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From: [e-mail] (Computer Cryptology)
Newsgroups: alt.privacy.anon-server,alt.privacy,alt.answers,news.answers
Subject: APAS Anonymous Remailer Use [FAQ 3/8]: Remailer Basics
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Date: 2 Jun 2003 19:00:12 GMT
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Summary: This posting contains a list of frequently asked questions
    (and their answers) concerning the use of anonymous remailers.
    Please read this before posting to alt.privacy.anon-server.
Keywords: FAQ, remailer, anonymous, nym, mixmaster
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Subject: APAS Anonymous Remailer Use [FAQ 3/8]: Remailer Basics

This is the third of eight parts of a list of frequently-asked
questions and their answers regarding anonymous remailer use.  This
part introduces anonymous remailers.

This FAQ is provided "as is" without any express or implied
warranties.  While every effort has been taken to ensure the accuracy
of the information contained in these message digests, the maintainer
assumes no responsibility for errors or omissions, or for damages
resulting from the use of the information contained herein.  This FAQ
is provided for information only; reference to a Web page does not
constitute endorsement of that page's content.

The following topics are in this FAQ:

   1: [FAQ 3.1] What is an anon server or anonymous remailer?
   2: [FAQ 3.2] Who runs these remailers and why?
   3: [FAQ 3.3] What is a Cypherpunk Remailer?
   4: [FAQ 3.4] How do I get the key for a particular remailer?
   5: [FAQ 3.5] How can I get all the keys for all the remailers?
   6: [FAQ 3.6] What is a Mixmaster Remailer?

----------------------------------------------------------------------

Subject: [FAQ 3.1] What is an anon server or anonymous remailer?

An anonymous remailer is a computer which has been configured to run
remailer software. This software is a specialized kind of email server
software. Unlike the average email server which goes to great lengths
to log all incoming/outgoing traffic and add identifying and traceable
info to its outgoing mail (in the form of headers) remailer software
ensures that outgoing mail has been STRIPPED CLEAN of any identifying
information! Thus the name 'anonymous' remailer.

The remailer performs certain automated tasks which include retrieving
mail, decrypting/processing that mail (only mail that is properly
encrypted and formatted), obeying the directives within the message
and, finally, delivering - remailing - the finished product to a
second party in anonymized form. When received by that second party it
will reveal only that it was sent from an anonymous source (usually
the remailer's name and email address). The IP address shown will be
the IP address of the remailer machine.

Ideally, no logs are kept by the remailer software. This ensures both
the anonymity of the user and protects the operator from liability.
(See Mike Shinn's work in progress FAQ For Remailer Operators
<http://mixmaster.shinn.net/faq/index.html>.)

The process is not completely automated since a human operator is
required - called a remailer operator, or RemOp - to ensure that
traffic is running smoothly, that PGP and Mixmaster encryption keys
are kept updated, that complaints of abuse are dealt with, and also
that users and fellow operators are kept up to speed on any changes to
the remailer's configuration. APAS is the place where such updates are
posted. They are also posted to the Remailer Operator's Mailing List
(Blank email to [e-mail] for
details on how to subscribe.) There is also an archive of the Remop's
List <http://lexx.shinn.net/mailman/listinfo/remops>. You can even
post to the list from this Web page! (Thanks Mike Shinn.)

That's basically how a remailer works. Some anonymous remailers can
send both email and newsgroups posts. And most will require newly
arrived messages to be encrypted. More about that later.  See also:
Andre Bacard's Remailer FAQ <http://www.andrebacard.com/remail.html>
and William Knowles' overview of anonymity on the 'Net
<http://www.c4i.org/erehwon/anonymity.html>.

------------------------------

Date: 07 July 2001 12:00 Z
From: [e-mail] (Computer Cryptology)
Subject: [FAQ 3.2] Who runs these remailers and why?
Summary: Determine for yourself the remailer operators' character.

Some documents will refer to the "traditional remailer network".  This
refers to the remailers listed on the many stats pages (see FAQ 5.1)
available on the Web.  These are run, mostly, by individuals like
those in APAS, who value free speech, especially anonymous speech, and
want to provide a free service to those you need to communicate
anonymously.  Keep in mind that there is no way to know the real
motivation a remailer operator has unless you know them personally,
and even then you may not know the full story.

Since anyone with the technical ability and network connectivity can
operate a remailer, there are endless possibilities as to the real
motivations behind offering such a service to the public at large.
Always floating around the APAS rumor mill are accusations that one or
more remailers are really being run by intelligence agencies, law
enforcement agencies, and even terrorist organizations and other
criminal types.  Of course no credible evidence is ever presented to
back up these accusations so they are mostly dismissed as trolling.
But if one takes the devil's advocate position, there is never any
evidence presented to refute these rumors either; that is, it is
entirely possible they could be true.

