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Subject: Nordic FAQ - 6 of 7 - NORWAY
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Summary: About Norway: culture, history, places of interest and other
 things. This document is part 6 of the soc.culture.nordic-FAQ.
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        A Frequently Answered Questions (FAQ) file for the newsgroup
                    S O C . C U L T U R E . N O R D I C
                           *** PART 6: NORWAY ***


    Index
                  6.1
                         Fact Sheet
                  6.2
                         General information
                  6.2.1
                         Geography, climate, vegetation
                  6.2.2
                         Economy
                  6.2.3
                         Population, language, culture
                  6.2.4
                         Government
                  6.3
                         History
                  6.3.2
                           !  Kings & Queens
                  6.3.3
                         Olof Sk°tkonung and his friends
                  6.4
                         Main tourist attractions
                  6.4.1
                         Bergen
                  6.4.2
                         Oslo
                  6.4.3
                         Trondheim
                  6.4.4
                         Hurtigruta
                  6.5
                         Norwegian literature
                  6.6
                         Sons of Norway
                  6.7
                         Dictionaries and other study material
     _________________________________________________________________



Subject: 6.1 Fact Sheet

Name:  Kongeriket Norge (Bokmσl)
       Kongeriket Noreg (Nynorsk)

Telephone country code:   47

Area:  323,878 km▓ / 125,065 sq mi.

Overseas territories:  Svalbard     62 700,0 km▓
                       Jan Mayen       380,0 km▓
                       Bouvet Island    58,5 km▓
                       Peter I Island  249,2 km▓

Land boundaries:  Sweden, Finland, Russia

Terrain:  mostly high plateaus and rugged mountains broken by fertile valleys;
          small, scattered plains;
          coastline deeply indented by fjords;
          arctic tundra in north

Largest glaciers:  Jostedalsbreen, 486 km▓
                   Svartisen, 369 km▓
                   Folgefonni 212 km▓

Highest point:  Glittertinden, 2,472 m (8,110 ft)

Natural resources:  crude oil, copper, natural gas, pyrites,
                    nickel, iron ore, zinc, lead,
                    fish, timber, hydropower

Population:  4,413,800 (1997)

Population density:  13.6 persons per km▓ (35 per sq mi).
                     (lowest in Finnmark: 1.7 persons per km▓)

Distribution:  71% urban, 29% rural. (1990)

Average annual growth:  3.5% (1997)

Life expectancy:  women 81 years; men 75 years (1994)

Infant mortality:  5.2 per 1,000 live births. (1994)

Average fertility:  1.87 (1995)

Average age at marriage:  women 32.6; men 29.5 (1994)

Divorces per marriage:  53% (1994)

Capital:  Oslo (population: 500,000) (1997)

Other major towns (1995):  Bergen (223,000),
                           Trondheim (144,000),
                           Stavanger (104,000)
                           Fredrikstad (65,700)
                           Kristiansand (62,300)
                           Troms° (56,600)

Flag:  a blue Nordic cross outlined in white on a red background.

Type:  Constitutional monarchy

Head of state:  King Harald V

National anthem:  Ja, vi elsker dette landet

Royal anthem:  Kongesangen

Languages:  Norwegian (two written forms: Bokmσl and Nynorsk).
            Small Finnish- and Sßmi-speaking minorities.
            The North Sßmi language has official status in
            the northern parts of the country.

Currency:  krone (Norwegian crown, NOK).
           for the current exchange rate,
           see the URL <http://www.dna.lth.se/cgi-bin/kurt/rates>


Climate:  temperate along coast, warmed by the Gulf stream;
          colder interior. Rainy year-round on west coast.
          Average temp. in Oslo:
          -7░C -  2░C in Jan.,
          13░C - 22░C in July.
          Current and historic data on temperature/precipitation/humidity
          from 50 stations all over the country are available at:
          <http://norpre.nlh.no/weather/>

Religion:  Evangelic-Lutheran (88%) (official state-religion)

Exports:  petroleum and petroleum products, natural gas, fish,
          aluminium, ships, pulp and paper.






