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- From: gerberb@zenez.com (Boyd Lynn Gerber)
- Newsgroups: comp.unix.unixware.misc,comp.answers,news.answers
- Subject: Quarterly ASCII posting of Caldera (SCO) OpenUNIX 8 FAQ
- Supersedes: <ou8faqqt_1075090554@news.xmission.com>
- Followup-To: comp.unix.unixware.misc
- Date: Mon, 26 Apr 2004 02:11:04 +0000 (UTC)
- Organization: XMission http://www.xmission.com/
- Lines: 7005
- Approved: news-answers-request@MIT.EDU
- Expires: 8 Aug 2004 02:11:01 GMT
- Message-ID: <ou8faqqt_1082945461@news.xmission.com>
- NNTP-Posting-Host: zenez.com
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- X-Complaints-To: abuse@xmission.com
- NNTP-Posting-Date: Mon, 26 Apr 2004 02:11:04 +0000 (UTC)
- Summary: This posting gives an ASCII dump of the entire Caldera (SCO) OpenUNIX 8
- FAQ for newsgroups quarterly.
- X-Disclaimer: Approval for *.answers is based on form, not content.
- Originator: gerberb@news.zenez.com (Boyd Lynn Gerber)
- Xref: senator-bedfellow.mit.edu comp.unix.unixware.misc:44617 comp.answers:56973 news.answers:270447
-
- Archive-name: unix-faq/openunix/qt-faq
- Posting-Frequency: quarterly
- Version: 3.0.0a
- Last-modified: 2002/08/12
- URL: http://www.zenez.com/cgi-bin/ou8faq/faq.pl
- Maintainer: Boyd Lynn Gerber <gerberb@zenez.com>
- Disclaimer: Approval for *.answers is based on form, not content.
-
- The latest version of the OpenUNIX 8 (UnixWare 7) Faq is available from a few
- places. The size is about 180 KB for the text version.
-
- Web http://www.zenez.com/cgi-bin/scouw7faq/faq.pl Searchable html
- version.
- Ftp ftp://ftp.zenez.com/pub/zenez/FAQ/ou8faqqt.txt Anon, unixtext)
- Current home.
-
- Caldera (SCO) OpenUNIX 8 FAQ ASCII.
-
- ____________________________________________________________
- | |
- | OpenUNIX 8 FAQ Version 3.00 |
- | 17th Revsion |
- | 12 Feb 2002 |
- | |
- | Author.............Matthew Schalit mschalit@pacbell.net |
- | Web version.......Boyd Gerber gerberb@zenez.com |
- | Hosting..........Tony Lawrence tony@pcunix.com |
- `____________________________________________________________'
-
-
- 0. Intro
- 1. General Information
- 2. User Related Information
- 3. Media, Filesystems, and Disks
- 4. The Network
- 5. System Administration
- 6. Security
- 7. Printing
- 8. Third Party Software
- 9. Useful Shell Commands
- 10. Migrating from OpenServer 5 to UnixWare 7
-
-
-
- 0. Intro
-
- 0.1 WWWWW&H.
- 0.2 Copyright & Disclaimer
- 0.3 Where do I get a copy of this Faq?
- 0.4 May I translate the Faq?
- 0.5 May I host, maintain, or eradicate it?
-
-
-
- 1. General Information
-
- 1.1 What's a node? What's a host?
- 1.2 What's a nodename? What's a hostname?
- 1.3 What's a Domain Name?
- 1.4 What's a Fully Qualified Domain Name?
- 1.5 Something doesn't work. How do I fix it?
- 1.6 What's a disk, disc, or diskette?
- 1.7 What's a program? What's a process?
- 1.8 What commands are used to install software?
- 1.9 How do I add a package on a disk?
- 1.10 How do I add a group of packages on a disk?
- 1.11 How do I add a package that's on a disc?
- 1.12 What are the names of the Uw7 devices in /dev?
- 1.13 What is stdin? What is stdout? What is stderr?
- 1.14 Why am I suddenly getting not privileged or no permissions errors?
- 1.15 How do I access DOS diskettes?
- 1.16 What are some really neat things about Uw7?
- 1.17 What's the Webtop?
- 1.18 What's Visionfs?
- 1.19 What's a sticky bit?
- 1.20 Who's logged into my Uw7 host?
- 1.21 What processes are being run by user foobar?
- 1.22 How do I boot a Uw7 computer?
- 1.23 How do I turn off a Uw7 computer or just reboot it?
- 1.24 How do I boot into single user mode?
- 1.25 What's an inode?
- 1.26 What's a hard link?
- 1.27 What's a symbolic link?
- 1.28 How many users are licensed on my Uw7 host?
- 1.29 What's a router? What's a route? What's a default route?
- 1.30 What's a hop?
- 1.31 What's ISL?
- 1.32 What's an ACL?
- 1.33 What are the minimum system requirements for Uw711?
- 1.34 Where do I get the two install diskettes and the HBA diskette?
- 1.35 In what order do I insert my HBA diskettes, one came from a 3rd party?
- 1.36 How do I list the installed software on the system?
- 1.37 How do I check and repair the installed software?
- 1.38 What's a MB? What's a Mb? What's a KB and a Kb?
- 1.39 How do I convert decimal numbers to binary numbers?
- 1.40 How do I convert binary to decimal?
- 1.41 Are the any Y2K or 2-digit vs. 4-digit year issues?
- 1.42 What are my biggest problems with Uw7?
- 1.43 How do I document my Uw7 System? (HW, SW...)
- 1.44 What about programming in UnixWare 7?
- 1.45 How do I migrate from OpenServer 5.0.x to UnixWare 7.1.1?
- 1.46 How do I get my IDE cdrom recognized during ISL?
- 1.47 SCO's been sold to Caldera, what will happen to UnixWare 7?
- 1.48 When will Open Unix 8 be released?
- 1.49 What is the LKP that will be in Open Unix 8?
- 1.50 Why do I see words with parentheses like fdisk(1M) and pwrite(2)?
-
-
- 2. User Related Information
-
- 2.1 What shell am I using?
- 2.2 How do I display Yurtle's user ID (UID) or group ID (GID)?
- 2.3 What's a really good shell that gives me useful commands?
- 2.4 Where are my users's home directories on UnixWare7?
- 2.5 What is User Equivalence and why is it important?
- 2.6 What do the permissions -rw-r--r do? How about drwxr-xr-x ?
- 2.7 How do I use Korn shell command recall (history)?
- 2.8 How do I use Korn shell filename and directory name completion?
- 2.9 Can I display 132 columns on my terminal screen instead of 80?
- 2.10 How do I change the color of the terminal font or background?
- 2.11 How do I do an ls -l on a directory - not it's contents?
- 2.12 Why do I want to use 'less' ?
- 2.13 How do I impress changes made to my .profile on my environment?
- 2.14 How do I spell check this Faq?
- 2.15 How can I tell if an ftp download is still working?
- 2.16 How do I issue complex commands to an ftp server, like ls -lF ?
- 2.17 How do I copy and paste in the KDE from an eterm to another app?
- 2.18 How do I display my current working directory at a ksh prompt?
- 2.19 How do I display my current working directory at a bash prompt?
- 2.20 How do I type accented charaters in vi, Messenger, or Kedit?
- 2.21 What are the different ways to print documents?
- 2.22 How do I use ghostscript to format documents for an Epson 800?
- 2.23 How do I use VisionFS to print to a Windows shared printer?
-
-
-
- 3. Media, Filesystems, and Disks
-
- 3.1 What's a partition?
- 3.2 What's a slice?
- 3.3 What's a filesystem?
- 3.4 What's an inode?
- 3.5 What does HBA stand for?
- 3.6 Can an HBA have more than one bus?
- 3.7 What is the lun number?
- 3.8 If a computer has two SCSI cards, which is c0 and which is c1?
- 3.9 What are the names of the disks, like /dev/dsk/c0b0t0d0s0 ?
- 3.10 What is the device name of the diskette drive?
- 3.11 How do I write files to a diskette and list them?
- 3.12 How do I format a 1.44 MB floppy?
- 3.13 How do I create a filesystem on a floppy?
- 3.14 How do I mount a floppy and view its contents?
- 3.15 How do I access the disc in my cd-rom drive?
- 3.16 What might a guru type when mounting a disc?
- 3.17 Can I burn a cdr in UnixWare 7.1.0?
- 3.18 What is the tape drive called?
- 3.19 What is a good tape drive to use with Uw7?
- 3.20 What are some of the tape commands I want to know?
- 3.21 What are the various filesystem types on Uw7?
- 3.22 What's the maximum filesystem size?
- 3.23 What's the maximum file size?
- 3.24 What's the logical block size?
- 3.25 Is there still that 64k inode limit by default?
- 3.26 How do I mount the filesystem on a disk, disc, or diskette?
- 3.27 Why would mounting fail?
- 3.28 Why would unmounting fail?
- 3.29 How do I list the disk geometry like Cylinders, Heads, Bytes/Sector?
- 3.30 How do list my partition and slice layout? Is there a divvy?
- 3.31 How do I convert sectors to MB?
- 3.32 How do I add a 2nd or 3rd disk drive to my system?
- 3.33 How do I partition a hard drive?
- 3.34 How do I create a slice in a partition?
- 3.35 How do I create a filesystem in a slice?
- 3.36 How do I use quotas on a vxfs filesystem in Uw7?
- 3.37 How do I fsck the root filesystem?
- 3.38 How do I enable Large File Support (for file sizes up to 1TB)?
- 3.39 Why aren't my new SCSI devices recognized after I install them?
- 3.40 Why isn't my Yamaha 4416S recognized after I install it?
- 3.41 How do I institute ACL's on a Uw7 system?
- 3.42 How do I superformat a diskette in Uw7?
- 3.43 Why doesn't my tape drive work with cpio, tar, and ArcServe?
- 3.44 How do I add additional swap space?
- 3.45 Why do all the files on a mounted CD-ROM have ';1' at the end?
- 3.46 How do I make an exact duplicate of an audio cd?
- 3.47 What are a good set of options to backup /home to cdr?
- 3.48 Do the memfs filesystems, /tmp and /var/tmp, use 50MB of RAM?
- 3.49 How do I convert the memfs filesystems to regular vxfs ones?
-
-
-
-
-
- 4. The Network
-
- 4.1 Do I need a nic in my Uw7 box?
- 4.2 What is a good brand of nic to use in Uw7?
- 4.3 How do I list my IP and MAC addresses for all configured nics?
- 4.4 How do I list my routing table?
- 4.5 How do I add a default route? Is it permanent?
- 4.6 What is a Virtual Domain?
- 4.7 How do I add an IP alias? Is it permanent?
- 4.8 Suddenly the network is slow, why?
- 4.9 Is there a firewall program for Uw7?
- 4.10 What is a TCP Wrapper?
- 4.11 What is a Packet Filter?
- 4.12 Why can't root ftp into Uw7?
- 4.13 What are the idiosyncrasies with the DNS Server Manager?
- 4.14 Why does logging into the CDE freeze for minutes, then restart?
- 4.15 What are network services?
- 4.16 What network services, that run by default, don't I need?
- 4.17 Why can't I see computers on another subnet with Visionfs?
- 4.18 Can I synchronize my computer's clock with the correct time?
- 4.19 How do I use ntpdate?
- 4.20 How do I use xntpd?
- 4.21 Where is my domain name stored in the root filesystem?
- 4.22 Is DHCP possible with Uw7?
- 4.23 What are good IP addresses to use for my private LAN?
- 4.24 How do I setup Uw7 as a router for two subnets?
- 4.25 What is a good modem for Uw7?
- 4.26 How do I set up an outgoing ppp connection?
- 4.27 How do I set up an incoming ppp connection?
- 4.28 How do I set up bidirectional PPP?
- 4.29 I want to disable a particular daemon, how is this done?
- 4.30 How do I apply changes made to /etc/inet/inetd.conf?
- 4.31 How do I apply changes made to /etc/inet/config?
- 4.32 How do I boot an ftp user who is logged in?
- 4.33 How do I catch someone trying to port scan my Uw7 host?
- 4.34 What web servers are running or not on Uw7 after ISL?
- 4.35 Why can't I access the Webtop, my Netscape server, or Netscape Admin?
- 4.36 How do I configure remote Netscape administration?
- 4.37 What is the login:pass for Netscape Admin? I can't log in.
- 4.38 What do I need to watch out for with ns-admin.conf?
- 4.39 How do I do NAT or DNAT or IP Masquerading on Uw7?
- 4.40 Why do I see a 'Disk not sane' error when booting off emergency disks?
- 4.41 Can I speed up DNS resolution on my SOHO network?
- 4.42 How do I set up well tuned cacheing DNS server?
-
-
-
- 5. System Administration
-
- 5.1 What do I want to watch out for, right after ISL?
- 5.2 What do I want to set up, right after ISL?
- 5.3 In what order do I install all those PTFs?
- 5.4 What logs do I want to follow?
- 5.5 Where are errors recorded?
- 5.6 How do I remove the password prompt for a user with no password?
- 5.7 A program that was running has crashed and is locked up, why?
- 5.8 What are the keys I press to kill a foreground process?
- 5.9 How do I find and kill a background process?
- 5.10 What are the various 'kill' command arguments?
- 5.11 What are the Security Profiles and their password restrictions?
- 5.12 What are the restrictions on login names?
- 5.13 What's a umask? What's the default umask?
- 5.14 What's an environment? What's a .profile or .cshrc?
- 5.15 Where are all the possible places to set the environment?
- 5.16 Where do I change the default account aspects, like the login shell?
- 5.17 How do I reuse a UID after deleting the original user?
- 5.18 What are the advantages of command line 'userdel?'
- 5.19 What are the advantages of command line 'usermod?'
- 5.20 Where do I change the default password restrictions, such as length?
- 5.21 How do I record unsuccessful login attempts?
- 5.22 How do I lock an account? How do I unlock an account?
- 5.23 How do I control process priority in Uw7, with nice?
- 5.24 What's good to know about cron in Uw7?
- 5.25 How do I monitor the amount of space left on my drives?
- 5.26 How do I determine disk usage by user?
- 5.27 How do I locate and remove 'core' files?
- 5.28 What is the DCU? What do I need to know about it?
- 5.29 How do I spool a package rather than install it?
- 5.30 How do I change the resolution / colors on my video card?
- 5.31 Will you describe the boot process please?
- 5.32 What is the default run level for Uw7? How do I set it?
- 5.33 What does 'Can't load stage3' mean?
- 5.34 What can I do at the boot: prompt?
- 5.35 Where do I set autoboot time, after which the system goes multiuser?
- 5.36 How do I boot unix.old?
- 5.37 How do I make a change to the /etc/inittab file?
- 5.38 Why does my system hang during startup or during shutdown?
- 5.39 How do I rebuild the kernel?
- 5.30 How do I rebuild the MBR or MBB?
- 5.41 How do I rebuild the boot slice?
- 5.42 How do I figure what process caused a core dump, such as core.242?
- 5.43 What are the important tunable parameters I might adjust like MAXUP?
- 5.44 How do I stop the X desktop or the CDE from running?
- 5.45 How do I send a pop-up message to the Windows machines on my LAN?
- 5.46 How do I change the message I see at the login prompt?
- 5.47 How do I get the character terminals to blank the screen?
- 5.48 How do I load XFree86 instead of XSco?
- 5.49 How do I disable tty's on UnixWare 7?
- 5.50 How do I check which PTF patches are installed?
-
-
-
-
- 6. Security
-
- 6.1 What are the system security features?
- 6.2 What are permissions?
- 6.3 What are Tcp Wrappers and Packet Filters?
- 6.4 What are privileges?
- 6.5 What are the alternatives to su? A user needs a privilege.
- 6.6 How do I use tfadmin, adminuser, and adminrole, instead of su?
- 6.7 What are some gaping security risks I need to patch immediately?
- 6.8 I'm not sure if I should apply a Uw7 security patch, what do I do?
- 6.9 How do I check which SSE security patches are installed?
-
-
-
- 8. Third Party Software
-
- 8.1 openssl
- 8.2 ssh2 - openssh2
- 8.3 Star Office
- 8.4 Where do I find a piece of software call "xxxxxxxxxxx" for Uw7.1.0?
- 8.5 Lonetar, Backup Edge, Backup Professional
- 8.6 What is on the Skunkware?
- 8.7 How do I enable 128-bit encryption with Netscape programs?
- 8.8 Wordperfect 8
- 8.9 How do I install the KDE? Is it any good?
- 8.10 Where is Kermit for UnixWare 7?
- 8.11 Pine-4.33
- 8.12 Alladin Ghostscript gs7.00
- 8.13 Gnu-make-3.79.1
- 8.14 binuitils-2.11
- 8.15 gmp-3.1.1
- 8.16 libtool-1.4
- 8.17 m4-1.4p
- 8.18 dejagnu-1.4
- 8.19 autoconf-2.50
- 8.20 gcc-3.00
- 8.21 gnu-tar-1.13
- 8.22 bzip2-1.0.1
- 8.23 gdbm-1.8.0
- 8.24 flex-2.5.4a
- 8.25 zlib-1.1.3
- 8.26 perl-5.6.0
-
-
-
- 9. Useful Shell Commands
-
- 9.1 How do I search in every file for a string like "See foo?"
- 9.2 How do I find the largest files and directories?
- 9.3 How do I find the largest files?
- 9.4 How do I determine the number of free inodes?
- 9.5 How do I find the user who is using files in a filesystem and
- thus preventing it from being unmounted?
-
-
-
-
-
-
- 10. Migrating from OpenServer 5 to UnixWare 7
-
- 10.1 SCO Migration Tools
- 10.2 SETUID bit
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- ______________________________
- | |
- | 0. Intro |
- |______________________________|
-
-
-
- 0.1 WWWWW&H?
- 12 Feb 2002
- -----------------------------------------
- Who - Matthew Schalit, mschalit@pacbell.net, Age 34.
- B.S. in Physics UCSB, UnixWare 7 ACE.
- Contribs
- Boyd Gerber, Roberto Zini, Jim Van Verth, Robert Lipe
- Hops, mitrich, zigazou, James Richardson, tangent. T. Lawrence,
- and others.
- What - This is a compilation of newsgroup questions from the Usenet
- newsgroups comp.unix.unixware.misc, and comp.unix.sco.misc,
- that deal with the Santa Cruz Operation UnixWare 7 operating
- system (SCO Uw7). It can roughly be applied to Open Unix 8.
- Where - I come from Northern California.
- When - This was originally posted to c.u.u.m. on 18 Oct 1999.
- This is the 16th and final revision. Caldera has moved on
- to Open Unix 8 and that spells the end for this FAQ.
- Why - I was inspired to write this when I saw a goodly Linux guy
- posting how there was no Faq but that Linux had a bunch.
- How - I publish the original straight text so that it's portable, and
- Boyd Gerber handles the Web site version and the real time user
- contribution program. The web version is hosted by Tony Lawrence.
-
-
-
- Recent changes are dated 12 Feb 2002.
-
-
-
-
-
- 0.2 Copyright & Disclaimer
- 7 Dec 1999
- ----------------------------------------
- These bits have been posted to a newsgroup and as such are free.
- Due to their nature, you may use them as you see fit. Permission
- to use, copy, modify, and distribute this Faq for any purpose and
- without fee is hereby granted. It'd be an honor. Matthew Schalit
- makes no representations about the suitability of this Faq for any
- purpose. It is provided "as is" without express or implied warranty.
-
-
-
-
-
- 0.3 Where do I get a copy of this Faq?
- 12 Feb 2002
- ----------------------------------------
- The Faq can be found at it's home, in text, pdf, or postscript.
-
- Ftp: ftp://ftp.schalit.net/pub/Uw7Faq/
- Web: http://zenez.pcunix.com/cgi-bin/scouw7faq/faq.pl
- Email: mschalit@pacbell.net
-
- Send me some email and the file type if you'd like, and I'll send
- it along.
-
- Looking through my ftp log, occasionally I see folks getting their
- download denied because their ftp client sent an invalid PORT command
- that used an ip address like 192.168.1.10. Private address like that
- fail because they are not routable, meaning the ftp server can't get
- the data to you. So the server gives up and doesn't try. In that case,
- I recommend you try to use the passive ftp that Netscape does by default,
- or via the Uw7 command line:
-
- ftp -p ftp.schalit.net
-
-
-
- If you want to host the FAQ, Boyd has a version that you can use with the
- FAQ-O-Matic on your site. To get the FAQ-O-Matic version, go to:
- ftp://ftp.zenez.com/pub/zenez/FAQ/Download/
- The files you would need are as follows:
- SCO-uw7faq.tar.gz
- FAQ-OMatic-2.711.tar.gz
- README
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- 0.4 May I translate this Faq?
- 8 Jun 2001
- ----------------------------------------
- The UnixWare community and I would appreciate any translations.
- Send me some email [mschalit@pacbell.net] and I'll put a copy on my
- ftp site. So far it's been translated into Turkish, and Slavic, and
- Portugese, though I haven't heard back from those folks.
-
-
-
-
-
-
- 0.5 May I host, maintain, or eradicate it?
- 12 Feb 2002
- --------------------------------------
- Not much to do. It's just another piece of history now, and was
- published to the internet in comp.unix.unixware.
-
-
-
-
-
- _________________________________
- | |
- |1. General Information |
- |_________________________________|===========================================
-
-
- 1.1 What's a node? What's a host?
- 18 Dec 2000
- ----------------------------------------
- Node and host are synonyms for 'computer.' A node can also refer to
- a device file like /dev/rdsk/f03ht, your 1.44 MB diskette.
-
-
- 1.2 What's a nodename? What's a hostname?
- 12 Dec 1999
- ----------------------------------------
- A nodename or a hostname is a computer's name. Computers are given
- names so that they can be easily distinguished from one another in
- a network environment. A nodename is a single word, eight characters
- or less, in lower case, that begins with a letter. For the name to be
- compatible with uucp, keep the name seven characters or less. Common
- names for people's computers are types of trees, countries, and names
- of their favorite Sci-Fi characters. e.g.:
-
- tortola
- redwood
- luke
- sales1
-
-
- 1.3 What's a Domain Name?
- 18 Sept 1999
- ----------------------------------------
- A domain name is the name that a group of computers all share.
- We are familiar with common domain names like:
-
- sco.com
- ibm.com
- pacbell.net
- sco.co.uk
-
- A domain name is the human-friendly representation of the network
- address of a group of computers.
-
-
-
- 1.4 What's a Fully Qualified Domain Name?
- 18 Sept 1999
- ----------------------------------------
- A FQDN is the complete name for a computer that specifies it on
- a network. It consists of the nodename + domain name:
-
- tortola.sco.com
- uw7doc.sco.com
- www.sco.com
- luke.mydomain.net
- www.deepspace.ucsb.edu
-
- A FQDN is the human-friendly representation of the IP address for
- a host on a network.
-
-
-
- 1.5 Something doesn't work. How do I fix it?
- 12 Feb 2002
- ----------------------------------------
- There are the man pages, which contain the directions for each command
- and some important files, too. Use the 'man' or 'apropos' command to
- look for a command or subject respectively:
-
- man grep
- apropos security
-
- Use the help search engine on any UnixWare7 host to search for a word
- or words. If the host is down, use the docserver at Caldera:
-
- http://localhost:457/ <-- For the UnixWare host.
- http://www.caldera.com/suppot/docs <-- At Caldera and updated.
-
-
- My favorite places for information:
-
- http://www.google.com/ <-- Search the newsgroups
- http://docsrv.caldera.com:80 <-- UnixWare7 Docs
- http://docsrv.caldera.com:1997 <-- Open Unix 8 Docs
- http://stage.caldera.com/ta/ <-- Caldera TA's (Technical Aritcles)
-
-
-
- The TA's have been greatly enhanced by the additions of many issues.
- Definitely take a look at the good work done there. TA's generally
- come in two flavors, informational and technical howto.
-
-
- The Usenet newsgroups that you will want to focus on are:
- comp.unix.unixware.misc
- comp.unix.sco.misc
- comp.unix.sco.programmer
- comp.unix.shell
-
-
- There is an excellent Uw7 book recently published:
- Henriksen G. & M., _UnixWare 7 System Administration_, MacMillan
- Technical Publishing, USA, 1998.
-
-
- There are excellent web sites by other good people at:
- http://www.pcunix.com/
- http://www.cruzio.com/~jeffl/sco/index.html
-
-
-
-
-
- 1.6 What's a disk, disc, or diskette?
- 12 Dec 2001
- ----------------------------------------
- A disk refers to a hard disk.
- A disc refers to a cd-rom or dvd.
- A diskette refers to a floppy.
-
-
-
- 1.7 What's a program? What's a process?
- 12 Feb 2002
- ----------------------------------------
- A program is a file that is stored on a physical piece of media that can
- be run to perform a series of tasks. A process is what you call that
- program when it is loaded into and running in memory. The list of all
- processes running on the computer is output with the command:
-
- ps -ef
-
- Sometimes a process can get stuck or go into an infinite loop. Looking
- at the process table with ps or with the command top is a good way to
- check on your processes. Top is available on Skunkware.
-
-
-
-
- 1.8 What commands are used to install software?
- 16 Oct 2001
- ----------------------------------------
- Software is usually bundled into an installable archive called a package.
- Packages are added, viewed, modified, and deleted with variations of the
- following commands. See also the next question.
-
- pkgadd
- pkginfo
- pkgrm
-
-
-
- 1.9 How do I add a package on a disk?
- 18 Dec 2000
- ----------------------------------------
- To add a package named '/tmp/myapp.pkg' do the following:
-
- cd /tmp
- pkgadd -d `pwd`/myapp.pkg
-
- It is preferable to add a package utilizing the `pwd` command, because
- sometimes we're deep in a directory tree, and it's easier to let the shell
- complete that path name rather than type
-
- pkgadd -d /home/yurtle/apps/uw7/skunk/squid/squid2.2/squid-2.2STABLE2.pkg
-
-
-
- 1.10 How do I add a group of packages on a disk?
- 12 Feb 2002
- ----------------------------------------
- Let's say you have a bunch of Skunkware packages that you downloaded
- and stored in /dload/skunk/*.pkg, then you can do the following:
-
- cd /dload/skunk
- find `pwd` -name "*pkg" -ok pkgadd -d {} \;
-
- where
- find <-- the command searches your mounted filesystems
- `pwd` <-- is evaluated as your current path
- -name <-- tell find that your looking for a specific file(s)
- "*pkg" <-- called splat pkg.
- -ok <-- pipe those complete pathnames to the next command
- if and only if the user presses the 'y' key after
- each found file is displayed to stdout.
- pkgadd -d <-- that's the package adding command
- -d <-- tells pkgadd that the next arg will be the path to the pkg
- {} <-- this is where find inserts the path it found one at a time
- \; <-- Escaped semi means end of the find command line.
-
-
-
-
-
- 1.11 How do I add a package that's on a disc?
- 12 Feb 2002
- ----------------------------------------
- To add the package named 'less' from the first cd-rom drive:
-
- pkgadd -d cdrom1 less
-
- You can also install a bunch of apps from the same drive:
-
- pkgadd -d cdrom1 less gs xpm glibs gv xpdf top pine
-
-
-
-
-
- 1.12 What are the names of the media devices (like disk, tape, etc...)
- 12 Feb 2002
- ----------------------------------------
- Open Unix comes with two neat commands called, 'getdev' and 'devattr'
- which are often used one after the other:
-
- getdev | less
- devattr -v diskette1
-
- 1.44 Floppy Raw character device name for formatting
- /dev/rdsk/f03ht
- /dev/rfd0
-
- 1.44 Floppy Block device name for mounting, taring, cpio, etc.
- /dev/dsk/f03ht
- /dev/fd0
-
- Tape: /dev/rmt/ctape1 1st scsi drive, rewinding.
