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- D-DAY:The Allied Invasion of Europe.
-
-
- On June 6th 1944, the Allies landed in Normandy and opened up for
- Germany the war she had always feared - the two-front war.With the
- Red Army closing in from the east, the Germans could not afford
- the material strain an aditional battle in the West would pose them.
- For two years, the British and Americans had been building up a
- huge invasion force inside the United Kingdom and on the 6th
- June - D day by the Allied planning schedule, OPERATION OVERLORD,
- the invasion of Hitler`s `Fortress Europe` had begun!
-
- The Assault from the Sea
- While the Germans watched and waited for dawn, the immense Allied
- invasion fleet was traversing the Channel and naval parties were
- organizing the landing waves, all in response to the complex
- but carefully devised OVERLORD plans. There were five shipping
- convoys, one per Normandy invasion beach, and they set out along
- five parallel lane swhich had been mineswept. Antisubmarine and
- anti-surface ships patrols guarded the flanks, while overhead there
- were barrage balloons and swarms of night-fighters.
-
- As the convoys neared the coast, each split into two portions
- with ships capable of maintaining a fast pace in one lane and slow
- ones in another. By 5:30am, before the ships were even seen from the
- shore, the first wave of invaders had already traversed much of the
- ship-to-shore distance.
- While the British were able to lower their landing craft only seven
- miles from shore, due to the anticipated fire from enemy guns, the
- Americans lowered some 11 miles out. This 11-mile distance meant a
- three hour ride in alanding craft on choppy seas had to be endured.
- Weather conditions prevailing at H-Hour -6:30am on US beaches and
- 7.30am on the British beaches were a little better than expected
- but far from ideal. Allied bombers attacked the beaches before the
- infantry waded assure amnd many mines were exploded and at 5.30am,
- a huge naval barrage from the offshore armada raked the shore.
-
- At 5.35am German coastal guns in Normandy opened up in reply with
- a largely ineffective barrage.The German Luftwaffe was hardly in
- evidence. The five invasion beaches were named - Utah and Omaha
- for the Americans and Gold,Juno and Sword for the British and
- Commonwealth troops (Australians,Canadians and New Zealanders).
-
- The Americans who landed on Utah beach faced great difficulties as
- the Germans had 110 guns facing the first battalions ashore.But by
- 10.00am, the Americans had six infantry battalions ashore on Utah.
- Thanks in part to the early actions taken by the airborne divisions
- dropped the night before behind German lines, the leading assault
- elements worked their way up the beaches encountering only light
- artillery fire.Within an hour they had cleared the beach obstacles,
- eliminated a few German field works and begun to move inland supported
- by tanks.
-
- At Omaha however the US landing troops ran into very firm opposition
- from eight battalions pf the well-trained German 352nd Infantry division.
- Many landing craft were swept eastwards of their target positions.
- When the landing craft were about 400 yards out, the Germans opened up
- with a huge volume of concentrated fire.men from sunken landing craft,
- covered by ship to shore fire did their best to reach the shore.Some
- made it.Rather than face the machine gun fire when the ramp was dropped,
- a number of troops went over the side.Hundreds died on the surf or on
- the wide expanse of sand before they could reach the scant cover of the
- shingle or sea wall.Meanewhile a company of US rangers attacked the
- german guns west of Omaha beach and knocked them out.
- By the time the Rangers had reached the shore at Pionte du Hoc,the
- second wave was landing at Omaha beach. Due to the failure to clear the
- beach, men and material from this and the succeding waves piled up.Troops
- took cover everywhere, even behind the bodies of their dead comrades.
- Officers urged the US troops forward and eventually they moved out and
- up to the German positions and were supported now by more naval gunfire
- which picked out German strongpoints.By 1.30pm the troops had reached
- the bluffs above the beach.
-
- GOLD,JUNO and SWORD BEACHES.
- Gold.
- The Anglo-Canadian beaches provided a more balanced picture than either
- Utah or Omaha. On Gold,the farthest west of them, the 50th Division
- faced enfilading fire from German strongpoints at le Hamel and La Riviere.