------------------------------

Subject: 6.2 General information



  6.2.1 Geography, climate, vegetation

   Norway is located on the Scandinavian peninsula; its long, craggy
   coast forms the western margin of the peninsula and fronts the
   Atlantic Ocean (sometimes known as the Norwegian Sea) for most of the
   country's length. To the southwest the North Sea separates Norway from
   the British Isles, and directly to the south the Skagerrak separates
   it from Denmark. In the east Norway shares an extensive border with
   Sweden and for a shorter one with Finland and Russia in the north.

   From north to south, Norway is about 1,770 km long, but for much of
   the distance it is very narrow, exceeding 160km of breadth only in the
   south. About one third of the country lies within the Arctic Circle,
   where the sun shines 24 hours at the height of the summer.
   Characteristic of the terrain are rugged mountains interrupted by
   valleys that cut into the land. Along much of the coast cliffs drop
   impressively to the sea, forming the fjords which are among the most
   distinctive features of Norwegian geography. The longest and deepest
   of them is the Sogne Fjord. About 150,000 offshore islands serve as a
   barrier that helps to protect Norway's coast from Atlantic storms.
   Among these, the Lofoten Islands are the largest and also a very
   popular tourist attraction.

   The climate is temperate, and the severity of winter along the coast
   is moderated by southerly air currents brought in above the waters of
   the North Atlantic Drift, which is warmed by the Gulf Stream. Summers
   are relatively cool throughout the country; rainfall is high
   everywhere, most of all on the coasts, of course. The rivers contain
   abundant salmon and trout, which are among the country's most famous
   exports. Spruce and pine are the most common trees in Norway's
   forests, and deciduous trees, such as birch and ash, are common in the
   lowlands. In the mountain regions, heather is abundant, as well as low
   bushes that provide numerous delicious berries. Timber is one of the
   foremost natural resources. In addition, Norway has tremendous
   resources in its offshore oil and gas fields in the North Sea as well
   as in the hydroelectric potential of the numerous rapids and
   waterfalls. Iron and copper are also mined.



  6.2.2 Economy

   Only about 3% of Norway is arable land; for this reason Norway's main
   source of livelihood has traditionally been fishery. Norway emerged as
   an industrial nation from the beginning of this century, partly due to
   local elites investing money in shipbuilding, woolspinning, timber and
   pulp production, and partly because of foreign companies building up
   on electrochemical industry based upon cheap hydro-electric power.
   Norway has also had one of the biggest merchant fleets of the world.
   The financial surplus made by this type of service made it possible to
   outweigh the deficit of trade with other countries, and hence is an
   important economic and political factor in Norwegian history.
   Production of petroleum and gas has, however, become the foremost
   industry with the discovery of offshore fields. Food, beverage, and
   tobacco processing rank second. The manufacture of transportation
   equipment, primarily ships and boats (the major export), ranks third,
   followed by production of metal and metal products.



  6.2.3 Population, language, culture

   Norway's population is primarily Germanic. The largest ethnic minority
   are Sßmi (Lapps) living Northern Norway (Finnmark) who number about
   20,000; a few thousand Norwegian Finns (Kvens) live in northern
   Norway. Norwegian is a Germanic language developed from the Old Norse
   spoken in the viking age; it is closely related to both Danish and
   Swedish. Norway has hundreds of dialects of spoken Norwegian
   (corresponding to different geographical regions or locales) and two
   official written norms, Bokmσl and Nynorsk. Bokmσl, which has its
   basis in large part in the Danish spoken during the period of Danish
   rule, serves as the written norm for most of the dialects of the
   larger urban centers. Nynorsk, created by the philologist Ivar Andreas
   Aasen (1813-96) who drew it from the old rural dialects that preserve
   Norwegian as it descended from Old Norse, serves as the written norm
   for most of the dialects of rural areas and some smaller urban
   centers. Norway, while becoming increasingly urbanized, is still one
   of the least urbanized countries in Europe. Population is extremely
   sparse in northern Norway and inland; except for Iceland, it is the
   lowest in Europe.