-
- Harddisk: /dev/dsk/c0b0t0d0s0 the t0 and s0 parts change for
- each device.
-
- See also: Section (3), Media, Filesystems, and Disks !
-
-
-
-
- 1.13 What is stdin? What is stdout? What is stderr?
- 12 Feb 2002
- ----------------------------------------
- They're called file descriptors.
-
- stdin, standard in, refers to the data stream that is going into a process,
- which is, by default, taken from the keyboard. But the data characters can
- be taken from a file, instead, and that's an example of redirecting
- standard input from a file.
-
- stdout, standard out, refers to the data stream that is coming from a
- running process. By default, stdout is directed to your screen.
- Commands like 'ls' and 'cat' display their output to stdout.
-
- stderr, standard error, refers to the data stream of error messages
- being generated by a process. The registration nag displays itself to
- stderr, which is usually the console, ctrl-alt-esc. Often stderr is sent
- to the same place that stdout is directed to.
-
- stdin, stdout and stderr can all be redirected. How to implement this
- is dependent on your shell.
-
- Example of redirection with the Bourne shell.
-
- < /pub/phonelist *Would be a stdin redirect
- > /tmp/printout *Would be a stdout redirect
- 2> /tmp/errorfile *Would be a stderr redirect
-
- > /dev/null *Would be stdout sent to the null device
-
- pkgchk -n base 2>&1 > /tmp/printout *Would be a stdout redirect
- to /tmp/printout, and a stderr
- redirect to stdout's destination
-
-
- ./configure > con.log 2>&1 *Would be a stdout redirect to the file
- con.log and a stderr redirect to
- stdout's destination. When both
- stdout and stderr go to the same
- file, you see nothing on the screen.
-
- make > make.log 2>&1 *Would be the same as above.
-
- make 2>&1 | tee make.log *Would be a stderr redirect to the
- destination of stdout, which is still
- the display, but then redirect of
- stdout through a pipe to the command
- tee, which allows stdout to be
- displayed normally to the screen
- while also copying it to make.log.
-
- (same as above but you can see the output as it's going)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- 1.14 Why am I suddenly getting not privileged or no permissions errors?
- 12 Feb 2002
- ----------------------------------------
- When something drastic occurs, such as the restoring of critical files,
- the securities privilege database can get corrupted. Symptoms could be
- that a user tries to ping and they will see:
-
- UX:ping: ERROR: socket: permission denied
-
- Check it with:
-
- /sbin/initprivs
-
- If running that returns anything at all, then fix it immediately with
-
- /etc/security/tools/setpriv -x
-
- Other times the user may simply not have the privliges to access a proteced
- command. Check the filepriv and setpriv man pages for more information.
- All users can't traceroute for instance, and that is by default.
-
-
-
-
-
- 1.15 How do I access DOS diskettes?
- 12 Feb 2002
- ----------------------------------------
- In Uw7.1.x, the old DOS utilities have been replaced with the mtools
- programs located on Skunkware. We now have:
-
- mdir mcopy mdel mmd mformat
-
- Make sure to use the newest mtools *from Caldera's ftp site*
- because mtools ver 3.9.1 has bugs that I wrote a mini-HOWTO about.
-
-
-
-
-
- 1.16 What are some really neat things about Uw7?
- 12 Feb 2002
- ----------------------------------------
- There's not really anything special about Uw7. There were
- a couple of gimmicks, but they don't come with Open Unix 8.
- It could handle 8 processors.
-
-
-
-
- 1.17 What is the Webtop?
- 12 Dec 2001
- ----------------------------------------
- The Webtop was a gimmick, a lite version of Tarentella.
-
- The Webtop let you run an application on Uw7 but display it
- to any Netscape w/Java browser anywhere in the world.
-
- Support for it has been dropped.
-
-
-
-
- 1.18 What is Visionfs?
- 12 Feb 2002
- ----------------------------------------
- Visionfs was another gimmick that's been dropped. Samba is the current
- accepted method of connecting windows boxes to unix filesystems if you
- don't want to deal with NFS. TermVision is another product that is
- reported to be excellent at this sort of SMB share access.
-
-
-
-
-
-
- 1.19 What's a sticky bit?
- 12 Feb 2002
- ----------------------------------------
- A sticky bit is one of the permissions that can be set on a directory.
- Most people are familiar with read and write permissions already.
-
- drwxrwxrwx <-- A directory that any user can list,
- create/delete files in, or access.
-
- When the sticky bit is set on a directory, it means that anyone can
- create files in the directory but users can only delete files they own.
-
- drwxrwxrwt <-- Here the sticky bit is set.
-
- The temp directory has the sticky bit set on it. To set the sticky
- bit on a directory called /foo as shown above, enter the command:
-
- chmod 1777 /foo
-
- There's also the possibility that the x bit will not
- be set for "others," as in drwxrwxrw-, and the sticky
- bit perms for that setup would then be drwxrwxrwT.
-
- On another note, man 2 chmod specifies how the sticky bit on an ELF
- executable can be set to make an instance of that file stay in memory
- after the last user terminates their instance of that process, thus
- making that ELF run faster the next time.
-
-
-
-
-
-
- 1.20 Who is logged into my Uw7 host?
- 18 Dec 2000
- ----------------------------------------
- You can use the 'who -Hu' command. You can also use the 'last' command.
- You can forcibly logout a user by looking for the pid of the shell they
- have logged into. The pid is listed in the right most column. Issue a
- kill -2 <pid>, or a kill -9 <pid> if needed.
-
-
-
- 1.21 What processes are being run by user foobar?
- 24 Sept 1999
- ----------------------------------------
- You can use the 'ps -u foobar' command.
-
-
-
- 1.22 How do I boot a Uw7 computer?
- 24 Sept 1999
- ----------------------------------------
- When you turn on the power, you will see a UnixWare 7 splash
- screen after your computer POST's. There is a 5 second delay
- and then it will autoboot into multiuser mode. If for some reason
- you are presented with a boot: prompt, you can type go
- and press Enter.
-
-
-
-
- 1.23 How do I turn off a Uw7 computer or just reboot it?
- 24 Sept 1999
- ----------------------------------------
- As root, from the / directory enter:
-
- shutdown -g0 -y -i0 <-- To shut it off
- shutdown -g0 -y -i6 <-- To reboot it
-
- both commands wait for zero seconds before beginning the shutdown,
- and both commands require no further 'yes' responses.
-
-
-
-
-
- 1.24 How do I boot into single user mode?
- 12 Feb 2002
- ----------------------------------------
- Turn on the computer or reboot it, and when you see the
- splash screen, press the space bar. At the boot: prompt, type:
-
- initstate=1
- go
-
- Boot: is not sensitive to case. You can abbreviate commands with enough
- letters to be unique. So b will work for boot, g for go. You can get
- some limited help with a ? at the boot: prompt.
-
-
- Do not attempt to go to single user mode from multiuser mode.
- This barely works, and you will get many errors. Always reboot
- to single user mode as decribed above.
-
- Do not attempt to go to multiuser mode from single user mode.
- To get to multiuser mode, always reboot! If you don't, you will most
- likely have a crippled system.
-
-
-
-
-
-
- 1.25 What's an inode?
- 12 Feb 2002
- ----------------------------------------
- An inode is a data structure that contains information about a file.
- An inode is similar to a card in the card-catalog of a library.
- But instead of keeping track of the Title, Author and Dewey Decimal System
- number, inodes keep track of:
-
-
- * mode - d,l,c,b (Directory, Link, Device Files)
- * link count - the number of hard links to the file
- * owner -
- * group -
- * size in bytes -
- * time stamps - mtime, ctime, atime
- * data block addresses - Pointers to the real data
-
-
-
- You can see how an inodes points to a file in a filesystem, just as a
- Table of Contents entry points to a chapter in a book, or a cardfile
- from a card-catalog points to the area of the Library by Dewey number.
-
- * Each filesystem has one set of inodes like there is one
- card-catalog in each libaray.
-
- * Inodes are referred to by numbers starting from 2.
-
- * There has been historically a limit of 64K inodes per
- filesystem, and we had to watch out that we didn't
- create too many files. Not anymore.
-
- * You have unlimited inodes on vxfs filesystems.
-
- * Each file has an inode assigned to it when it is created.
-
-
-
-
-
- 1.26 What's a hard link?
- 9 Oct 1999
- ----------------------------------------
- A hard link is an additional name for a file. When a user creates
- a hard link, an inode number / name pair is entered into the target
- directory, and that inode is the same number as the original inode.
- Thus both names have the same inode number.
-
- Hard links can not cross filesystem boundaries (filesystems have
- different inode tables). Hard links can't link directories.
-
-
-
- 1.27 What's a symbolic link?
- 9 Oct 1999
- ----------------------------------------
- A symlink is sometimes called a soft link and is another
- way to provide multiple names for the same file. A symlink
- can cross filesystem boundaries and can link directories.
-
- Physically, when a user creates a symlink, a new file entry is created
- in the target directory, and that file's inode contains pointers
- to the original file's data block addresses.
-
-
-
- 1.28 How many users are licensed on my Uw7 host?
- 9 Oct 1999
- ----------------------------------------
- You can run the uname -l command.
-
-
-
- 1.29 What's a router? What's a route? What's a default route?
- 12 Feb 2002
- ----------------------------------------
- Router:
- A router is a network device that is used to connect two different
- networks together. The difference in the networks can be as trivial
- as that they are on different subnets, or complex as in
- connecting and translating a DSL line to a local LAN, for example.
- A router can be a separate device as in a Cisco router or a router
- can be a computer with 2 network cards. A firewall is a router that
- only allows specific traffic to pass between networks.
-
- Static Route:
- When a computer on network A needs to talk to a computer on network B,
- the data passes out through network A's router that is also connected
- to network B. The router between network A and network B needs to be
- told that traffic destined for B exits the router through B's ethernet
- card. When you specify that, you specify a static route from A to B.
- You also need to tell the router that traffic destined for A exits the
- router on A's NIC. So you need two static routes on the router between
- A and B. These static routes get created automatically by scoadmin netw.
-
-
- Default Route:
- The default route sends all traffic without a static route out through
- the default gateway. So all traffic has some route to go through.
- Once again we have network A connected to network B through a router,
- and network B connected to network C through a different router. When
- a host on A wants to talk to a host on C, we could specify a static route,
- but that quickly becomes rediculous when we consider having to specify
- static routes to google, caldera, ibm, sourceforge, etc. Instead we use
- a default route, rather than many static routes. The default route is
- the fall back. It says to a router that if you don't have a path
- specified to get traffic from A to C, then just send the traffic out
- the default route.
-
-
-
-
- 1.30 What's a hop?
- 11 Oct 1999
- ----------------------------------------
- When we speak of the number of hops that it takes for data to get from
- computer A to computer B, we are referring to the number of routers that
- the data passes through to get there.
-
-
-
- 1.31 What's ISL?
- 13 Oct 1999
- ----------------------------------------
- ISL stands for Initial System Load, which is what we call it when
- you install UnixWare 7.
-
-
-
- 1.32 What an ACL?
- 12 Feb 2002
- ----------------------------------------
- ACL stands for Access Control List, and an ACL is a list of permissions
- that correspond to a file the same way UID:GID and -rwxr-xr-- do. The
- ACL permissions are an extension of the usual permissions on a file.
- ACL's give us a way to let specific users access files, users who would
- not otherwise have access. See also the ACL question(s) in the System
- Administration section. When there is an an active ACL list for a
- file, then ls -l will show a (+) sign after the permissions bit, i.e.:
-
- -rwxr-xr-x+
-
- ACL's can be used to let two different groups have access to a file,
- or they can be used on a more specific per user basis. ACL's can also
- be put onto a directory, and then new files will inherit the default ACL's.
-
- Unfortunately SCO shipped 7.0.1, 7.1.0, and 7.1.1 with broken default
- directory acl'S and never fixed them. Files didn't inherit the default
- acl's, but that's fixed now.
-
- Default directory ACL's work in Open Unix 8.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- 1.33 What are the minimum system requirements for Uw711?
- 12 Feb 2002
- ----------------------------------------
- 32 MB RAM, 486DX, mouse, SVGA, floppy, cd-rom or nic to install,
- and a 1.2 GB hard drive (500MB for small footprint server).
- That would be rather meager, though; so try to use at least a Pentium
- with 64 MB ram.
-
- *** Please be sure to use supported hardware that is listed at ***
- http://www.caldera.com/chwp/
-
-
-
- 1.34 Where do I get the two install diskettes and the HBA diskette?
- 12 Feb 2002
- ----------------------------------------
- Normally those diskettes were packaged with the Uw7 media kit that you got.
- When they are lost or corrupted, you can recreate them from images
- that are on your Uw7 Install Disc #1. Those images are stored
- on the disc in
-
- /info/images/Boot_ima.1
- /info/images/Boot_ima.2
- /info/images/Hba_imag
-
- To make a diskette from one of those images, choose one way:
-
- A) Use a Uw7 machine, cd to the /info/images directory and:
-
- format -E /dev/rfd0
- dd if=<image> of=/dev/rfd0 bs=512k
-
- I patiently run an exhaustive verify on all my diskette
- formats, but that's just me.
-
- B) Use the program rawrite2 which is available on the net.
- Run this in a DOS window somewhere distasteful:
-
- rawrite2 -f d:\info\images\Boot_ima.1 -d A:
-
- C) Use the floppycp program, available on the net, for
- DOS or Win.
-
- D) These days, WinImage 6 is the best way to make diskette
- images.
-
- If you don't have the CD's then you can find the install diskettes
- on the Caldera FTP site in one of the ptf's.
-
-
-
-
- 1.35 In what order do I insert my HBA diskettes, one came from a 3rd party?
- 18 Dec 2000
- ----------------------------------------
- When you are given an HBA diskette for Uw7 from a third party hardware
- vendor like DPT or Mylex, you will insert that diskette first and insert
- the SCO supplied HBA diskette last, during the ISL process. The install
- process will use the first installed driver, if there were two installed.
-
-
-
-
- 1.36 How do I list the installed software on the system?
- 12 Feb 2002
- ----------------------------------------
- You can use the pkginfo command as in:
-
- pkginfo | less
- pkginfo -l <pkgname like nsfast or xpdf>
- pkginfo | grep skunk
- pkginfo | grep patch
- pkginfo | grep sse
-
- pkginfo -c patch
- pkginfo -c system
-
- pkginfo -lc patch | grep PSTAMP
-
-
-
-
-
-
- 1.37 How do I check and repair the installed software?
- 18 Dec 2000
- ----------------------------------------
- People are tempted to use the pkgchk -n command to check if there
- are any errors in the installed packages. This is ok. But it
- is NOT ok whatsoever to use pkgchk -f to fix things up. The
- Uw7 Release 7.1 Getting Started Guide specifically states,
- on p. 65,
-
- 'It is typical to see a number of errors when running this command
- (pkgchk or pkgchk -n), due to the number of and interaction
- between the various packages on your system. You should make a
- note of any errors you find, but do not attempt to fix these
- errors with pkgchk -f. This command is currently not
- supported and may cause your system to fail or not reboot.
- There is no current workaround.'
-
- I like to run:
- pkgchk -n base 2>&1 > /tmp/pout
-
- Less the pout file and fix what's wrong. Post to c.u.u.m with
- questions if you have troubles.
-
-
-
-
- 1.38 What's a MB? What's a Mb? What's a KB and a Kb?
- 12 Feb 2002
- ----------------------------------------
- Definitions Conversion Factors
- ----------- ------------------
- MB - Megabyte 1 MB = 1,024 KB = 1,048,576 B
- Mb - Megabit
-
- KB - Kilobyte 1 KB = 1,024 B
- kb - Kilobit
-
- B - byte 1 B = 8 b
- b - bit
- 512 B = 1 block
-
-
-
-
-
- 1.39 How do I convert decimal numbers to binary numbers?
- 14 Oct 1999
- ----------------------------------------
- To convert decimal to binary, draw yourself the following
- chart, and I'll convert 184 to binary:
-
- 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 <-- two to this power
- 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 <-- equals the number below it
-
-
- To convert 184, I think to myself:
- * 184 has at least a 128 in it, so I put a one in the 128's column.
-
- 1
-
- * 184-128 = 56 , which is less that 64, so there are no 64's. Put a 0
- in the 64's columns and a one in the 32's instead.
-
- 1 0 1
-
- * 56-32 = 24, so I need a 16 and an 8 to make 24, no 4's, 2's, or 1's.
-
- 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0
-
- So 184 = 10111000. I hope that wasn't too confusing.
-
-
-
-
-
- 1.40 How do I convert binary to decimal?
- 14 Oct 1999
- ----------------------------------------
- To convert binary back to decimal, draw the usual chart:
-
- 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
- 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
-
- Then, to convert 11011011, for instance, write it below the columns,
-
- 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 which looks like:
-
- 128 + 64 + 0 + 16 + 8 + 0 + 2 + 1 = 219
-
-
-
-
-
- 1.41 Are the any Y2K or 2-digit vs. 4-digit year issues?
- 12 Feb 2002
- --------------------------------------
- For UnixWare 7.1.1, you need: ptf7651a, part of set71101.
-
- Everyone should probably check out the SCO y2k download page at:
-
- http://www.sco.com/support/y2klist.html
-
- UnixWare 7 will not function after 2036.
- UnixWare 7 has problems if you try to install it to a computer
- whose BIOS clock current. You may have to set the BIOS clock
- back to mid 2001, install, then reboot and reset the BIOS clock
- to the correct time.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- 1.42 What are my biggest problems with Uw7?
- 12 Feb 2002
- --------------------------------------
- Well, they fixed them all(most) :)
-
- Thanks.
-
- There are two that are 5 years old, leftover from 7.0.0.
-
- 1) 'man' is so broken it's not even funny. MANPATH. ORDER. Eherrmm.
- man -a doesn't work correctly if you have an open source version
- of a program installed that has the same name as system program.
- Man will only find the SCO html version and stops searching correctly
- for any other possible versions in /usr/local/man even though MANPATH
- is set and those directories get searched during man commands.
-
-
-
-
-
- 1.43 How do I document my UW 7 System? (HW, SW...)
- 12 Feb 2002
- --------------------------------------
- There are a number of ways to view and/or create a text file of your
- UnixWare 7 hardware configuration, but there's no dmesg.
-
- There's sysinfo and hw.
-
- In November 2000, Sco released TLS712, sysinfo. Sysinfo(1M) gives the
- most comprehensive way to list your entire Unixware setup, in both
- text or html, and it includes these commands, among others:
-
-
- A. The resmgr(1M) command outputs your hardware configuration (DCU)
- information:
- /sbin/resmgr > /tmp/hw
-
-
- B. The prtconf(1M) command prints system memory and peripheral
- configuration.
- /usr/sbin/prtconf
-
-
- C. The sdiconfig(1M) command queries the storage device interface
- subsystem to determine which disk, tape and scsi controllers
- are present. To list the controllers and the attached devices,
- use the command:
- /sbin/sdiconfig -l
-
-
-
-
-
- 1.44 What about programming in UnixWare 7?
- 12 Feb 2002
- --------------------------------------
- The SCO Programmer's FAQ tries to answer these questions for both
- OpenServer 5 and UnixWare 7.
-
- There are also a few tips scattered in the descriptions of third party
- software in Section (8).
-
-
-
-
-
-
- 1.45 How do I migrate from OpenServer 5.0.x to UnixWare 7.1.1?
- 12 Feb 2002
- --------------------------------------
- Please see the complete coverage in Section 10, Migrating from
- OpenServer 5 to UnixWare 7. This is obsolete with Open Unix 8.
- I suggest reading on Caldera's site now.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- 1.46 How do I get my IDE cdrom recognized during ISL?
- 12 Feb 2002
- --------------------------------------
- Some people want to install Uw7 from IDE cdrom, rather than
- from a network, tape, or SCSI cdrom. To do so, we load drivers
- from two HBA diskettes and set the cdrom as secondary master if
- it's alone on it's controller.
-
- Loading drivers from an HBA diskette is similar to how DOS
- users load atapi.sys and mscdex.exe for DOS. Adding drivers
- lets the OS access the device.
-
- In Uw7, there's no error if you don't load the right driver.
- What will happen is no cdrom will be listed to install from.
-
- Some IDE cdroms need a newer driver that's not on the
- Uw7.1.1 HBA diskette that came in the media kit. Check
-
- ftp://ftp.caldera.com/pub/unixware7/drivers/
-
- for the latest HBA diskettes. Follow these guidelines to get your
- IDE cdrom recognized during ISL.
-
- 1) Set the ide cdrom as the secondary MASTER if it's alone on it's
- controller.
-
- 2) Otherwise set it as the slave to a master hard drive.
-
- 3) During ISL, when asked for HBA diskettes:
-
- * load the ide_hba_#### diskette first.
- * load the hba_711a diskette last.
-
-
- (SCSI cdroms are handled by the SCSI host adapter they are
- connected to, which also gets a driver from the HBA diskette)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- 1.47 SCO's been sold to Caldera, what will happen to UnixWare 7?
- 12 Feb 2002
- ------------------------------
- UnixWare 7.x.x is deprecated. Use Open Unix 8 from Caldera now.
-
-
-
-
- 1.48 When will Open Unix 8 be released?
- 12 Jul 2001
- ------------------------------
- Open Unix 8 was released on July 2, 2001.
-
-
-
-
- 1.49 What's the LKP that'll be in Open Unix 8?
- 12 Feb 2002
- ------------------------------
- One of the main features of Caldera Open Unix 8 is the LKP, which stands
- for Linux Kernel Personality. It's a Linux kernel running at the same
- time as the Unix kernel. It's a full install of Caldera Open Linux 3.1
- on top of Open Unix 8.
-
-
-
-
- 1.50 Why do I see words with parentheses like fdisk(1M) and pwrite(2)?
- 16 Oct 2001
- -------------------------------------
- The notation is meant to tell you which man section those
- commands are described in. The section is in parentheses,
- and the word can refer to a program, a built-in command, a file,
- or sometimes a looser concept.
-
- You have a library of man pages, divided into sections.
- For instance, the restriced system administration commands
- are in the 1M section. Those commands are described in the
- intro(1M) man page, and the programs are stored in /usr/sbin.
- To read the intro(1M) man page, type this:
-
- man 1M intro
-
- The section names, like 1M, 2, 3, 3S, 4, 4tcp, etc., are case
- sensative. Be sure to watch that when using man.
-
- To read the intro(4tcp) page, you'd type:
-
- man 4tcp intro
-
- The reason you'd use the section names, rather than just typing
- man intro, would be your desire to specify which of the many "intro"
- pages you want to retrieve. As another example, there are two passwd
- man pages, passwd(1) and passwd(4).
-
-
-
-
-
-
- _________________________________
- | |
- | 2. User Related Information |
- |_________________________________|===========================================
-
- 2.1 What shell am I using?
- 18 Sept 1999
- ----------------------------------------
- Use the 'ps' command:
-
- ps
-
-
- 2.2 How do I display Yurtle's user ID (UID) or group ID (GID)?
- 7 Dec 1999
- ----------------------------------------
- Use the 'id' command to display all the UID and all the groups:
-
- id yurtle
-
-
-
- 2.3 What is a really good shell that gives me useful commands?
- 18 Sept 1999
- ----------------------------------------
- People enjoy the Korn Shell, ksh, for everyday use. It gives the
- user the ability to do command recall and filename completion.
- The default root shell is the Bourne shell, sh, which is considered more
- secure because it does not have command line history, but is
- limited and rather old. Bash is the Borne Again Shell, a newer
- version of the Bourne Shell which is well liked also.
-
-
-
-
- 2.4 Where are my users's home directories on UnixWare7?
- 18 Dec 2000
- ----------------------------------------
- The home directories are all in '/home' which is often
- created as slice number 4 on the first disk drive:
-
- /home is mounted on /dev/dsk/c0b0t0d0s4
-
- Yurtle's home directory would be /home/yurtle for instance.
- Norton's home directory would be /home/norton for instance.
-
- When logged in as norton, these are equivalent:
-
- ~/
- /home/norton/
- $HOME/
-
-
-
-
-
- 2.5 What is User Equivalence and why is it important?
- 12 Feb 2002
- ----------------------------------------
- User equivalence exists on a network when the following
- occurs on _all_ computers on that network:
-
- a given user has the same username, UID, and password
- a given user belongs to the same groups
- a given group has the same GID
-
- This enables all users to have transparent access no matter
- what terminal they sit down at. It also enables users to
- utilize commands such as 'rlogin.' It's been pointed out to me that
- the rcommands will work if strict user equivalence is not upheld.
-
-
-
-
- 2.6 What do the permissions -rw-r--r do? How about drwxr-xr-x ?
- 18 Dec 2000
- ----------------------------------------
- Permissions control whether users can list, create, delete, access,
- read, modify, or run a file. Definitions are as follows:
-
- Directory Perms File Perms
- ----------------- ------------
- r = ls the directory r = cat a file
- w = create / delete files in the dir. w = modify file with vi
- x = access the directory x = execute a file
-
- To answer the question, the first example lets the owner read and
- write to the file, and everyone else can only read it (excluding root).
- In the second example, the directory is set up so that the owner
- of the directory can list files in the directory, create/delete them,
- and access the directory. Everyone else, except root, can only list
- the files and access the directory.
-
- Note that DELETING a file depends on the directory w permission and the
- directory's owner/group, NOT on the file's w permission!
-
- List permissions with the 'ls -l' command.
-
- Permission numerical equivalents:
-
- read = 4
- write = 2
- execute = 1
-
- You add the numerical equivalents together, eg on files:
-
- 644 755 111
- / | \ / | \ / | \
- rw-r--r-- rwxr-xr-x --x--x--x
-
-
-
-
-
- 2.7 How do I use Korn shell command recall (history)?
- 18 Dec 2000 contribs Hops
- ----------------------------------------
- <Esc> k then use your h,j,k,l vi type commands
-
- What you've typed can be recalled again on the command line
- so that you can just press 'Enter' to re-execute the command.
- Commands can then be edited, too. Just use your vi skills.
-
-
- __ Details __
-
- The history of commands is kept in the user's directory as
- $HOME/.history.
-
- First the user needs to log in using the Korn shell, which is the
- default shell for new users. The user's $HOME/.profile needs to
- contain the lines:
-
- EDITOR=vi
- export EDITOR
-
- Make those changes, then make them happen by running your .profile:
-
- . ~/.profile
-
- Go ahead and type a few harmless commands like 'cal' and 'banner hello'
- to prime your history file; then you are ready to use it. When you want
- to work with a command in your history, press the 'Esc' key once. This
- puts you into a single line vi editor, in command mode, that has opened
- your history file. To cycle up or down through the commands in your
- history, use the 'j' and 'k' keys just as you would in vi. When you find
- the command you want, press Enter.
-
- Because you are using a single line vi, you can use all the usual
- vi commands to move about and alter the command as needed. Things
- to try are the search '/' keystroke in order to search through your
- history for the command you are looking for and the 'w' or 'b' keystrokes.
-
- =============
- The equivalent for emacs style editing is
-
- set -o emacs
-
- or
-
- EDITOR=emacs
- export EDITOR
-
- or ksh invocation as
-
- ksh -o emacs
-
- The playback and editing keys are then the normal movement sequences
- ^P, ^N, ^B, ^F, ^A, ^E.
