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- From: alopez-o@neumann.uwaterloo.ca (Alex Lopez-Ortiz)
- Subject: sci.math FAQ: What if Wiles is wrong?
- Summary: Part 7 of many, New version,
- Originator: alopez-o@neumann.uwaterloo.ca
- Message-ID: <DI76JM.I0E@undergrad.math.uwaterloo.ca>
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- Approved: news-answers-request@MIT.Edu
- Date: Fri, 17 Nov 1995 17:14:10 GMT
- Expires: Fri, 8 Dec 1995 09:55:55 GMT
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- Keywords: Fermat Last Theorem
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- Xref: senator-bedfellow.mit.edu sci.math:124422 sci.answers:3445 news.answers:57850
-
- Archive-Name: sci-math-faq/FLT/Wrong
- Last-modified: December 8, 1994
- Version: 6.2
-
-
- If not, then what?
-
-
-
- FLT is usually broken into 2 cases. The first case assumes (abc,n) = 1
- . The second case is the general case.
-
- WHAT HAS BEEN PROVED
-
-
-
- First Case.
-
- It has been proven true up to 7.568*10^(17) by the work of Wagstaff
- &Tanner, Granville &Monagan, and Coppersmith. They all used extensions
- of the Wiefrich criteria and improved upon work performed by Gunderson
- and Shanks &Williams.
-
- The first case has been proven to be true for an infinite number of
- exponents by Adelman, Frey, et. al. using a generalization of the
- Sophie Germain criterion
-
- Second Case:
-
- It has been proven true up to n = 150,000 by Tanner &Wagstaff. The
- work used new techniques for computing Bernoulli numbers mod p and
- improved upon work of Vandiver. The work involved computing the
- irregular primes up to 150,000. FLT is true for all regular primes by
- a theorem of Kummer. In the case of irregular primes, some additional
- computations are needed. More recently, Fermat's Last Theorem has been
- proved true up to exponent 4,000,000 in the general case. The method
- used was essentially that of Wagstaff: enumerating and eliminating
- irregular primes by Bernoulli number computations. The computations
- were performed on a set of NeXT computers by Richard Crandall et al.
-
- Since the genus of the curve a^n + b^n = 1 , is greater than or equal
- to 2 for n > 3 , it follows from Mordell's theorem [proved by
- Faltings], that for any given n , there are at most a finite number of
- solutions.
-
- CONJECTURES
-
-
-
- There are many open conjectures that imply FLT. These conjectures come
- from different directions, but can be basically broken into several
- classes: (and there are interrelationships between the classes)
- 1. Conjectures arising from Diophantine approximation theory such as
- the ABC conjecture, the Szpiro conjecture, the Hall conjecture,
- etc.
-
- For an excellent survey article on these subjects see the article
- by Serge Lang in the Bulletin of the AMS, July 1990 entitled ``Old
- and new conjectured diophantine inequalities".
-
- Masser and Osterle formulated the following known as the ABC
- conjecture:
-
- Given epsilon > 0 , there exists a number C(epsilon) such that for
- any set of non-zero, relatively prime integers a,b,c such that a +
- b = c we have max (|a|, |b|, |c|) <= C(epsilon) N(abc)^(1 +
- epsilon) where N(x) is the product of the distinct primes dividing
- x .
-
- It is easy to see that it implies FLT asymptotically. The
- conjecture was motivated by a theorem, due to Mason that
- essentially says the ABC conjecture is true for polynomials.
-
- The ABC conjecture also implies Szpiro's conjecture [and
- vice-versa] and Hall's conjecture. These results are all generally
- believed to be true.
-
- There is a generalization of the ABC conjecture [by Vojta] which
- is too technical to discuss but involves heights of points on
- non-singular algebraic varieties . Vojta's conjecture also implies
- Mordell's theorem [already known to be true]. There are also a
- number of inter-twined conjectures involving heights on elliptic
- curves that are related to much of this stuff. For a more complete
- discussion, see Lang's article.
-
- 2. Conjectures arising from the study of elliptic curves and modular
- forms. - The Taniyama-Weil-Shmimura conjecture.
-
- There is a very important and well known conjecture known as the
- Taniyama-Weil-Shimura conjecture that concerns elliptic curves.
- This conjecture has been shown by the work of Frey, Serre, Ribet,
- et. al. to imply FLT uniformly, not just asymptotically as with
- the ABC conj.
-
- The conjecture basically states that all elliptic curves can be
- parameterized in terms of modular forms.
-
- There is new work on the arithmetic of elliptic curves. Sha, the
- Tate-Shafarevich group on elliptic curves of rank 0 or 1. By the
- way an interesting aspect of this work is that there is a close
- connection between Sha, and some of the classical work on FLT. For
- example, there is a classical proof that uses infinite descent to
- prove FLT for n = 4 . It can be shown that there is an elliptic
- curve associated with FLT and that for n = 4 , Sha is trivial. It
- can also be shown that in the cases where Sha is non-trivial, that
- infinite-descent arguments do not work; that in some sense 'Sha
- blocks the descent'. Somewhat more technically, Sha is an
- obstruction to the local-global principle [e.g. the
- Hasse-Minkowski theorem].
-
- 3. Conjectures arising from some conjectured inequalities involving
- Chern classes and some other deep results/conjectures in
- arithmetic algebraic geometry.
-
- This results are quite deep. Contact Barry Mazur [or Serre, or
- Faltings, or Ribet, or ...]. Actually the set of people who DO
- understand this stuff is fairly small.
-
- The diophantine and elliptic curve conjectures all involve deep
- properties of integers. Until these conjecture were tied to FLT,
- FLT had been regarded by most mathematicians as an isolated
- problem; a curiosity. Now it can be seen that it follows from some
- deep and fundamental properties of the integers. [not yet proven
- but generally believed].
-
-
-
- A related conjecture from Euler
-
- x^n + y^n + z^n = c^n has no solution if n is >= 4
-
- Noam Elkies gave a counterexample, namely 2682440^4 + 15365639^4 +
- 18796760^4 = 20615673^4 . Subsequently, Roger Frye found the
- absolutely smallest solution by (more or less) brute force: it is
- 95800^4 + 217519^4 + 414560^4 = 422481^4 . "Several years", Math.
- Comp. 51 (1988) 825-835.
-
- This synopsis is quite brief. A full survey would run to many pages.
-
-
-
- References
-
- [1] J.P.Butler, R.E.Crandall,&R.W.Sompolski, Irregular Primes to One
- Million. Math. Comp., 59 (October 1992) pp. 717-722.
-
-
-
- Fermat's Last Theorem, A Genetic Introduction to Algebraic Number
- Theory. H.M. Edwards. Springer Verlag, New York, 1977.
-
-
-
- Thirteen Lectures on Fermat's Last Theorem. P. Ribenboim. Springer
- Verlag, New York, 1979.
-
-
-
- Number Theory Related to Fermat's Last Theorem. Neal Koblitz, editor.
- Birkh<E4>user Boston, Inc., 1982, ISBN 3-7643-3104-6
-
-
-
-
- _________________________________________________________________
-
-
-
- alopez-o@barrow.uwaterloo.ca
- Tue Apr 04 17:26:57 EDT 1995
-
-