   It's worth to note that both Nynorsk and Bokmσl are pure written
   languages. No one actually speaks these languages - in Norway all
   spoken languages are regarded as dialects. But one has to remember
   that over 80% of the pupils in Norwegian schools chose to learn
   Bokmσl, and that the vocabulary of Bokmσl is influenced by Danish
   whereas the vocabulary of Nynorsk lies closer to Swedish. The minority
   language Nynorsk is thus protected by laws, ensuring for instance that
   at least 25% of the radio and tv transmissions are in Nynorsk, and a
   national theater Det Norske Teatret playing in Nynorsk,

   Frequently questions about common Scandinavian names come up in the
   newsgroup. The national statistical office of Norway has made tables
   over the most common names to make your choice easier. :-)

   Norway has a strongly developed tradition of folk music; its most
   distinguished classical composers were Edvard Grieg (1843-1907),
   Christian Sinding (1856-1941), and Johan Svendsen (1840-1911), all of
   whom made much use of traditional music. The painting of Edvard Munch
   (1863-1944) has achieved worldwide recognition. Gustav Vigeland
   (1869-1943) produced a vast body of sculpture, which has been
   collected in Frogner Park in Oslo. For Norwegian literature, see
   section 6.5.



  6.2.4 Government

   Norway is a hereditary constitutional monarchy, with a constitution
   that was drafted in 1814. It gives broad powers to the king, but the
   council of ministers, headed by the prime minister, generally
   exercises this power as king in council. The 165 members of the
   Storting, or parliament, are elected for a fixed term of 4 years by
   all Norwegians 18 years of age or older.

   The major political parties are the Labor party (Arbeiderpartiet), the
   largest single party, the Conservative party (H°yre), and the Center
   Party (Senterpartiet). The Labor party, which was responsible for
   creating the social-democratic welfare state, headed the government
   for 37 years during the period 1935-81. A debate about high taxes and
   rising inflation caused the Labor party to lose ground to center-right
   groups. The Conservatives under Kare Willoch were in office from 1981
   to 1986, when they were ousted by Labor, led by Gro Harlem Brundtland,
   Norway's first woman premier. Brundtland has since resigned as the
   party leader (the office is currently held by Torbj°rn Jagland), but
   still represents the party as the prime minister. In the current
   election period (1993-1997), Senterpartiet (Center Party) is bigger
   than H°yre.


[ the sections above are available at the www-page
  http://www.lysator.liu.se/nordic/scn/faq61.html ]






------------------------------

Subject: 6.3 History

   Norway's history is divided in two parts: Before 1387, and after 1814.
   :->

    A chronology of important dates:

   800's
          The bloody conflicts between tribal kingdoms, as well as a
          craving for adventure, prompted Norwegians to leave their lands
          in what are known as Viking voyages. Warriors from the fjords
          (Vik in Norse) raided throughout western Europe and into the
          Mediterranean.
   890's
          Harald Hσrfagre ("fair-hair") unites Norway to a single
          kingdom. Ireland falls under Norwegian rule. Iceland is
          colonized.
   995
          King Olav Tryggvason converts to Christianity.
   1000
          (circa) Norway is split in three parts by Olof Sk÷tkonung, King
          of Svealand, his step-father Svend Forkbeard, King of Denmark,
          and the exiled Jarl Eirik. King Olav Tryggvason is defeated.
          Jarl Eirik gets a third of Norway as his own, and the part of
          Olof Sk÷tkonung's as his vassal.
          The viking chieftain King Olav Haraldsson defeats and slays the
          son of Jarl Eirik, but unites with Eirik against King Olof of
          Svealand. Unpease pesters the life in JΣmtland and BohuslΣn.
   1022
          King Canute the Great (of Denmark) conquered also Norway. King
          Olav escaped to his relative King Jaroslav in Novgorod, where
          he raised an army. The new King of Sweden, Amund Jakob,
          supports king Olav Haraldsson.
   1029
          Bishopric in Trondheim
   1030
          The battle of Stiklestad in Tr°ndelag, in which Olav Haraldsson
          (canonized as St. Olav) is killed. The pilgrimages to his grave
          in Nidaros (Trondheim) begin. When King Canute the Great dies
          in 1035 the Danish supremacy over Norway is exchanged in a
          Treaty of Friendship, Co-operation and Mutual Assistance. It
          was settled that if one of the two realm's kings should die
          without heirs, then the other would succeed him.
   1042
          King Hardeknud of Denmark dies without an heir, and Denmark and
          Norway is again united - now under King Magnus.
   1047
          A retired colonel from Constantinople, later called Harald
          Hσrdrσde, and actually an uncle of King Magnus, returned to his
          native country and made demands on half of the kingdom. As King
          Magnus refused, the uncle, allied with a claimant to the Danish
          kingdom. King Magnus was defeated and the union between Denmark
          and Norway was split.
   1066
          Harald (Hσrdrσde) killed in the battle of Stamford Bridge while
          attempting to conquer England. Viking raids come to an end.
   1184
          After a civil war, the illegitimate son of King Sigurd, Sverre,
          is acknowledged as sole king. He consolidated the power of
          monarchy, created a new nobility and replaced an aristocratic
          administration with royal officials. His firm hand in ruling
          the church led Pope Innocent III to excommunicate him and lay
          Norway under interdict.
   1261/62
          Greenland and Iceland are subjected to Norwegian rule.
   1266
          King Magnus VI Lagab°ter (Law-Mender) ended a lingering war
          with Scotland by selling the Isle of Man and the Hebrides to
          Scotland.
   1274
          Magnus VI introduces a general code of laws which remains in
          use for more than four centuries, replacing local legal systems
          with a unified code for the entire kingdom. It strengthened the
          position of the monarch by treating crime not as a private
          matter but as an offense against king and country. Magnus also
          promulgated municipal laws and accepted a basically independent
          status for the church.
   1319
          The three-years old King Magnus of Norway is elected King of
          Sweden too. This marks in many ways the end of Norway as an
          independent kingdom, although the Norwegian magnates in the
          Norwegian Senate (Council of the Realm) will continue to meet
          for several hundreds of years.
   1349-50
          Black plague, "Svartedauen", kills one third of Norways
          inhabitants.
   1379
          Marriage ties linked Norway with both Sweden and Denmark, and
          Queen Margarete, the wife of Haakon VI, succeeded in gaining
          control of the country as their son the king was only five
          years old. (He had, by the way, been elected King of Denmark
          already.)
   1387
          The under-age king died, and with him the Norwegian royal house
          died out. The nobles of the Senate (the Council of the Realm)
          elected Erik of Pomerania, Margarethe's grandnephew, as their
          king. Margarethe is appointed Regent and unites Norway, Sweden,
          and Denmark in the Union of Kalmar.
                  _______________________________________________