-
- ====================
- Use of Arrow keys can be enabled in ksh88 and previous with the
- following set in your ~/.profile
-
- # fn keys for ansi terminal or xterm alias
- __A='^P' # UpArr alias
- __B='^N' # DwnArr alias
- __C='^F' # RghtArr alias
- __D='^B' # LftArr alias
- __H='^A' # Home
-
-
- ( The ^x form here is the real control character)
-
- ---------------
- for ksh93 and later the above will not work instead you need:
-
- # test for ksh93 - (dropped ERRNO)
- set keybinding handling
- [[ ${ERRNO:-unset} == "unset" ]] && {
-
- alias array='typeset -A'
-
- typeset -A KeyTable
- trap 'eval "${KeyTable[${.sh.edchar}]}"' KEYBD
-
- function keybind # key [action]
- {
- typeset key=$(print -f "%q" "$2")
- case $# in
- 2) KeyTable[$1]=' .sh.edchar=${.sh.edmode}'"$key"
- ;;
- 1) unset KeyTable[$1]
- ;;
- *) print -u2 "Usage $0 key [action]"
- return 2 # usage errors return 2 by default
- ;;
- esac
- }
- keybind $'\t' $'\E\E' # Tab -> file/cmd completion
- keybind $'\E[A' $'\020' # up
- keybind $'\E[B' $'\016' # down
- keybind $'\E[C' $'\006' # right
- keybind $'\E[D' $'\002' # left
- keybind $'\E[H' $'\001' # beginning of line 'Home'
- keybind $'\E[Y' $'\005' # 'End' of line
- =============
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- 2.8 How do I use Korn shell filename and directory name completion?
- 18 Dec 2000 contribs Hops
- ----------------------------------------
- The Korn shell can be used to help someone type out the long name of
- a file or directory. Often we give gzipped archives such a long
- descriptive name that it takes too long to type the whole thing.
-
- To use name completion, use the Korn or Bash shell with the EDITOR
- variable set to 'vi' as described in (2.7). Then start typing
- something like
-
- cd /opt/net
-
- then press:
-
- 'Esc'
- '\'
-
- The keystrokes Esc, then \ will complete the name net to netscape if
- net contains enough characters to uniquely identify the only possible
- name as 'netscape.' If there are two or more files or directories
- that start with net, then nothing will change on your screen.
- =================
-
- For emacs mode the equivalent character sequence is Esc Esc.
- That can be mapped to the more convenient TAB key with the trap and
- keybind function listed in the section on command line history recall
- and playback and the following binding in ~/.profile
-
- keybind $'\t' $'\E\E' # Tab -> file/cmd completion
- =================
-
-
-
-
- 2.9 Can I display 132 columns on my terminal screen instead of 80?
- 5 Nov 1999
- ----------------------------------------
- This is still not possible in a regular terminal screen like vt04.
- It is possible, though, to do on the CDE in a dtterm by clicking on
- Options --> Window Size --> 132 columns.
-
-
-
-
- 2.10 How do I change the color of the terminal font or background?
- 22 Sept 1999
- ----------------------------------------
- Use the 'setcolor' command. I like to leave the default white
- on black for regular characters and change the inverse, as in:
-
- setcolor -r yellow red
-
- This looks good to me when I pipe things to 'less.'
-
-
-
-
- 2.11 How do I ls -l a directory but not its whole contents?
- 9 Oct 1999
- ----------------------------------------
- When you try to ls -l /tmp to see what the permissions are on /tmp,
- the command lists the contents of /tmp instead. To stop that, type:
-
- ls -ld /tmp
-
- You can remember the -d as standing for 'directory.'
-
-
-
- 2.12 Why do I want to use 'less' ?
- 12 Feb 2002
- --------------------------------------
- Less is an excellent Skunkware program that can be pkgadd'd.
- Less is more. Less has the following excellent aspects:
-
- * Less can scroll up and down line by line
- * Less can scroll horizontally, left and right
- * Less can be configured to not wrap long lines (ps -ef !!)
- * Less uses all the usual vi commands like h, j, k, l, and /.
- * Less can tail a growing log file just like tail -f does.
- * Less will highlight text strings found using /.
- * Less lets you edit what you see, just press v to go to vi.
-
- To get the most out of less, I like to do the following in my .profile:
-
- setcolor -r yellow red
- LESS=MS
- export LESS
-
- This sets the highlight colors, and exports the -M and -S arguments
- to less which makes less put file %'s at the bottom of the screen and
- makes less not wrap long lines (scroll right with the arrow key).
-
-
-
- 2.13 How do I impress changes made to my .profile on my environment?
- 15 Oct 1999
- -----------------------------------------
- You can type the command
-
- . $HOME/.profile
-
- using the . with a space after it causes the file to be run.
-
-
-
-
- 2.14 How do I spell check this Faq?
- 12 Feb 2002
- ----------------------------------------
- Skunkware's got an excellent spell checker called ispell.
- It's interactive and has the '?' command for help.
-
- pkgadd -d cdrom1 ispell
-
- ispell -M -b -S -L4 -B uw7faq
-
- where
- -M Display menu of commands at the bottom of the screen
- -b Make a backup copy of the file uw7faq
- -S Sort the list of suggestions by probable correctness
- -L4 Print four lines of context around the misspelled word
- -B Attempt to catch run together words like redwoodforrest
- uw7faq The filename to be checked
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- 2.15 How can I tell if an ftp download is still working?
- 26 Dec 1999
- -------------------------------------
- The ftp client program has a useful feature called hash, which
- when turned on, prints a bunch of #####, 1 for each 1KB downloading.
-
- Just issue the 'hash' command at the ftp prompt, the same way that
- you issue the 'bin' command.
-
-
-
-
-
- 2.16 How do I issue complex commands to an ftp server, like ls -lF?
- 12 Feb 2002
- --------------------------------------
- The ftp client program lets you issue complex argument lists within
- quotation marks, as in:
-
- ftp> ls "-l ptf*"
-
- The trick is just to quote everything after the first command,
- I think, so that the shell doesn't interpret them.
-
- It only took me 10 years of ftp'ing to learn that one :)
- There's also
-
- ls |less
- cat README -
- cat README |less
-
- which are examples of how you pipe data a local shell command.
-
-
-
-
-
-
- 2.17 How do I copy and paste in the KDE from an eterm to another app?
- 6 May 2001
- --------------------------------------
- Use your left mouse button to select text.
- It's copied automatically.
- Paste with a middle-click (or chord-click).
-
- I'm able to paste into Netscape's email, even though alt+v doesn't
- work and Edit|Paste is stippled out.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- 2.18 How do I display my current working directory at a ksh prompt?
- 4 Feb 2001
- --------------------------------------
- People like to see their hostname and working directory in their
- prompt, like:
-
- Yoda:/var/tmp>$
-
- This can be easily done in ksh by editing your .profile.
- Change the PS1 line or create it to read:
-
- PS1='Yoda:$PWD\>\$'
-
- but use your own hostname, rather than Yoda. Be sure to surround
- the PS1 definition in single quotes, or it won't update when you
- change directories.
-
-
-
-
-
-
- 2.19 How do I display my current working directory at a bash prompt?
- 4 Feb 2001
- --------------------------------------
- You can have bash display your hostname and working directory
- at the prompt in this form:
-
- yoda:/var/tmp>$
-
- by changing the PS1 line or creating in your .profile to read:
-
- PS1='\h:$PWD>\$'
-
- The defninition must be in single quotes, or it won't update
- the prompt when you change directories. If you like to see your
- hostname capitalized like I do, then hardcode it into your .profile
- like this:
-
- PS1='Yoda:$PWD>\$'
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- 2.20 How do I type accented charaters in vi, Messenger, or Kedit?
- 28 Jun 2001
- --------------------------------------
- Uw7 supports compose keys and dead keys in X.
-
-
- Quickly: In Kedit...
- ---------------------------------------------------------
- The compose key is ^T
- Press the compose key(s) ctrl+shift+t
- Release.
- Now Press c/
-
-
- Synopsis:
- ----------
- <Compose key> <character> <accent>
-
-
- Examples: press these keys and see what they create
- --------------------------------------------------------
- ^Te'
- ^Ta*
- ^TY=
- ^Tae
- ^T??
- e^T^2 are the w00t w00t.
-
-
-
- I've had success with Kedit, Netscape Messenger, and in an Eterm.
- So vi is no problem. It doesn't work in an xterm, though, nor
- does it work on a regular tty, as far as I can figure.
-
-
-
- Detail
- ---------
- a) You need your locale to be en_US-ISO8859-1 or similar,
- not C. The locales that end in 8859-1 or similar support
- accented characters. Use these commands to show the
- locale for a logged in user and to set the locale on a
- per-user basis:
-
- /bin/locale
- scoadmin acc
-
- To set the locale system wide, edit /etc/default/locale.
-
- b) Once your locale is set, log in and startx.
-
- c) Boot up Netscape Navigator and bookmark the mapchan file
- that's used to tranlate keystrokes:
- file:/usr/lib/mapchan/ISO8859-1/ISO8859-1
-
- If nor using 8859-1, choose the file that matches what
- you've chosen.
-
-
- d) The important section (it's big):
-
- compose 0x14 # Compose character (^T)
- ' ' ' ' 0240 # NBSP
- '"' ' ' 0xa8 # umlaut accent
- '\'' ' ' 0xb4 # acute accent
- '+' '+' '#' # number sign
- 'A' 'A' '@' # commercial at
- '(' '(' '[' # opening bracket
- '/' '/' '\\' # backslash
- '/' '<' '\\' # backslash
- ')' ')' ']' # closing bracket
- '^' ' ' '^' # circumflex accent
- '>' ' ' '^' # circumflex accent
- '`' ' ' '`' # grave accent
- '(' '-' '{' # opening brace
- '/' '^' '|' # vertical line
- 'L' 'V' '|' # vertical line
- 'l' 'v' '|' # vertical line
- ')' '-' '}' # closing brace
- '~' ' ' '~' # tilde
- '-' ' ' '~' # tilde
- '!' '!' 0241 # inverted !
- 'c' '/' 0242 # cent sign
- 'C' '/' 0242 # cent sign
- 'c' '|' 0242 # cent sign
- 'C' '|' 0242 # cent sign
- ...
-
-
- The good stuff starts down there with the inverted ! statement.
- Any line where the third field is in 0222 style notation is
- an accented character when created with the compose key and
- the first two characters.
-
-
-
- e) The compose key is listed above. Once you press it, Uw7 knows
- the next two keystrokes are meant to compose the character and
- an accent.
-
- Compose character: ^T
- But take care! That's not ctrl + t,
- that's ctrl + shift + t
-
- You need to press and hold each key until they are all pressed,
- in the order listed, then release them all. If you accidentially
- get dyslexic and press shift+ctrl+t, you're out of luck.
-
-
- You can change your compose key. To do so, change the
- line that says:
- compose 0x14 # Compose character (^T)
- to read some other hex value, and that's it. Very tidy.
-
-
-
-
- f) Let's make a cent sign, and an inverted exclamation.
- Open up Netscape Messenger and compose new mail.
- Click in the body area and type a few keys and spaces,
- then:
-
- 1) Press this: ^T
- 2) see this: nothing, cursor doesn't move
- 3) Press this: c
- 4) see this: nothing, cursor waits for 2nd character
- 5) Press this: /
- 6) see this: ó
-
-
- 1) Press this: ^T!!
- 2) see this: Ã
-
-
- That's about it.
-
-
-
-
- Notes:
- -----------
- In Windows, you compose the cent sign by engaging your NUMLOCK
- key, then _holding down_ the ALT key while pressing 0162 on the
- keypad: ALT 0162
- When you relase the ALT key, the accented character will appear.
-
- Windows uses the synopsis:
-
- <ALT> <4 digit decimal value>
-
- where the decimal value is similar to
-
- 0064
- 0164
- 0283
-
- Win see also: http://www.ramsch.org/martin/uni/fmi-hp/iso8859-1.html
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- 2.21 What are the different ways to print documents?
- 2 Jul 2001
- -------------------------------------
- You can print to nearly every printer on the planet by dumping straight
- ascii text to the printer. They will print it in Courier 10pt font,
- usually.
-
- You can print a graphics rich, color document, by converting it
- to postscript (ps) and then sending that ps file directly to a
- printer that understands ps. Most top of the line HP laserjets
- understand ps. Most inkjets don't, unless you pay the extra $200
- to get the license and upload the code to the printer rom.
-
- You can print a graphics rich, color document, to a printer that
- uses a complex escape (ESC) code language and that has a driver written
- for it in the program ghostscript (gs). Most printers satisfy these
- requirements. So gs comes in very handy when printing to printers
- attached to the Unix box, a Windows box, or to a print-server (like an
- HP JetDirect 300x attached to your ethernet).
-
-
-
-
-
- 2.22 How do I use ghostscript to format documents for an Epson 800?
- 12 Feb 2002
- -------------------------------------
- The Epson Stylus Color 800 is similar to the other Epson InkJet
- printers that were sold like crazy in 1999 and 2000:
- Epson 400
- Epson 600
- Epson 800
- Epson 1440
-
- They all do 1440x720 dpi color, on all different paper stocks.
- The better ones just do it faster. They can't do ps by default, and
- they are Windows printers basically. So we need to use gs to format
- the print job with the proper ESC/P2 sequences to activate the options
- we see in the windows printer properties page.
-
- The Epson Stylus Color line of printers is supported in gs by the
- uniprint driver. You can learn how to compile gs7.xx in Section 8.12,
- Alladin Ghostscript. You can see what printer drivers are compiled
- into your gs by using the command:
-
- gs -h
-
- You can read up on this topic in the gs-7.xx source docs:
- file:/home/matthew/Dev/gs7.xx/doc/Devices.htm
-
- That's a really important file.
-
- There's a upp file for any Epson Stylus 800, high-res, 720x720,
- called:
-
- stc800p.upp
-
- Here's the command I'd use to create a printable version of tiger.ps,
-
- gs @stc800p.upp -sOutputFile=/var/tmp/printout tiger.ps -c quit
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- 2.23 How do I use VisionFS to print to a Windows shared printer?
- 2 Jul 2001
- -------------------------------------
- The trick to setting up VisionFS is to read the PDF file that
- they tuck away in this path:
-
- file:/usr/vision/bin/pctools/en_US/docs/vfsintro.pdf
-
- Here's the nuts and bolts of the subject. When you have a WindowsNT
- or Win2K computer with a shared printer attached to it, if you have an
- account on that computer and rights to print on it, then you're set on
- the Windows side.
-
- As root, it's helpful if you make a symlink to the visionfs program
- in /usr/local/bin so that your users don't have to modify all their
- paths.
-
- # ln -s /usr/vision/bin/visionfs /usr/local/bin/visionfs
-
- Then get the list of shared printers on the NT host "luke."
- Print to one of them:
-
- $ visionfs print //luke --user matthew
- Password for matthew? **********
- P2D2 <Active> 0 jobs
- EPSON800 <Active> 0 jobs
-
- $ visionfs print //luke/P2D2 /var/tmp/printout --user matthew
- Password for matthew? ***********
- Your print job is ###
-
-
-
- Summary: gs @stc800p.upp -sOutputFile=/var/tmp/printout tiger.ps -c quit
- Summary: visionfs print //luke --user matthew
- Summary: visionfs print //luke/P2D2 /var/tmp/printout --user matthew
-
-
- There's a way to make a unix printer that you can just lp the
- file to and skip the visionfs print command. That's in the manual.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- ____________________________________
- | |
- | 3. Media, Filesystems, and Disks |
- |____________________________________|
-
- 3.1 What's a partition?
- 14 Oct 1999
- ----------------------------------------
- A disk can be subdivided into one to four continuous sections
- called partitions. In reality, Unixware7 likes to use only one Unix
- partition per disk, but the others can be raw for database use.
- Inside a partition are slices (or just raw space as I mentioned).
-
-
-
- 3.2 What's a slice?
- 14 Oct 1999
- ----------------------------------------
- A slice is a subdivision of a partition. There can be from zero to 184
- slices in a partition. Inside a slice is a filesystem.
-
-
-
- 3.3 What's a filesystem?
- 14 Oct 1999
- ----------------------------------------
- A filesystem is a data structure (sort of like an array) that contains
- a superblock, an inode list, and data blocks. This data structure is
- used to provide the operating system access to files and data.
- The data blocks hold the actual file data, and the inodes keep track
- of things like permissions and where the actual data is.
-
-
-
- 3.4 What's an inode?
- 12 Feb 2002
- ----------------------------------------
- Please see Section 1.25, "What is an Inode?"
-
-
-
- 3.5 What does HBA stand for?
- 18 Dec 2000 contribs Boyd Gerber
- ----------------------------------------
- HBA stands for Host Bus Adapter.
-
-
-
-
-
- 3.6 Can an HBA have more than one bus?
- 12 Feb 2002 contribs Boyd Gerber
- ----------------------------------------
- Yes, a dual channel SCSI adapter like the AHA3940 is an example
- of two scsi buses. If this was the only HBA on the mainboard, and
- the builtin IDE controllers were disabled in the BIOS, then the
- HBA's would be:
-
- c0b0t?d?s?
- c0b1t?d?s?
-
- The b# is the part that changes for multibus adapters.
-
-
-
-
-
-
- 3.7 What is the lun number?
- 12 Feb 2002 contribs Boyd Gerber
- ----------------------------------------
- Lun stands for Logical Unit Number. Some SCSI devices have the ability
- to chain up to seven devices off of one SCSI ID. eg. the Iomega Beta 44.
- The primary controller is logical unit zero and the slaves start with one
- and continue for each device.
-
- This drawing may help
-
- SCSI HBA-----------SCSI ID 5-|--Lun 0 Primary CDROM drive
- | |--Lun 1 Slave CDROM drive
- | |-- ....
- | |--Lun 7 Slave CDROM drive
- |
- |----SCSI ID 6----Lun 0 Primary CDROM
- | |--...
- -----SCSI ID 0----...
-
-
- The SCSI device can have 8 lun numbers from 0-7
-
-
-
-
-
- 3.8 If a computer has two SCSI cards, which is c0 and which is c1?
- 12 Feb 2002 contribs Boyd Gerber
- ----------------------------------------
- UnixWare starts with IO address. For example a mixture of IDE and SCSI
- would be as follows:
-
- IDE Primary Controller would be c0.
- IDE Secondary Controller would be c1.
- SCSI Controller would be c2.
-
- Usually SCSI controllers are chosen the same way they are listed as
- the BIOS loads. You may be able to modify this behavior in your SCSI
- BIOS. Contact your SCSI HBA manufacturer for more information.
-
- You may also be able to modify the loading order in the dcu.
- There's a TA or a doc in the search engine about it.
-
- You may get some info from resmgr or from sdiconfig -l.
-
-
-
-
-
-
- 3.9 What are the names of the disks, like /dev/dsk/c0b0t0d0s0 ?
- 12 Feb 2002
- ----------------------------------------
- The hard disks are named in subdirectories of /dev:
-
- /dev/dsk block devices for mounting, mdir, tar, and dd.
- /dev/rdsk raw character devices for format
-
- The hard disks are always named starting with c#b#t#d# then either
- an s# or p# making either of the following for raw devices:
-
- /dev/rdsk/c#b#t#d#s#
- /dev/rdsk/c#b#t#d#p#
-
- You can remember this because it Can't Be That Difficult --> c_b_t_d.
- Use the s# designation when you're referring to a slice and the p#
- designation when you are referring to a partition.
-
- You can use s0 to refer to the entire partition (when using prtvtoc).
- You can use p0 to refer to the entire disk.
-
- The # in s# is HEX ! Be sure to use hex when referring to
- slices higher than 9, as in c0b0t0d0sc for the 12th slice
- (a=10, b=11, c=12, d=13, e=14, f=15).
-
- The c, b, t, and d stand for:
-
- c# is the controller number (like c0 or c1 for each HBA or IDE controller)
- b# is the bus number of the HBA. This is usually 0, as in b0.
- t# is the scsi id. t# for IDE is 0=primary, 1=slave.
- d# is the lun number (also usually 0 as in d0).
-
- On a small system without raid and only one Adaptec scsi HBA, the
- c, b, and d, don't change, and you use the different scsi id's (t#) to
- refer to each different drive, as in:
-
- /dev/rdsk/c0b0t0d0s0 /dev/rdsk/c0b0t12d0s0
- /dev/rdsk/c0b0t1d0s0 /dev/rdsk/c0b0t13d0s0
- /dev/rdsk/c0b0t3d0s0
-
- See also the Sections preceding this question.
-
-
-
-
-
- 3.10 What is the device name of the diskette drive?
- 18 Dec 2000
- ----------------------------------------
- The first 1.44 floppy drive is usually referenced as
-
- /dev/dsk/f03ht <--- These are equivalent and are
- /dev/fd0 <--- for mounting, tar, dd
-
- /dev/rdsk/f03ht <--- These are equivalent and are
- /dev/rfd0 <--- for formatting
-
-
- Diskettes are referenced by device files in
-
- /dev/dsk/* <-- Block devices (diskettes with filesystems)
- /dev/rdsk/* <-- Raw devices (diskettes made with tar or cpio)
-
- /dev/dsk/f03ht <-- First 1.44 MB block diskette
- /dev/dsk/f13ht <-- Second 1.44 MB block diskette
- /dev/rdsk/f03ht <-- First 1.44 MB raw diskette
- /dev/rdsk/f13ht <-- Second 1.44 MB raw diskette
-
- /dev/dsk/f05ht <-- First 1.2 MB block diskette
- /dev/rdsk/f05ht <-- First 1.2 MB raw diskette
- /dev/rdsk/f15ht <-- Second 1.2 MB raw diskette
-
- The specific device file to use depends on the density and size of
- the diskette and drive. The device file name consists of:
-
- f0 or f1 <-- The first or second drive respectively
- 3h <-- 3.5" high density (1.44 MB)
- 5h <-- 5.25" high density (1.2 MB)
- t <-- The t specifies the entire disk
-
- There are other diskette device identifiers like 3c, 3e, 3d, 5d, which
- can be found in the man 7 fd. In theory, /dev/[r]f03ct refers to 1.68 MB
- and 1.722 MB diskettes.
-
-
-
-
- 3.11 How do I write files to a diskette and list them?
- 18 Dec 2000
- ----------------------------------------
- One method is format the floppy, create a vxfs filesystem on it,
- mount the floppy, copy the files to the mount directory, then ls that
- directory.
-
- Another method is to format the floppy, then use tar to write the files
- to the floppy. Use tar again to list the files. A disadvantage of tar
- is that you can't use wildcards (*) when extracting files. Tar on Uw7
- can back up empty directories, unlike that in OS5.
-
- A very good method of writing files to diskettes is to format the floppy,
- then use cpio.
-
- Finally, you can take a DOS format floppy and mcopy the files to it,
- then list them with mdir.
-
-
-
-
- 3.12 How do I format a 1.44 MB floppy?
- 12 Feb 2002
- ----------------------------------------
- Use the format command on the raw diskette:
-
- format -V /dev/rfd0 <-- First 1.44 MB floppy and verify.
-
- or use the following for an exhaustive verify:
-
- format -E /dev/rfd0 <-- I use -E for assurance, because
- it write verifies every sector.
- It's worth a few minutes.
-
-
-
-
- 3.13 How do I create a filesystem on a floppy?
- 19 Sept 1999
- ----------------------------------------
- First format the floppy with an exhaustive verify, as this is the only
- surefire way to root out bad sectors. Then use the 'mkfs' command:
-
- mkfs -F vxfs /dev/fd0 2880
-
- which will create a vxfs filesystem on the first floppy drive with
- a size of 2880 512-byte blocks (1.44 MB).
-
-
-
-
-
- 3.14 How do I mount a floppy and view the contents?
- 18 Dec 2000
- ----------------------------------------
- Mount the floppy with the 'mount' command, then list the contents
- using the 'ls' command:
-
- mount -F vxfs /dev/fd0 /mnt
- or mount -F dosfs /dev/fd0 /mnt
-
- then ls -l /mnt
-
- If the floppy doesn't have a filesystem on it, or the mount point
- directory doesn't exist, then the mount will fail.
-
- Be absolutely sure to umount the diskette before you remove it
- from its drive.
-
-
-
-
- 3.15 How do I access the disc in my cd-rom drive?
- Sept 22 1999
- ----------------------------------------
- The disc has a filesystem on it, which is called a 'cdfs' filesystem
- in Uw7, and it needs to be mounted to be accessed:
-
- mount -r -F cdfs /dev/cdrom/cdrom1 /mnt
-
- where;
- mount <-- The command needs to be run by by a privileged user.
- -r <-- Specifies read only.
- -F cdfs <-- Describes the filesystem type as 'cdfs'
- /dev/... <-- Specifies the first cdrom drive (a block device).
- /mnt <-- The directory to which the disc is mounted.
- It must exist before running the 'mount' command.
-
-
-
-
-
- 3.16 What might a guru type when mounting a disc?
- 12 Feb 2002
- ----------------------------------------
- One can use the '-o <option_args>' argument to the mount command to
- do useful things like disallowing SUID, setting r-xr--r--, and
- converting caps to lower-case, as in:
-
- mount -r -F cdfs -o nosuid,dperm=544,nameconv=l /dev/cdrom/cdrom1 /mnt
-
- One could make a shell function of that command in their .profile so as
- to make it easily available:
-
- mcd1() { mount -r -F cdfs /dev/cdrom/cdrom1 /mnt && echo "Cd mounted.\n" ;}
-
-
- From the mount(1M) page,
- 'The CDROM media may or may not have values set for items such as
- the User ID (UID), Group ID (GID), permissions, etc. If a value
- is not recorded on the CDROM, a default value is assigned by the
- software. The default value is either taken from the
- /etc/conf/pack.d/cdfs/space.c file, or from the value specified
- with the -o option of the mount command.'
-
- 'mkisofs,' part of the cdtools on Skunkware, properly writes the
- permissions when creating the ISO image.
-
-
-
-
- 3.17 Can I burn a cdr in UnixWare 7.1.x?
- 12 Feb 2002
- ----------------------------------------
- Cdtools enables you to burn both cdr's and cdrw's. I found
- the latest version, 1.10, off the net and compiled it because
- burning cd's is tricky. I'd like to limit the environmental
- disaster of coasters, if you know what I mean.
-
- The file sco_notes.txt contains the method to burn a cd.
- That's somewhere on Caldera's website and distilled here.
-
- You'll want to run the following command as root, once you have
- cdtools installed:
-
- cdrecord -scanbus
-
- That let me see that my scsibus,target,lun for my cdrw was 0,4,0.
- 0,4,0 4) 'PLEXTOR ' 'CDR PX820T' '1.08' Removable CD-ROM
-
-
- 1) You don't need an /etc/default/cdrecord file. It's doesn't
- work right anyway.
-
- 2) Let's say you downloaded the Caldera Workstation 3.1 iso image.
- Cd to the directory it's in.
-
- 3) cdrecord -v dev=0,4,0 speed=8 workstation-3.1.iso
- - or -
- cdrecord -v dev=0,4,0 speed=8 -dao workstation-3.1.iso
-
- 4) mount -r -F cdfs /dev/cdrom/cdrom1 /mnt
-
-
- Here's how to create your own iso image of the files in a directory
- and how to burn it in DAO mode, as an ISO9660 Data Mode 1 disc, without
- Joliet nor RockRidge extensions:
-
- 2) Copy all the files that you want to a temporary directory
- called /home/tmp/cdi and arrange the files the way you want them
- on the final cdr that you are going to burn.
- 3) # cd /home/tmp/cdi
- 4) # mkisofs -L -l -v -r -V mydisc -o /home/tmp/out.img .
- 5) # cdrecord -v dev=0,4,0 speed=8 -dao /home/tmp/out.img
- 6) # mount -r -F cdfs /dev/cdrom/cdrom1 /mnt
-
- That worked well for me.
-
- (1) The default file doesn't work. If you make a valid one and only
- use it rather than specifying a dev=, then you'll burn coasters.
- (2) is self-explanatory. (3) cdrecord needs to run as root, or else
- you need to set up the SUID and SGID and permissions stuff. (4) Change
- to the correct directory. (5) It is necessary to make an ISO filesystem
- image of all your files, and the flags are important, and so is the '.'