One way to learn more about individual remops might be to visit their
home pages, some of which are here in alphabetical order:

__Remailer Web Pages__
Austria
    <http://www.tahina.priv.at/~cm/stats/>
Cracker
    <http://anon.efga.org/>
Dizum
    <https://ssl.dizum.com/help/remailer.html>
Farout
    <http://www.nuther-planet.net/farout/>
Lefarris (en Franτais)
    <http://www.citeweb.net/arris/>
Narnia (mostly German)
    <http://www.trumpkin.Narnias-Door.com/remailer/>
Noisebox
    <http://noisebox.remailer.org/remailer/>
Randseed
    <http://melontraffickers.com>
Riot
    <http://www.riot.eu.org/anon/>
Senshi
    <http://private.addcom.de/SenshiRemailer/>
Shinn
    <http://mixmaster.shinn.net/>
SubZer0
    <http://www.press.nu/leiurus/subzer0/>
Cmeclax
    <http://lexx.shinn.net/cmeclax/>

__Nym Servers__
NYM.ALIAS.NET Nym Server <http://www.publius.net/n.a.n.html>
ANON.XG.NU Nym Server <http://anon.xg.nu/>
Redneck Nym Server (middleman) <http://anon.efga.org>

(Submit other Web page URLs to CC <[e-mail]>.)

Learning to use the traditional remailer network takes some time and
effort. And this time and effort pays off handsomely by providing the
user with a highly secure method to communicate privately and
anonymously. But many privacy-minded folks (and their ranks are
increasing daily!) are looking for an easier and less time-intensive
approach. Some are even willing to pay for it. To satisfy this niche
there have arrived many new products and services that provide various
combinations of anonymous email, newsgroup posting and Web-surfing
with varying degrees of anonymity.

To describe and evaluate these services is, for now, beyond the scope
of this FAQ. I have provided URLs for some of these services below. I
have categorized them into two groups: free of charge and fee-based.
Noteworthy amongst these is the fee-based Freedom Software by the
Montreal-based Zero Knowledge Systems (ZKS). Launched in December
1999, Freedom is a 'privacy system' not unlike the traditional
remailer network . It allows users to send email, post to newsgroups,
chat and surf the Web in total privacy without having to trust third
parties with their personal information. Freedom users create multiple
digital identities - "nyms" - with which their online activities are
associated. All data packets Freedom users send are encrypted and
routed through a global privacy infrastructure called the Freedom
Network, which is hosted by participating ISPs and other independent
server operators. A 30-day free trial is available.

The package has been criticized <http://cryptome.org/zks-v-tcm.htm>
for not being open-source. But that is changing. The source code of
the kernel module of the Linux version of Freedom
<http://opensource.zeroknowledge.com/> has been released; and the
release of the Windows version source code is "coming soon";

 _Free of Charge_
GILC Web-Based Remailer
<http://www.gilc.org/speech/anonymous/remailer.html>
Hushmail <http://www.hushmail.com>
Safeweb <http://www.safeweb.com>
Zixmail <http://www.zixmail.com>
Anonymouse <http://anonymouse.is4u.de/>
COTSE <http://www.cotse.com/home.html>
Somebody.net <http://somebody.net/>
ANON.XG.NU's Web-Based Remailer <http://anon.xg.nu/remailer.html>
Chicago <http://xenophon.r0x.net/cgi-bin/mixnews-user.cgi>

_Fee-Based_
ZKS Freedom <http://www.freedom.net>
SkuzNET's The Internet Mail Network <http://www.theinternet.cc/>
Mailanon <http://www.mailanon.com/>
IDcide <http://www.idcide.com>

For an interesting discussion of the pros and cons of anonymous speech
check out this link from LCS.MIT.EDU:
<http://www.lcs.mit.edu/anniv/speakers/presentation?id=041399-15>

(I'm looking for more links of this nature: political, legal
perspectives on remailers. If you know of any please pass them on to
CC <[e-mail]>.)

------------------------------

Subject: [FAQ 3.3] What is a Cypherpunk Remailer?