   1536
          Norway becomes a subject of the Danish crown, little more than
          a Danish province. Danish becomes the written language of
          Norway. Reformation makes Norway Lutheran.
   1645
          The provinces of JΣmtland and HΣrjedalen are ceded to Sweden
          after Denmark-Norway's participation in the Thirty Years' War.
          In 1658, BohuslΣn is lost to Sweden, too.
   1716-18
          Sweden attacks Norway, but has to retreat when king Karl XII is
          killed at Fredrikshald.
                  _______________________________________________

   1814
          The peace treaty of Kiel gives Norway to Sweden. Norway
          declares independence at Eidsvoll, but after a short war
          against Sweden Norway agrees to a personal union with Sweden.
          The Norwegian constitution was written.
   1905
          The union with Sweden falls apart and Norway becomes an
          independent kingdom. The Danish prince Karl becomes king Haakon
          VII of Norway.
   1940
          The Altmark Incident
          February 16th British blockaders discovered the German war-ship
          Graf Spee heading home along the Norweigan coast with 299
          British merchant seamen captured. The Brititsh Admiralty
          ordered their rescue at all costs. The destroyer Cossack
          pursued the Altmark into J°ssing fjord near Stavanger, and
          despite Norweigan protests boarded and captured her, releasing
          the prisoners. Norweigan protests of this violation died away
          in the face of British proof that Norway had permitted an armed
          vessel to take refuge in neutral waters.
          April 2-3rd Germany's naval forces start their journey to
          occupy Norway and Denmark, operation Weserⁿbung.
          April 8th the British Navy placed mines in Norwegian
          territorial waters off North Norway, in an attempt to halt the
          shipment of Swedish iron ore over the port of Narvik. This
          concurrence of events was purely coincidental. The German
          occupation of Norway had been planned in meticulous detail
          months in advance and had no connection with the British
          mine-laying.
          Germany attacks Norway on 9th of April, and after two months of
          resistance completes the occupation. The Norwegian king and
          government flee to England. The leader of Norways National
          Socialist party, Vidkun Quisling, is nominated by Hitler to
          form a puppet regime.
   1941-45
          The Norwegian resistance, "Hjemmefronten", is organized. With
          its 50,000 members it made life more difficult for the Nazi
          occupiers in Norway, while many Norwegians joined British or
          American forces to fight the Germans. The Norwegian merchant
          fleet played a vital role in aiding the Allies. Although it
          lost half of its fleet, the country recovered quickly after the
          war.
   1945
          Germany surrenders to the Allies and the Nazi-occupation ends
          in Norway.
   1949
          Norway joins NATO.
   1957
          Olav V becomes king after the death of Haakon VII.
   1970s
          Large oil finds in the North Sea make Norway prosperous.
   1972
          Norway holds a referendum about joining the EEC: the people
          vote NO.
   1991
          On Olav's death in January, his son Harald V succeeded him as
          the king of Norway.
   1994
          A referendum about joining the EU will was held November
          27-28th. Again, the Norwegians voted "NO" by a clear majority
          and thus remained outside the union while Sweden and Finland
          joined.