- which is just like the relative pathname notation in cpio. I got the
- args from the SCO_NOTES.html file included in the archive. The -V mydisc
- is what labels the cdrom "MYDISC". (6) Burn the cd now. (7) I'd eject,
- then insert and mount the cd.
-
- If you want to do a simulated burn, then add the -dummy flag to the
- cdrecord command line.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- 3.18 What is the tape drive called?
- 18 Dec 2000
- ----------------------------------------
- The tape drive device files are in /dev/rmt/*
- The first device on each list is the easiest to remember,
- but all devices in a column are equivalent. In this scsi setup,
- the tape device is at scsi id=2.
-
- Rew/Non-Ret Non-Rew/Non-Ret Rew/Ret Non-Rew/Ret
- ctape1 ntape1 rtape1 nrtape1
- c0s0 c0s0n c0s0r c0s0nr
- c0b0t2l0 c0b0t2l0n c0b0t2l0r c0b0t2l0nr
-
-
-
- Unload after op
- utape1
- c0b0t2l0u
-
-
- Use a device like ctape2 if you have a second drive.
-
-
-
-
-
- 3.19 What is a good tape drive to use with Uw7?
- 12 Feb 2002
- ----------------------------------------
- Any scsi tape drive should be functional, with some devices offering newer
- options like fast positioning to index marks, etc. Hewlett Packard DAT
- drives are well liked and have One Button Disaster Recovery, but DAT
- technology is at the end of it's lifetime. Nowadays, Exabyte/Ecrix are
- making the VXA-1 that is 8mm, LVD, 33/66MB and excellent. Sony makes
- great tape drives, also.
-
-
-
-
- 3.20 What are some of the tape commands I want to know?
- 9 Oct 1999
- ----------------------------------------
- The tapecntl command is used to manipulate the tape device directly.
- Some commands will not work on all tape drives as each tape drive
- supports slightly different subsets of all the potential scsi tape
- commands. Common tapecntl commands are:
-
- tapecntl -r - Reset the tape drive
- tapecntl -w - Rewind the tape.
- tapecntl -u - Eject the tape.
- tapecntl -C - List the hardware compression setting
- tapecntl -c 3 - Enable all hardware compression
- tapecntl -c 0 - Disable all hardware compression
- tapecntl -v - Set the drive to read/write in variable block lengths
- tapecntl -f 512 - Set the drive back to r/w in 512 byte block lengths!
-
- The default tape i/o block length for r/w is fixed at 512 bytes.
- The default tape device that all the above commands refer to is ntape1.
- To use one of these commands like reset, I would type:
-
- tapecntl -r /dev/rmt/ntape1
-
-
-
- 3.21 What are the various filesystem types on Uw7?
- 18 Dec 2000
- ------------------------------------
- Uw7 is based around the Vxfs filesystem. It also supports:
-
- dosfs - For DOS.
- cdfs - For cdrom's, both Rockridge and High Sierra/ISO9660
- bfs - For the boot file system
- nfs - As in Sun's NFS.
- nucfs - Netware for Unix
- s5 - For HBA installation diskettes and OSR5
-
-
-
- 3.22 What's the maximum filesystem size?
- 15 Oct 1999
- ------------------------------------
- The maximum vxfs filesystem size is 1 TB.
-
-
-
- 3.23 What's the maximum file size?
- 15 Oct 1999
- ------------------------------------
- The maximum vxfs file size is 1 TB.
-
-
-
- 3.24 What's the logical block size?
- 18 Dec 2000
- ------------------------------------
- The logical block size is set during ISL when creating the filesystem.
- In the sco docs, it's defined as "the size of the blocks that the kernel
- uses to read and write data."(1) It can be set to 1024, 2048, 4096, or
- 8192 bytes. The default is 1024. This logical block size is not what
- we usually think of as a block, which we say is 512 bytes, historically.
-
- ________
- 1. http://localhost:457/FS_admin/_Choosing_a_Logical_Block_Size.html
-
-
-
- 3.25 Is there still that 64k inode limit by default?
- 15 Oct 1999
- ------------------------------------
- There is no 64K inode limit on a vxfs filesystem by default, beginning
- with Uw7.1.0.
-
-
-
- 3.26 How do I mount the filesystem on a disk, disc, or diskette?
- 18 Dec 2000
- ------------------------------------
- A filesystem must be mounted before it can be used. Here are the
- commands that one can use to mount various media:
-
- Disk: mount -F vxfs /dev/dsk/c0b0t0d0s4 /home
- Disc: mount -r -F cdfs /dev/cdrom/cdrom1 /mnt
- Diskette: mount -F vxfs /dev/fd0 /mnt
- mount -F dosfs /dev/fd0 /mnt
-
- The examples refer to the first floppy drive, first cdrom, and
- to mounting the Home filesystem.
-
- We use the block devices, /dev/dsk/*, for mounting filesystems.
-
-
-
-
- 3.27 Why would mounting fail?
- 15 Oct 1999
- ------------------------------------
- An attempt to mount a filesystem will fail if the directory to which
- you are mounting does not exist, or if that directory contains files
- that are in use, or if you refer to the filesystem as the wrong type.
- Only a privileged user can use the mount command.
-
-
-
- 3.28 Why would unmounting fail?
- 18 Dec 2000
- ------------------------------------
- A filesystem will not unmount if someone is using the filesystem, which
- includes having cd'd into the filesystem and leaving that terminal in
- that directory, and when a user is using a file as in vi. Only a
- privileged user can use the mount command.
-
- See the section in this faq about fuser to clear the umount lock.
-
-
-
-
- 3.29 How do I list the disk geometry like Cylinders, Heads, Bytes/Sector?
- 12 Feb 2002
- ------------------------------------
- The disk geometry is very important to understand so that one can
- successfully partition and slice their hard drives. The disk geometry
- is different with each system, and can be changed with a setting in
- your scsi host adapter Bois called "Enable BIOS translation for
- DOS drives over 1GB."
-
- To list your geometry, type the command:
-
- prtvtoc -p /dev/rdsk/c0b0t0d0s0
-
- where you will need to use the correct target id, etc., and be sure
- that you specify s0 as the slice so that you refer to the entire
- partition.
-
- I used to say that you could use the partsize command also, but
- it doesn't tell you the correct values the way prtvtoc does. This
- is especially true if you have BIOS translation enabled.
-
- Prtvtoc always shows a translated geometry structure for drives with
- scsi id's 0 and 1 on the boot controller, even if you BIOS translation
- disabled. That's so it's easier to boot (the whole drive is < 1024 cyls).
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- 3.30 How do I list my partition and slice layout? Is there a divvy?
- 15 Oct 1999
- ------------------------------------
- For partitions, use fdisk. For slices use prtvtoc. There may be a
- nifty program like divvy in the future, but, for now, use the following
- command to list the slice layout to a file in /tmp:
-
- prtvtoc -f /tmp/mytoc
-
- If you do a cat /tmp/mytoc, you will see something like the
- following, where;
-
- SLICE is the slice number in decimal,
- TAG designates whether it is a root, boot, swap, home, or .... slice
- FLAG field defines whether the slice is valid, read-only, and/or
- unmountable (that field is similar to the permissions field 644
- or 755 in that it contains numbers that are added
- START and SIZE fields refer to the sector that the slice begins
- on and the number of sectors that the slice occupies,
- respectively.
-
- #SLICE TAG FLAGS START SIZE
- 0 0x5 0x201 63 16305912
- 1 0x2 0x200 1076355 6152895
- 2 0x3 0x201 642600 433755
- 3 0x0 0x0 0 0
- 4 0xb 0x200 7229250 8787555
- 5 0x0 0x0 0 0
- 6 0xc 0x201 64260 578340
- 7 0x1 0x201 63 34
- 8 0xd 0x201 97 15968
- 9 0x0 0x0 0 0
- 10 0x9 0x200 16065 48195
- 11 0x0 0x0 0 0
- 12 0x0 0x0 0 0
- 13 0x0 0x0 0 0
- 14 0x0 0x0 0 0
- 15 0xf 0x201 16016805 16065
-
-
- An important slice to look at is slice 4, the home slice, because you
- will use it as a perfect template for creating your own slices, when
- you need to. The 0xb and 0x200 are what I'm referring to.
-
-
-
-
- 3.31 How do I convert sectors to MB?
- 2 Jul 2001
- ------------------------------------
- First you need to do a 'prtvtoc' on the hard drive, so that you can
- determine the bytes/sector. On my IBM hard drive, 1 sector = 512 Bytes.
- You can multiply this by 1, twice, as in:
-
- 1 sect. 1024 Bytes 1024 KB
- --------- x ---------- x --------- = 2048 sect./ MB
- 512 Bytes 1 KB 1 MB
-
- Using the beauty of cross-multiplication, we can see that Bytes
- cancels Bytes, KB cancels KB, and we are left with sectors/MB.
- So on my system, to convert sectors to MB, I would divide the
- number of sectors by 2048 sect./MB.
-
-
-
-
- 3.32 How do I add a 2nd or 3rd disk drive to my system?
- 12 Feb 2002
- ------------------------------------
- It is fairly straightforward to add another drive to a UnixWare
- system, thanks to the command 'diskadd.' You don't need to do
- anything to the system before you install the drive. After shutting
- down, installing the drive with the correct termination, and jumpering
- it for the correct scsi id and auto-spinup, you can restore power and
- run your HBA BIOS setup program to match your HBA to your drive
- capabilities (on an Adaptec scsi HBA like a 2940UW, you would press
- CTRL-A during POST). Then boot into multiuser mode. As root, run:
-
- diskadd c0b0t1d0
-
- to add the disk. Use the right c#b#t#d# for your setup.
-
- The diskadd program will take you through:
-
- fdisk -- Is invoked to allow you to create a partition
- disksetup -- Is run which helps you to do the following:
- * Surface Analysis (not necessary for scsi drives)
- * Create the VTOC (Volume Table of Contents)
- * Write the bad track and bad sector table to the drive
- * Create the layout of slices on the new drive (up to 13 of them)
- * Use mkfs to make filesystems
- * Creates the lost+found directories automatically in any filesystem.
- * Creates the mount point directories.
- * Mounts the filesystems.
- * Updates the vfstab file.
-
- The 'disksetup' program walks you through all the steps via a simple
- series of questions. It is well written and works smoothly. You will
- need to know how many MB you want each slice to be, and what they
- will be called, and that's about it.
-
-
- *********************
- Some caveats:
-
- 1) UnixWare uses a slice representation like c0b0t0d0xx
- for almost everything that needs a drive named.
-
- 2) That naming has no partition information in it !!
- So you can't specify what partition you mean when you type
- c0b0t0d0s4 to refer to a slice.
-
- 3) The only way for UnixWare to know what partition contains
- slice 4, is for it to mark that partition active.
-
- 4) Thus you can only use one partition for filesystems on each
- hard drive. And that one partition needs to be active for
- the system to know where to go. The only exception is
- when you use a whole additional partition for one filesystem
- and no slices (call it /dev/dsk/c#b#t#d#p# <-- no s).
-
- 5) In the active Unix partition, you can have 183 slices. Diskadd
- only helps you create up to 13. Any additional slices need to be
- hand created. On the 2nd drive with scsi id=1, the slices would
- be 1 through b8 (because slices are listed in hex):
-
- /dev/rdsk/c0b0t1d0s1
- /dev/rdsk/c0b0t1d0s2
- /dev/rdsk/c0b0t1d0s3
- ...
- /dev/rdsk/c0b0t1d0sb6
- /dev/rdsk/c0b0t1d0sb7 <--- Slice #'s are in hex, b7 = 183.
-
- I couldn't get 184 to work; so for now, I'll claim 183.
-
- 6) The situation where you would have more than one partition on
- another drive is where you need a raw partition for Database
- storage or you are using the trick of one filesystem taking up a
- whole partition with no slices in it.
-
-
-
-
- 3.33 How do I partition a hard drive?
- 18 Dec 2000
- ------------------------------------
- It is not very common to partition a hard drive with UnixWare, because of
- the caveats listed in (3.29). If you find yourself needing to add a
- partition for some raw space or for dedication of the entire partition
- to a filesystem (odd), go ahead and use 'fdisk.' Reboot and remake
- your emergency boot and root disks.
-
-
-
-
- 3.34 How do I create a slice in a partition?
- 2 Jul 2001
- ------------------------------------
- People add a slice if they want to make another filesystem or add additional
- swap space. Most slices were created the easy way, during ISL or when you
- added a drive and ran diskadd. If you need more than 13 slices or you
- just postponed adding them until later, you'll want to do the following:
-
-
- 1) Choose a drive with an active UW partition with free space in it.
- 2) Print the VTOC to a temp file called mytoc.
- 3) Look at mytoc and determine what slice number to use.
- 4) Determine from mytoc where to start your new slice.
- 5) Determine using math how many sectors to use... The Magic Multiplier.
- 6) Edit and save mytoc with the new slice #, TAG, FLAG, START, and SIZE.
- 7) Impress mytoc back onto the partition as the new VTOC.
- 8) Reboot if you changed the root disk drive or if you added a slice
- above number 15.
-
-
- After that is done, the slice is ready for a filesystem and mounting.
- Here is an in-depth example of the above procedure:
-
- 1) I'll choose the partition that is on my first hard drive
- because it has some free space on it and it has an easy to
- follow example slice (/home). That means scsi id 0.
-
- 2) prtvtoc -f /tmp/mytoc /dev/rdsk/c0b0t0d0s0
-
- 3) less /tmp/mytoc
- The output is shown below. Slice 5 is empty. I'll use 5.
-
- #SLICE TAG FLAGS START SIZE
- 0 0x5 0x201 63 16305912
- 1 0x2 0x200 1076355 6152895
- 2 0x3 0x201 642600 433755
- 3 0x0 0x0 0 0
- 4 0xb 0x200 7229250 8787555
- 5 0x0 0x0 0 0
- 6 0xc 0x201 64260 578340
- 7 0x1 0x201 63 34
- 8 0xd 0x201 97 15968
- 9 0x0 0x0 0 0
- 10 0x9 0x200 16065 48195
- 11 0x0 0x0 0 0
- 12 0x0 0x0 0 0
- 13 0x0 0x0 0 0
- 14 0x0 0x0 0 0
- 15 0xf 0x201 16016805 16065
-
- 4) To determine where to start, you need to look and see where
- the last slice ends because the unallocated space begins at
- then end of the last slice. A cylinder begins at the end of
- the last slice. From the above output, I can see
- slice 0, the whole partition, starts at 63 and is 16305912 sectors
- long. It is important to realize that:
-
- (start sector) + (number of sectors) = (beginning sector
- of empty space).
-
- For example, a hypothetical slice that starts at sector 0
- and is 10 sectors long. Then:
-
- ( 0 ) + ( 10 ) = 10
-
- which means that the slice takes up sectors 0-9, and sector 10
- is where the free space starts.
-
- Back to the real chart, we see: (63) + (16305912) = (16305975)
- which tells me that the drive ends on 16305975. Now I look for
- the last slice which is the slice with the highest start number,
- 15 in this case. Below is a listing of slice 15 again:
-
- #SLICE TAG FLAGS START SIZE
- 15 0xf 0x201 16016805 16065
-
-
- I want to start at the beginning of the unallocated space.
- The formula says:
-
- 16016805 + 16065 = 16032870
-
- So the answer to this section is: The START sector = 16032870.
-
- 5) How many sectors to use.... The Magic Multiplier.
- I've determined where to start the slice in part (4), and
- that sector is on a cylinder boundary. I also want it to
- end on a cylinder boundary. So I need to determine about
- how many sectors I have to play with, and then calculate
- how many I need to make my slice end on a cylinder boundary.
- I do a quick prtvtoc as described in question (3.25):
-
- #TYPE HEADS CYLS SECS SECSZ
- 4 255 1115 63 512
-
- So now I am armed with the data that a track is 63 sectors around,
- and a cylinder is 255 tracks high. That's 255 tracks that are 63
- sectors around or (255 x 63)=16065 sectors.
-
- That's the Magic Multiplier...: 16065.
- There are 16065 sectors in a cylinder.
- The sector size of my new slice needs to be a multiple of 16065.
- Every START listed in the table is an even multiple of 16065.
-
- By using the Magic Multiplier this way, we assure ourselves that
- our slices start at the beginning of a cylinder and end at the
- end of a cylinder.
-
- In this example, I subtract to get the amount of space available:
-
- 16305975 Partition ends on this sector.
- - 16032870 New slice starts on this sect.
- -------------
- = 273105 I have this much unalloc'd space to play with.
-
- Doing a little multiplying I see that, if I try a few multiples of
- the Magic Multiplier:
-
- 14 * 16065 = 224910
- 15 * 16065 = 240975
- 16 * 16065 = 257040
- 17 * 16065 = 273105
-
-
- I'll choose the second one. My answer is then: SECZ = 240975
-
-
-
- 6) So far I've decided:
-
- TAG = 0x4 from man edvtoc 0x4 means user filesystem
- FLAG = 0x200 from man edvtoc 0x200 means valid to use
- SLICE = 5 from Step (3)
- START = 16032870 from Step (4)
- SECSZ = 240975 from Step (5)
-
- The edited file looks like this:
-
- /tmp/mytoc
- +---------------------------------------------
- |#SLICE TAG FLAGS START SIZE
- | 0 0x5 0x201 63 16305912
- | 1 0x2 0x200 1076355 6152895
- | 2 0x3 0x201 642600 433755
- | 3 0x0 0x0 0 0
- | 4 0xb 0x200 7229250 8787555
- | 5 0x4 0x200 16032870 240975
- | 6 0xc 0x201 64260 578340
- | 7 0x1 0x201 63 34
- | 8 0xd 0x201 97 15968
- | 9 0x0 0x0 0 0
- |10 0x9 0x200 16065 48195
- |11 0x0 0x0 0 0
- |12 0x0 0x0 0 0
- |13 0x0 0x0 0 0
- |14 0x0 0x0 0 0
- |15 0xf 0x201 16016805 16065
- |
-
-
-
- 7) Now impress this on the drive with 'edvtoc' as in:
-
- edvtoc -f /tmp/mytoc /dev/rdsk/c0b0t0d0s0
-
-
- We are done. Slice #5 is created as.... /dev/rdsk/c0b0t0d0s5.
- No need to reboot because the device node for slice 5 exists already.
-
-
-
-
-
- 3.35 How do I create a filesystem in a slice?
- 15 Oct 1999
- ------------------------------------
- Now that we have a slice, we need a filesystem on it. To
- do this we'll use the 'mkfs' command twice: once to list the
- mkfs command used to create /home and once to create a vxfs
- filesystem on the new slice.
-
- 1) mkfs -m /dev/dsk/c0b0t0d0s4 > /tmp/doit
-
- This command is used to list the mkfs command that was used to
- create /home. We'll use this because it is almost identical to
- the command that we need to make our vxfs filesystem. This
- is the output of the command:
-
- mkfs -F vxfs -o ninode=unlimited,bsize=1024,version=4, \
- inosize=256,logsize=1024,nolargefiles /dev/dsk/c0b0t0d0s4 8787554
-
- where I have used a \ to denote that the mkfs command was one long
- line. Now vi doit and change it to specify our new slice, then
- execute it as follows.
-
- 2) vi /tmp/doit as follows to add a vxfs filesystem to slice 5
- that we created in Question (3.34):
-
- /tmp/doit
- ______________________________________________________________________
- | mkfs -F vxfs -o ninode=unlimited,bsize=1024,version=4,inosize=256, \
- | logsize=1024,nolargefiles /dev/dsk/c0b0t0d0s5 272790
- |
-
- In this file I changed the last two "words." Save the file.
-
- 3) Use your new 'doit' file to create the filesystem:
-
- # sh /tmp/doit
-
- Now there is a filesystem on our new slice. To complete the whole
- process, we want to create a mount point directory like /home2, and
- then go into Scoadmin Filesystem to let the system know about the
- mount configuration and to let it update /etc/vfstab so that we can
- simply type: mount /home2 instead of the whole c0b0t0d0s5 stuff,
- anytime we want to mount it.
-
-
-
-
- 3.36 How do I use quotas on a vxfs filesystem in Uw7?
- 7 Dec 1999
- -------------------------------------
- Quotas allow you to set limits on how much space is allotted to each
- user. These limits work on vxfs filesystems and can be hard or soft.
- They can limit the user by KB or by the number of files created.
-
- Here is a cookbook method to create a quota on the /home filesystem
- so that Yurtle is limited to 200 MB and/or 1000 files in her home
- directory, /home/yurtle:
-
- A. Log in as root
-
- B. touch /home/quotas <-- only if the file doesn't exist.
-
- C. edquota -F vxfs yurtle
- In this file, change the line so that it says:
- blocks soft=180000 hard=200000, inodes soft=900 hard=1000
-
- D. quotaon -F vxfs /home
-
- To see a report of the quota usage on a filesystem type the following:
-
- repquota -F vxfs /home
-
-
-
- 3.37 How do I fsck the root filesystem?
- 12 Feb 2002
- --------------------------------------
- In general the root filesystem knows when it's dirty and it will fsck
- itself automatically. You can still do it by hand but only if you boot
- off of your emergency diskettes and if you did not mount root first.
- You would switch to a unix shell and type:
-
- fsck -F vxfs -o full /dev/rdsk/c0b0t0d0s1
-
- You could add the -y flag if you want to automatically answer yes to all
- the questions fsck may ask you. I used s1 in the command above because
- that is the number of the root slice in a default Uw7 install.
-
-
- You can fsck other slices, when they are unmounted.
- To fsck /home, you can do the following:
-
- 1) Warn users and get them all to log off.
- 2) fuser -uc /home <-- list files in use in /home
- 3) fuser -u /dev/dsk/c0b0t0d0s4 <-- same as above (-c is tight)
- 3) fuser -k /dev/dsk/c0b0t0d0s4 <-- kill user proc's using files.
- 4) umount /home <-- unmount /home
- 5) fsck -F vxfs -o full /dev/dsk/c0b0t0d0s4
-
-
-
-
-
- 3.38 How do enable Large File Support (for file sizes up to 1TB)?
- 12 Feb 2002
- --------------------------------------
- To enable large file support on a filesystem you must either:
-
- A. Create a filesystem with the mkfs command and list largefile
- support as one the options.
-
- B. Or use the fsadm command on a filesystem that already exists,
-
- fsadm -F vxfs -o largefiles /data <--- /data is a mounted FS.
-
- Then set the ulimit to unlimited as in:
-
- ulimit -f unlimited
- defadm login ULIMIT=unlimited
- /etc/conf/bin/idtune -m SFSZLIM 0x7FFFFFFF
- /etc/conf/bin/idtune -m HFSZLIM 0x7FFFFFFF
- /etc/conf/bin/idbuild -B
- cd /
- shutdown -g0 -y -i6
-
-
- And it'd be done permanently for all users for /data. You can do the
- same thing for / rather than /data, if you want largefile support on
- the root filesystem. UnixWare has an sdighost -l command that will
- list all your drives and their names. Sometime people have trouble
- with largefiles when they are not using the right device names to start.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- 3.39 Why aren't my new scsi devices recognized after I install them?
- 18 Oct 1999
- --------------------------------------
- Scsi devices that are added to the system, when the power is off, will
- be recognized during POST by your scsi hba. Be sure to enter the
- hba config program so that your hba settings match your device's
- capabilities. Then you can boot to single user mode (only for the
- sake of speed) and run sdiconfig -l to get a listing of your devices
- which looks similar to:
-
-
- 0:0,7,0: HBA : (adsb,1) Adaptec PCI SCSI
- 0,0,0: DISK : IBM DRVS09V 0140
- 0,1,0: DISK : IBM DDRS-34560D DC1B
- 0,2,0: TAPE : HP HP35480A T603
- 0,3,0: CDROM : PLEXTOR CD-ROM PX-40TS 1.00
-
- If all of your devices are not listed, but were found by the hba
- during POST, then you may need to check scsi id's and termination.
- Be sure that you have inserted the cable with Pin 1 matching the
- red stripe on the cable, and try to use the best cables you can.
- After pulling on cables and bending them, they can fail.
- Also, be sure your hba BIOS is the most recent version.
-
-
-
-
- 3.40 Why isn't my Yamaha 4416S recognized after I install it?
- 18 Oct 1999
- --------------------------------------
- The Yamaha 4416S cd-writer/rewriter, known as the 4x4x16, doesn't
- like to run at scsi ID 5 or 6. For that matter, it doesn't like 7
- either. I've had devices mysteriously vanish and reappear on
- the 68 and 50-pin chains when the 4416 is at id 5 or 6.
- Try switching to id 3 or something. Also, be sure your hba BIOS is
- the most recent version. There is good thread on Usenet about
- the 4416s being "intermittently detected."
-
-
-
-
- 3.41 How do I institute ACL's on a Uw7 system?
- 28 Apr 2001
- --------------------------------------
- ACL's can be created, deleted, or modified by root or by the
- owner of a file. Use various forms of the commands:
-
- getacl
- setacl
-
- Below are two examples of using ACL's:
-
- Ex.1) Simple -- /usr/local/man directories
- ----------------------------------------------------------------
- * All your skunkware man pages get installed into
- /usr/local/man/man1 ... /usr/local/man/man8
-
- But they need to be converted and _written_ to the
- /usr/local/man/cat1 ... cat8
- directories before thay can be displayed properly.
-
- But writing to the cat1 ... cat8 directoires is not
- allowed by the permissions on those directories
- -rwxr-xr-x root sys cat1
- -rwxr-xr-x root sys cat2
- ...
- -rwxr-xr-x root sys cat8
-
- when you're logged in as your normal username.
-
-
-
- * This can be fixed by adding write permissions with ACL's
- for certain users (yourself). If you set this up, then
- you won't get those nagging "wrong display" errors.
-
- # cd /usr/local/man
- # getacl cat1
- # setacl -r -m u:matthew:rwx cat1
- # ls -l
- # getacl cat1
-
- That'll do it. Now just replace the cat1 by cat* to set
- this on all the cat directories.
-
-
-
-
- Ex.2) Detailed -- Adding ACL's for a user and a groups
- ------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-
- * We'll be adding 'r--' permissions on a file
- for two entities, the group 'graphics' and the user 'sysop':
-
- * We'll add these permissions because the file is called
- /home/data/turt/logo, and the relevant permissions are:
-
- drwxr-xr-x 2 root sys Oct 20 21:00 data
- drwxrwx--- 2 root turtles Oct 22 21:20 turt
- -rw-rw---- 1 yurtle turtles Oct 20 22:00 logo
-
- and from the permissions, we can see that sysop and the graphics
- group can't read nor access the turt directory, nor can they
- read the actual file, logo.
-
- Thus we'll have to add acl's for both turt and logo, to give sysop
- and graphics read access all the way down the path. It's very important
- to be sure that the perms are correct for each directory and file
- in the path.
-
- * Here are the before and after ACL's, then we'll discuss how to do it:
-
- Before ACL's After ACL's
- ------------------------------- --------------------------------------
-
- # file: logo # file: turt # file: logo # file: turt
- # owner: yurtle # owner: root # owner: yurtle # owner: root
- # group: turtles # group: turtles # group: turtles # group: turtles
- user::rw- user::rwx user::rw- user::rwx
- group::rw- group::rwx user:sysop:r-- user:sysop:r-x
- class:rw- class:rwx group::rw- group::rwx
- other:--- other:--- group:graphics:r-- group:graphics:r-x
- class:rw- class:rwx
- other:--- other:---
-
-
- * As root or Yurtle, cd into /home/data/
-
- * You can list the ACL with getacl turt
- * You set the ACL with --> setacl -m u:sysop:r-x turt
- setacl -m g:graphics:r-x turt
- * Then cd /home/data/turt --> setacl -m u:sysop:r-- logo
- setacl -m u:graphics:r-- logo
-
-
-
- Default Directory ACL's
- ***********************
-
- Let's say that you get tired of adding r-- permissions for sysop
- to all the files in the directory turt, and you want to set a default
- ACL entry on that directory. Well, it's broken. It's been
- broken since 7.0.0. It works on Open Unix 8.0.0 though.
