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- Path: senator-bedfellow.mit.edu!bloom-beacon.mit.edu!bone.think.com!paperboy.osf.org!june.osf.org!dbl
- From: dbl@osf.org (David Lewis)
- Newsgroups: comp.windows.x,news.answers,comp.answers
- Subject: comp.windows.x Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) 2/7
- Followup-To: poster
- Date: 2 Oct 1996 20:15:25 GMT
- Organization: Open Software Foundation
- Lines: 1083
- Approved: news-answers-request@MIT.Edu
- Distribution: world
- Expires: Sun, 27 Oct 1996 00:00:00 GMT
- Message-ID: <52uigt$bs0@paperboy.osf.org>
- Reply-To: faq%craft@uunet.uu.net (X FAQ maintenance address)
- NNTP-Posting-Host: june.osf.org
- Summary: useful information about the X Window System
- Xref: senator-bedfellow.mit.edu comp.windows.x:110954 news.answers:83414 comp.answers:21525
-
- Archive-name: x-faq/part2
- Last-modified: 1996/09/26
-
- ----------------------------------------------------------------------
- Subject: 18)+ Can X11R6.1 be a freeware base? Will future X versions be free?
-
- Here is the text of a letter from rws@x.org (Bob Scheifler) to comp.windows.x
- on 8 July 1996:
-
- I suspect many of you have pretty much taken the X Consortium and the
- software it produces for granted for the past few years. Now that the X
- Consortium will be going away, a few people have asked whether X will
- continue to be available as free software in the future.
-
- The X Consortium has never been a freeware organization. We have long given
- our software away, but that has been a means to an end, not an end unto
- itself. Making our software freely available helped promote the commercial
- adoption of X by providing a level playing field, lowering the barrier to
- entry into the market, and promoting homogeneity and interoperability.
- Naturally, it also encouraged important R&D to take place within the academic
- and freeware communities, which was another way of promoting commercial
- adoption.
-
- What many of you probably don't know is that, had we not made the decision to
- wind down the X Consortium, we had been planning to institute a new software
- licensing plan starting with the upcoming Broadway release. Although the
- plan had been designed to have relatively little impact on non-commercial
- users (and indeed relatively little impact on X Consortium members), X would
- no longer have been free software in the usual sense of that term.
-
- If the XFree86/Linux/GNU/university/etc. communities want to continue to
- evolve X, then X11R6.1 is an excellent, and free, software base for you to
- make use of. Rights to that software can never be taken away from you. The
- Broadway release will, I hope, be an even better base, and one that will
- still be free. In a sense, once the X Consortium goes away, the freeware
- community may be in a better position to choose their own path, independent
- of what the UNIX platform vendors do.
-
- I won't give you any promises about the licensing terms of future releases of
- X from the Open Group. It remains to be seen whether future releases will
- add any substantial new technology, or just be maintenance releases. While
- the benefits of providing free software will not be ignored, the economics of
- X and indeed of the whole UNIX desktop have changed, and the Open Group will
- be working with the UNIX vendors and with us to formulate a business model
- which makes sense in that context. This will take some time, so don't expect
- quick answers.
-
- I'm sure some of you have questions about our ftp site, mailing lists, etc.
- Those issues too will be dealt with during the remainder of this year.
- Please be patient.
-
- ----------------------------------------------------------------------
- Subject: 19) TOPIC: USING X IN DAY-TO-DAY LIFE
- ----------------------------------------------------------------------
- Subject: 20) What are all these window managers? (Where can I get a "virtual" wm?)
-
- The window manager in X is just another client -- it is not part of the X
- window system, although it enjoys special privileges -- and so there is no
- single window manager; instead, there are many, which support different ways
- for the user to interact with windows and different styles of window layout,
- decoration, and keyboard and colormap focus. In approximate chronological
- order (generally, the more recent ones conformant more with the ICCCM and
- are the only ones being maintained):
-
- wm: this simple title-bar window manager was phased out in R2 or R3
-
- uwm: the Universal Window Manager is still popular for its speed, although it
- is very outdated. Moved to contrib/ on the R4 tape.
-
- twm (old): Tom's Window Manager was among the first non-Consortium window
- managers and offered the user a great deal of customization options in a
- re-parenting window manager.
-
- awm: the Ardent Window Manager was for a while a hotbed for hackers and
- offered some features (dynamic menus) not found on more current window
- managers
-
- rtl: Siemen's window manager tiles windows so that they don't overlap and
- resizes the window with the focus to its preferred size.
-
- dxwm: Digital's dxwm is part of the DECwindows offering
-
- hpwm: HP's window manager offers a 3D look; it is a precursor of mwm
-
- mwm: the Motif window manager is part of the OSF/Motif toolkit
-
- tekwm: Tektronix's window manager offering
-
- olwm (Sun): olwm implements the OPEN LOOK GUI and some of the Style Guide
- functionality
-
- olwm (AT&T): ditto
-
- gwm: Bull's Generic Window Manager emulates others with a built-in Lisp
- interpreter. Version 1.8 is in koala.inria.fr:/pub/gwm/ and on ftp.x.org
- [7/95]
-
- m_swm: the Sigma window manager is on the R4 tape
-
- pswm: Sun's PostScript-based pswm is part of the OpenWindows release
-
- swm: Solbourne's swm is based on the OI toolkit and offers multiple GUI
- support and also a panning virtual window; configuration information comes
- from the resources file. Sources are on ftp.x.org in R5contrib/swm.tar.Z; they
- require OI binaries.
-
- twm (new): the new Tab Window Manager from the R4 tape is a reworked twm and
- is the basis for several derivatives, including the one on later X releases
-
- vtwm: vtwm offers some of the virtual-desktop features of swm, with a
- single-root window implementation. A new version, vtwm-5.3, is based on the
- R5 twm and is available from ftp.x.org. [1/94]
-
- tvtwm: Tom's Virtual Tab Window Manager is also based on the Tab Window
- Manager and provides a virtual desktop modeled on the virtual-root window of
- swm. It is available on ftp.x.org and mirroring archive servers. The current
- [3/95] version is available at
- ftp.x.org:/contrib/window_managers/tvtwm.pl11.tar.gz.
-
- olvwm: the vtwm-style virtual-desktop added to Sun's olwm. It is available on
- archive servers; version 4.1 [2/94] is on ftp.x.org.
-
- mvwm: the vtwm-style virtual-desktop added to OSF's mwm. A beta version is
- floating around (most recently from suresh@unipalm.co.uk) but requires a
- source license to OSF/Motif 1.1.3 [3/92].
-
- NCDwm: the window manager local to NCD terminals offers an mwm look
-
- XDSwm: the window manager local to Visual Technology's terminals is simple
- but full-featured.
