\|' applies to the largest possible surrounding expressions. Only a surrounding `$ ... $' grouping can limit the scope of `\|'. Full backtracking capability exists to handle multiple uses of `\|'. `$ ... $' is a grouping construct that serves three purposes: 1. To enclose a set of `\|' alternatives for other operations. Thus, `$foo\|bar$x' matches either `foox' or `barx'. 2. To enclose a complicated expression for the postfix operators `*', `+' and `?' to operate on. Thus, `ba$na$*' matches `bananana', etc., with any (zero or more) number of `na' strings. 3. To mark a matched substring for future reference. This last application is not a consequence of the idea of a parenthetical grouping; it is a separate feature which is assigned as a second meaning to the same `$ ... $' construct. In practice there is no conflict between the two meanings. Here is an explanation of this feature: `\D' after the end of a `$ ... $' construct, the matcher remembers the beginning and end of the text matched by that construct. Then, later on in the regular expression, you can use `\' followed by the digit D to mean "match the same text matched the Dth time by the `$ ... $' construct." The strings matching the first nine `$ ... $' constructs appearing in a regular expression are assigned numbers 1 through 9 in order that the open-parentheses appear in the regular expression. `\1' through `\9' refer to the text previously matched by the corresponding `$ ... $' construct. For example, `$.*$\1' matches any newline-free string that is composed of two identical halves. The `$.*$' matches the first half, which may be anything, but the `\1' that follows must match the same exact text. If a particular `$ ... $' construct matches more than once (which can easily happen if it is followed by `*'), only the last match is recorded. `\`' matches the empty string, provided it is at the beginning of the buffer. `\'' matches the empty string, provided it is at the end of the buffer. `\b' matches the empty string, provided it is at the beginning or end of a word. Thus, `\bfoo\b' matches any occurrence of `foo' as a separate word. `\bballs?\b' matches `ball' or `balls' as a separate word. `\B' matches the empty string, provided it is *not* at the beginning or end of a word. `\<' matches the empty string, provided it is at the beginning of a word. `\>' matches the empty string, provided it is at the end of a word. `\w' matches any word-constituent character. The syntax table determines which characters these are. `\W' matches any character that is not a word-constituent. `\sC' matches any character whose syntax is C. Here C is a character which represents a syntax code: thus, `w' for word constituent, `(' for open-parenthesis, etc. Represent a character of whitespace (which can be a newline) by either `-' or a space character. `\SC' matches any character whose syntax is not C. The constructs that pertain to words and syntax are controlled by the setting of the syntax table (*note Syntax::.). Here is a complicated regexp, used by Emacs to recognize the end of a sentence together with any whitespace that follows. It is given in Lisp syntax to enable you to distinguish the spaces from the tab characters. In Lisp syntax, the string constant begins and ends with a double-quote. `\"' stands for a double-quote as part of the regexp, `\\' for a backslash as part of the regexp, `\t' for a tab and `\n' for a newline. "[.?!][]\"')]*\$$\\|\t\\| \$[ \t\n]*" This contains four parts in succession: a character set matching period, `?', or `!'; a character set matching close-brackets, quotes, or parentheses, repeated any number of times; an alternative in backslash-parentheses that matches end-of-line, a tab, or two spaces; and a character set matching whitespace characters, repeated any number of times. To enter the same regexp interactively, you would type TAB to enter a tab, and `C-q C-j' to enter a newline. You would also type single slashes as themselves, instead of doubling them for Lisp syntax. File: emacs, Node: Search Case, Next: Replace, Prev: Regexps, Up: Search Searching and Case ================== All sorts of searches in Emacs normally ignore the case of the text they are searching through, if you specify the text in lower case. Thus, if you specify searching for `foo', then `Foo' and `foo' are also considered a match. Regexps, and in particular character sets, are included: `[ab]' would match `a' or `A' or `b' or `B'. An upper-case letter in the search string makes the search case-sensitive. Thus, searching for `Foo' does not find `foo' or `FOO'. This applies to regular expression search also. If you delete the upper-case character from the search string, it ceases to have this effect. If you set the variable `case-fold-search' to `nil', then all letters must match exactly, including case. This is a per-buffer variable; altering the variable affects only the current buffer, but there is a default value which you can change as well. *Note Locals::. File: emacs, Node: Replace, Next: Other Repeating Search, Prev: Search Case, Up: Search Replacement Commands ==================== Global search-and-replace