-
- Here's how to add a default ACL entry, should it ever work:
-
- * As root, cd in /home/data
- * Set the ACL on the directory: setacl -m d:u:sysop:r-- turt
-
-
-
-
- 3.42 How do I superformat a diskette in Uw7?
- 18 Dec 2000
- ---------------------------------------
- As of this version, I can't get this to work on Uw7. There is a device
- for reading and writing to a 1.68MB floppy if you have formatted it first
- on another OS, /dev/[r]dsk/f03ct (man 7 fd).
-
- You can use DOS fdformat (written in 1991). Reboot into MS-DOS mode, run
-
- FREAD (loads a TSR)
- FDFORMAT A: F168 (or F144, or F163, or F172)
-
- The standard way to format a floppy is to use 80 tracks and 18 sectors
- per track, but for DOS format diskettes, Microsoft reserved 3 sectors
- of every track for undelete information. This space can be used for
- your data. You can increase the size of your DOS diskette from 1440K
- to 1680K. The concept, again, is to use 21 sectors per track, instead
- of only 18 sectors per track, though the data will be interleaved, which
- makes accessing them a bit slower.
-
-
-
-
-
- 3.43 Why doesn't my tape drive work with cpio, tar, and ArcServe?
- 25 Oct 1999
- ---------------------------------------
- ArcServe has a quirk where is takes over exclusive control of the tape
- drive when it is installed. Other commands like cpio and tar will not
- work with your tape drive until you type, as root,
-
- astop
-
- This stops the ArcServe daemon and returns tape control to the system.
- When you are finished using the tape, go ahead and type astart to
- return control to ArcServe. On a side note, most people prefer a
- 'super-tar' program from a third party vendor for their backup needs.
-
-
-
- 3.44 How do I add additional swap space?
- 18 Dec 2000
- ---------------------------------------
- There are two ways to add some swap space to your computer:
-
- 1) add another swap slice, the same size, on a different drive.
- 2) or add a file and dedicate it to swap.
-
- The latter idea is mediocre at best. The following example will
- describe adding a swap slice.
-
- Issues to note:
- ----------------
- * The kernel will distribute the usage of multiple swaps on different
- drives in a stripe style, if the swaps are identical size.
- * It doesn't fill them sequentially or wait for busy drives.
- * So we strive for identical sized swap slices.
- * If the slice can't be identical in size, then larger.
- * We can always make the swaps identical size in /etc/swaptab (in blocks).
- * Adding a slice was discussed in Section (3.30).
-
-
- Here we go:
-
-
- --- Adding a swap slice ---
- There are two ways:
-
- A) When you installed the drive with diskadd then prtvtoc/edvtoc.
- This is kludgey, because the disksetup slice adding program
- is not coded to specifically deal with swap slices.
-
- B) After the disk is installed, add a swap slice just like you would
- add any other slice, except swap has a 0x3 tag. I'll describe
- this way, so as to augment (3.30). See that section if you need
- to recall how to add a slice, in general.
-
- Given:
- A Uw711 system with two scsi hard drives on the same controller,
- labeled with id 0, and id 12. Both drives have one Uw7 partition
- that is active. I know that disk2 slice 180 is free, so I'll use that:
- (It's probably better to use the lower numbers and work your way up,
- but I'd like to illustrate a slice number above 16 and issues like hex
- names and device nodes).
-
- Solution:
- 1) Determine the exact size and specifications of the swap
- slice on disk1 that we'll duplicate on disk2.
-
- prtvtoc -p /dev/rdsk/c0b0t0d0s0
- prtvtoc -f /tmp/mytoc /dev/rdsk/c0b0t0d0s0
- cat /tmp/mytoc | grep 0x3
-
- I know that the TAG for a swap slice is 0x3. So I can grep
- /tmp/mytoc for that TAG which shows, with my added titles, that:
-
- SLICE TAG FLAG START SECSZ
- 2 0x3 0x201 642600 433755
-
- I see that I'm trying to add a swap slice that's 433755 sectors.
-
- From the prtvtoc -p I see that disk1 has 1115C, 255H, 63S/T, 512B/S.
- A bit of math (255 * 63) tells me that the Magic Number for a disk1
- cylinder is 16065 sectors. Now (433755 / 16065) = 27 cylinders.
- And I can calculate that (433755 * 512) = 222082560 bytes.
-
- So from all this I gather my requirements:
-
- A) My new swap slice SLICE = 180.
- B) My new swap slice TAG = 0x3
- C) My new swap slice FLAG = 0x201
- D) My new swap slice START is yet to be determined.
- E) My new swap slice SECSZ would like to be = 433755
- F) My new swap slice cylinders would like to be = 27.
-
- 2) Examine disk 2 and see if I can create that layout. The big issue
- I'll face is my disk geometries may be different. I am trying
- to have all swaps the identical size and have all swaps start and
- end on cylinder boundaries. Here is a head to head comparison of the
- output of the following commands on the two slices:
-
- prtvtoc -p /dev/rdsk/c0b0t0d0s0
- prtvtoc -p /dev/rdsk/c0b0t12d0s0
-
- Cyl Heads Sec/Trk Bytes/Sec Magic Number
- 1115 255 63 512 16065
- 8748 64 32 512 2048
-
-
- Check out the different Magic Numbers (sector size of a cylinder).
- I can't make both swaps the same number of bytes if the second swap
- slice is to end on a cylinder boundary.
-
- I will get around this by making the new swap slice at least as large
- as the first swap slice, in sectors that means >= 433755. Then I'll
- make them exactly the same number of blocks in /etc/swaptab. In this
- area of administration, 1 sector = 1 block = 512 bytes.
-
- (2048 * 212) = 434176 sectors = SECSZ <-- Answer.
-
- 3) Now I'll create the second swap slice. This involves the procedure
- outlined in Section (3.30) above. I'll follow that procedure but use
- the values I calculated in this Section, instead:
-
- To summarize,
-
- i. prtvtoc -f /tmp/swaptoc /dev/rdsk/c0b0t12d0s0
- ii. vi /tmp/swaptoc.
- iii. My new swap slice - SLICE = 180
- iv. My new swap slice - TAG = 0x3
- v. My new swap slice - FLAG = 0x201
- vi. I see that I can start on START = 821248
- vii. I showed that my - SECSZ = 434176
- viii. Add slice 180 to swaptoc using values from iii, iv, v, vi, vii.
- ix. Save /tmp/swaptoc and exit vi.
- x. edvtoc -f /tmp/swaptoc /dev/rdsk/c0b0t12d0s0
-
-
- 4) The second swap slice is created and now I add it to the list of
- devices that swap uses, by adding the block device to the
- /etc/swaptab file and making the exact same block size as the original.
- I used slice 180 on drive 2, and that looks like:
-
- Raw device /dev/rdsk/c0b0t12d0sb4
- Block Device /dev/dsk/c0b0t12d0sb4
-
- so /etc/swaptab looks like:
- +----------------------------------------------------------------
- | #swapname offset(in blocks) size(in blocks)
- | /dev/swap 0 -
- | /dev/dsk/c0b0t12d0sb4 0 433755
- |
-
-
- 5) Reboot. Here I thought I was done without a reboot if I just entered
- swap -c to load the /etc/swaptab file, but I got a Device not found
- error. Low and behold, the raw and block devices for the second
- disk slice 180 were not created after I did the edvtoc. My first
- instinct was to make the device nodes by hand with mknod, so I did....
-
- mknod /dev/rdsk/c0b0t12d0sb4 c 7679 436
- mknod /dev/dsk/c0b0t12d0sb4 b 7679 436
-
- Wrong again! The devices were made fine, but swap -c still said
- Device not found. A bit more reading of man vtoc told me that
- the device nodes for slices 1-15 are created, but 16-183 are not,
- unless the slice exists. This is all done at boot time, so I
- concluded I needed a reboot :-/. I rm'd the two device nodes I
- had created, rebooted, and everything worked perfectly.
-
- swap -l lists the new swap
-
- path dev swaplo blocks free
- /dev/swap 7679,2 0 433752 433752
- /dev/dsk/c0b0t12d0sb4 7679,436 0 433752 433752
-
-
-
-
-
-
- 3.45 Why do all the files on a mounted CD-ROM have ';1' at the end?
- 18 Dec 2000 contribs mitrich@kes.kc.ru
- ---------------------------------------
- That means that CD was recorded using JOLIET filesystem.
-
- You need to invoke SCO Admin, then Filesystem Manager. Then point to the
- CD-ROM mount entry, select
-
- Mount-> Modify Mount Config->Advanced Options->
- Filename Conversion-> Suppress version and (;).
-
-
- From the command line it will be like this:
-
- mount -F cdfs -o\ dsearch=x,nmconv=m,dperm=0555,fperm=0555,ro \
- /dev/cdrom/cxbxtxlx /CD-ROM_1
-
- So it is better to use a script or alias for mounting.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- 3.46 How do I make an exact duplicate of an audio cd?
- 12 Jul 2001
- ----------------------------------
- Cdrtools-1.10 has all the programs you'll need to rip cd's in
- UnixWare 7. To do this, you can follow a method similar to this
- one, which uses a Plextor 8 speed cdr.
-
- Plextor cdr is called ==> dev=0,4,0
-
-
- To rip --> # mkdir tracks
- To rip --> # cd tracks
- To rip --> # cdda2wav -v255 -D0,4,0 -B -Owav
- To rip --> # cdrecord -v dev=0,4,0 speed=8 -dao -useinfo *.wav
-
-
-
-
-
-
- 3.47 What are a good set of options to backup /home to cdr?
- 12 Jul 2001
- ----------------------------------
- The trick is to choose a set of options to the mkisofs
- command that will preserve the filenames, the perms, and
- as much original inode information as possible.
-
- The following are good. I use 'em, and I haven't
- discovered any problems yet.
-
- sco_notes version ==> mkisofs -l -L -r -v -V home1 -o iso.img .
- altered version ==> mkisofs -R -U -v -V home1 -o iso.img .
-
-
- -U force untranslated filenames (includes all the following!)
- -allow-lowercase lowercase chars ok in filenames
- -allow-multidot multiple dots ok in filenames
- -d don't add a trailing . to filenames
- -l allow 31 char filenames
- -L filenames can begin with a .
- -N omit version numbers in filenames
- -no-iso-translate do not translate # and ~ in filenames
- -relaxed-filenames all 7-bit chars are allowed in filenames
-
- -R engage Rockridge extensions with SUSP extensions.
- -v verbose
- -V home1 this lables the disk home1.
- -o iso.img this puts the output in a file called iso.img
- . the last period tells it where to start.
-
-
-
-
-
- 3.48 Do the memfs filesystems, /tmp and /var/tmp, use 50MB of RAM?
- 12 Feb 2002
- ---------------------------------------
- The memfs filesystems are not exactly like ramdisks that
- reserve a section of ram. Memfs uses ram dynamically. If the
- directories are empty, the ram is not used.
-
- The memfs filesystems on UnixWare 7 default to 10 MB for /tmp
- and 40 MB for /var/tmp, which is not used when the directories
- are empty. It's safe to make them around 100 MB if you want, during
- the ISL.
-
-
-
-
-
-
- 3.49 How do I convert the memfs filesystems to regular vxfs ones?
- 12 Jul 2001
- ---------------------------------------
- All you have to do is umount /tmp and /var/tmp in order for
- them to become to regular subdirectories of root again. Use
- the umount command to do that.
-
- To make it permanent, umount the memfs filesystems and remove
- their entries from /etc/vfstab using vi. You can't use the Scoadmin
- Filesystem Manager to do any memfs operations, so do all that from
- the command line.
-
- The SCO Docs for UnixWare 7 state that a memfs /tmp is required
- for their emergency repair to work.
-
-
-
-
-
-
- _______________________________
- | |
- | 4. The Network |
- |_______________________________|
-
-
- 4.1 Do I need a nic in my Uw7 box?
- 18 Dec 2000 contribs zigazou@libertysurf.fr
- ----------------------------------------
- From postings in the c.u.u.m newsgroup and some personal experience,
- Uw7 expects to be on a network. A system without a network card will
- function erratically. The contributor stated,
-
- 'Deferring the installation of the NIC is possible
- during UnixWare 7 installation. But you have to
- keep in mind that "ns-admin" will not correctly
- setup its files if it is installed before the NIC.
- It is the origin of the dot problem in ns-admin.conf,
- because domain name would have not been set as NIC was
- not yet installed. Reinstalling the package as stated
- after the NIC installation corrects the problem.'
-
-
-
- 4.2 What is a good brand of nic to use in Uw7?
- 12 Feb 2002
- ----------------------------------------
- Any brand of NIC that's tested and certified by Caldera will
- be listed on the Compatible Hardware Page:
-
- http://www.caldera.com/chwp/
-
- Only use hardware that's listed! People are not always successful
- who focus on a supported chipset, rather than a supported nic from
- a brand name vendor.
-
-
-
-
-
- 4.3 How do I list my IP and MAC addresses for all configured nics?
- 24 Sept 1999
- ----------------------------------------
- Use the 'ifconfig -a' command to see a good deal about net0, net1, etc.
- You can also find the Media Access Control (MAC) address with:
-
- ndstat
- arp -a
- cat /etc/inet/macaddr
-
- It is useful to poke around with ndstat to understand how you can
- modify your MAC address if you are doing fail-over tasks.
-
- To get the MAC addresses of all the NICS on your subnet:
-
- * You can enable replies to broadcast pings on all the Uw7 hosts.
- * You can then ping your subnet's broadcast address.
- * All the Uw7 nics will respond.
- * Run an 'arp -a' and all the NICS + MAC's + IP's will be listed.
-
- To use 'inconfig' to enable response to broadcast pings,
- you will want to direct each host to reply to icmp activity:
-
- inconfig arpt_keep 1200
- inconfig icmp_reply_broadcast 1
-
- This will make arp keep it's data in it's cache for 1200 sec, and
- direct the nics to reply as described.
-
-
-
- 4.4 How do I list my routing table?
- 24 Sept 1999
- ----------------------------------------
- Use the 'netstat -rn' command to see the table using IP addresses.
- Use the 'netstat -r' command to see the table using host and network names.
-
-
-
-
-
- 4.5 How do I add a default route? Is it permanent?
- 12 Feb 2002
- ----------------------------------------
- Use the 'route' command again, for systems with standard netmasks
- like 255.0.0.0, or 255.255.0.0, or 255.255.255.0 as in:
-
- route add default 10.1.1.254
-
- If you have a more creative netmask, you will need to use
- more arguments to your route command to specify that.
- The default route will not stay around after a reboot. To make a
- route 'permanent' you will need to 'add' it at every reboot.
- This is as simple as the route add command above. Modify line 4a
- in your /etc/inet/config:
-
- original config file
- +-----------------------
- | ...
- | #4a:/usr/sbin/route::n::add default router_placeholder:
- | ...
- |
-
-
- modified config file
- +-----------------------
- | ...
- | 4a:/usr/sbin/route::y::add default 10.1.1.254:
- | ...
- |
-
-
- Changes to /etc/inet/config will not take affect until you reboot.
- Be sure that your /etc/resolv.conf properly points to any new DNS
- reachable with your new routing if necessary.
-
-
-
-
-
-
- 4.6 What is a Virtual Domain?
- 24 Sept 1999
- ----------------------------------------
- A Virtual Domain is created when you add an 2nd IP address to one nic.
- You can configure your machine so that it provides email, FTP, and web
- services for several different domains... just add more IP aliases.
- Then configure the services to use with the virtual domain.
-
-
-
-
-
- 4.7 How do I add an IP alias? Is it permanent?
- 18 Dec 2000
- ----------------------------------------
- Use the 'ifconfig' command to add or remove an alias:
-
- ifconfig net0 alias 10.1.1.100
- ifconfig net0 -alias 10.1.1.100
-
- You can test your new alias with the 'ping' command. If you have put
- the alias on a different subnet than the real address of the nic, then
- you will need to configure a route for one network to talk to the
- other virtual network. With an alias, you can keep your old IP address
- functional, if ever you change yours.
-
- An alias is not permanent. You can make it stay, though, by creating
- an rc.2 shell script, S70ipalias. Here's mine, which logs to the syslog.
-
-
-
- -------------------- begin /etc/rc2.d/S70ipalias ----------------------
- #!/bin/sh
-
- #======================
- # File: /etc/rc2.d/S70ipalias
- # Auth: M.Schalit
- # Desc: Sets up aliases for net0,
- # and logs them to the syslog.
- #
- # Usage: S70ipalias <start|stop>
- # Date: 26 Nov 2000
- #=======================
-
- usage()
- {
- echo "Usage: $0 <start|stop>\n"
- }
-
-
- # Set up a few variables. Fill in ALIAS1, and make NUN1 say
- # net0 or net1 or whatever nic you're putting the alias on.
- # The nic gets the alias, ALIAS1.
- # The NUN1 variable stands for Network Unit Number 1.
-
- ALIAS1=10.240.68.94
- NUN1=net0
-
- IP1=`/usr/sbin/ifconfig $NUN1 | grep "inet " | cut -d" " -f2`
-
-
- case "$1" in
- start) /bin/logger S70ipalias: initializing.
- if [ "$NUN1" -a "$ALIAS1" -a "$IP1" ]
- then
- /usr/sbin/ifconfig $NUN1 alias $ALIAS1
- IPA1=`/usr/sbin/ifconfig $NUN1 | grep "alias" | \
- cut -d" " -f3`
- /bin/logger S70ipalias: ${NUN1},$IP1 has the alias $IPA1
- fi
- ;;
-
- stop)
- /usr/sbin/ifconfig $NUN1 \-alias
- ;;
-
- *)
- usage
- ;;
- esac
-
- exit 0
- ----------------------------- End S70ipalias ------------------------
-
-
-
-
- 4.8 Suddenly the network is slow, why?
- 9 Oct 1999
- ----------------------------------------
- This is a common job interview question. There are many possibilities:
-
- A) There is a runaway process hogging cpu slices... use ps -ef.
- B) If the slow-down happens at the same time, look for machinery
- being run nearby the network or server at that time.
- C) Check netstat -i for ierrs or oerrs that are increasing.
- D) Check other netstat outputs for suspicious results.
- E) Is your filesystem out of free space, ram, or swap?
- F) Can you put a packet sniffer on the cable?
- G) Who had access to the server, and what was recently changed?
- H) Mismatched nics and hubs. Try to use all 3com, or Intel, etc.
- I) A nic is getting confused trying to do auto-negotiation.
- Boot to DOS and run the NIC's configuration utility to force
- the nic to the proper speed (10Mbps or 100Mbps) and the
- proper duplex (hubs use half, only switches and routers use full).
- J) Start swapping cables and hardware with known functioning ones.
-
-
-
-
- 4.9 Is there a firewall program for Uw7?
- 12 Feb 2002
- ----------------------------------------
- There is no firewall application per se for Uw7. SCO training manuals
- state the following:
-
- 'A firewall is not a simple switch that you select on or off.
- Instead, it is a series of components that you can use to build
- your security system, like adding bricks in a wall.'
-
- 'A properly configured Uw7 system can accomplish (being a firewall).
- To achieve this, the system should be:
-
- * Set up as the connection between networks
-
- * Configured with security features such as TCP wrappers,
- packet filters, and proxy servers.
-
- * Running minimal services and have as few accounts as possible
- to reduce the risk of penetration.'
-
- People get defeated when attempting to use Uw7 as a firewall because
- it can not do NAT (network address translation). As of Dec, 2000,
- NAT for Uw7 is rumored to be under testing, though I heard that in May.
- When it gets here, that'll be great.
-
- Often people want to setup a private LAN connected to the Internet via
- one registered IP address. This needs NAT to do completely. Proxy
- servers help, but are limited to doing web and ftp, and need proxy
- capable clients. NAT doesn't have these limitations.
-
- If your ISP provides you with a block of IP addresses, then you can use
- proxy arp to make a Uw7 system that's a transparent, packet filtering
- firewall bridge.
-
- People enjoy using Linux for NAT/firewall. Other excellent
- alternatives include the GnatBox (www.gnatbox.com) and the
- Linux Embedded Appliance Firewall (LEAF, leaf.sf.net). I use LEAF.
-
- For an excellent firewall reference, please see the O'Reilly book,
- _Building Internet Firewalls_. You may wish to create the following:
-
-
- ISP <--> LRP -- Internal Protected Network
- \
- DMZ (Web,Ftp,DNS,Mail Servers)
-
-
-
-
-
- 4.10 What's a TCP Wrapper?
- 18 Dec 2000
- ----------------------------------------
- There are many services that run on Uw7 such as ftpd, and telnetd.
- TCP wrappers are programs that 'wrap' around these services and
- only allow permitted traffic to flow to them. The allowing and
- denial of access is controlled by /etc/hosts.allow and /etc/hosts.deny.
- TCP wrappers are enabled by default and set to allow all. They
- are enabled/disabled in /etc/inet/inetd.conf.
-
- Server daemon programs that can use tcp wrappers are often named
- in.ftpd, in.telnetd, in.rlogind, etc. . . .
-
-
-
-
- 4.11 What is a Packet Filter?
- 18 Dec 2000 contribs Boyd Gerber
- ----------------------------------------
- A packet filter is a set of rules that control the movement
- of data in and out of your ethernet cards.
-
- What's being checked are packets between the Network and Internet layers
- of the TCP protocol stack.
-
- As such, packet filters can restrict which packets are allowed to
- enter or exit through a nic.
-
- Packet filters are not enabled by default, and can be created using
- the Scoadmin Packet Filter Manager.
-
-
-
- _______ Boyd said _______
- The graphical manager is not perfect, you sometimes have to manually
- fiddle with the filters in:
-
- /etc/pf.d/IP
-
- See also the man page pushfilter(1M)
-
- Don't try this under 7.0.1 or 7.1 without all the patches. The
- systems corrupts its control files and renders the whole TCP/IP
- framework useless. Unless you have some experience in these
- control files there only way to get the TCP back is a reinstall.
- _________________________
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- 4.12 Why can't root ftp into Uw7?
- 24 Sept 1999
- ----------------------------------------
- Root is denied ftp access by default, as a security consideration.
- To enable root to ftp, remove 'root' from the file /etc/ftpusers,
- and be sure that root's login shell is not commented out in the file
- /etc/shells.
-
-
-
-
- 4.13 What are the idiosyncrasies with the DNS Server Manager?
- 12 Feb 2002 contribs James Richardson
- ----------------------------------------
- If you start it and exit it without creating any DNS servers,
- it will still automatically create a 'caching only' nameserver.
- That's a feature.
-
- The DNS server manager GUI was recently updated with a ptf.
- It's tight now. It has a nice feature to update your db.cache
- file, which is the list of root servers in /etc/inet/named.d/.
-
-
- _____ James said _____
- It seems to add extra ;; in files when a zone is
- transfered. You'll see errors in the startup log,
- and just delete the extra ;
-
-
-
-
-
-
- 4.14 Why does logging into the CDE freeze for minutes, then restart?
- 24 Sept 1999
- ----------------------------------------
- This is often the result of a misconfigured DNS or /etc/resolv.conf.
- Be sure to have the proper nameservers listed, and check nslookup
- to be sure you get the correct results returned from DNS. Try a
- bogus name like 'bogus' at the nslookup prompt. If the command
- hangs, then you have a problem with DNS. Your system can also
- hang if your default route is down and your first nameserver
- listed in /etc/resolv.conf is on the next subnet.
-
-
-
- 4.15 What are network services?
- 24 Sept 1999
- ----------------------------------------
- A Uw7 system runs many programs in the background that are designed
- to respond to and communicate with a user's program. This is called
- the server/client model. We refer to a server process as a service,
- which waits for communication on one or more ports. People are
- familiar with such services as ftp, and telnet. These are
- offered by the corresponding processes ftpd, telnetd, and httpd
- on ports 21, 23, and 80. These services are mapped out in a text
- file called /etc/services.
-
-
-
- 4.16 What network services, that run by default, don't I need?
- 18 Dec 2000
- ----------------------------------------
- Many people do not need to run routed on their small LAN, especially
- if they have their default route and other routes statically entered.
- There are a lot of legacy daemons like finger, talk, ntalk, and systat.
- You just have to have a close look. Running old daemons is a sure-fire
- way to leave your network open. Telnetd and ftpd are problems!
-
- For instance, UnixWare 7.1.1 ships with wu-ftpd 2.4.2academ.
- There's no end the the CERT alerts about old versions of wu-ftpd,
- older that 2.6.0 being root compromised. Plus, wu-ftpd is enabled by
- default.
-
-
-
- 4.17 Why can't I see computers on another subnet with Visionfs?
- 24 Sept 1999
- ----------------------------------------
- Visionfs uses NetBIOS names for name to IP address resolution, but NetBIOS
- broadcasts don't cross routers. A solution is to edit:
-
- /etc/lmhosts
- c:\windows\lmhosts
- c:\winnt\system32\drivers\etc\lmhosts
-
- or put a Visionfs host on each subnet.
-
-
-
- 4.18 Can I synchronize my computer's clocks with the correct time?
- 24 Sept 1999
- ----------------------------------------
- There are extremely accurate time-keeping systems called atomic clocks
- that keep the world's time exact. You can access this exact time
- if you have a link to your ISP up, by running the simple program
- 'ntpdate.' If you want to set up a more elaborate time synch system,
- like a time server to synch all your workstations to, then use 'xntpd.'
-
-
-
-
- 4.19 How do I use ntpdate?
- 24 Sept 1999
- ----------------------------------------
- Ntpdate is not a service but a one-shot program that uses the default
- route (usually to your ISP) to communicate with the time servers
- you specify. The atomic clocks are called Stratum 1 servers, and
- should not be used. They communicate, in turn, with high powered
- and reliable, computer time servers called Stratum 2 servers, which
- are polled by many people who run Stratum 3 servers. We often poll
- Stratum 2 and 3 servers. Good time servers can be found at:
-
- http://www.eecis.udel.edu/~mills/ntp/servers.html
-
- An example 'ntpdate' command that I have aliased is:
-
- ntpdate tock.cs.unlv.edu clock.psu.edu clock.tricity.wsu.edu
- ns.scruz.net ntp.cox.smu.edu
-
- which is typed all on one line. At least four time serves are used
- which increases the accuracy of the time returned.
-
-
-
-
- 4.20 How do I use xntpd?
- 18 Dec 2000
- ----------------------------------------
- First some general concepts. Xntpd is running by default because an
- (empty) ntp.conf exists. Xntpd is started from an entry in
- /etc/inet/config. Xntpd which implements the Network Time
- Protocol (NTP) is not trivial, and there is a newsgroup called
- comp.protocols.time.ntp where this topic is discussed in detail.
- You can interact with an xntpd daemon by using the xntpdc command.
-
- The further away in network hops a time server is from an atomic clock,
- the less reliable it is. This reliability is called the server's stratum.
-
- Stratum 1 == Atomic clocks. Please don't use these.
- Stratum 2 == Secondary servers.
- Stratum 3 == Uw7 local clocks default to 3 but should be set to 10 !!!
- Stratum 5 == A good level for your local ntp server.
- Stratum 10 = The proper level for clients and their local clock.
-
- For every 100 hosts on your intranet, you should configure one ntp client
- to poll two stratum 2 servers (in case one is down). Then configure all
- the other hosts to poll your freshly synchronized, local time server.
-
-
- xntpd-mini-HOWTO:
- -----------------
-
- A) Determine which Secondary servers to poll from the list at
- http://www.eecis.udel.edu/~mills/ntp/servers.html
-
- B) Add appropriate entries to /etc/inet/ntp.conf by using the
- scoadmin Client Manager --> Add a Client --> NTP client.