-
- ctwm: Claude Lecommandeur's (lecom@sic.epfl.ch) modification of the R5 twm
- offers 32 virtual screens in the fashion of HP vuewm and also offers the
- window overview used in vtwm and tvtwm. Version 3.3 [9/95] source is on
- ftp.x.org and possibly also sunsite.unc.edu.
-
- vuewm: HP's MWM-based window manager offers configurable workspaces. SAIC
- offers a version of this VUE environment.
-
- 4Dwm: SGI's enhanced MWM
-
- piewm: this version of tvtwm offers pie menus
-
- pmwm: IXI's Panorama version of MWM offers olvwm-like features. Info: +44
- 223 236 555, +1 408 427 7700; mmoore@x.co.uk or michaela@x.co.uk or
- laurie@ixi.com.
-
- fvwm: this virtual window manager has been rewritten from scratch and is very
- light on system resources (between half and two-thirds the memory usage of
- twm, on which it was based). fvwm offers most of the features others provide,
- plus additional features. Source is available from sunsite.unc.edu in
- /pub/Linux/X11/window-managers/; fvwm-1.24r-source.tar.z was current in 1/95;
- 2.1.0 is expected early 1996. Information:
- http://neutrino.nuc.berkeley.edu/neutronics/todd/fvwm.html
- and ftp://ftp.hpc.uh.edu/pub/fvwm/version-2/ .
-
- mwm 2.0: the 2.0 version of mwm includes support for multiple workspaces.
-
- 9wm, by David Hogan (dhog@cs.su.oz.au), is an X window manager which attempts
- to emulate the Plan 9 window manager 8-1/2 as far as possible within the
- constraints imposed by X. The latest version of 9wm is held at
- ftp://ftp.cs.su.oz.au/dhog/9wm .
-
- mwfm: MWFM is a Microsoft-Windows-Program-Manager-style applications
- manager. It offers Unix users the ability to work in a MS-Windows-like
- environment. Sources are at ftp.x.org:contrib/desktop_managers/mwfm1.0.tar.Z.
-
- Also of possible use is vr, by Richard Mauri (rmauri@netcom.com), on
- ftp.x.org and ftp.informatik.tu-muenchen.de
- (pub/comp/X11/contrib/clients/vr/vr-1.01.tar.Z); Vr is a workspace manager
- intended to be window-manager-independent.
-
- ----------------------------------------------------------------------
- Subject: 21) Why does my X session exit when I kill my window manager (sic)?
-
- It needn't. What is probably happening is that you are running your window
- manager as the last job in your .xsession or .xinitrc file; your X session
- runs only as long as the last job is running, and so killing your window
- manager is equivalent to logging out. Instead, run the window manager in the
- background, and as the last job instead invoke something safe like:
-
- exec xterm -name Login -rv -iconic
-
- or any special client of your devising which exits on some user action. Your
- X session will continue until you explicitly logout of this window, whether
- or not you kill or restart your window manager.
-
- Alternatively, there is a chance that you are using OpenLook, which by
- default kills all clients on logging out. Change your Exit menu choice from
- EXIT to WMEXIT to correct this behavior.
-
- ----------------------------------------------------------------------
- Subject: 22) Can I save the state of my X session, like toolplaces does?
-
- Although no known window manager directly supports such a feature (olvwm and
- swm may come close) -- which may be equivalent to writing out a
- .xinitrc or .xsession file naming the geometry and WM_COMMAND of each
- application -- there is a contributed application which does much of what
- you are looking for, although it is not as complete as the SunView program
- toolplaces. Look for the application "xplaces" on an archive-server near
- you. There are several versions of this program floating around; look for a
- recent vintage. [10/90]
-
- Some new pseudo session-managers such as HP's vuewm provide for the saving of
- sessions including information on the geometry of currently-running
- applications and the resource database. [Bjxrn Stabell
- (bjoerns@staff.cs.uit.no); 3/93.]
-
- In Release 6 a new session management protocol was defined, called XSMP (see
- doc/specs/SM), for telling applications when to save their internal state and
- for managing user dialog during the save. R6 contains a very simple session
- manager that exercises this protocol in the workInProgress directory; look
- for xsm. R6 also added a new shell widget class to Xt to make it easier to
- write applications that react to messages from a session manager. The window
- managers still have to do the work to save the window positions. [Dave
- Wiggins (dpw@x.org); 5/94.]
-
- ----------------------------------------------------------------------
- Subject: 23) How do I use another window manager with DEC's session manager?
-
- DEC's session manager will start dxwm up by default. To override this, add to
- your .Xdefaults file something like this line, naming the full pathname:
-
- sm.windowManagerName: /wherever/usr/bin/X11/your_favorite_wm
-
- ----------------------------------------------------------------------
- Subject: 24) How do I change the keyboard auto-repeat rate?
-
- You can turn auto-repeat on or off by using "xset r on|off".
-
- The base X11 protocol, doesn't provide for varying the auto-repeat rate,
- which is a capability not supported by all systems.
-
- Some pre-R6 servers may provide command-line flags to set the rate at
- start-up time. If you have control over server start-up (see the man pages
- for xinit and xdm), you can invoke the server with the chosen settings; for
- example, you can start the R5 Xsun sample server with the options "-ar1 350
- -ar2 30" to reduce the sensitivity of the keyboard.
-
- The R6 X Keyboard Extension provides a vendor-independent way to control
- repeat delay and rate.
-
- ----------------------------------------------------------------------
- Subject: 25) How do I remap the keys on my keyboard to produce a string?
-
- There is no method of arranging for a particular string to be produced when
- you press a particular key. The xmodmap client, which is useful for moving
- your CTRL and ESC keys to useful places, just rearranges keys and does not do
- "macro expansion."
-
- Some (few) clients, including xterm and several X-based editors, accept a
- translation resource such as:
-
- xterm*VT100.Translations: #override \
- <Key>F1: string("setenv DISPLAY unix:0")
-
- which permits the shorthand F1 to be pressed to reset the display locally
- within an xterm; it takes effect for new xterm clients. To include control
- characters in the string, use \nnn, where nnn is the octal encoding of the
- control character you want to include.
-
- Window managers, which could provide this facility, do not yet; nor has a
- special "remapper" client been made available.
-
- ----------------------------------------------------------------------
- Subject: 26) How do I make a screendump or print my application (including menus)?