[ the sections above are available at the www-page
  http://www.lysator.liu.se/nordic/scn/faq63.html ]






------------------------------

Subject: 6.4 Main tourist attractions



  6.4.1 Bergen

   Bergen located about 300 km west of Oslo, on a sheltered inlet of the
   North Sea, it is an important port and the country's second-largest
   city. Warm Historical landmarks include the King Haakon's Hall (1261),
   St. Mary's Church (12th century), the Rosencrantz Tower (1562) and the
   old wooden merchant's quarters (Bryggen) at the harbour. One of the
   Bryggen buildings (Finnegσrden) houses a Hansaetic Museum, another
   (modern one) houses a medieval museum (Bryggens museum). The city also
   has a university (1948) and National Theater (1850), and it was the
   birthplace of the composer Edvard Grieg and the violinist Ole Bull.
   Fantoft stave church (built 1150) and Grieg's home Troldhaugen are
   located a short distance to the south of the city.

   The city was founded in 1070 by King Olaf III; it became a leading
   trade center and Norway's capital during the 12th and 13th centuries.
   It joined the Hansaetic League in the 14th century, and German
   merchants from the league developed trade monopolies here that lasted
   into the 18th century. Occupied during World War II by the Germans,
   the city suffered heavy damage during Allied bombings.

   Bergen is surrounded by mountains low enough to be climbed on foot but
   sufficiently high to offer a great view. There are many good paths for
   hikers, but there are also a cable cars going to the highest peak,
   mount Ulriken (606m above sea), and to Fl°yen (314m) which is a bit
   closer to the centre.

   <The following from an article by Daniel R. Juliano>

   I am not sure how you are getting from Bergen to Oslo, but I would
   suggest the beautiful scenic train that takes you between the two if
   you are not flying. It stops quite often and lets you get out in the
   mountains and look around. It is warm up there, yet there is tons of
   snow. At least there was when I was there two years ago this month.

   If you could get to Oystese and see the Hardanger fjord that is the
   most beautiful one I ever saw. But, you have to take a bus or drive
   there. When we were there the buses were on strike (of course) and we
   rented a car. Scary. You have to drive on these huge mountains with no
   guard rail where you are literally one foot from the edge and you have
   to go through huge tunnels. A police man actually pulled us over for
   going to slow. :)

   We did take a boat tour in Bergen of the fjords which we enjoyed. My
   family went to see Grieg's house. They enjoyed that. They also saw the
   stave church. I didn't go along to those so I don't know if I should
   recommend them.

   On most days in Bergen there is a fish market in the main part of town
   which is quite interesting. They sell fish that they have just caught,
   as well as fresh fruit, flowers, bread and handicrafts. It is closed
   on Sundays.

   Oh, we also went on a tour of some church and of the Hansa houses.
   That was neat. Ok, I'll stop. Again. If you have any more specific
   questions, just ask.

   <From: Jan Setnan>

   I always recommend taking the boat from Bergen to Balestrand in the
   evening. Then the express ferry from Balestrand to Flσm. The trip from
   Bergen to Flσm will give you an impressive view of the fjords. Then
   you take the nighttrain flom Flσm to Oslo, arriving the next morning.

   The boat from Bergen to Balestrand may be filled with tourists so you
   probably should reserve tickets. But the ferry from Balestrand to Flσm
   should give you no problems. The train tickets you should reserve
   beforehand. The luggage is another problem travelling from boat to
   boat to train. If you have several items, you could send most of it
   with the train from Bergen to Oslo, and only take the necessary
   minimum with you on the boats. The boat ticket from Bergen to Flσm is
   about $65.