- Here there is a bug. You will need to tab and click around
- on the different entries before the scoadmin tcl script will
- allow your cursor into the IP address field. Now you can
- enter the names of the two time servers you chose in step (A).
- Then enter 127.127.1.0 which is your local clock (RTC) address.
- Click ok and exit the Client Manager. Configuring like this
- through the Client Manager is what enables the client side
- of xntpd and the server side also. Exit the Client Manager.
-
- C) Edit your new /etc/inet/ntp.conf file:
-
- original /etc/inet/ntp.conf
- +-----------------------------------------
- | broadcastclient no
- | server 128.xxx.xxx.97
- | server 192.xxx.xxx.41
- | server 127.127.1.0
- | driftfile /etc/inet/ntp.drift
- |
-
-
- modified /etc/inet/ntp.conf
- +-----------------------------------------
- | broadcastclient no
- | server 128.xxx.xxx.97
- | server 192.xxx.xxx.41
- | server 127.127.1.0
- | fudge 127.127.1.0 stratum 5
- | driftfile /etc/inet/ntp.drift
- |
-
- You can see that the fudge line was added to set the stratum of the
- local time server. Let's call that local time server ns1.local.com.
- To configure the other 99 hosts on your network to use ns1, then
- you would do the same A, B, C procedure above, but only use the
- ns1.local.com and 127.127.1.0 addresses. Fudge the 99 hosts to stratum 10.
-
- Observe the effects of xntpd in /var/adm/syslog. You'll want to be
- sure that your default route is brought up in /etc/inet/config,
- because then it is established before xntpd tries to use it.
-
- If you want to debug the daemon, observe its status, or modify a
- setting while it's running, you can use xntpdc.
-
-
-
- 4.21 Where is my domain name stored in the root filesystem?
- 24 Sept 1999
- ----------------------------------------
- You can search every local file for the domain name string
- using the find command along with xargs for speed:
-
- find / -type f | xargs fgrep -l "domain" > /tmp/p.out
-
- Xargs is a command line program that groups a bunch of fgreps and
- processes them all at once instead of one at a time.
-
-
-
-
- 4.22 Is DHCP possible with Uw7?
- 12 Feb 2002
- ----------------------------------------
- Uw7 has both dhcp client and server capabilities.
-
-
-
-
- 4.23 What are good IP addresses to use for my private LAN?
- 18 Dec 2000 contribs tangent
- ----------------------------------------
- The following information is taken from rfc1918, a Request For
- comments by Y. Rekhter, et. al., which obsoleted the older rfc1597.
- Read this document on the web at:
-
- http://www.faqs.org/rfcs/rfc1918.html
-
- 'The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) has
- reserved the following three blocks of the IP address
- space for private intranets:
-
- 10.0.0.0 - 10.255.255.255 (10/8 prefix)
- 172.16.0.0 - 172.31.255.255 (172.16/12 prefix)
- 192.168.0.0 - 192.168.255.255 (192.168/16 prefix)
-
-
-
- Use one of those ranges. I could go on forever about networks,
- ip addresses and netmasks, and tangent started to, but this is just
- meant to be a quick list of what the numbers are. I don't like
- remembering 172.16, 172.31, or whatever.
-
-
-
- _____ tangent's comments here on subnetting and netmasks are on file at
- http://zenez.pcunix.com/cgi-bin/scouw7faq
-
-
-
-
- 4.24 How do I setup Uw7 as a router for two subnets?
- 18 Dec 2000
- ----------------------------------------
- This is accomplished with two NIC's in the Uw7 host, configured
- with IP addresses on the two subnets. The procedure looks like this:
-
-
- A. Install the 2nd nic in the case.
- B. Boot off a DOS disk and run the nic config utility
- C. Add the 2nd card with a good nodename like myhost1.
- D. Give the card the right IP on the new subnet.
- E. Click advanced to set ipsendredirects and ipforwarding.
-
-
- Be sure to run each NIC's configuration utility which is usually
- a DOS application in order to fix the card's irq and address if
- it is an ISA card. You might want to fix the speed and duplex also.
-
- Then with one card already configured as myhost.mydom.net,
- use 'netcfg' to configure the other card and enter its name as
- myhost1. Enter the appropriate IP address and be sure to select
- Advanced Options so that you can check the box Use As Router? Yes.
- That sets ipforwarding and ipsendredirects to deal with proxy arp,
- After saving and exiting, the scoadmin network will add entries in your
- /etc/hosts and your DNS A record file db.mydom.net (if it exists).
-
- Then you should be able to go to the hosts on each subnet
- and add the route to the other subnet.
-
-
-
- 4.25 What is a good modem for Uw7?
- 24 Sept 1999
- ----------------------------------------
- An external modem is the way to go. Many people are happy with
- Sportsters, Zoom 56Ks, Multitech, etc...
-
- Don't use an internal modem. It may work, but poorly.
- Don't use an internal PCI modem. It will never work.
-
- You'll want to apply set71101.
-
-
-
-
- 4.26 How do I set up an outgoing PPP connection?
- 18 Dec 2000
- --------------------------------------
- This is most easily accomplished via the gui scoadmin ppp.
- Given: Zoom external on COM1 for a dialout PPP to my ISP.
- My IP: Assigned at login
- ISP IP: Assigned at login
- ISP DNS: 206.xxx.yyy.12
- ISP DNS: 206.www.zzz.12
-
- I am going to start by installing the modem and configuring the serial
- port it is connected to, then configuring the PPP link with the PPP
- Connection Wizard....
-
- 1) Log in as root to the CDE and start the scoadmin Network Config
- Manager. Select View --> WAN. If you had no modems installed,
- your window will show no devices.
-
- 2) Select Hardware --> Add new WAN device --> Modem.
- This starts the modem manager.
-
- 3) Select Modem --> Add --> Manual Configuration.
- ( I could have used Auto, because the Zoom 56K is detectable).
-
- 4) Select your modem manufacturer and model. I'll use
- Zoom V.34X, because almost every Zoom script is identical,
- and this as good as any. Select the term/00m port that is what
- we call COM1. Then click the Configure Port... button, before
- you click OK.
-
- 5) This button takes you into the Serial Configuration Manager.
- Port Type = COM1 Modem
- Configure Port = Outgoing Only
- Speed = Auto
- Then ok to exit. Then ok to exit again. Then Host --> Exit.
- Back in the Network Configuration Manager, Go ahead and exit
- it also,
-
- 6) Testing the Modem: Now work at a terminal prompt.
-
- * Set the correct UID:GID on the serial port to uucp:uucp
- chown uucp:uucp /dev/term/00m
-
- * Directly connect to the modem with cu:
- cu -l /dev/term/00m
- You should enter the connection screen and see a message.
- You may see an AT. Type AT and press Enter, and you will
- see an OK or 0. If you don't, type ATE1 and Enter, and
- then AT again. That E1 turns echo on, which you need to see
- the data, but you don't need for PPP, that's why it's off.
- You could always just try an ATZ, then AT. Don't worry about
- about the state you leave it in.
-
- * Test that link to see if you get a dial tone:
- ATDT
- You will hear it after typing that.
-
- * Type ~. and Enter to disconnect.
-
- If any of the modem aspects don't work, then you'll need to
- troubleshoot your modem and phone line, which is beyond the scope
- of this Faq. Fix that before you go on. The SCO doc's contain
- good modem troubleshooting help.
-
- 7) Now with a working modem, restart the Scoadmin Network
- Configuration Manager again to build the PPP link. Choose
- View --> WAN and then select Software --> Configure PPP...
- Then choose View --> Bundles screen. Then Wizard --> Add.
- Then Outgoing, Start.
-
- 8) In the Outgoing : Bundle window, setup the following:
-
- Provider bundle name: earthlink
- Remote System: epop-sr
- Telephone: 2334492 then Add
- How to Connect: Use pppattach then Next.
-
- 9) Outgoing : PPP Authentication
-
- Authentication Protocol: None
- Next...
-
- 10) Outgoing : Login Script
-
- Use Script: Yes
- Login Script: All are left unchanged except
- 2nd Send: ELN/mschalit <-- My login name
- 3rd Send: ********** <-- My password
-
- Your username will probably be just your email name,
- but earthlink requires me to prepend an ELN/ before
- my username for logging in. Then next....
-
- 11) Outgoing : IP Network Protocol:
-
- Local address assigned by: Remote
- Local IP address/hostname: 0.0.0.0
- Remote address assigned by: Remote
- Remote IP address/hostname: 0.0.0.0
- Use as default route: Yes
- Local host acts as gateway: No
- Act as Proxy for arp: No
-
- Here I use 0.0.0.0 because it is a manual attach link.
- I select use as default route, because theoretically, this
- is a PPP link to an ISP who will link me out to the world.
- I want any data, not destined for my local computers, to go out
- to the Internet through my ISP by default, thus the default route.
- The local host will not act as a gateway for all the other computers
- on my LAN so that they can get their data out, in this example.
- The act as proxy for arp is related to the gateway, and this is
- also not needed, because I am not forwarding all data from my
- LAN out to the net, just from the Uw7 host to the net.
-
- 12) Outgoing : Name Servers
-
- Domain Search Order:
-
- schalit.net
-
- Name Server Search Order: Put your local DNS server last if any.
-
- 206.xxx.yyy.12
- 206.www.zzz.12
-
- Then next....
-
- 13) Outgoing : Link Devices
-
- Flow Control: Hardware
- Multilink max links: 1
- Selected Link Devices: Add the COM1 ACU device.
- Then Finish. You're done.
-
- Now that the link has been created, exit all managers and we'll test it.
- Note these facts: Manual pppattach links will not be listed in ifconfig -a
- until the link is brought up. Part of the ifconfig setup is an option
- called 'RFC1323' which gets set on all ifconfig devices. This RFC option
- conflicts with VJ Header Compression. RFC1323 is on by default, and
- VJ Header compression is off by default, so the setup is ok at this point,
- but I've found that rfc1323 mucks up some web pages from finishing to load
- or to send, so look in the ifconfig man page and consider turning this
- off if you have a good link but some pages don't complete. To turn off
- rfc1323, do the following:
-
- ifconfig ppp0 -rfc1323
-
-
- Testing and Monitoring the dialout PPP link:
-
- To test and monitor the state of the pppd as you make the
- outgoing PPP link, use the ppptalk command:
-
- ppptalk debug med bundle earthlink
- ppptalk debug med link link_0
- pppattach earthlink &
- tail -f /var/adm/log/ppp.log
-
- That will set debugging on the bundle and the link device, and
- dial the earthlink bundle, and then tail the PPP log. If it stays
- on line with the ISP, then your link succeeded. Often times you
- will have to read the log closely to see what your ISP rejected and
- to modify your PPP configuration to fit that.
-
- PPP is sensitive to what ptf's you've applied, also. Be sure to
- apply set71101 after ISL.
-
- If you want you modem speaker on until you connect, then you will
- need to edit your /etc/uucp/default/modem.name.file and change
- the Speaker line to read ATM1.
-
- After my link was up and it didn't hang up on me right away, I
- typed ping www.google.com and it worked, so I'm going to stop here.
-
-
-
-
- 4.27 How do I set up an incoming PPP connection?
- 27 Oct 1999
- --------------------------------------
- This exciting example of modern networking begins with no modem.
- Follow step (1) through (4) of the above procedure in (4.26).
- Continue here with (5) below.
-
- The big picture is that I intend to add a modem that is configured
- as incoming/outgoing (this is the key to success!). I'll test
- the modem outward using cu on the Uw7 computer to my ISP and inward
- allowing Uw7 to answer a call from Hyperterminal on NT4 SP5.
-
- I'll then make an incoming PPP bundle so that I can dial in from
- NT4 and login as my unix username, mschalit.
-
- After (1) - (4) above:
-
-
- 5) This button takes you into the Serial Configuration Manager.
- Port Type = COM1 Modem
- Configure Port = Incoming & Outgoing
- Speed = 115200
- Then ok to exit. Then ok to exit again. Then Host --> Exit.
- Back in the Network Configuration Manager, Go ahead and exit
- it also,
-
- 6) Testing the Modem: Working at a terminal prompt.
-
- * Set the correct UID:GID on the serial port to uucp:uucp
- if it's not correct:
-
- chown uucp:uucp /dev/term/00m
-
- * Directly connect to the modem with cu:
- cu -l /dev/term/00m
- You should enter the connection screen and see a message.
- You may see an AT. Type AT and press Enter, and you will
- see an OK or 0. If you don't, type ATE1 and Enter, and
- then AT again. That E1 turns on echo, which you need to see
- the data, but you don't need for PPP, that's why it's off.
- You can also type ATZ and Enter to reset the modem, then AT.
- Don't worry about about the state you leave it in.
-
- * Test that link to see if you get a dial tone:
- ATDT
- You will hear it after typing that. Hit ~. to
- disconnect and reconnect with cu -l /dev/term/00m
-
- * Test the link outbound... Dial the ISP, login, etc.
- ATDT 2xxyy92
- After you login, disconnect with ~.
-
- * Test the link incoming... I got on my NT4 box and
- ran Hyperterminal and dialed my Uw7 modem. It
- answered and I hit enter to get a Login prompt.
- I logged in as myself and was able to ls -l and
- cal and banner hello a bunch of times. Good.
-
- * Test the link outbound again.
- * Test the link inbound again.
-
- All those tests show me that the modem is stable and will
- answer calls and make calls repeatedly. Good news.
-
- 7) Now with a working modem, restart the Scoadmin Network
- Configuration Manager again to build the PPP link. Choose
- View --> WAN and then select Software --> Configure PPP...
- Then choose View --> Bundles screen. Then Wizard --> Add.
- Then Incoming, Start.
-
-
- 8) In the Incoming : Remote Access Window...
- Remote access bundle: sysop
- Authentication methods...
- Enable Chap = No
- Enable Pap = No
- Enable login = Yes
- Enable Caller ID = No
- Then Next...
-
- 9) In the Incoming : Login screen.......
- Username: rasop
- Password: entered something here
- Next
-
- 10) In the Incoming : IP Network Protocol window.....
- I left it on local and left my local address in there...
-
- Local address assigned by: Local
- Local IP Address/hostname: 10.1.1.1
- Remote address assigned by: Local
- Remote IP address/hostname: 10.1.1.103
- Use as default route: No
- Local host acts as gateway: Yes
- Act as proxy for arp: Yes
- Then next......
-
- 11) In the Incoming : Advertise DNS
- Advertise DNS servers: Yes
- Primary server address: 10.1.1.1 (because I have one)
- Secondary:
- The next....
-
- 12) In the Incoming : Link Devices window.........
-
- Flow Control: Hardware
- Multilink max links: 1
- Selected devices: COM1 Add >>
- Then finish, then exit, then exit.
-
- Now we are ready to dial in from another computer. I have set up
- my NT4 box with a PPP link to Uw7. I told NT to bring up a
- terminal window during the modem negotiation so that I can
- type in my login:pass. That's on the Script tab in the Edit
- Modem Properties. I told it not to do software compression and
- not to do VJ header compression due to the modem compression
- and the rfc1323 being enabled.
-
- When I dial, a little window pops up with three fields:
- username
- password
- domain
- Check Box for save password
- It doesn't matter what I enter there, because I will end up logging
- in with the terminal window. I entered something and it dialed out and
- popped up the terminal window. I logged in as rasop and gave it
- the password, and it worked.
-
-
-
-
- 4.28 How do I set up bidirectional PPP?
- 18 Dec 2000
- ----------------------------------------
- To do bidirectional PPP, it's a whole lot easier to have two modems,
- where one handles each direction.
-
- In an old SCO Network Administration class, I met a guy named Fred,
- who was an old BBS'er. He was able to get bidirectional PPP working
- between two Uw711 hosts. The key is that they were both Uw7, configured
- similarly, and had similar network configuration needs.
-
- After installing set71101, he did the following:
-
- A) Setup both hosts with PPP links using the Wizard as Outgoing only.
-
- B) On machine A, both IP addresses are Assigned By Local.
- In both spaces put in the real IP addresses of the two hosts.
-
- C) On machine B, both IP addresses are Assigned by Remote.
- Use fake addresses like 127.0.0.2 and 127.0.0.3.
-
- D) After exiting all the scoadmin managers, restart them
- and go back into Network Manager --> Wan --> Configure PPP,
- Modify the bundle and select the box to fix it as BiDirectional.
-
- E) Then you can setup the logins, and it should work.
-
-
-
-
- 4.29 I want to disable a particular daemon, how is this done?
- 12 Feb 2002
- ----------------------------------------
- You can ask yourself the following questions:
-
- a) Is it stand-alone and started via a script in /etc/rc2.d?
- b) Or does it start from /etc/inet/config
- c) Or does it start from /etc/inet/inetd.conf
- d) Is it run from the Service Access Facility (SAF)?
-
- Often you will just need to comment something out in the right file.
-
-
-
-
- 4.30 How do I apply changes made to /etc/inet/inetd.conf?
- 12 Feb 2002
- ----------------------------------------
- Changes made to this file can be applied by
-
-
- sacadm -k -p inetd
- sacadm -s -p inetd
-
- to stop and start it.
-
-
-
- 4.31 How do I apply changes made to /etc/inet/config?
- 7 Dec 1999
- ----------------------------------------
- Changes made to the config file will only take effect after
- tcp is restarted which can only be done with a reboot.
-
-
-
-
- 4.32 How do I boot an ftp user who is logged in?
- 18 Dec 2000
- ----------------------------------------
- This can be accomplished with ftpwho or ps:
-
- ftpwho
- ps -ef | grep ftpd | grep -v grep
-
-
- which will list everyone who's using ftp into your site.
- Choose the offender and note the PID. Let's say it is 767.
-
- kill 767
-
- gives them the boot. :-)
-
-
-
-
- 4.33 How do I catch someone trying to port scan my Uw7 host?
- 24 Sept 1999 by Jim Van Verth
- ----------------------------------------
- The curious out there like to scan the ports of publicly available
- computers. At times they are trying to attack your system. So
- you can run a dummy service on an unused port that'll send mail to
- root if someone tries to connect to the port.
-
- Let's call the new service we are going to create 'probe.'
- Let's have probe run on port 999, which is unused.
- Let's make a batch file that probe runs called 'etcprobe.'
- Probe will be added with an entry in /etc/services.
- Probe will be started with an entry in /etc/inet/inetd.conf.
- Etcprobe will be stored in /usr/local/bin.
-
-
- /usr/local/bin/etcprobe
- +-------------------------------------------------------------------
- | #!/bin/sh
- | netstat -an | grep 999 | grep ESTAB | mail -s "Probe Alert!!" root
- |
-
-
- /etc/services
- +------------------------------
- | ...
- | ...
- | probe 999/tcp
- | ...
-
-
- /etc/inet/inetd.conf
- +----------------------------------------------------------------------
- | ...
- | probe stream tcp nowait root /usr/local/bin/etcprobe probe
- |
-
-
- Now apply the changes made to inetd.conf with the kill command.
- Test that probe is working by trying to telnet to port 999.
- You'll get mail to root in a few seconds.
-
-
-
- 4.34 What web servers are running or not on Uw7 after ISL?
- 24 Sept 1999
- ----------------------------------------
- After Initial System Load (ISL), only the scohelphttpd is running.
- Netscape Fastrack Server is not running.
- Netscape Fastrack Administration Server is not running.
-
- scohelphttp query
- nsfast query
- /usr/ns-home/admserv/ns-admin query
-
-
-
-
- 4.35 Why can't I access the Webtop, my Netscape server, or Netscape Admin?
- 18 Dec 2000
- ----------------------------------------
- This happens when no Netscape servers are enabled on those ports.
- The Webtop runs off your usual Netscape server on port 80.
-
- nsfast enable
-
- The Netscape Admin server in another daemon run on port 620.
-
- /usr/ns-home/admserv/start-admin
-
- There are also instances where an error or a misconfigured
- magnus.conf file will make it difficult or impossible to run the
- server to which that file referred. It is easy to burger your
- magnus.conf file when you alter your domain name or your network
- IP address, or when you defer network installation during ISL.
-
-
-
-
-
- 4.36 How do I configure remote Netscape administration?
- 24 Sept 1999
- ----------------------------------------
- Edit the /usr/ns-home/admserv/ns-admin.conf file and modify the
- "Addresses" line from
-
- Addresses 10.1.1.1
-
- to read
-
- Addresses (10.1.1.1|10.1.1.2)
-
- in order to let both 10.1.1.1 and 10.1.1.2 run Netscape Admin Server.
-
-
-
-
- 4.37 What is the login:pass for Netscape Admin? I can't log in.
- 18 Dec 2000
- ----------------------------------------
- The login is admin
- The pass is root's password set during ISL
-
- If you ever change root's password with 'passwd,' it will not
- change the Netscape AdminServe password. Be sure to type in the
- one that you entered during ISL.
-
- Sometimes this can get garbled, so have a look at
-
- /usr/ns-home/admserv/admpw
-
- to be sure there is a password. The password in that file
- should be in encrypted form. Sometimes you just press Enter
- as the password.
-
- Change the nsadmin password by first starting and going into
- the Nsadmin server. Once you log in with the old password,
- you will see a button on the bottom of the page to Configure
- Administration. Hit that and then Access Control.
-
-
-
-
- 4.38 What do I need to watch out for with ns-admin.conf?
- 24 Sept 1999
- ----------------------------------------
- The Netscape Administration Server config file
- /usr/ns-home/admserv/ns-admin.conf can give people problems if there
- is a trailing dot in the ServerName or if the servername is wrong.
- This can occur if the hostname has been changed. If things
- get bad, fix them with:
-
- pkgrm nsadmin
- pkgadd -d cdrom1 nsadmin
-
-
-
-
- 4.39 How do I do NAT or DNAT or IP Masquerading on Uw7?
- 12 Feb 2002
- ----------------------------------------
- There is no way currently to do this in Uw7. It is proposed and in
- beta testing as of 7 Dec 1999 when this question was first written.
- SCO never released NAT for Uw7 and Caldera isn't going to for Ou8.
-
- People also like to use Linux to do this, but a full SuSE install isn't
- quite elegant enough when compared to the following:
-
- http://www.gnatbox.com/
- http://leaf.sourceforge.net/
-
- The GnatBox, pronounced like the bug, and LEAF are both mini Linux OS's
- that fit on a single diskette and don't need a cdrom or hard drive.
- They both contain firewall/NAT capability, support for many common network
- cards and programs. They are rock solid, fast, and very stable. The
- GnatBox is $1000, and uses a parallel port dongle (booo). A LEAF is
- of course, free :). I've used them both. I continue to use the LEAF on an
- old P150, and I think it's very good.
-
-
-
-
- 4.40 Why do I see a 'Disk not sane' error when booting off emergency disks?
- 12 Jul 2001
- ---------------------------------------
- This error can be caused by several things. First, you might be
- using the Veritas Filesystem package with ODM. Secondly, you may be
- lacking some critical ptf's like set71101 or ptf7430g, the Emergency
- Repair ptf. And finally, this error will occur if you try to use
- the emergency repair disks on an unpartitioned hard drive. If your
- hard drive isn't parititoned and you see the disk not sane error,
- then you can get to prompt and use fdisk to create an active unix
- partition that takes 100% of the disk. Then continue with the restore.
-
- Beware Veritas and that it can't unencapsulate an encapsulated
- boot disk. There's a TA for those restores.
-
- I use a Super-Tar, like Lonetar from Cactus software, to have disaster
- recovery and emergency boot utilities.
-
-
-
-
-
- 4.41 Can I speed up DNS resolution on my SOHO network?
- 12 Feb 2002
- ---------------------------------------
- On a SOHO network that uses their ISP's namerservers only and no
- nameservers on the LAN, adding a cacheing DNS server will speed up
- name resolution.
-
- The easiest place to do that is on your LEAF firewall/router.
- Use the dnscache program from djbdns at http://cr.yp.to/ .
-
- Also you can set up tinydns on the same router to resolve internal
- network private address names. Then the lookups for your internal
- names don't go out to the official DNS sites that have no idea what
- to do with 192.168.x.y.
-
-
-
-
- 4.42 How do I set up well tuned cacheing DNS server?
- 12 Feb 2002
- ---------------------------------------
-
- Look at the howto's on the LEAF site from J. Nilo, and look at
- the howto's at http://cr.yp.to/
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- ______________________________
- | |
- | 5. System Administration |
- |______________________________|
-
-
- 5.1 What do I want to watch out for, right after ISL?
- 12 Feb 2002
- ----------------------------------------
- Don't go changing your host name, your domain name, or your IP address
- willy nilly. That data is stored in too many places.
-
- Xntpd will be running with an empty ntp.conf file.
-
- Routed will be running.
-
- Wu-ftpd 2.4.2 will be running and it is very very insecure!
-
- There are a lot of security problems. See http://www.caldera.com/
-
- Be careful of starting the DNS manager; it can start a caching DNS server.
-
- Netscape server on 80, Netscape Admin Server on 620, Webtop, and Visionfs
- are not enable be default, but scohelphttp on 457 is.
-
- You need to immediately re-apply update710 if you just installed Uw7.1.0.
-
- You need to look closely at whether there is an updated NIC driver,
- an updated Graphics driver, or Audio driver. There are quite a few.
-
- The scohelp files need to be indexed. You may still be installing
- software, so decide and then index it.
-
- Root can't ftp in by default.
-
- Be sure to apply set71101 as soon as possible.
-
- Skunkware apps will need /usr/local/bin in your PATH, and they'll need
- /usr/local/man in your MANPATH, which is kept in /etc/default/man.
-
- ORDER=, in /etc/default/man is too long, and overflows man's buffer!
- It needs to be less than 255 characters long. Caldera is working on this.
-
-
-
-
- 5.2 What do I want to set up, right after ISL?
- 12 Feb 2002 contribs Boyd Gerber
- ----------------------------------------
- Here are some personal suggestions. Your results will vary as
- your hardware varies.
-
- Please check the Quick Overview of Patches and Supplements at
- ftp://ftp.sco.com/SLS/README.UW7.Supplements
- http://www.sco.com/support/ftplists/uw7list.html/
- for the latest list of patches.
-
-
- A) apply set71101.
- B) /etc/hosts, and ping a few things for curiosity's sake.
- C) A few user accounts
- D) Create /.profile and add a few aliases and EDITOR=vi.
- E) All drivers at ftp://ftp.sco.com/pub/drivers/UW711/
- F) Security sse and erg patches from Caldera.
- G) Make emergency Boot and Root diskettes
- H) Protect server by disabling unneeded services.
- I) nsfast enable.
- J) ln -s /usr/bin/clear /usr/bin/cls :)
- K) /usr/vision/bin/visionfs setup
- L) gzip, glibs, xpm, less, gs, gv, bash, pine, gcc, glib.
- M) A backup program.
- N) scoadmin Network Manager --> configure my nic to auto speed/duplex
- O) umask, ulimit, NPROC, and other tunables.
- P) create /.profile with a few aliases.
- Q) Set up my default route.
- R) Set up nameserver entries in /etc/resolv.conf if I have an active
- link to a DNS server.
- S) Add /usr/local/bin to the path in /etc/profile.
- T) Add /usr/local/man to the MANPATH in /etc/default/man.
- U) Create DNS server and Printers if necessary.
-
- Apply set71101 and life will be much better.
-
-
-
-
- 5.3 In what order do I install all those PTF's?
- 18 Dec 2000
- ----------------------------------------
- Apply set71101 first, then any other one that you think
- you need. Order is much less important, now with 7.1.1 and set71101.
-
-
-
-
- 5.4 What logs do I want to follow?