-
- The xwd client in the X11 distributions can be used to select a window or the
- background. It produces an XWD-format file of the image of that window. The
- file can be post-processed into something useful or printed with the xpr
- client and your local printing mechanism. To print a screendump including a
- menu or other object which has grabbed the pointer, you can use this
- command:
-
- csh% sleep 10; xwd -root > output.xwd &
-
- and then spend 10 seconds or so setting up your screen; the entire current
- display will be saved into the file output.xwd. Note that xwd also has an
- undocumented (before R5) -id flag for specifying the window id on the
- command-line. [There are also unofficial patches on ftp.x.org to xwd for
- specifying the delay and the portion of the screen to capture.]
-
- Note that xwd makes the assumption that it can make a single XGetImage call
- and then decode the returned pixels via the associated colormap; the pixels
- returned are undefined if the area you've selected includes multiple windows
- with varying visuals, colormaps, or double-buffer states.
-
- Two publicly-available programs which allow interactive definition of
- arbitrary portions of the display and built-in delays are xsnap and xgrabsc.
-
- xgrabsc is a free screendump program that provides multiple selection styles
- and several output formats. Selection styles include xwd-style point and
- click, dragging a rectangle over an arbitrary portion of the screen, timed
- snapshots for menu capturing, and keyboard-based selection. Output formats
- are xwd, XPM (v1 and 2), bitmap, puzzle, and monochrome, greyscale, and color
- PostScript. PostScript output can be in ready-to-print true-scale form or
- encapsulated for inclusion in Frame, xfig, and other programs that accept EPS
- graphics. There are several versions of xgrabsc; version 2.3, available on
- ftp.x.org [9/93] is the most recent. xgrab, part of the package, is an
- interactive front-end to xgrabsc.
-
- xwpick (formerly xpick) (by Evgeni Chernyaev (chernaev@mx.ihep.su)) is
- available on ftp.x.org as xwpick-2.20.tar.Z; it creates Level 2 color
- PostScript dumps of X screens and can generate GIF, PICT, and other formats.
- PostScript output is very small. xwpick runs under VMS and Unix systems.
-
- xsnap includes some asnap features and supersedes it; it also renders XPM
- output [version unknown]. It is available on ftp.x.org or avahi.inria.fr; see
- xsnap-pl2.tar.Z.
-
- A screen-dump and merge/edit program combining features of xwd and xpr is
- available from vernam.cs.uwm.edu as xdump1.0.tar.Z. Information:
- soft-eng@cs.uwm.edu.
-
- xprint, by Alberto Accomazzi (alberto@cfa.harvard.edu) is available from
- cfa0.harvard.edu (128.103.40.1) as /pub/wipl/xprint.export-2.1.tar.Z. The
- package allows users to create encapsulated color PostScript files which will
- print on any PostScript Level-1 compliant printer (black and white or
- color).
-
- To post-process the xwd output of some of these tools, you can use xpr, which
- is part of the X11 distribution (moved to contrib in R6). Also on several
- archives are xwd2ps and "import" (formerly XtoPS), which produce Encapsulated
- PostScript with trimmings suitable for use in presentations (see
- ftp.x.org:R5contrib/xwd2ps.tar.Z and
- contrib/applications/ImageMagick/ImageMagick3.7.tar.Z). Also useful is the
- PBMPLUS/Netpbm package on many archive servers; and the Xim package contains
- Level 2 color PostScript output.
-
- The xv program can grab a portion of the X display, manipulate it, and save
- it in one of the available formats. ImageMagick has similar capabilities.
-
- Also:
-
- HP's capture tool (provided with MPower and SharedPrint) corrects some of
- the problems xwd has with XGetImage.
-
- Bristol Technology (info@bristol.com, 203-438-6969) offers Xprinter, an Xlib
- API for PostScript and PCL printers; a demo is in
- ftp.bristol.com:/pub/Demos/DE.
-
- ColorSoft 9619-459-8500) offers OPENprint; the package includes a
- screen-capture facility, image-processing, and support for PostScript and
- non-PostScript printers.
-
- Some vendors' implementations of X (e.g. DECWindows and OpenWindows) include
- session managers or other desktop programs which include "print portion of
- screen" or "take a snapshot" options. Some platforms also have tools which
- can be used to grab the frame-buffer directly; the Sun systems, for example,
- have a 'screendump' program which produces a Sun raster file. Some X
- terminals have local screen-dump utilities to write PostScript to a local
- serial printer.
-
- Some vendors' implementations of lpr (e.g. Sony) include direct support for
- printing xwd files, but you'll typically need some other package to massage
- the output into a useful format which you can get to the printer.
-
- ----------------------------------------------------------------------
- Subject: 27) How do I make a color PostScript screendump of the X display?
-
- If you need color PostScript in particular, you can
-
- - grab the screen-image using a program which can produce color
- PostScript, such as xgrabsc, xprint, xwpick, and xv
-
- - grab the screen-image using xwd and post-process xwd into color PS.
-
- You can do this using xwd2ps or the "import" (formerly XtoPS) program from
- the ImageMagick distribution. The PBMPLUS/Netpbm package is also good for
- this, as is the Xim package.
-
- Also:
-
- Another alternative is to use the Xprinter product from Bristol Technology,
- Inc. which provides PostScript output using the Xlib API. Send email to
- info@bristol.com for details.
-
- ----------------------------------------------------------------------
- Subject: 28) How do I make a screendump without having an X display?
-
- Some applications need to be able to make a screendump at a point at which
- they don't have access to an X display or can't rely on one or can't rely on
- an unsupervised screendump operating correctly. An option for all these cases
- is to use the xvfb X Virtual Frame Buffer in X11R6. The X Virtual Frame
- Buffer Server uses memory allocated in the process heap or even mmapped to a
- file as its frame buffer.
-
- ----------------------------------------------------------------------
- Subject: 29) How do I make a screendump including the X cursor?
-
- This can't be done unless the X server has been extended. Consider instead a
- system-dependent mechanism for, e.g., capturing the frame-buffer.
-
- ----------------------------------------------------------------------
- Subject: 30)! How do I convert or view Mac/TIFF/GIF/Sun/PICT/img/FAX images in X?
-
- The likeliest program is an incarnation of Jef Poskanzer's useful++ Portable
- Bitmap Toolkit, which includes a number of programs for converting among
- various image formats. It includes support for many types of bitmaps,
- gray-scale images, and full-color images. PBMPLUS has been updated recently;
- the most recent version [12/91] is on ftp.x.org in
- R5contrib/pbmplus10dec91.tar.Z.
-
- Netpbm is based on the PBMPLUS 10dec91 release, with many additions and
- improvements. It is intended to be portable to many platforms while allowing
- for conversion of images between a variety of formats. The latest sources are
- on several sites, including
- ftp.x.org:/contrib/utilities/netpbm-1mar1994.tar.gz, wuarchive.wustl.edu
- (128.252.135.4) and peipa.essex.ac.uk (155.245.115.161). Contact
- oliver@fysik4.kth.se to be added to the netpbm mailing list.