Also referred to as a Type I, this is a remailer that accepts messages
encrypted with its publicly available PGP key. PGP is Pretty Good
Privacy, the well-respected public-key encryption program which is
widely available and, with a few exceptions, freeware. Users encrypt
their clear-text, outgoing message with the Cypherpunk remailer's
public key. This can be done with any text editor like Notepad and a
properly installed version of PGP. There is a particular message
format to follow, one that the remailer software can understand:

============
::
Anon-To: [e-mail]
Latent-Time: +0:00

##
Subject: My Company Dumps Toxic Waste

I'm writing this anonymously because I don't want to lose my job.
My company has, for the past three years...
============

The above message is cut and paste into PGP and encrypted with the
chosen remailer's key, say [e-mail]

============
-----BEGIN PGP MESSAGE-----

Version: PGP 2.6x
hQCMA8asoPEC0e2BAQP9GqR2aXNOstRq8eJW2QVubioR0gO7Ue0AOL/rFdnxXknC
YPpe2X2TKlcvd961+lhe9w2Y8vo3JcBYYBifTJRwmMjnXLagCU4Mhh0VZtk/QXMZ
/FLeJWi67qsb45a2mNw0/Q8eXHKfOQyHcmEQ7cg/bq4Xz6LusfxBHF8zsojVOgal
8RVRtr9drjBlOzJvWxaq7LrKidME6q0tM7pRiLN5dvVBon2NKlmpJI6vAFjyi8ma
f5Bg6Zor+PMxcm3EmuWbjLEiOu5USrTgU4OiaC7PHF9INxwXuKmdNz/JprgOc0c6
6s6RvbOo6rsvlwqPKw==
=ICz/
-----END PGP MESSAGE-----
=============

Finally, the user has to append a directive to the top of the
encrypted message, making it look like this:

============
::
Encrypted: PGP

-----BEGIN PGP MESSAGE-----
Version: PGP 2.6x

hQCMA8asoPEC0e2BAQP9GqR2aXNOstRq8eJW2QVubioR0gO7Ue0AOL/rFdnxXknC
YPpe2X2TKlcvd961+lhe9w2Y8vo3JcBYYBifTJRwmMjnXLagCU4Mhh0VZtk/QXMZ
/FLeJWi67qsb45a2mNw0/Q8eXHKfOQyHcmEQ7cg/bq4Xz6LusfxBHF8zsojVOgal
8RVRtr9drjBlOzJvWxaq7LrKidME6q0tM7pRiLN5dvVBon2NKlmpJI6vAFjyi8ma
f5Bg6Zor+PMxcm3EmuWbjLEiOu5USrTgU4OiaC7PHF9INxwXuKmdNz/JprgOc0c6
6s6RvbOo6rsvlwqPKw==
=ICz/
-----END PGP MESSAGE-----
============

The user then mails the above encrypted message (double colons and
all) NOT to the intended recipient but instead to the remailer's
address: <[e-mail]>. This arrives at the remailer where it
is eventually processed, decrypted and mailed to
<[e-mail]> appearing to have come from "Anonymous"
<[e-mail]>.

Most remailers are not purely Cypherpunk but will accept both
Cypherpunk and Mixmaster messages. Keep in mind too that there are
currently only a few Cypherpunk (Type I) remailers that will accept
non-PGP messages and their numbers are dwindling.

See also:

This tutorial with pictures and step by step instructions
<http://anon.xg.nu/shotsof.htm>.

Read some history about how Cpunk remailers first came about
<http://cryptome.org/zks-v-tcm.htm>.

Visit this link at LCS.MIT.EDU about remailers and their importance
<http://www.lcs.mit.edu/impact/perspect/perspective?name=9901>.

------------------------------

Date: 24 October 2001 12:00 Z
From: [e-mail] (Computer Cryptology)
Subject: [FAQ 3.4] How do I get the key for a particular remailer?
Summary: Send remailer an email message with "Subject: remailer-key".

That's easy!  Send a blank email message to the remailer with
"remailer-key" (without the quotation marks) as the subject line.  The
reply from the remailer should contain its PGP (perhaps both RSA and
DH/DSS) and Mixmaster keys.  If you can't get a reply to a
remailer-key request it's likely you won't get any mail through that
remailer either!

------------------------------

Date: 02 March 2001 12:00 Z
From: [e-mail] (Computer Cryptology)
Subject: [FAQ 3.5] How can I get all the keys for all the remailers?
Summary: Get them individually; see question 3.4.

There are some stats maintainers who will maintain an up-to-date
collection of all the current remailer keys.  Here are a few places to
download all the keys, starting with the newest:

Computer Cryptology's Database
<http://www.eskimo.com/~turing/cgi-bin/db.cgi>

Frog's Thesaurus Data
<http://www.privacyresources.org/frogadmin/Thesaurus/Thesaurus.html> OR
<http://www.chez.com/frogadmin/Thesaurus/Thesaurus.html> OR
<http://members.nbci.com/frogadmin/Thesaurus/Thesaurus.html>

Trex is out-of-date and Peter removed it.  As Weasel used to say,
"*Get [the keys] yourself from each remailer!* I mean it!"  Frog's
Web page agrees that collecting information and/or remailer keys
second hand is a bad idea. The most secure (but not the fastest) way
to do this is to send individual requests to all the remailers
according to your needs:

    Subject: remailer-key
    Subject: remailer-conf
    Subject: remailer-help
    Subject: remailer-stats