- 7 Dec 1999
- ----------------------------------------
- There are a few logs that will grow over time and ones
- that contain useful information:
-
- * /var/adm/syslog
- * /var/adm/log/osmlog
- * /var/adm/log/ppp.log
- * /usr/vision/vfsdata/logs/error.log
- * /.dt/startlog
- * /.dt/errorlog
- * /var/adm/sulog
- * /var/webtop/log/error.log
- * /usr/ns-home/httpd-scohelphttp/logs/access
- * /usr/ns-home/httpd-80/logs/access
- * /usr/ns-home/admserv/access
-
-
-
- 5.5 Where are errors recorded?
- 18 Dec 2000
- ----------------------------------------
- In all the files in section (5.3) and:
-
- * /var/dt/Xerrors
- * /usr/ns-home/admserv/errors
- * /usr/ns-home/admserv/cron.error
- * /usr/ns-home/httpd-80/logs/errors
- * /usr/ns-home/httpd-scohelphttp/logs/errors
- * /var/uucp/.Admin/errors
- * $HOME/.dt/errorlog
- * /var/adm/log/*.err
-
- Also note that problems often echo an error message to stderr,
- which may or may not be set to your current screen. After an error
- switch to the console with <Ctrl>+<Alt>+<Esc> and look for anything
- there that may help. The other day, my Kde desktop wouldn't run,
- it'd get 95% of the way loaded, with a mouse and grey background,
- then crash out. By switching to the console, I was able to see that it
- couldn't find some qt stuff. I had accidentally rm'd the qt directory.
-
-
-
-
- 5.6 How do I remove the password prompt for a user with no password?
- 12 Feb 2002 contrib Roger Gibson
- ----------------------------------------
- For the user you create that does not require a password enter
- the following command so they are not prompted for the password.
- Log in as root and enter the command:
-
- passwd -d username
-
-
- _________
- From the passwd(1) man page,
- 'Privileged users are not forced to comply with
- password aging and password construction requirements.
- Such users can create a null password by pressing
- <Enter> in response to the prompt for a new password.
- (This differs from passwd -d because the Password:
- prompt will still be displayed.)
- So be sure to examine passwd(1) and /etc/default/passwd in order
- to define your system-wide password requirements in conjunction
- with your descision for no password or for a NULL password.
-
- As a security precaution, you might want to restrict logins from
- users without passwords to the console or to a specific computer
- using tcp wrappers and files like ftpusers(4tcp).
-
-
-
-
-
- 5.7 A program that was running has crashed and is locked up, why?
- 25 Sept 1999
- ----------------------------------------
- When a program crashes, it's the running processes that are hanging.
- When a program crashes, we need to run a ps -ef and grep the output
- for the name of the program or the name of the process and kill it
- off if necessary.
-
-
-
-
- 5.8 What are the keys I press to kill a foreground process?
- 7 Dec 1999
- ----------------------------------------
- When you are running a program that is seemingly stuck, like an
- nslookup that isn't working, you can press the 'Delete' key or
- 'ctrl-c'. If neither of those work, you can try 'ctrl-\', but
- that will dump a core.
-
-
-
-
-
- 5.9 How do I find and kill a background process?
- 7 Dec 1999
- ----------------------------------------
- Let's say that a process called tasker is hung and we need to kill it.
- Run the command:
-
- ps -ef | grep tasker | grep -v grep
-
- and get the PID of the process. Let's say the PID is 8376. Type:
-
- kill 8376 <-- First try this. It's the nicest kill.
- kill -1 8376 <-- If that doesn't work, try this.
- kill -2 8376 <-- If it's being stubborn, try this.
- kill -9 8376 <-- This will kill anything, but it's rough.
-
- After you try the first kill, do another ps -ef to see if the process
- is still running. If it is try the next kill, and so on.
-
-
-
-
-
- 5.0 What are the various 'kill' command arguments?
- 25 Sept 1999
- ----------------------------------------
- There is a nice discussion of this in 'man 5 signal.'
- Some of the different kills in order of increasing power:
-
- kill -15 SIGTERM Exit Terminated
- kill -1 SIGHUP Exit Hangup
- kill -2 SIGINT Exit Interrupt
- kill -3 SIGQUIT Core Quit
- kill -9 SIGKILL Exit Killed
-
-
-
-
- 5.11 What are the Security Profiles and their password restrictions?
- 25 Sept 1999
- ----------------------------------------
- Low Passwords not required
- Traditional Passwords required. Default minimum == 3 chars.
- Improved Passwords required. Default minimum == 6 chars.
- High Passwords required. Default minimum == 8 chars.
-
-
-
-
-
- 5.12 What are the restrictions on login names?
- 25 Sept 1999
- ----------------------------------------
- Then maximum login name length is 254 characters. Any name longer
- than 8 characters must be created using the useradd command.
- The name should not contain upper case letters. No colons.
- It can't start with a number.
-
-
-
-
-
- 5.13 What's a umask? What's the default umask?
- 7 Dec 1999
- ----------------------------------------
- The umask is a set of numbers like 0022. It specifies which
- permissions to withhold when a directory or file is created. The
- default umask is set in /etc/profile and /etc/cshrc. For Low and
- Traditional, it's 0022. For Improved and High, it's 0077. To see
- what permissions a file or directory will get when created, do the
- following:
-
- always start with 1 7 7 7
- write in the umask 0 0 2 2
- subtract --------------
- equals the directory perms. --> 1 7 5 5
- which we see as drwxr-xr-x
- to get file perms enter 1 1 1 1
- and subtract again --------------
- equals the file perms. -----> 0 6 4 4
- which we see as -r-xr--r--
-
-
-
-
- 5.14 What's an environment? What's a .profile or .cshrc?
- 12 Feb 2002
- ----------------------------------------
- A users environment is a series of name=value pairs that
- hold values specific to that user. People are familiar with
- the environment variables named PATH and HOME. The environment for
- a user can be set in their $HOME/.profile or their $HOME/.cshrc
- if the user is using csh. Type this command to see you Environment
- variables:
-
- set | less
-
-
-
-
-
- 5.15 Where are all the possible places to set the environment?
- 18 Dec 2000
- ----------------------------------------
- All the possible places include:
-
- /etc/profile
- /etc/cshrc
- /etc/default/su
- $HOME/.profile
- $HOME/.login
- $HOME/.cshrc
- $HOME/.dtprofile
-
- though I don't claim to have found every one. It's a mystery to
- me sometimes where these PATHS are created.
-
-
-
-
-
- 5.16 Where do I change the default account aspects, like the login shell?
- 12 Feb 2002
- ----------------------------------------
- You can use the 'defadm' command to manipulate your /etc/default/* files:
-
- defadm useradd
-
- You can also do that from the scoadmin account manager. You can also
- manipulate the skel files.
-
-
-
-
-
- 5.17 How do I reuse a UID after deleting the original user?
- 25 Sept 1999
- ----------------------------------------
- By default, Uw7 doesn't let you reuse a UID for a period of one year.
- The default can me modified with 'defadm userdel.' The aging UIDs
- can be found in and deleted from:
-
- /etc/security/ia/ageduid
-
-
-
-
- 5.18 What are the advantages of command line 'userdel?'
- 18 Dec 2000 contribs: OLC zigazou
- ----------------------------------------
- The command line userdel will allow you to remove a user but leave
- their home directory intact. It will allow you to specify when to
- allow the UID to be reused.
-
- _____ zigazou said _____
- Using userdel is better than directly modifying /etc/passwd and
- /etc/shadow because it also keeps /etc/security/ia/audit, index
- and master files up to date. Though index and master may be
- edited manually as they are plain ASCII text files, audit is
- a binary file with fixed-length fields.
-
-
-
-
-
- 5.19 What are the advantages of command line 'usermod?'
- 18 Dec 2000 contribs: OLC zigazou
- ----------------------------------------
- The command line usermod will allow you to change a UID or a login name.
-
- _____ zigazou said _____
- Using usermod is better than directly modifying /etc/passwd and
- /etc/shadow because it also keeps /etc/security/ia/audit, index
- and master files up to date. Though index and master may be
- edited manually as they are plain ASCII text files, audit is
- a binary file with fixed-length fields.
-
-
-
-
-
- 5.20 Where do I change the default password restrictions, such as length?
- 25 Sept 1999
- ----------------------------------------
- Use the command 'defadm login' to view these restrictions. The
- defadm command will let you change the settings too. You can
- always use vi on /etc/default/login.
-
-
-
-
- 5.21 How do I record unsuccessful login attempts?
- 18 Dec 2000
- ----------------------------------------
- To get the all /etc/default/login subsystems to work, make sure to put
- in a value for MAXTRYS, such as MAXTRYS=30.
-
- To Make the System Log:
-
- You can create the file
-
- -rw------- root sys 0 /var/adm/loginlog
-
- with the touch command and the chmod command. Then enter:
-
- defadm login MAXTRYS=50 <-- because that needs to be non-null.
- defadm login LOGFAILURES <-- to see what it is set at.
- defadm login LOGFAILURES=2 <-- if you want to log after two failures.
-
-
-
-
- 5.22 How do I lock an account? How do I unlock an account?
- 7 Dec 1999
- ----------------------------------------
- You can use the command line utilities on user foobar's account:
-
- passwd -l foobar <-- to lock the account named foobar
- passwd foobar <-- to unlock the account by issuing a new pass.
-
- There was a bug that's just been solved with a TA and a PTF that
- fixes the problem where you could not create an account and force
- the user to change their password at the next login. We were faced
- with a locked account instead of being faced with a logged in user
- looking at the password change screen. Thanks SCO!
-
-
-
-
-
- 5.23 How do I control process priority in Uw7, with nice?
- 12 Feb 2002
- ----------------------------------------
- Nice, renice, and priocntl are the commands
-
- The priority of a process is an integer value that represents
- how much time to spend working on that process versus the other
- processes. The priority in Uw7 ranges from -20 to 20, for very nice
- to very much a cpu hog, respectively.
-
- To view a process's priority, whose PID is 842, use priocntl -d 842
-
-
- Ex. 1. Making myprog nicer to other users:
- ------------------
- If you're about to run myprog, use nice -n 10 myprog
- If myprog is a process with pid 842, use renice -n 10 842
-
-
-
- Ex. 2. Making myprog grab more cpu cycles so that it completes faster:
- ----------------------
- Only a privileged user can boost a priority.
-
- If you're about to run myprog, use nice -n -10 myprog
- If myprog is a process with pid 842, use renice -n -10 842
-
-
- When you run a program in the background with an &, it's priority is -4.
- When you run a program in the foreground, it gets a 0.
- That's a difference of only 5, but we know from experience that's big.
-
- When you use renice, it reports back strange things that you'll just
- have to stare at to understand. You can trust the output from priocntl.
-
-
-
-
-
- 5.24 What's good to know about cron in Uw7?
- 25 Sept 1999
- ----------------------------------------
- It checks the validity of your cronfile when you modify it with
- 'crontab -e' and exit. You can't have any empty lines in a crontab
- file, or the whole file will be ignored. List your crontab with
- 'crontab -l.'
-
-
-
-
-
- 5.25 How do I monitor the amount of space left on my drives?
- 7 Dec 1999
- ----------------------------------------
- Root can use the commands such as these:
-
- dfspace
- quot -F vxfs /
- du -ks /etc
- repquota -F vxfs /home
-
-
-
-
- 5.26 How do I determine disk usage by user?
- 5 Nov 1999
- -----------------------------------------
- Use the quot command and give it a filesystem mount point as an argument.
- It will list the number of blocks used by user.
-
- quot -F vxfs /home
- quot -F vxfs /
-
-
-
-
- 5.27 How do I locate and remove 'core' files?
- 12 Feb 2002
- -----------------------------------------
- In Uw7, there are system files named
-
- core.4.html
- core.ph
- core.h
-
- so searching for core* and rm'ing that would be an oops.
- What is safer, is a find with an rm that confirms before removing
- the file so that you can spare the core.ph file and others.
-
- All core files in Uw7 that are dumped by processes are named core.PID;
- where PID is the processes id. To remove them, try the following:
-
- find / -name "core.*" -ok rm {} \;
-
- Then press 'y' for the core files you want to delete that look like
-
- core.1234
- core.123
- core.12345
-
-
-
-
- 5.28 What is the DCU? What do I need to know about it?
- 9 Oct 1999
- -----------------------------------------
- The DCU is the Device Configuration Utility which is a character
- based, menu driven interface for viewing and modifying the hardware
- configuration of your computer, such as IRQ's and port addresses.
-
- You can always exit and cancel any changes. It is one of the only
- ways to see your hardware setup, unlike OpenServer 5 which had the
- handy hwconfig -h. Uw7 also has resmgr.
-
- During ISL, you have only one chance to enter the DCU. You can not go
- back using the F9 key and enter it a second time. You can't enter it
- once you skip it.
-
- During ISL, it is a good idea to go into the DCU and disable any HBA
- drivers for which you don't have hardware. There are about a dozen
- or so, and you don't need them all.
-
-
-
-
- 5.29 How do I spool a package instead of install it?
- 18 Jan 2001
- ------------------------------------------
- You can do this with pkgadd -s spooldir. Here's an example of
- how to spool a package called /var/tmp/gnomelibs.pkg to /junk/spooldir:
-
- pkgadd -s /junk/spooldir -d /var/tmp/gnomelibs.pkg
-
- This will create /junk/spooldir/gnomelibs/ that contains the standard
- layout for a package, which you might be curious about. That layout
- looks like the following, but only the first three items remain
- constant. The last one I've seen named root:
-
-
- drwx------ 2 root sys 96 Jan 18 16:55 install
- -rw-r--r-- 1 root sys 253 Oct 30 10:01 pkginfo
- -rw-r--r-- 1 root sys 60840 Oct 30 10:01 pkgmap
- drwx------ 3 root sys 96 Jan 18 16:55 reloc
-
- Your perms may be less restrictive, because I use C2 security.
-
-
-
-
- 5.30 How do I change the resolution / colors on my video card?
- 12 Feb 2002
- ------------------------------------------
- To make adjustments to your display settings, you can use the scoadmin
- video manager in either CHARM or GUI mode. You have the ability with
- this manager to test the settings first, before making them permanent.
- It's really important to use the lastest graphics drivers from Caldera.
- They can be found at:
-
- ftp://ftp.caldera.com/pub/unixware7/drivers/
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- 5.31 Will you describe the boot process please?
- 7 Dec 1999
- ------------------------------------------
- The boot process was taught to me in my Uw7 Admin II class at
- the Open Learning Center in Santa Cruz. Here is what happens
- when you push the power button on a Uw7 computer:
-
- A. The mainboard BIOS loads runs a series of tests called POST,
- for Power On Self Test.
- B. After POST, the BIOS loads Sector 0, Cylinder 0 on the
- boot drive that was chosen in the BIOS setup (A,C).
- C. This sector is what we call the Master Boot Block, or the
- Master Boot Record (MBB or MBR). This contains the partition
- table which is read to determine the active partition.
- D. The secondary bootstrap then reads sector 0 of the Active
- partition and loads what it finds there. On Uw7, this is the
- boot slice, # 7, which is raw data and contains the boot program.
- E. The boot program runs and we see the splash screen.
- If no keys are pressed for 5 seconds, then the system continues
- to boot up. If a key is pressed, you see a boot: prompt and the
- system pauses. When the system continues loading, boot reads
- some or all of the following files from /stand:
-
- stage3.blm
- bfs.blm
- dcmp.blm
- hd.blm
- platform.blm
- smallfs.blm
-
- If the computer can't find /stand, then you will get an error
- like, "Can't load Stage3."
-
- F. Boot reads and acts upon the data in:
-
- /stand/boot
- /stand/bootmsgs
-
- G. Boot loads and runs the kernel, unix.
-
- H. After the kernel is successfully loaded and running in memory,
- you see the message, "The system is coming up."
-
- --------
-
- a. The kernel runs sysproc (as PID 0), which starts init.
-
- b. Init (as PID 1) executes, and reads inittab to set the initial
- run level and mount filesystems.
-
- c. Init goes through the inittab and runs all the programs it is
- told to, based on the run level that the system is entering.
-
- d. Almost always, this includes reading and running /etc/rc2 which
- runs all the S##scripts in /etc/rc2.d.
-
- e. init starts the login sessions (via /etc/rc.d)
- starts File and Print sharing (via /etc/rc3.d)
- starts programs after logins have started (via /etc/dinit.d)
-
- Then you should see a login prompt, either GUI or terminal text.
-
-
-
-
- 5.32 What is the default run level for Uw7? How do I set it?
- 18 Dec 2000
- ------------------------------------------
- The default run level is 2. It's rarely 3 but would be so if you
- installed Netware or NFS utilities.
-
- Set the default run level in /etc/inittab. The line you want to edit
- looks like:
-
- is:3:initdefault:
-
-
-
- 5.33 What does 'Can't load stage3' mean?
- 7 Dec 1999
- ------------------------------------------
- As described above in the boot process question, the system will return
- a "Can't load stage3" error when it can't find the file /stand/stage3.blm
- when the system is booting. This commonly happens when you've installed
- Uw7 into a partition so that the /stand slice exists entirely or in part
- beyond the 1024th cylinder.
-
-
-
-
- 5.34 What can I do at the boot: prompt?
- 18 Dec 2000
- ------------------------------------------
- If you hit the spacebar when you see the Uw7 splash screen, you can
- access the usual unix style boot: prompt. You can't type ls, but
- you can type dir. You can type ? to get a list of commands.
- You can boot the computer by typing boot, b, go, or g, then Enter.
- You can boot to init 1 by typing initstate=1, then go. You can boot
- the unix.old kernel by typing bootprog=unix.old, then go. You
- can boot to a DOS partition by typing: b hd(0,dos)
-
-
-
-
- 5.35 Where do I set autoboot time, after which the system goes multiuser?
- 15 Oct 1999
- ------------------------------------------
- You can set the variable AUTOBOOT=15 in the file /stand/boot
- to set the autotimeout at 15 seconds, instead of 5 seconds.
- This is the number of seconds that the splash screen will
- stay up before autobooting the system.
-
- You can also set a variable called TIMEOUT=60 in /stand/boot
- to set the number of seconds to 60, that the computer will wait at
- a boot: prompt before booting. Normally the computer will wait
- indefinitely (TIMEOUT=0) if the user presses a key during the
- AUTOBOOT delay and causes the boot: prompt to appear.
-
-
-
-
- 5.36 How do I boot unix.old?
- 18 Dec 2000
- ------------------------------------------
- To boot the old kernel, unix.old, that was running before you relinked
- the kernel, type the following at the boot: prompt,
-
- bootprog=unix.old
- go
-
-
-
- 5.37 How do I make a change to the /etc/inittab file?
- 12 Feb 2002
- ------------------------------------------
- We often make changes to the /etc/inittab file when we want to
- to make a change to the initstate or how a terminal is behaving.
- To make a permanent change to the inittab file, you will need to
- edit two files:
-
- /etc/conf/init.d/kernel
- /etc/inittab
-
- Manually editing these two files works well. The inittab file is
- made from the kernel file whenever the idmkinit command is run.
-
-
-
- 5.38 Why does my system hang during startup or during shutdown?
- 15 Oct 1999
- ------------------------------------------
- The system executes one file at a time in the /etc/rc2.d directory
- and waits for the file to finish running before it starts the next
- file. Sometimes the ppp or the lp script can hang, and you can
- see this by typing ps -ef. Look for an S##script that is stuck.
-
-
-
- 5.39 How do I rebuild the kernel?
- 20 Oct 1999
- ------------------------------------------
- To rebuild the kernel:
-
- * log in as root
- * /etc/conf/bin/idbuild -B
- * shutdown -g0 -y -i6
-
- By rebooting with the -i6, the environment maker idmkenv is run on reboot.
-
-
-
- 5.40 How do I rebuild the MBB or MBR?
- 7 Dec 1999
- ------------------------------------------
- Sometimes the MBB of the computer's root hard drive gets trashed and
- you will not be able to boot the computer from the hard drive. You will
- probably see a NO SYSTEM DISK, or NO OS error from the BIOS. If you
- boot from your boot/root emergency disks, you can use fdisk to recreate
- your MBB. Enter the fdisk program and you'll see the MBR option on
- the main menu. These days, I'm using a SuperTar more often, because
- two of them have Emergency Recovery Programs.
-
-
-
- 5.41 How do I rebuild the boot slice?
- 7 Dec 1999 by Tony Nelson
- ------------------------------------------
- If your boot slice has been corrupted, boot will not load, and
- probably nothing will appear on your screen after POST. You will
- see no Uw7 splash screen. If you need to rebuild your boot slice,
- you can do this as follows:
-
- * Boot off the emergency disks
- * Mount the filesystems
- * Access a Unix shell
- * /mnt/usr/bin/disksetup -b /mnt/etc/boot /dev/rdsk/c0b0t0d0s0
- * exit
- * ctrl-alt-F1
- * Reboot
-
-
-
-
- 5.42 How do I figure what process caused a core dump, such as core.242?
- 7 Dec 1999 by Robert Lipe
- ------------------------------------------
- You can easily find this information by typing:
-
- # file core.242
-
- core.242: ELF 32-bit LSB core file 80386 Version 1
- Arguments = '/etc/ifor_pmd '
-
-
-
-
-
- 5.43 What are the important tunable parameters I might adjust like MAXUP?
- 12 Feb 2002
- ------------------------------------------
- There isn't much you can tune to increase performance. Most
- parameters are autotuned these days on Uw7.
-
- There are a few important tunables that you may run into like MAXUP,
- ULIMIT, and MAXLINK. Search your http://localhost:457/ pages for
- Tunable Parameters and read about them. The first three sections are
- the important ones. Here's a summary:
-
- To view a tunable: /etc/conf/bin/idtune -g MAXUP
- To set a tunable: /etc/conf/bin/idtune -m MAXUP 250
-
- Now there are two types of tunable parameters, internet and KERNEL.
-
- * internet: parameter names are lower case
- tunables stored in /etc/inet/dfl
-
- * KERNEL: parameter names are upper case
- tunables are stored in /etc/conf/mtune.d
- /etc/conf/autotune.d
-
-
- Important ones are: Default Value:
-
- * ULIMIT block size of the largest file 2097151
- listed in /etc/default/login
-
- * MAXLINK Maximum number of subdirectories 1000
- allowed in a directory
- changed with idtune.
-
- * MAXUP Maximum number of processes an 80
- unprivileged user can run.
- changed with idtune.
-
- * NPROC The maximum number of processes 400
- possible on the system.
- changed with idtune.
-
- * SFSZLIM Soft size limit for a user file 3FFFFFFF
- HFSZLIM Hard size limit for a user file 3FFFFFFF
-
- * SFNOLIM Soft limit on the number of files a user opens.
- HFNOLIM Hard limit on the number of files a user opens.
-
- * NUMREGPT
- * NUMSCOPT
-
- * RSTCHOWN
- * CONSOLE_SECURITY
- * USER_RDTSC
-
- * SHMMAX
- * SEGKMEM_BYTES
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- 5.44 How do I stop the X desktop or the CDE from running?
- 30 Oct 1999
- -------------------------------------
- You can use the following commands to have an affect on the CDE or
- what people commonly call the X desktop:
-
- scologin enable
- scologin disable
- scologin start
- scologin stop
-
- You don't need to scologin stop when you change your video settings.
- Any new settings will take affect the next time you log in.
-
- If you run a scologin stop, then log in on some terminal like vt04,
- you can do do a startx to bring up the PMWM instead of the CDE.
- Or you can type startx -cde to bring up the CDE manually.
-
-
-
-
- 5.45 How do I send a pop-up message to the Windows machines on my LAN?
- 18 Dec 2000
- ---------------------------------------
- With Visionfs, root can send a broadcast pop-up message to Windows machines.
- The command is something like:
-
- /usr/vision/bin/visionfs message --to luke --from Sysop Hello World.
-
- The message can be longer than Hello World. The message can be
- longer than one line and formatted. Send the message with quotes,
- and you'll see your secondary prompt, usually >, indicating your shell
- is waiting for you to complete the command (which needs the ending ")
-
- # /usr/vision/bin/visionfs message --to luke --from Sysop "
- > Hello Pappy,
- >
- > I've got a little update for you.
- >
- > The address you wanted was: Ben Franklin
- > 1600 Pennsylvania Ave
- > Washington D.C, 90036"
-
-
-
-
-
- 5.46 How do I change the message I see at the login prompt?
- 12 Feb 2002
- ----------------------------------------
- Modify the /etc/issue file. Normally you're presented with:
-
- Welcome to UnixWare 7.1.1
- The system's name is yoda.
-
- Login (vt04):
-
- You can have this give more or less information as your security
- needs dictate.
-
- For telnet, you can supress the message with in.telnetd -h in your
- inted.conf file. To make your own message, you can use the banner
- trick in /etc/hosts.allow.
-
-
-
-
- 5.47 How do I get the character terminals to blank the screen?
- 26 Dec 1999
- ----------------------------------------
- There is a kernel parameter called TBLNK that you can easily
- modify with vtblank (1M):
-
- # vtblank - View TBLNK seconds and (on | off) state
- # vtblank -s 60 - Set the screen to blank after 60 sec, turn on.
- # vtblank -m 1 - Set the screen to blank after 1 min, turn on.
- # vtblank -o off - Disable screen blanking, leave TBLNK unchanged.
- # vtblank -o on - Enable screen blanking.
-
-
-
-
-
- 5.48 How do I load XFree86 instead of XSco?
- 18 Dec 2000 contribs Boyd Gerber
- ----------------------------------------
- For example the Mach64 card.
-
- 1. cp /usr/dt/config/Xservers to /etc/dt/config/Xservers
- 2. Edit /etc/dt/config/Xservers so that the line
-
- * Local local@console /usr/bin/X11/X :0 -noexit
-
- becomes
-
- * Local local@console /usr/X11R6/bin/XF86_Mach64 :0
-
-
-
-
-
- 5.49 How do I disable tty's on UnixWare 7?
- 18 Dec 2000 contribs Boyd Gerber
- ----------------------------------------
- Look at the man page on pmadm for more information.
-
-
- pmadm -d -p contty -s XXX # where XXX is the tty number to disable.
- pmadm -e -p contty -s 8 # will enable it
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- 5.50 How do I check which PTF patches are installed?
- 8 Jun 2001
- ----------------------------------------
- You can run the pkginfo command on the patch set, then
- pipe it into grep to filter out the chaff and then into
- sort to put in the order that they use on the SCO Quick
- List of Patches page.
-
- pkginfo -lc patch | grep PSTAMP | sort -nr | less
-
- Your SSE's get listed first, then your PTF's.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- ______________________________
- | |
- | 6. Security |
- |______________________________|
-
-
- 6.1 What are the system security features?
- 7 Dec 1999
- --------------------------------------
- The system controls access to files via permissions and user logins.
- The system controls access to and from the network via Tcp Wrappers and
- Packet Filters. The system controls access to sensitive system commands
- via permissions and privileges, using the commands su, tfadmin,
- adminrole, and adminuser. There is a special type of user besides
- root called a system owner, that is a security risk, and should not
- be used willy nilly. It turns out that anyone with system owner
- privilege can issue the command /sbin/tfadmin passwd root and change
- root's password. It's not a good idea to give people system owner
- accounts.
-
- There is a Skunkware program called sudo, an enhanced su, that people
- like also.
-
-
-
-
- 6.2 What are permissions?
- 25 Oct 1999
- --------------------------------------
- Permissions are the -rwxr-xr-- bits and the UID:GID on the file that you
- see when you do a long listing on a file. These are discussed in
- Section (2.6) and elsewhere.
-
-
-
-
- 6.3 What are Tcp Wrappers and Packet Filters?
- 12 Feb 2002
- --------------------------------------
- Tcp wrappers control who is allowed to access the services run via inetd.