-
- xpdf, a Portable Document Format (PDF) viewer for X, is at (source and
- binaries, especially Linux binaries):
- http://www.contrib.andrew.cmu.edu/usr/dn0o/xpdf/xpdf.html
- ftp://ftp.andrew.cmu.edu/pub/xpdf/
- ftp://sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux/X11/xapps/graphics/viewers/ . Version 0.4
- became available 4/96.
-
- Certain pixmap editors (e.g. xpaint) can read in a variety of formats and
- write out in different formats.
-
- Another tool is San Diego Supercomputing Center's IMtools ('imconv' in
- particular), which packages the functionality of PBM into a single binary.
- It's available anonymous ftp from sdsc.edu (132.249.20.22).
-
- Useful for viewing and converting some image-formats is Jim Frost's
- xloadimage; the most recent [11/93] is on ftp.x.org in
- R5contrib/xloadimage.4.1.tar.Z. Graeme Gill's updates to an earlier version of
- xloadimage are also on ftp.x.org; see xli.README and xli.tar.Z.uu; version
- 1.15 was released 7/93.
-
- xv (X Image Viewer), written by John Bradley (xv@devo.dccs.upenn.edu for XV
- questions), can read and display pictures in Sun Raster, PGM, PBM, PPM, X11
- bitmap, TIFF, GIF and JPEG. It can manipulate on the images: adjust, color,
- intensity, contrast, aspect ratio, crop). It can save images in all of the
- aforementioned formats plus PostScript. It can grab a portion of the X
- display, manipulate on it, and save it in one of the available formats. The
- program was updated 5/92; see the file R5contrib/xv-2.21.tar.Z on ftp.x.org.
- Version 3.10a [3/95] is distributed as shareware. New versions are on
- ftp.cis.upenn.edu in pub/xv.
-
- The latest revision of XAnim is 2.70.3 and can handle a wide range of audio
- and video formats, including Quicktime, AVI, FLI, IFF, GIF, MJPG. XAnim's
- available from the XAnim Home Page at
- http://www.portal.com/~podlipec/home.html or via
- ftp://ftp.portal.com/pub/podlipec [3/96].
-
- xa, an xview-based X11 animation tool by Derek Richardson
- (derek@phaeton.ucsc.edu), is available at
- ftp://ftp.x.org/contrib/applications/xa-1.2beta/ [5/96].
-
- The Fuzzy Pixmap Manipulation, by Michael Mauldin (mlm@nl.cs.cmu.edu).
- Conversion and manipulation package, similar to PBMPLUS. Version 1.0
- available via FTP as nl.cs.cmu.edu:/usr/mlm/ftp/fbm.tar.Z,
- uunet.uu.net:pub/fbm.tar.Z, and ucsd.edu:graphics/fbm.tar.Z.
-
- The Img Software Set, by Paul Raveling <raveling@venera.isi.edu>, reads and
- writes its own image format, displays on an X11 screen, and does some image
- manipulations. Version 1.3 is available via FTP on ftp.x.org as
- R5contrib/img_1.3.tar.Z, along with large collection of color images.
-
- The Utah RLE Toolkit is a conversion and manipulation package similar to
- PBMPLUS. Available via FTP as cs.utah.edu:pub/urt-*,
- weedeater.math.yale.edu:pub/urt-*, and freebie.engin.umich.edu:pub/urt-*.
-
- Xim, The X Image Manipulator, by Philip Thompson, does essential interactive
- displaying, editing, filtering, and converting of images. There is a version
- in the X11R4 contrib area; but a more recent version (using R4 and Motif 1.1)
- is available from gis.mit.edu (18.80.1.118). Xim reads/writes gif, xwd, xbm,
- tiff, rle, xim, (writes level 2 eps) and other formats and also has a library
- and command-line utilities for building your own applications.
-
- ImageMagick by cristy@dupont.com is an X11 package for display and
- interactive manipulation of images. Includes tools for image conversion,
- annotation, compositing, animation, and creating montages. ImageMagick can
- read and write many of the more popular image formats (JPEG, TIFF, PNM,
- PostScript, ...). Available via FTP from ftp.x.org as
- contrib/applications/ImageMagick/ImageMagick3.7.tar.Z. [12/95] See also
- http://www.wizards.dupont.com/cristy/ImageMagick.htmlZ .
-
- GIMP is a General Image Manipulation Program. It is available at
- http://www.csua.berkeley.edu/~gimp or via email to
- gimp@soda.csua.berkeley.edu. It is currently [12/95] in beta.
-
- xtiff is a tool for viewing a TIFF file in an X window. It was written to
- handle as many different kinds of TIFF files as possible while remaining
- simple, portable and efficient. xtiff illustrates some common problems with
- building pixmaps and using different visual classes. It is distributed as
- part of Sam Leffler's libtiff package and it is also available on ftp.x.org
- and comp.sources.x. [dbs@decwrl.dec.com,10/90] xtiff 2.0 was announced in
- 4/91; it includes Xlib and Xt versions.
-
- gpv is an image viewer with processing capabilities. It uses Pacco to get
- all the image processing support and it is coded entirely in TCL. Gpv can be
- fetched at ftp://iride.unipv.it/pub/Pacco/gpv-0.1.tar.gz . The latest
- release of Pacco is at ftp://iride.unipv.it/pub/Pacco/pacco-0.9a7.tar.gz .
- [8/96]
-
- A version of Lee Iverson's (leei@McRCIM.McGill.EDU) image-viewing tool is
- available as R5contrib/vimage-0.9.3.tar.Z on ftp.x.org. The package also
- includes an ImageViewPort widget and a FileDialog widget. [12/91;5/92]
-
- The Andrew User Interface System (version 5.2 and later) provides an image
- inset which can view many image formats. Like all Andrew insets, an image
- can be incorporated in a a document or sent in email via the MIME standard.
- The following formats can be read: Sunraster, GIF, Xbitmap, TIFF, Xpixmap,
- JPEG, PBM, XWD.
-
- The LUG (Libreria de Utilidades Graficas) is a library of subroutines
- offering several routines for the manipulation of images in several different
- formats. The distribution includes viewers for several different platforms.
- The distribution is on telva.ccu.uniovi.es (156.35.31.31):
- /uniovi/mathdept/src/liblug-1.0.1.tar.gz.
-
- The X Image Extension (XIE), an X Consortium standard in R6, provides
- facilities for transmitting displaying fax (G3, G4), TIFF, and JPEG images.