If you nevertheless permit your client to refresh keys from keyrings
on the Web, lists of the known key sources likely to be more current
than this FAQ are here:

Frog's MetaStats
<http://www.privacyresources.org/frogadmin/MetaStats/index.html> OR
<http://www.chez.com/frogadmin/MetaStats/index.html> OR
<http://members.nbci.com/frogadmin/MetaStats/index.html>

The following URLs might be current--check the date of this FAQ.  (The
links come from Computer Cryptology's List of Known Stats Sources,
<http://www.eskimo.com/~turing/remailer/stats/db//rlists.txt> and
<http://www.eskimo.com/~turing/remailer/stats/db//mlists.txt>.)

efga    <http://anon.efga.org/Remailers/TypeIList/pubring.asc>
    <http://anon.efga.org/Remailers/type2.list> ;
    <http://anon.efga.org/Remailers/pubring.mix>
farout    <http://www.nuther-planet.net/farout/keys/rsa-dss.asc>
    <http://www.nuther-planet.net/farout/keys/type2.lis> ;
    <http://www.nuther-planet.net/farout/keys/pubring.mix
frog    <http://www.privacyresources.org/frogadmin/Keys/dsskeys.asc>
    <http://www.privacyresources.org/frogadmin/Keys/type2.lis> ;
    <http://www.privacyresources.org/frogadmin/Keys/pubring.mix>
shinn    <http://mixmaster.shinn.net/stats/rsa-pubring.asc>
    <http://mixmaster.shinn.net/stats/type2.list> ;
    <http://mixmaster.shinn.net/stats/pubring.mix>
subzer0    <http://www.press.nu/leiurus/subzer0/pubring.asc>
    <http://www.press.nu/leiurus/subzer0/type2.lis> ;
    <http://www.press.nu/leiurus/subzer0/pubring.mix>
turing    <http://www.eskimo.com/~turing/remailer/keys/remailers.asc>
    <http://www.eskimo.com/~turing/remailer/keys/type2.lis> ;
    <http://www.eskimo.com/~turing/remailer/keys/pubring.mix>

Use of these URLs depends on the remailer client.  For example, for
the Mixmaster keys, one might need pubring.mix and, perhaps, type2.lis
depending on the Mixmaster version.  Examples illustrating how to
place these in various clients are on these Web pages:

Client Configurations for DUMMIES
<http://www.privacyresources.org/frogadmin/Configs/index.html>
Stats - Configuration (JBN2 only)
<http://www.eskimo.com/~turing/remailer/stats/db/JBN.html>

Consider the comments in question 5.4 before using the following URLs:

lefarris
    <http://pages.globetrotter.net/arris/cles/rsa-dhdss.asc>
    <http://pages.globetrotter.net/arris/cles/type2.lis ;
    <http://pages.globetrotter.net/arris/cles/pubring.mix>
xganon    <http://anon.xg.nu/list/pubring.asc>
    <http://anon.xg.nu/list/type2.list> ;
    <http://anon.xg.nu/list/pubring.mix>

These may be out of date!

------------------------------

Subject: [FAQ 3.6] What is a Mixmaster Remailer?

Also known as a Type II remailer, this kind of remailer accepts
messages in the Mixmaster format. It doesn't use a PGP key but instead
it uses it's own Mix key which looks like something like this:

-----Begin Mix Key-----
08daa0412580b473b0405a27b6eb72f6
258
AATLm+Il10etAgaOBsAMfggFXi2ghiyypIkZkqhh
W0Ef6LvDNLdPZ94Gu4QgPDD+q13JyRwmU/TvTgIk
SBGxv9dUH3J22BEg600vD9lWOcFiq3ApjUuxS76T
Zf+lGTINOIs+zkAmrojqueQfHFxBE0rMembno8jg
VHlOpyeHRfJNIQAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAQAB
-----End Mix Key-----

Mixmaster uses a message format based on RSA and Triple-DES
encryption. Messages are multiply encrypted and formatted so as to
appear identical to other Mixmaster messages . Messages are sent
through chains of Mixmaster remailers. Each remailer removes one layer
of encryption, and forwards the message. When the final remailer
delivers the decrypted message to the recipient, it is impossible to
find out where it came from even if part of the remailer chain is
compromised.

Mixmaster remailers improve on Cypherpunk remailers by making traffic
analysis much more difficult. It does this by making all incoming and
outgoing messages the same size (28.1kb) and by re-ordering messages
before delivery - so that traffic coming in cannot be associated
necessarily with traffic going out.

The building of a Mixmaster message cannot be done with a text editor!
Special client software is required.

See also Mixmaster FAQ
<http://www.obscura.com/~loki/remailer/mixmaster-faq.html>.

------------------------------

End of faq.3 Digest
*******************