- And packet filters control exactly which packets are allowed to move in
- and out of each NIC. Both allow and deny certain things to happen
- based on a set of rules that are checked in order. The first rule to
- match the item being tested is the rule that gets applied. UnixWare 7
- came with both.
-
-
-
- 6.4 What are privileges?
- 7 Dec 1999
- --------------------------------------
- Users need to be granted the privilege to run important system commands
- like kill, shutdown, and ifconfig. Privileges are an additional way,
- besides permissions, to control who can run sensitive commands like
- shutdown and ifconfig. By using privileges, root can grant the right
- to run a command or group of commands, rather than give out the root
- password and telling the user to use su. When a user has been granted
- privileges to use a command, they execute that command as if they were
- root, using that command as an argument to the tfadmin command, as in
-
- /sbin/tfadmin shutdown -g0 -y -i6
-
- (The system maintains a security privilege database, and it can get
- corrupted. Check it by typing /sbin/initprivs and fix it with
- /etc/security/tools/setpriv -x)
-
-
-
-
-
- 6.5 What are the alternatives to su? A user needs a privilege.
- 25 Oct 1999
- --------------------------------------
- Instead of granting every right by giving out the root password and
- telling someone to use su, we use the tfadmin command and the privilege
- mechanism. This allows us to grant specific access.
-
-
-
-
- 6.6 How do I use tfadmin, adminuser, and adminrole, instead of su?
- 18 Dec 2000
- --------------------------------------
- To use privileges instead of su, we do the following:
-
- A) Create a group of commands that a user needs, called a role,
- with the adminrole command
- B) Assign a user or users to that role with adminuser.
- C) Then they can execute the commands using tfadmin.
-
- This is straightforward enough. The following is an example, where I'll
- grant the privilege to use 'kill' and 'shutdown' to Yurtle:
-
-
- Script started on Mon Oct 25 20:56:10 1999
- # id | awk '{ print $1 " " $2 }'
- UID=0(root) GID=3(sys)
- #
- # /bin/adminrole -n SCRAM
- # /bin/adminrole -a kill:/bin/kill:allprivs SCRAM
- # /bin/adminrole -a shutdown:/sbin/shutdown:allprivs SCRAM
- # /bin/adminuser -n -o SCRAM yurtle
- #
- # ^D
-
- script done on Mon Oct 25 21:00:45 1999
-
-
- That's all there is to it. Yurtle can kill and shutdown now,
- as long as initprivs returns nothing and they type their command like:
-
- /sbin/tfadmin shutdown -g0 -y -i0
-
-
-
-
- 6.7 What are some gaping security risks I need to patch immediately?
- 12 Feb 2002
- --------------------------------------
-
- Caldera has released quite a few interim security patches for buffer
- overflow vulnerabilities. These are serious if you have users on your
- UnixWare 7 machine that may probe your system. Eventually they will
- be wrapped up into an SSE patch, I figure, but you can apply them now.
-
-
- Also, recently there have been issues with rtpm and ntp. These have
- been taken care of by PTF's 7691 and 7710. Even though they started out
- as SSE's, they've now been rolled into PTF's.
-
- There are several CERT advisories that pertain directly to UnixWare 711.
- As such, these documented security risks are well known throughout the
- net underground, and if someone knows your system, they may try these.
- If system security is at all important to you, then apply the SSE patches.
-
- I am running the following SSE patches on 7.1.1
-
- SSE 7033 Bind
- SSE 7039 Su
- SSE 7042 Xlock
- SSE 7046 Uidadmin
- SSE 7047 xauto
- SSE 7053 Package tools
- SSE 7059 rtpm
- SSE 7060 scohelp
- SSE 7065 telnet
- SSE 7066 ftp
-
- PTF 7684 verity scohelp
- PTF 7691 rtpm
- PTF 7710 ntp
-
-
- And I compiled my own wu-ftpd 2.6.2, so I don't use SSE 7658.
-
- There's a hole in Pine up through 4.10. There are many other
- attacks that people can use to exploit Unix. Have a look at:
- http://oliver.efri.hr/~crv/security/bugs/list.html
- for an extensive list of security exploits that may pertain to you.
-
- There's a way for people to flood your ports and create a DoS attack.
- The http://www.sco.com/security page has a way to guard against that.
-
- There is a feature that anyone with system owner privileges on Uw7
- can change root's password with /sbin/tfadmin passwd root.
-
- Any emergency recovery diskettes that you make are like master keys
- to your system. Anyone with those can reboot your computer and boot
- off of those (if the floppy is enabled) and change root's password.
- Try to guard those as tightly as you guard root.
-
- The Tcp Wrappers are excellent, and you may want to use them to
- protect telnet, rlogin, and rsh, so that people can't just log in
- remotely. People like to use ssh to do secure telnet.
-
- It's very important to get the correct files from Caldera's security
- site on their web page.
-
-
-
-
-
-
- 6.8 I'm not sure if I should apply a Uw7 security patch, what do I do?
- 31 Oct 1999
- --------------------------------------
- Each SSE### patch will only install on the exact version of UnixWare
- for which it was written.
-
-
-
-
-
- 6.9 How do I check which SSE security patches are installed?
- 8 Jun 2001
- ----------------------------------------
- You can run the pkginfo command on the patch set, then
- pipe it into grep to filter out the chaff and then into
- sort to put in the order of latest patch first.
-
- pkginfo -lc patch | grep PSTAMP | sort -nr | less
-
- Your SSE's get listed first, then your PTF's.
-
-
-
-
-
-
- 6.10 What does 'unable to invoke login scheme means' ?
- 2 Jul 2001
- -------------------------------------
- You will see this message in your syslog if someone makes a telnet
- connection to your host but doesn't complete the login process within
- the timeout period.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- ______________________________
- | |
- | 8. Third Party Software |
- |______________________________|
-
-
-
-
-
-
- 8.1 openssl-0.9.6b www.openssl.org
- 12 Jul 2001
- ------------------------------------------------------------------------
- You don't need openssl-engines which is an experimental library
- for crypto card peripherals.
-
- 1) Guess correct host.
- 2) ./config threads <--- configure using threads.
- 3) make <--- Uses cc. Very nice build.
- 4) make test <--- Excellent. Passes all the extensive tests.
- 5) make install
-
-
-
-
-
-
- 8.2 ssh2 - openssh-2.9.2p2 www.openssh.org
- 12 Jul 2001
- ----------------------------------------
- openssh2 needs openssl, zlib and a few others. Check the INSTALL
- file.
-
- 1) Guesses correct host.
- 2) ./configure --x-libraries=/usr/X/lib \
- --x-includes=/usr/X/include --with-ipv4-default
- 3) gmake
- 4) no tests
- 5) gmake install
- 6) /etc/rc2.d/S99sshd start
-
-
- Up and running well. I can login.
-
-
-
-
-
- 8.3 Star Office
- 18 Sept 1999 contribs Roberto Zini
- ----------------------------------------
- Star Office 5.0 ran on UnixWare 7, but is buggy and hard to find.
-
- Star Office 5.1 does not run on Uw7.1.1 due to the lack of
- thread support in lxrun at this time. Look for Sun to
- distribute a Java version of Star Office in the end of 1999.
-
- Now at the end of 2000, it looks like Sun has frozen work on a Java
- version, but they released Star Office 5.2. It requires glibc 2.1.0.
- No reports yet.
-
-
-
-
- 8.4 Where do I find a piece of software called "xxxxxxxxxxx" for Uw7.1.0?
- 12 Feb 2002
- ----------------------------------------
- There were many programs available for UnixWare7 on Skunkware.
-
- http://www.caldera.com/skunkware/
-
- There is an archive for UnixWare called Freebird, located at:
-
- http://www.freebird.org/
-
-
-
-
- 8.5 Lonetar, Backup Edge, Backup Professional
- 6 Jan 2000
- ----------------------------------------
- I've used Lonetar for years and I swear by it. I have heard many
- people who will say the exact same thing for Backup Edge. Both of
- those have Emergency Recovery software. I've used Airbag and it
- has a bunch of nice features. Beware of the Putfront, though.
- Backup Professional is another product by Cactus and it worked well
- for me, but was too tricky for me to be happy with.
-
- When using Lonetar on Uw7.1, it will modify the access times of all
- your files that it backs up, corrupting your security privilege
- database (initprivs). This can be fixed with setpriv -x as described
- elsewhere in this Faq. This can be prevented by editing the
- Ltar.X.cron and Ltar.X.tape files in /etc/lone-tar, where you would
- replace the 'X' with 'M' 'V' 'S' and 'I' for Master, Verify, Selective,
- and Incremental. The details are in the new Lonetar online Faq.
- You'll end up searching for OPTIONS= and removing any lower case 'a'.
-
-
-
-
-
- 8.6 What is on Skunkware?
- 18 Sept 1999
- ----------------------------------------
- Here is a list of the programs on the Uw7.1.0 OLSS disc:
-
- a2ps aalib Acme addressbo AnswerGar apache ApacheJMe astrolog autoconf
- bash bb bison bladeenc blt24g bzip2 calc catdoc cdrecord cgiwrap Count
- cpio ctags cvs dejagnu ecu egcs elvis enhydra enscript eperl esound Eterm
- expect528 fetchmail file fileutils findutils flex fnlib freefonts freeWAIS
- ftwalk fvwm fvwm95 fweb fwf gawk gdb getline gimp glibs glimpse gnucash
- gnuplot gphoto groff gs guile gutils gv gzip htdig httpanaly hypermail
- ImageMagi infozip inn ipalias irc ispell itcl301 jikes jsdk kde less lsof
- lwgate lyx majorcool majordomo make maplay mathrec mc md5 mgdiff mkpkg
- mpack mpeg2enco mpegplay mpg123 mtools mutt mysql nana ncftp nedit nvi
- objc orion palmpilot patch pixmap povray procdump procmail psutils python
- qtfree rcs rpm rxvt sbart sentry sgmltools sharutil skunkperl slrn snd
- squid stl strobe sudo swing tanked tar tcl804 tclx804 tcsh teTeX texinfo
- tik timidity tk804 tkinfo top transfig treeps ttutils vim vrwave wget
- WindowMak xanim xaos xascii xautolock xboing xbuffy xcoral xdiary xdir
- xearth xemacs xfig xfishtank xgalaga xgrabsc xhtml xinvest xkobo xlockmore
- xmailbox xmcd XmHTML xmix Xmixer xmmix xpaint xpdf xpipeman3 xpm xpool
- xquote xrolodex xscavenge xscreensa Xswallow xt xv xwave zircon zsh
-
-
-
-
- 8.7 How do I enable 128-bit encryption with Netscape programs?
- 12 Feb 2002
- ---------------------------------------
- The 128-bit program is called /opt/netscape/netscape-us and it
- is already on your system, but you need to pay $20 to your var to
- get the COLA. I am looking at my COLA for 128-bit Netscape, and it
- it titled,
- "SCO Strong Encryption Supplement"
-
- Run the Scoadmin License Manager and add in the new COLA license
- number and code. Then run encrypt_config. See it's man page.
-
-
-
- 8.8 Wordperfect 8
- 20 Oct 1999
- -------------------------------------
- The Wordperfect 8 Linux version works with lxrun, except for
- a bug where the program may exit right after printing.
-
-
-
-
-
- 8.9 How do I install the KDE? Is it any good?
- 12 Feb 2002
- --------------------------------------
- I would update my graphics drivers and install set71101, then the
- rest should go very smoothly.
-
- I installed KDE 1.1.2 the other day, after downloading it from
- Caldera skunkware, and I was amazed at how effortless it was to
- install and how outstanding an interface it is. Thanks to Ron Record,
- and the other goodly folks at Caldera.
-
- On the Caldera website, you'll find a procedure to install the KDE.
-
-
-
-
-
-
- 8.10 Where is Kermit for UnixWare 7?
- 18 Dec 2000 contribs fdc@columbia.edu
- --------------------------------------
- Kermit communications software for serial and network connections,
- file transfer, character-set translation, alpha and numeric paging,
- and scripting can be downloaded from the Kermit Project website at
- Columbia University:
-
- http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/
-
-
-
-
-
- 8.11 Pine-4.33
- 2 Jul 2001
- --------------------------------------
- This version supports threads.
- Downloads: http://www.washington.edu/pine/
-
-
- $ gzcat pine4.33.tar.gz | tar xvopf -
-
- Then cd into the pine4.33 directory, go down into doc/tech-notes/
- and read index.html.
-
- Here's what you'll learn:
- 1) Pine builds on UnixWare 7.x.x using the command: build uw2
- 2) Before you build it, you probably want to edit a few files:
-
- pine4.33/pine/makefile.uw2
- pine4.33/pico/makefile.uw2
- pine4.33/pine/osdep/os-sv4.h
- pine4.33/pico/osdep/os-sv4.h
-
-
- pine/makefile.uw2: In this file I changed:
- OPTIMIZE= -O -Kpentium_pro
- DEBUG= #-g -DDEBUG
-
- pico/makefile.uw2: In this file I changed:
- OPTIMIZE= -O -Kpentium_pro
- DEBUG= #-g -DDEBUG
-
- pine/osdep/os-sv4.h: In this file I changed:
- #define DF_MAILCHECK "600"
- #define MAXFILLCOL "132"
-
- pico/osdep/os-sv4.h: In this file I changed:
- #include <locale.h>
- #define MAILDIR "/var/mail"
- #define SPELLER "/usr/local/bin/ispell"
-
-
- The choice to optimize was mine, after I had already
- built and tested this a few times.
-
- Then I compiled it in it's top level directory ./pine4.33.
-
- I used the build uw2 command to compile it:
-
- ./build uw2 > make.log 2>&1
-
- while I switched to another terminal and
-
- less make.log
- shift+f
-
- so I can tail the log file.
-
- After building it, it's on to installing it. To install Pine,
- log in as root, copy the files pico, pilot, and pine from ./bin to
- /usr/local/bin, chown them to root:sys, and chmod them to 555.
-
- The others executables like imapd and mtest are optional to install.
-
- After installing Pine, it's on to configuring it's system-wide defaults.
- To configure Pine's system wide defaults, create the file pine.conf
- as follows:
-
- 1) Log in as root.
- 2) cd /usr/local/lib
- 3) pine -conf > pine.conf
- 4) chmod 644 pine.conf
- 5) cp -p pine.conf pine.conf.fixed
- 6) vi pine.conf.fixed:
- looking to change _only_ the items you
- want fixed, ie. users can't change those defaults.
- See also mine below....
- 7) Once you set up those fixed items, DELETE all the other fields
- you didn't touch. You don't want them fixed.
- 8) vi pine.conf:
- Set the system-wide defaults that the user can change.
- See also mine below....
-
-
-
- pine.conf.fixed
- -------------------------------------------------
- |smtp-server=yoda
- |feature-list=allow-changing-from,
- | compose-maps-delete-key-to-ctrl-d,
- | quell-dead-letter-on-cancel,
- | quell-user-lookup-in-passwd-file
- |
- |local-fullname=Matt Schalit
- |local-address=matthew
- |ssh-path=/usr/local/bin/ssh
- |
-
-
-
- pine.conf
- -------------------------------------------------
- |user-domain=pacbell.net
- |nntp-server=news.pacbell.net
- |feature-list=compose-cut-from-cursor,
- | enable-sigdashes,
- | enable-search-and-replace,
- | enable-reply-indent-string-editing,
- | include-text-in-reply,
- | reply-always-uses-reply-to,
- | enable-background-sending,
- | enable-delivery-status-notification,
- | compose-sets-newsgroup-without-confirm,
- | news-post-without-validation,
- | delete-skips-deleted,
- | prefer-plain-text,
- | quell-extra-post-prompt,
- | enable-aggregate-command-set,
- | enable-full-header-cmd,
- | enable-jump-shortcut,
- | enable-goto-in-file-browser,
- | enable-tab-completion,
- | disable-take-last-comma-first,
- | enable-dot-files,
- | expunge-without-confirm,
- | no-expunge-without-confirm-everywhere,
- | quell-folder-internal-msg,
- | quit-without-confirm,
- | show-plain-text-internally
- |character-set=ISO-8859-1
- |speller=/usr/local/bin/ispell
- |composer-wrap-column=128
- |sort-key=thread
-
-
-
- 9) Now just remove any previous ~/.pinerc files and run pine.
- Use the S for Setup
- Use the C for Config
- Change a few things, like your name if necessary.
- To read news, enter an nntp-server. If your nntp-server
- login name is differnt from you UnixWare 7 username, then
- you need to make your nntp-server: field look like this,
-
- news.pacbell.net/user=matt123
-
- Otherwise, leave off the /user=matt123 part and just use
- your news server's FQDN.
-
- 10) Finally exit pine and do the final trick: setting the From:
- What I mean by this everyone's email has a return address
- on it in the From: field.
-
- Everybody needs to specify a From: by hand, unless you own
- a registered, named domain, and are running pine from there.
- When I set my user-domain in pine.conf to pacbell.net, I'm
- setting the right hand side of the @. When I set my From:
- as desribed below, I'm setting the whole email@address.com.
-
- To set your From: vi ~/.pinerc
-
- Part of my ~/.pinerc
- -----------------------------------------------------------
- |customized-hdrs=From: Matt Schalit <mschalit@pacbell.net>
- |
-
-
- That's about it. Pine pauses a lot when reading news, so don't
- be alarmed if it takes a long time to enter a group.
-
-
-
-
-
-
- 8.12 Alladin Ghostscript gs7.00
- 2 Jul 2001
- ----------------------------------------
- ftp://mirror.cs.wisc.edu/pub/mirrors/ghost/AFPL/gs700/
-
- 1) Read the doc/build.htm
- 2) Read the doc/make.htm
- 3) Read the doc/install.htm
- 4) No host, no configure porgram.
- 5) Hard to build. You can get away with skunkware gs, but don't bother
- if you care about your apps.
- 6) cd src
- 7) cp unix-gcc.mak unix-gcc.mak.orig
- 8) vi unix-gcc.mak
- At this point you have to modify the file and make a bunch of settings
- that are not easy to figure out. You have to read and experiment a lot.
- Here's the variables that I changed or added, others that were left alone
- I'll not put in here:
-
- INSTALL = /usr/local/bin/install
- JSRCDIR=/home/matthew/Uber/Gnome/jpeg-6b
- PSRCDIR=/home/matthew/Uber/Gnome/libpng-1.0.10
- SHARE_LIBPNG=1
- ZSRCDIR=/home/matthew/Uber/Gnome/zlib-1.1.3
- SHARE_ZLIB=1
- AR=/usr/local/bin/ar
- RANLIB=/usr/local/bin/ranlib
- XCFLAGS=-DSVR4
- EXTRALIBS=-lsocket -lnsl
- STDLIBS=-pthread -lm
- XINCLUDE=-I/usr/X/include
- XLIBS=Xt SM ICE Xext X11
- XLIBDIRS=-L/usr/X/lib
- XLIBDIR=
- SYNC=posync
- DEVICE_DEVS2=$(DD)cljet5.dev $(DD)stcolor.dev
-
-
- 9) gmake
- 10) Here's how to test it out.
- a) cd lib
- b) ../bin/gs ../examples/tiger.ps
-
- 11) gmake install
- 12) Fix perms if you have a strong umask like I do.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- 8.13 Gnu-make-3.79.1
- 12 Feb 2002
- -------------------------------------
- Probably best to get this off of OSTools from Caldera's download page.
-
-
-
-
-
- 8.14 binuitils-2.11
- 12 Feb 2002
- -------------------------------------------------------------------------
- Use OSTools version of these program from Caldera downloads.
-
-
-
-
-
- 8.15 gmp-3.1.1
- 2 Jul 2001
- -------------------------------------
- 1) Guesses correct host, even though it calls it a pentium2-sco-sysv5uw7.1.1
- because it optimizes it for my pentium2.
- 2) cd objdir
- 3) ../gmp-3.1.1/configure
- 4) gmake
- 5) gmake check -ok. all tests passed.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- 8.16 libtool-1.4.2 From Gnu.org
- 12 Feb 2002
- -------------------------------------
- This one if very complicated unless you get the libtool.m4.patch
- off my ftp site and apply it all the way down the libtool source tree.
- See the bug-libtool list for more details from Larry Roseman and me.
-
-
-
-
-
-
- 8.17 m4-1.4p
- 2 Jul 2001
- -------------------------------------
- 1) Guesses wrong host.
- 2) CC="/bin/cc -Kalloca" CPPFLAGS=-I/usr/local/include ./configure \
- --host=i586-sco-sysv5uw7.1.1 --with-gmp --enable-shared
- 3) gmake
- 4) gmake check - ok. All 72 tests passed.
- 5) gmake install
- 6) ln -s /usr/local/bin/m4 /usr/local/bin/gm4
- You'll want to do this symlink, because apps look for gm4.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- 8.18 dejagnu-1.4
- 2 Jul 2001
- -------------------------------------
-
- 1) Wrong host, use the method below to specify the host....
- 2) ./configure --x-includes=/usr/X/include --x-libraries=/usr/X/lib \
- --with-tclinclude=/usr/local/bin i586-sco-sysv5uw7.1.1
- 3) gmake
- 4) gmake info
- 5) gmake install
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- 8.19 autoconf-2.50
- 12 Feb 2002
- -------------------------------------
- Use the OSTools version of autoconf from Caldera downloads.
-
-
-
-
-
- 8.20 gcc
- 12 Feb 2002
- -------------------------------------
- 1) I wrote up a gcc-mini-HOWTO at
-
- ftp://ftp.schalit.net/pub/mini-HOWTO/
-
- But it's much better to use the OSTools version from Caldera downloads
- along with UDK Feature Supplement 711b.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- 8.21 gnu-tar-1.13
- 2 Jul 2001
- -------------------------------------
- 1) Wrong host.
- 2) ./configure --host=i586-sco-sysv5uw7.1.1 --disable-largefile \
- --disable-nls --x-includes=/usr/X/include --x-libraries=/usr/X/lib
- 3) gmake
- 4) gmake check - ok. 10/10 tests passed
- 5) gmake install prefix=/usr/local
- 6) ln -s /usr/local/bin/tar /usr/local/bin/gtar
-
-
-
-
-
- 8.22 bzip2-1.0.1
- 2 Jul 2001
- -------------------------------------
- 1) No configure, so host is not used.
- 2) gmake - ok. compiles the static lib and passes all tests.
- 3) gmake -f Makefile-libbz2_so - ok. Makes the shared lib.
- 4) gmake install PREFIX=/usr/local
- 5) cp libbz2.so.1.0.1 /usr/local/lib
- 6) cp bzip2-shared /usr/local/bin
- 7) chmod 755 /usr/local/bin/bzip2-shared /usr/local/lib/libbz2.so.1.0.1
- 8) wrong 711 perms on a lot of bzip2 files
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- 8.23 gdbm-1.8.0
- 2 Jul 2001
- -------------------------------------
- 1) wrong host
- 2) The ltmain and ltconfig.sh in this app are too old.
- cp /usr/local/share/libtool/ltconfig .
- cp /usr/local/share/libtool/ltmain.sh .
-
- 3) LDFLAGS=-L/usr/ucblib NM=/usr/local/bin/nm ./configure \
- --host=i586-sco-sysv5uw7.1.1 --x-libraries=/usr/X/lib \
- --x-includes=/usr/X/include
-
- 4) gmake
- 5) gmake install fails to work. Need to install manually.
- 6) gmake -n install
- This command just prints out what the install script
- wanted to do, and you can do it by hand. This may
- be why things work poorly and my results need to be
- double checked.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- 8.24 flex-2.5.4a ftp.gnu.org/pub/non-gnu/flex/
- 2 Jul 2001
- -------------------------------------
- 1) correct host?
- 2) ./configure
- 3) gmake check
- 4) gmake bigcheck
- 5) gmake install
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- 8.25 zlib-1.1.3
- 12 Feb 2002
- -------------------------------------
- You can install this from skunkware. It's been around a long time.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- 8.26 perl-5.6.1
- 12 Feb 2002
- -------------------------------------
- Perl is complicated to install because it has about 72 questions
- that you need to answer in order for it to be configure for the gmake.
- The best way is to just start doing it, as versus read all the files
- it tells you to. You can bail out and start again.
-
- I posted to the comp.unix.sco.misc newsgroup with an output of all
- the 72 variables to create a working version. There are many options
- that will make perl fail its tests, so you might want to skim over
- those if you decide to have a go at it.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- _____________________________________
- | |
- | 9. Useful Shell Commands |
- |_____________________________________|
-
-
-
- 9.1 How do I search in every file for a string like "See foo?"
- 18 Sept 1999
- ----------------------------------------
- To find the string "See foo" in every local file, one can do a 'find'
- and 'fgrep' utilizing 'xargs' to run a group of fgreps at once which
- is more efficient than running one fgrep at a time:
-
- find / -type f -mount | xargs fgrep -le "See foo"
-
-
-
- 9.2 How do I find the largest files and directories?
- 18 Sept 1999
- ----------------------------------------
- To find the largest files and directories, in units of kilobytes
- one can use 'du,' 'sort,' and 'less' to list the files from largest
- to smallest:
-
- du -akx | sort -nr | less
-
-
-
- 9.3 How do I find the largest files?
- 12 Jul 2001
- ----------------------------------------
- To find the largest files, in units of bytes, excluding files smaller
- than 1 MB, one can use find, ls, awk, sort, and less:
-
- find / -type f -size +2048 -exec ls -l {} + | \
- awk '{ print $5 "\t" $9 }' | sort -nr | less
-
- The same find again, but in units of kilobytes:
-
- find / -type f -size +2048 -exec ls -l {} + | \
- awk '{ print int($5/1024) "\t" $9 }' | sort -nr | less
-
-
-
-
-
- 9.4 How do I determine the number of free inodes?
- 18 Sept 1999
- ----------------------------------------
- Use the 'df' command:
-
- df -i
-
-
-
-
- 9.5 How do I find the user who is using files in a filesystem and
- thus preventing it from being unmounted?
- 18 Dec 2000
- ----------------------------------------
- Use the 'fuser' command, and notice that it refers to block devices
- unless you throw the '-c' flag which lets you use mount points:
-
- fuser -cu /home <-- List all PIDs(usernames) using files in /home
- fuser -u /dev/fd0 <-- List all PIDs(usernames) using the first floppy
- fuser -u /dev/dsk/c0b0t0d0s4 <-- " using slice 4 on disk 0 ( /home )
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- ____________________________________________________
- | |
- | 10. Migrating from OpenServer 5 to UnixWare 7 |
- |____________________________________________________|
-
-
-
-
-
- 10.1 SCO Migration Tools
- 8 Jun 2001 contrib Boyd Gerber
- ----------------------------------------
- SCO provides a set of Migration Tools to UnixWare 7.
-
- http://www.sco.com/migration/
-
- Always check the following links for the latest information
- on UnixWare 7.
-
- http://www.sco.com/unixware7/documentation
- http://www.sco.com/upgrade/
- or
- http://wdb1.sco.com/clbk_web/owa/dwn_customer
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- 10.2 SETUID bit
- 8 Jun 2001 contrib zigazou@libertysurf.fr
- ------------------------------------------
- SETUID and SETGID bits allow a process to gain higher privileges
- than the caller.
-
- Under UnixWare 7, a program also needs to gain privileges
- from the system by asking even if it can gain them (similarly
- to Windows NT).
-
- If a C program has a call to the setreuid function like this :
-
- setreuid(geteuid(),geteuid());
-
- and the SETUID bit is set correctly, it will work under OpenServer
- but not under UnixWare. You need to put some privileges on the
- executable file by using the filepriv shell command to make it
- work under UnixWare 7:
-
- filepriv -f setuid programfile.exe
-
-
-
- --
- --
- Boyd Gerber <gerberb@zenez.com>
- ZENEZ 1042 East Fort Union #135, Midvale Utah 84047
-