-
- [some material from Larry Carroll (larryc@poe.jpl.nasa.gov), 5/91]
-
- A distributed real-time MPEG video and audio player is available from
- ftp.cse.ogi.edu (129.29.20.2) in /pub/dsrg/Player/
- (http://cse.ogi.edu/DISC/projects/synthetix/Player/ ) [5/95].
-
- ----------------------------------------------------------------------
- Subject: 31) Where can I get an X-based 3-D object viewer?
-
- xmgf by Paul Hoad (P.Hoad@ee.surrey.ac.uk) is an interactive tool for viewing
- 2D and 3D objects typically in gf/OFF/NFF/IGRIP/MINICAD/SLA/DXF format
- Sources are on ftp.x.org. Version 1.9.1 became available 12/93.
-
- x3d is a V.Fast 3D Object viewer for X it needs no special hardware or or
- widget libraries other that X and is optimized for speed.
-
- XGobi can be used to to view such data.
-
- VOGLE can be used to to view such data.
-
- An interactive 3D viewer based on the X Window System is "Geomview";
- information is available at
- http://www.geom.umn.edu/software/geomview/docs/gvpeek.html .
-
- xdim 2.6 is available [1/96] from
- ftp://ftp.uni-stuttgart.de//pub/unix/X11/graphics/xdim/xdim2_6.tar.gz . XDim
- combines features from data processing (p.ex. import from table calc.
- programs) and image processing (p.ex. import GIF's and JPEG's) with an
- interactive 3D Viewer and Motif user interface.
-
- Grapher-3D generates surfaces of two variable functions allowing users to
- view these surfaces from any three dimensional position. Dynamic axis
- rotation and domain shifting help better illustrate the nature of a
- function. Sources are on ftp.x.org in contrib/graphics/Grapher-3D/,
- including source grapher-3d-1.2.tar.gz and some binary sets. [3/96]
-
- Also of use:
-
- Hv (for Hot Views) is a library that greatly simplifies the development of
- applications with a sophisticated graphical user interface. It is layered on
- top of X, Xt (R4 or later), and OSF Motif (version 1.1 or later); however,
- the developer is completely insulated from those libraries. Information:
- heddle@cebaf.gov. Sources are on ftp://ftp.cebaf.gov/pub/heddle/Hv/ .
-
- ----------------------------------------------------------------------
- Subject: 32) How can I change the titlebar of my terminal window?
-
- The solution involves sending an escape sequence to xterm which will cause it
- to update the property which the window manager relies upon for the string
- which appears in the window titlebar.
-
- A solution is as easy as typing this in an xterm running a shell:
-
- echo "ESC]2;TEXT^G"
-
- where ESC is the escape key, TEXT is the string you wish to have displayed,
- and ^G is a Control-G (the BEL character). Note that the semi-colon is
- demanded by more recent versions of xterm. (Some shells and editors need an
- escape character, typically ^V, before accepting control characters
- literally.)
-
- Here is a more complicated csh alias which changes the titlebar to the
- current working directory when you change directories:
-
- alias newcd 'cd \!*; echo -n ESC]2\;$cwd^G'
-
- (for other shells e.g. ksh you will need to write a function for cd to print
- this value).
-
- The digit '2' in these strings indicates to xterm that it should change only
- the title of the window; to change both the title and the name used in the
- icon, use the digit '0' instead, and use '1' to change only the icon name.
-
- Note: another way to do this, which prevents an incorrect display of the
- local directory if a modified `cd` is used in a subshell, is to wrap the
- escape sequences into the PS1 prompt itself.
-
- If you are using DECterm, the sequence for window titles is
- "ESC]21;TEXTESC\"; for icons, the sequence is "ESC]2L;TEXTESC\". For an
- HPterm, you need "ESC&f0k<length>DTEXT". Here <length> is the number of
- characters in TEXT, as a decimal number in ASCII. To change the icon name,
- use "ESC&f-1k<length>DTEXT". [thanks to Karsten Spang (krs@kampsax.dk);
- 12/94]
-
- ----------------------------------------------------------------------
- Subject: 33) Where can I find the xterm control sequences?
-
- The best source of such information is in your R5/R6 sources in the file
- ctlseqs.ms (R6: xc/doc/specs/xterm/ctlseqs.ms); a PostScript version is in
- your R5 sources in mit/hardcopy/clients/ctlseqs.PS.Z and your R6 sources in
- xc/doc/hardcopy/xterm/ctlseqs.PS.Z.
-
- Both editions of O'Reilly's Volume 3, the X User's Guide, include an R5
- version of the control sequences.
-
- Other good sources of information include the R4 version of that document and
- also the file in the R4 sources called mit/clients/xterm/ctlseq2.txt, a
- compilation put together by Skip Montanaro (GE CR&D) listing the VT100
- sequences. It dates from R3 but is fairly accurate. A hardcopy version was
- published in the December 1989 XNextEvent (the XUG newsletter).
-
- In a pinch, a VT100 manual will do.
-
- [last updated 10/91]
-
- ----------------------------------------------------------------------
- Subject: 34) How can I use characters above ASCII 127 in xterm ?
-
- In order to use special characters such as the o-umlaut, you need to
- "stty pass8" (you may need "stty -parenb -istrip cs8" on strictly-POSIX
- systems) but also to use a charcell ISO8859 font, such as
- XTerm*font: -*-*-medium-r-normal-*-*-130-*-*-c-*-iso8859-1
- XTerm*boldfont: -*-*-bold-r-normal-*-*-130-*-*-c-*-iso8859-1
- [The family is intentionally unspecified in this example.]
-
- In addition, you may want to set this in your shell:
- setenv LC_CTYPE iso_8859_1
-
- For a given character above 127, you can determine the key to use with
- the Alt modifier by finding the equivalent character below 127 (try using `man
- ascii`). For example, o-umlaut (v) is Alt-v and the section character (') is
- Alt-'.
-
- [thanks to Greg Holmberg (greg%thirdi@uunet.uu.net) and Stephen Gildea
- (gildea@x.org); 6/92]
-
- ----------------------------------------------------------------------
- Subject: 35) Why are my xterm menus so small (sic) ?
-
- You are probably setting the geometry small accidentally. If you give a
- resource specification like this:
-
- xterm*geometry: 80x24
-
- then you are asking for all widgets under xterm to have their geometry set to
- 80x24. For the main window, this is OK, as it uses characters for its size.
- But its popup menus don't; they are in pixels and show up small. To set only
- the terminal widget to have the specified geometry, name it explicitly:
-
- xterm*VT100.geometry: 80x24
-
- ----------------------------------------------------------------------
- Subject: 36)! How can I control the mouse with the keyboard?