- They did not falter as the Americans did at Omaha.The British got their
- tanks ashore and went forward.The 5th Battalion of the East Yorkshire
- Regiment captured La Riviere. Le Hammel was a different matter.The self-
- propelled artillery firing from landing craft had drifted off target.
- Th0ose guns assigned to le Hammel in fact bombarded points further east.
- So the 1st Battalion of the Hampshire regt. were attacking without
- artillery support and they suffered for it. One company,A, took heavy
- causualties crossing the beach and was reduced to platoon strength.
- Good fortune however suddenly came to the aid of the 1st Hampshires.
- An AVRE in company with some DD Shermans of the Sherwood Rangers
- Yeomanry advanced on Le hamel from the east.Le Hamel was cleared
- and the 1st pushed on to take Arromanches.
- All of 50th Division was ashore by 1pm and throughout the afternoon British
- troops were pushing inland.About 4pm, 69 Brigade made contact with a strong
- force of Germans near Bazenville.After a stiff fight, the Germans were
- driven across the river Seulles.
- As on Utah, the advance inland was slowed by the congestion of
- traffic on the beach but by nightfall, 50th Division was just short of
- its D-day objective - the town of Bayeux.
-
- Juno Beach.
- The 7 Brigade of the 3rd Canadian Division hit the beaches of Juno at
- about 7.50am and its neighbour, the 8 Brigade, ten minutes later.
- The two brigades had divieded the objectives found on Juno. 7 Brigade
- struck at the viillage of Courseulles, while 8 landed opposite a
- strongpoint in the village of Bernieres.
- Of all the landings, the Canadians at Juno got closest to their planned
- objectives. once the strong points had been eliminated, the Canadians
- moved rapidly inland.
-
- Sword Beach.
- On Sword beach, the British 3rd Infantry Division landed on the
- narrowest front of all the invasion beaches in an attempt to provide
- a suffieciently concentrated force to punch through the German
- defences at Caen. The British troops were fortunate that the beach
- was narrow as they could get across the short distance to cover. The
- germans occupied well fortified positions in a string of pill-boxes.
- At La Breche, the fight took 3 hours and cost heavy British
- casualties.The East Yorkshiresattacked Ouistreham and the 1st South
- Lancashires in the direction of Periers Ridge where they were forced
- back.
- The 1st Special service Brigade landed at mid-morning,and moved
- inland very quickly to relieve the airborne troops holding the Orne
- bridges.
- The capture of Caen was the mission of 185 Brigade,This was ashore
- and formed up by 11am,but traffic jams kept them from advancing
- until 12.30pm.them,the 2nd Kings Shropshire Light Infantry went
- forward even though their tank support had not turned up.They had
- cleared most of Periers Ridge by 2pm and began moving down the road
- from hermanville to Caen.
- From mid-morning 3rd Division's HQ had received reports of tanks
- assembling to the North and west of Caen.The German response to the
- landing had been delayed by the loacl corps commande who had hoped
- to get the 12th SS Panzer Division for a counterattack at well
- as the 21st panzer.The german High Command refused to release 12SS
- and the 21st Panzer had to be redeployed - as a result it's attack
- did not go in until 4.30pm. The German Panzers were beaten back by
- Allied anti-tank guns.When gliders passed overhead in the direction
- of a landing zone near Ranville, the German armour retreated.
-
-
- SUMMARY
- At nightfall, the commanders of the Allied Expeditionary Forces
- could feel relieved. all the 30 landings had succeded in establishing
- bridgeheads. At Utah,Gold and Juno, they were deep.
- Omaha was the shallowest and weakest whilst Sword faced strong
- armoured opposition.The battle to open a second front was far from
- over,though.Strong German counterattacks could still destroy the
- sperated Allied forces and drive them into the Channel.But the hardest
- part of the assault had been accomplished - the Allies had fought
- there way ashore......
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