operations are not needed as often in Emacs as they are in other editors(1), but they are available. In addition to the simple `M-x replace-string' command which is like that found in most editors, there is a `M-x query-replace' command which asks you, for each occurrence of the pattern, whether to replace it. The replace commands all replace one string (or regexp) with one replacement string. It is possible to perform several replacements in parallel using the command `expand-region-abbrevs'. *Note Expanding Abbrevs::. * Menu: * Unconditional Replace:: Replacing all matches for a string. * Regexp Replace:: Replacing all matches for a regexp. * Replacement and Case:: How replacements preserve case of letters. * Query Replace:: How to use querying. ---------- Footnotes ---------- (1) In some editors, search-and-replace operations are the only convenient way to make a single change in the text. File: emacs, Node: Unconditional Replace, Next: Regexp Replace, Prev: Replace, Up: Replace Unconditional Replacement ------------------------- `M-x replace-string RET STRING RET NEWSTRING RET' Replace every occurrence of STRING with NEWSTRING. `M-x replace-regexp RET REGEXP RET NEWSTRING RET' Replace every match for REGEXP with NEWSTRING. To replace every instance of `foo' after point with `bar', use the command `M-x replace-string' with the two arguments `foo' and `bar'. Replacement happens only in the text after point, so if you want to cover the whole buffer you must go to the beginning first. All occurrences up to the end of the buffer are replaced; to limit replacement to part of the buffer, narrow to that part of the buffer before doing the replacement (*note Narrowing::.). When `replace-string' exits, point is left at the last occurrence replaced. The position of point where the `replace-string' command was issued is remembered on the mark ring; use `C-u C-SPC' to move back there. A numeric argument restricts replacement to matches that are surrounded by word boundaries. File: emacs, Node: Regexp Replace, Next: Replacement and Case, Prev: Unconditional Replace, Up: Replace Regexp Replacement ------------------ The `M-x replace-string' command replaces exact matches for a single string. The similar command `M-x replace-regexp' replaces any match for a specified pattern. In `replace-regexp', the NEWSTRING need not be constant: it can refer to all or part of what is matched by the REGEXP. `\&' in NEWSTRING stands for the entire text being replaced. `\D' in NEWSTRING, where D is a digit, stands for whatever matched the Dth parenthesized grouping in REGEXP. To include a `\' in the text to replace with, you must give `\\'. For example, M-x replace-regexp RET c[ad]+r RET \&-safe RET replaces (for example) `cadr' with `cadr-safe' and `cddr' with `cddr-safe'. M-x replace-regexp RET $c[ad]+r$-safe RET \1 RET performs the inverse transformation. File: emacs, Node: Replacement and Case, Next: Query Replace, Prev: Regexp Replace, Up: Replace Replace Commands and Case ------------------------- If the arguments to a replace command are in lower case, it preserves case when it makes a replacement. Thus, the command M-x replace-string RET foo RET bar RET replaces a lower case `foo' with a lower case `bar', `FOO' with `BAR', and `Foo' with `Bar'. If upper case letters are used in the second argument, they remain upper case every time that argument is inserted. If upper case letters are used in the first argument, the second argument is always substituted exactly as given, with no case conversion. Likewise, if the variable `case-replace' is set to `nil', replacement is done without case conversion. If `case-fold-search' is set to `nil', case is significant in matching occurrences of `foo' to replace; this also inhibits case conversion of the replacement string. File: emacs, Node: Query Replace, Prev: Replacement and Case, Up: Replace Query Replace ------------- `M-% STRING RET NEWSTRING RET' `M-x query-replace RET STRING RET NEWSTRING RET' Replace some occurrences of STRING with NEWSTRING. `M-x query-replace-regexp RET REGEXP RET NEWSTRING RET' Replace some matches for REGEXP with NEWSTRING. If you want to change only some of the occurrences of `foo' to `bar', not all of them, then you cannot use an ordinary `replace-string'. Instead, use `M-%' (`query-replace'). This command finds occurrences of `foo' one by one, displays each occurrence and asks you whether to replace it. A numeric argument to `query-replace' tells it to consider only occurrences that are bounded by word-delimiter characters. This preserves case, just like `replace-string', provided `case-replace' is non-`nil', as it normally is. Aside from querying, `query-replace' works just like `replace-string', and `query-replace-regexp' works just like `replace-regexp'. The shortest way to type this command name is `M-x qu SPC SPC SPC RET'. The things you can type when you are shown an occurrence of STRING or a match for REGEXP are: `SPC' to replace the occurrence with NEWSTRING. `DEL' to skip to the next occurrence without replacing this one. `, (Comma)' to replace this occurrence and display the result. You are then asked for