-
- If you have the X Keyboard (XKB) Extension, you can enable mouse keys, which
- makes it possible to generate mouse motion and button events using the
- keyboard. Events generated by MouseKeys are completely transparent -- they
- will work with any application that connects to a server that has the X
- Keyboard Extension, regardless of whether the application itself uses XKB.
-
- XKB is enabled by default in X11R6.1.
-
- First, set up the Num Lock key so that Shift+Num_Lock toggles mouse keys:
-
- xmodmap -e "keysym Num_lock = Num_Lock Pointer_EnableKeys"
-
- (XFree86 3.1.2E is based on R6.1 and has the X Keyboard Extension; it also
- has a binding to Pointer_EnableKeys in its default keymap. You use
- Alt+Shift+Num_Lock to toggle MouseKeys on and off. If you are using an
- earlier release of X or XFree86, you won't have XKB and the instructions will
- not work. See http://www.XFree86.org/FAQ for more information.)
-
- You might also have to turn off server num lock for this to work.
- Now press "Shift+Num_Lock" to enable MouseKeys. When MouseKeys are on:
-
- o) The keypad arrow keys move the pointer
- o) The keypad '5' key behaves like the 'default' pointer button
- o) The keypad '0' key locks the default pointer button (for easy dragging)
- o) The keypad '.' key unlock the default pointer button (to release a drag)
- o) The keypad '+' key double-clicks the default pointer button.
- o) The keypad '/' key sets the 'default' button to Button1
- o) The keypad '*' key sets the default button to Button2
- o) The keypad '-' key sets the default button to Button3
-
- This is the default configuration, but the mechanism allows for nearly
- infinite configurability.
-
- [thanks to Erik Fortune (erik@westworld.engr.sgi.com), 6/96]
-
- ----------------------------------------------------------------------
- Subject: 37) How can I print the current X selection?
-
- You could paste it into an xterm after executing the lpr command. However, a
- program by Richard Hesketh (rlh2@ukc.ac.uk) specifically for manipulating the
- selection will help; e.g.
-
- % xselection PRIMARY | lpr
-
- finds the primary selection and prints it.
-
- This command can be placed in a window-manager menu or in shell-scripts.
- xselection also permits the setting of the selection and other properties. A
- version is on ftp.x.org.
-
- Also available is ria.ccs.uwo.ca:pub/xget_selection.tar.Z, which can be
- adapted to do this.
-
- ----------------------------------------------------------------------
- Subject: 38) Where are the resources loaded from?
-
- The resources of a widget are filled in from the following places (from
- highest priority to lowest priority):
-
- 1. Args passed at creation time.
- 2. Command line arguments.
- 3. User's per host defaults file
- 4. User's defaults file.
- 5. User's per application default file.
- 6. System wide per application default file.
-
- Note that 2-6 are read only once on application startup. The result of steps
- 3-6 is a single resource database used for further queries.
-
- Please see the comp.windows.x.intrinsics FAQ, from which this information is
- abstracted, for a full explanation of how to specify the location of files;
- see also a good book on Xt, such as ORA's Volume 4, the Asente/Swick book, or
- the Xt documentation, for more information.
-
- ----------------------------------------------------------------------
- Subject: 39) How does Xt use environment variables in loading resources?
-
- You can use several environment variables to control how resources are
- loaded for your Xt-based programs -- XFILESEARCHPATH, XUSERFILESEARCHPATH, and
- XAPPLRESDIR. These environment variables control where Xt looks for
- application-defaults files as an application is initializing. Xt loads at
- most one app-defaults file from the path defined in XFILESEARCHPATH and
- another from the path defined in XUSERFILESEARCHPATH.
-
- XAPPLRESDIR existed in R3 and before. As of R4, the Xt developers
- added the more sophisticated *SEARCHPATH mechanism, but left XAPPLRESDIR in
- place to avoid breaking existing software.
-
- Set XFILESEARCHPATH if software is installed on your system in such a
- way that app-defaults files appear in several different directory
- hierarchies. Suppose, for example, that you are running Sun's Open Windows,
- and you also have some R4 X applications installed in
- /usr/lib/X11/app-defaults. You could set a value like this for
- XFILESEARCHPATH, and it would cause Xt to look up app-defaults files in both
- /usr/lib/X11 and /usr/openwin/lib (or wherever your OPENWINHOME is located):
- setenv XFILESEARCHPATH /usr/lib/X11/%T/%N:$OPENWINHOME/lib/%T/%N
-
- The value of this environment variable is a colon-separated list of
- pathnames. The pathnames contain replacement characters as follows (see
- XtResolvePathname()):
-
- %N The value of the filename parameter, or the
- application's class name.
- %T The value of the file "type". In this case, the
- literal string "app-defaults"
- %C customization resource (R5/R6 only)
- %D site default value for XFILESEARCHPATH (R6 only)
- %S Suffix. None for app-defaults.
- %L Language, locale, and codeset (e.g. "ja_JP.EUC")
- %l Language part of %L (e.g. "ja")
- %t The territory part of the display's language string
- %c The codeset part of the display's language string
-
- Let's take apart the example. Suppose the application's class name is
- "Myterm". Also, suppose Open Windows is installed in /usr/openwin.
- (Notice the example omits locale-specific lookup.)
- /usr/lib/X11/%T/%N means /usr/lib/X11/app-defaults/Myterm
- $OPENWINHOME/lib/%T/%N means /usr/openwin/lib/app-defaults/Myterm
-
- As the application initializes, Xt tries to open both of the above
- app-defaults files, in the order shown. As soon as it finds one, it reads it
- and uses it, and stops looking for others. The effect of this path is to
- search first in /usr/lib/X11, then in /usr/openwin.
-
- Let's consider another example. This time, let's set
- XUSERFILESEARCHPATH so it looks for the file Myterm.ad in the current working
- directory, then for Myterm in the directory ~/app-defaults.
- setenv XUSERFILESEARCHPATH ./%N.ad:$HOME/app-defaults/%N
-
- The first path in the list expands to ./Myterm.ad. The second expands
- to $HOME/app-defaults/Myterm. This is a convenient setting for debugging
- because it follows the Imake convention of naming the app-defaults file
- Myterm.ad in the application's source directory, so you can run the
- application from the directory in which you are working and still have the
- resources loaded properly. NOTE: when looking for app-default files with
- XUSERFILESEARCHPATH, for some bizarre reason, neither the type nor file suffix
- is defined so %T and %S are useless.
-
- With R5 and R6, there's another twist. You may specify a customization
- resource value. For example, you might run the "myterm" application like
- this:
- myterm -xrm "*customization: -color"
-
- If one of your pathname specifications had the value
- "/usr/lib/X11/%T/%N%C" then the expanded pathname would be
- "/usr/lib/X11/app-defaults/Myterm-color" because the %C substitution character
- takes on the value of the customization resource.
-
- The default XFILESEARCHPATH, compiled into Xt, is:
- /usr/lib/X11/%L/%T/%N%C:\ (R5)
- /usr/lib/X11/%l/%T/%N%C:\ (R5)
- /usr/lib/X11/%T/%N%C:\ (R5)
- /usr/lib/X11/%L/%T/%N:\
- /usr/lib/X11/%l/%T/%N:\ /usr/lib/X11/%T/%N
-
- (Note: some sites replace /usr/lib/X11 with a ProjectRoot in this
- batch of default settings.)
-
- The default XUSERFILESEARCHPATH, also compiled into Xt, is
- <root>/%L/%N%C:\ (R5)
- <root>/%l/%N%C:\ (R5)
- <root>/%N%C:\ (R5)
- <root>/%L/%N:\
- <root>/%l/%N:\
- <root>/%N:
-
- <root> is either the value of XAPPLRESDIR or the user's home directory
- if XAPPLRESDIR is not set. If you set XUSERFILESEARCHPATH to some value other
- than the default, Xt ignores XAPPLRESDIR altogether.
-
- Notice that the quick and dirty way of making your application find
- your app-defaults file in your current working directory is to set XAPPLRESDIR
- to ".", a single dot. In R3, all this machinery worked differently; for R3
- compatibilty, many people set their XAPPLRESDIR value to "./", a dot followed
- by a slash.
-
- [Thanks to Oliver Jones (oj@world.std.com); 2/93.]
-
- ----------------------------------------------------------------------
- Subject: 40) How to I have xdm put a picture behind the log-in window?
-
- R5/R6 users can specify the "setup" script that xdm runs by changing the
- entry in the xdm-config file (usually in /usr/lib/X11/xdm) to name a
- different script; the sample script distributed with the X distribution
- simply runs xconsole. See the SETUP PROGRAM section of the xdm man page in
- R6 for precise details.
-
- Pre-R5 versions of the xdm client could be spoofed by in changing xdm's xrdb
- resource in the xdm-config file to run a program to change the background
- before loading the resources; for example, your /usr/lib/X11/xdm/xdm-config
- file may add the line
- DisplayManager.0.authorize: false
- to permit unrestricted access to the display before log-in (beware!) and also
- DisplayManager*xrdb: /usr/lib/X11/xdm/new.xrdb
- where that file does something (for all connections) along the lines of:
- #!/bin/sh
- #comes in with arguments: -display :0 -load /usr/lib/X11/xdm/Xresources
- /usr/bin/X11/xsetroot -display $2 -bitmap /usr/lib/X11/xdm/new.bitmap
- /usr/bin/X11/xrdb $*
- Substitute xloadimage or xv for xsetroot, to taste. Note that this is a
- general hack that can be used to invoke a console window or any other client.
-
- [Thanks to Jay Bourland (jayb@cauchy.stanford.edu), 9/91]
-
- ----------------------------------------------------------------------
- Subject: 41) Why isn't my PATH set when xdm runs my .xsession file?
-
- When xdm runs your .xsession it doesn't source your .cshrc or .login
- files. You can set the path explicitly as you normally could for any SH
- script; or you can place all environment-setting statements in a separate file
- and source it from both the .xsession file and your shell configuration file;
- or, if you set your PATH in your .cshrc file, the normal place, you can make
- your .xsession have PATH set simply by making it a csh script, i.e. by starting
- your .xsession file off with "#!/bin/csh".
- If this doesn't work, also try starting off with:
- #!/bin/sh # Reset path: PATH=`csh -c 'echo $PATH'` ; export PATH
-
- ----------------------------------------------------------------------
- Subject: 42) How do I keep my $DISPLAY when I rlogin to another machine?
-
- There are several ways to avoid having to do a "setenv DISPLAY ..." whenever
- you log in to another networked UNIX machine running X.
-
- A trivial solution, if your account is cross-mounted on both machines, is to
- have your .xsession write your DISPLAY variable to a file, and then in your
- login dot-files to check for the existence of that that file and use its
- contents as your DISPLAY. [Thanks to joachim.fricker@zh014.ubs.ubs.ch.]
-
- One solution is to use the clients/xrsh on the R5 and R6 contrib tapes. It
- includes xrsh, a script to start an X application on remote machine, and
- xrlogin, a script to start a local xterm running rlogin to a remote machine.
- A more recent version is on export in contrib/utilities/xrsh-5.8.shar.gz
- [21/94].
-
- One solution is to use the xrlogin program from der Mouse
- (mouse@larry.mcrcim.mcgill.edu). You can ftp caveat-emptor versions from
- ftp.cim.mcgill.ca (132.206.4.7) in pub/people/mouse/X/xrlogin/. The program
- packages up $TERM and $DISPLAY into a single string, which is stuffed into
- $TERM. rlogin then propagates $TERM normally; your .cshrc on the remote
- machine should contain
-
- eval `xrlogind`
-
- where xrlogind is a program that checks $TERM and if it is of the special
- format it recognizes, unpacks it and spits out setenv and unsetenv commands
- to recreate the environment variables. [11/90]
-
- In addition, if all you need to do is start a remote X process on another
- host, and you find
-
- rsh <HOST> -n /usr/bin/X11/xterm -display $DISPLAY
-
- too simple (DISPLAY must have your real hostname), then this version of xrsh
- can be used to start up remote X processes. The equivalent usage would be
-
- xrsh <HOST> xterm
-
- #! /bin/sh
- # start an X11 process on another host
- # Date: 8 Dec 88 06:29:34 GMT
- # From: Chris Torek <chris@mimsy.umd.edu>
- # rsh $host -n "setenv DISPLAY $DISPLAY; exec $@ </dev/null >&/dev/null"
- #
- # An improved version:
- # rXcmd (suggested by John Robinson, jr@bbn.com)
- # (generalized for sh,ksh by Keith Boyer, keith@cis.ohio-state.edu)
- #
- # but they put the rcmd in ()'s which left zombies again. This
- # script combines the best of both.