another input character, except that since the replacement has already been made, DEL and SPC are equivalent. You could type `C-r' at this point (see below) to alter the replaced text. You could also type `C-x u' to undo the replacement; this exits the `query-replace', so if you want to do further replacement you must use `C-x ESC RET' to restart (*note Repetition::.). `RET' `ESC' to exit without doing any more replacements. `. (Period)' to replace this occurrence and then exit without searching for more occurrences. `!' to replace all remaining occurrences without asking again. `^' to go back to the position of the previous occurrence (or what used to be an occurrence), in case you changed it by mistake. This works by popping the mark ring. Only one `^' in a row is allowed, because only one previous replacement position is kept during `query-replace'. `C-r' to enter a recursive editing level, in case the occurrence needs to be edited rather than just replaced with NEWSTRING. When you are done, exit the recursive editing level with `C-M-c' to proceed to the next occurrence. *Note Recursive Edit::. `C-w' to delete the occurrence, and then enter a recursive editing level as in `C-r'. Use the recursive edit to insert text to replace the deleted occurrence of STRING. When done, exit the recursive editing level with `C-M-c' to proceed to the next occurrence. `C-l' to redisplay the screen. Then you must type another character to specify what to do with this occurrence. `C-h' to display a message summarizing these options. Then you must type another character to specify what to do with this occurrence. Some other characters are aliases for the ones listed above: `y', `n' and `q' are equivalent to SPC, DEL and ESC. Aside from this, any other character exits the `query-replace', and is then reread as part of a key sequence. Thus, if you type `C-k', it exits the `query-replace' and then kills to end of line. To restart a `query-replace' once it is exited, use `C-x ESC', which repeats the `query-replace' because it used the minibuffer to read its arguments. *Note C-x ESC: Repetition. See also *Note Transforming File Names::, for Dired commands to rename, copy, or link files by replacing regexp matches in file names. File: emacs, Node: Other Repeating Search, Prev: Replace, Up: Search Other Search-and-Loop Commands ============================== Here are some other commands that find matches for a regular expression. They all operate from point to the end of the buffer. `M-x occur RET REGEXP RET' Print each line that follows point and contains a match for REGEXP. A numeric argument specifies the number of context lines to print before and after each matching line; the default is none. The buffer `*Occur*' containing the output serves as a menu for finding the occurrences in their original context. Find an occurrence as listed in `*Occur*', position point there and type `C-c C-c'; this switches to the buffer that was searched and moves point to the original of the same occurrence. `M-x list-matching-lines' Synonym for `M-x occur'. `M-x count-matches RET REGEXP RET' Print the number of matches for REGEXP after point. `M-x flush-lines RET REGEXP RET' Delete each line that follows point and contains a match for REGEXP. `M-x keep-lines RET REGEXP RET' Delete each line that follows point and does not contain a match for REGEXP. File: emacs, Node: Fixit, Next: Files, Prev: Search, Up: Top Commands for Fixing Typos ************************* In this chapter we describe the commands that are especially useful for the times when you catch a mistake in your text just after you have made it, or change your mind while composing text on line. * Menu: * Kill Errors:: Commands to kill a batch of recently entered text. * Transpose:: Exchanging two characters, words, lines, lists... * Fixing Case:: Correcting case of last word entered. * Spelling:: Apply spelling checker to a word, or a whole file. File: emacs, Node: Kill Errors, Next: Transpose, Up: Fixit Killing Your Mistakes ===================== `DEL' Delete last character (`delete-backward-char'). `M-DEL' Kill last word (`backward-kill-word'). `C-x DEL' Kill to beginning of sentence (`backward-kill-sentence'). The DEL character (`delete-backward-char') is the most important correction command. When used among graphic (self-inserting) characters, it can be thought of as canceling the last character typed. When your mistake is longer than a couple of characters, it might be more convenient to use `M-DEL' or `C-x DEL'. `M-DEL' kills back to the start of the last word, and `C-x DEL' kills back to the start of the last sentence. `C-x DEL' is particularly useful when you change your mind about the phrasing of the text you are writing. `M-DEL' and `C-x DEL' save the killed text for `C-y' and `M-y' to retrieve. *Note Yanking::. `M-DEL' is often useful even when you have typed only a few characters wrong, if you know you are confused in your typing and aren't sure exactly what you typed. At such a time, you cannot correct with DEL except by looking at the screen to see what you did. It requires less thought to kill the whole word and start over again.