-
- case $# in
- [01]) echo "Usage: $0 host x-cmd [args...]";;
- *)
- case $SHELL in
- *csh*) host="$1"; shift
- xhost "$host" > /dev/null
- rsh "$host" -n \
- "setenv TERM xterm; setenv DISPLAY `hostname`:0; \
- exec $* </dev/null >& /dev/null" &
- ;;
- *sh)
- host="$1"; shift
- xhost "$host" > /dev/null
- rsh "$host" -n \
- "TERM=xterm export TERM; \
- DISPLAY=`hostname`:0 export DISPLAY; \
- LD_LIBRARY_PATH=/usr/X11/lib export LD_LIBRARY_PATH; \
- PATH=\$PATH:/usr/X11/bin:/usr/bin/X11:/usr/local/bin; \
- export PATH; \
- exec $* < /dev/null > /dev/null 2>&1" &
- ;;
- esac
- ;;
- esac
-
- You may also want to look at programs/rstart in the R6 distribution; this
- remote execution protocol is intended to work in concert with session
- managers.
-
- ----------------------------------------------------------------------
- Subject: 43) How can I design my own font?
-
- One way is to use the "bitmap" client or some other bitmap-editor (e.g.
- Sun's icon-editor tool, post-processed with pbmplus) to design the individual
- characters and then to do some large amount of post-processing to concatenate
- them into the BDF format. See Ollie Jones's article in the November 91 X
- Journal for more information.
-
- The R3 contrib/ area (in fonts/utils/ and in clients/xtroff) contained a
- number of useful utilities, including some to convert between BDF font format
- and a simple character format which can be edited with any text editor.
-
- An easier way is to use the "xfed" client to modify an existing font; a
- version is on the R4 or R5 X11R5 contrib tape in contrib/clients/xfed. Xfed
- was last seen on ftp.Informatik.Uni-Dortmund.DE [129.217.64.63], possibly as
- file /pub/windows/X/Diverse-X11-Sourcen/xfed.tar.Z. It can produce BDF-format
- fonts which can be compiled for a variety of X servers.
-
- IBM machines appear to have a utility "fontutil".
-
- The xfedor client from Group Bull permits creation of bitmaps, cursors, XPM1
- pixmaps, and fonts. Binaries for common machines are on avahi.inria.fr in
- /pub; in addition, the sources (an old Xlib implementation) have been placed
- [5/91] in ftp.x.org:/R5contrib/xfedor.tar.Z.
-
- If you are a MetaFont user you can use "mftobdf" from the SeeTeX distribution
- to convert PK, GF, and PXL fonts to BDF format; the distribution is on
- ftp.cs.colorado.edu and on ftp.x.org.
-
- The GNU package fontutils-0.4.tar.Z on prep.ai.mit.edu includes xbfe, a font
- editor, and a number of utilities for massaging font formats.
-
- The O'Reilly X Resource issue #2 contains an article on using these tools to
- modify a font.
-
- Fonts can be resized with Hiroto Kagotani's bdfresize; a new version is in
- ftp.cs.titech.ac.jp:/X11/contrib. bdffont in the Andrew User Interface
- System (versions 5.2.2 and higher) lets you create a font or edit an existing
- one.
-
- ----------------------------------------------------------------------
- Subject: 44) Why does adding a font to the server not work (sic)?
-
- After you have built the font using your system's font-compiler,
- installed it in some directory, and run `mkfontdir` or your system's
- equivalent (e.g. bldfamily for OpenWindows) in that directory, be sure to use
- `xset +fp $dir` to add that full path-name to the server's font-path, *or* if
- the directory is already in the path, use `xset fp rehash` so that the new
- fonts in that directory are actually found; it is this last step that you're
- probably leaving out. (You can also use `xset q` to make sure that that
- directory is in the path.)
- Sometimes your "xset +fp $dir" command fails with a BadValue error:
- X Error of failed request:BadValue
- (integer parameter out of range for operation)
- Major opcode of failed request: 51 (X_SetFontPath)
-
- This means the X server cannot find or read your font directory, or
- that your directory does not look like a font directory to the server. (The
- mention of an "integer parameter" in the message is spurious.)
-
- -- Is the font directory you're specifying readable from the SERVER's file
- system? Remember, it's the server, not the client, which interprets your
- font directory. Trouble in this area is especially likely when you issue
- an xset command with shell metacharacters in it (e.g. "xset +fp ~/myfonts")
- and the server is an X terminal or managed by xdm.
-
- -- Is the directory really a font directory? If you're running the sample X
- server (or most varieties of vendor servers) look in the directory for the
- file "fonts.dir". If you can't find that file, run mkfontdir(1). (If you're
- running OpenWindows, look for the file "Families.list". If you can't find
- it, run bldfamily(1).)
-
- -- If you're in a site where some people run X11Rn servers and others run a
- proprietary server with nonstandard font formats (OpenWindows, for
- example), make sure the font directory is right for the server you're
- using. Hint: if the directory contains .pcf and/or .snf files, it won't
- work for Open Windows. If the directory contains .ff and/or .fb files, it
- won't work for X11Rn.
-
- [thanks to der Mouse (mouse@larry.mcrcim.mcgill.edu) and to Oliver Jones
- (oj@pictel.com); 7/92 ]
-
- Note: some systems (e.g. X11R4 on AIX) need a trailing '/' in the directory
- name.
-
- ----------------------------------------------------------------------
- Subject: 45) How do I convert a ".snf" font back to ".bdf" font?
-
- A tool called "snftobdf 1.6" can do this; it is available as:
-
- ftp.x.org:R5contrib/snftobdf-1.6.tar.Z
- crl.nmsu.edu:pub/misc/snftobdf-1.6.tar.Z
-
- ----------------------------------------------------------------------
- Subject: 46) What is a general method of getting a font in usable format?
-
- der Mouse's getbdf is one solution; it connects to a server and produces a
- BDF file for any font the server is willing to let it. It can be used as an
- anything-to-BDF converter, but requires access to a server that can
- understand the font file, thus is both more and less powerful than other
- tools such as snftobdf. getbdf is on 132.206.78.1 in X/getbdf.c or available
- via mail from mouse@larry.McRCIM.McGill.EDU. [5/91]
-
- In addition, the R5/R6 program "fstobdf" can produce bdf for any font that
- the R5 server has access to.
-
- ----------------------------------------------------------------------
- Subject: 47) How do I use DECwindows fonts on my non-DECwindows server?
-
- The DECwindows fonts typically don't exist on a non-DEC installation,
- but rewrite rules can be used to alias fonts used by DECwindows applications
- to standard X fonts of similar characteristics and size. Pick up the file
- R5contrib/DECwindows_on_X11R4_font.aliases from ftp.x.org; this file is for a
- sample R4 server. It can also serve as a starting point for creating a
- similar aliases file for the Open Windows server or other servers which do not
- use the X Consortium's font scheme.
-
- ----------------------------------------------------------------------
-
- David B. Lewis faq%craft@uunet.uu.net
-
- "Just the FAQs, ma'am." -- Joe Friday
-