   <From: Melvin Klasse>

   When I went to Bergen, in early-July 1988, the "Tourist Information
   Centre" (*very* close to the SAS Hotel in Bergen) had all sorts of
   accomodation available, from a "pension" (bed & shared bathroom &
   NO-breakfast) to "tourist-class" hotels.

     * Get an umbrella -- if it isn't raining, you're not in Bergen!!!
     * Walk around the Fish Market, of course.
     * The WW II "War Resistance" museum chronicles the time of the
       German presence.
     * Take the Fl°ybanen (train ride at 23 degrees "up" the hill).
     * See Edward Greig's summer-house "Troldhaugen".
     * Make reservations for dinner & entertainment with "Fana Folklore".



  6.4.2 Oslo

   Oslo lies at the head of Oslo Fjord, about 97 km from the open sea.
   The city first occupied the small ┼kershus Peninsula, where a fortress
   was built in 1300. Oslo was founded about 1050 to the east of the
   present city. Early in the 17th century fire destroyed the town,
   mostly built of wood. King Christian IV ordered the city to be rebuilt
   on the ┼kershus Peninsula below the fortress, which could protect it.
   The new city was laid out on a square plan and was named Christiania
   after its founder (the name Oslo was readopted in 1925).

   The city remained small until the 19th century; in 1814, it's
   population was only 11,200. That year, Norway was separated from
   Denmark and was joined into Sweden by a personal union. Christiania
   became the national capital and started to grow. The Royal Palace was
   built, and the Storting (Parliament) and government offices were
   established. By 1910, the population had already reached 225,000.

   Today Oslo is a well-planned city with wide, straight streets.
   Government offices and the central business district are focused on
   Karl Johansgate, which is the main street in Oslo. By the harbour is
   the two-towered City Hall (completed 1950), the city's most famous
   landmark, facing the fjord and the downtown area.

   Oslo is also the cultural heart of Norway. The university, which was
   founded in 1811, is the largest in the country. The city also contains
   the National Theater, the Bygd°y folk museum with a large collection
   of traditional buildings, and a museum of excavated Viking ships. On
   Holmenkollen, a mountain overlooking the city, is a famous ski jump,
   the site of many winter sports competitions. Frogner Park contains the
   statuary of Gustav Vigeland.

   <From: Ken Ewing>

   I spent a week in Oslo in July, 1989. I don't know what you might be
   interested in, but here's a rundown of stuff that I did (please
   forgive any misspellings...I don't have my travel info in front of me.
   :-)
     * City Hall. Called "Rσdhuset" in Norwegian. This is a large,
       twin-towered building right on the waterfront. The ground floor is
       the national tourist office. Here you can arrange for tours, find
       out interesting things to see, buy guidebooks, etc.
     * Akershus Fortress. Easy to find. It's a genuine medieval fort
       right on the waterfront. It's something of a symbol for Oslo in
       that having been under siege nine times since its construction in
       the 1300's, it has never fallen to an enemy. Guided tours are
       available. In or near the Akershus Fortress are many museums,
       including:
          + Resistance Museum. A "must-see" for WWII enthusiasts. It
            looks very small from outside the door, but it's quite large
            inside. It documents the German occupation and TONS of
            artifacts, photos, etc.
          + Christiania Exhibit (I think it's called that). This is a
            model and show about the history of Oslo. Oslo was originally
            located a but further south, and the current site of Oslo
            used to be called Christiania, named after King Christian IV.
     * Take a water taxi across the bay to Bygd°y. There are several
       museums over there, including:
          + Maritime Museum. Pretty big place. If you're into maritime
            topics (which I am) you can spend a few hours here.
          + Fram Museum. The Fram is a sailing ship built around 1897. It
            was basically designed to be a wooden-hulled icebreaker. The
            designer had a theory that the Arctic ice cap flowed with
            "currents" matching those of the ocean underneath, and that
            if a ship could lodge itself in the ice, it could ride these
            currents across the North Pole. He built this ship, lodged it
            into the ice, and proved his theory (coming with five degrees
            of the North Pole). The ship is now housed within this
            museum.
          + Kon-Tiki museum. Contains Thor Heyerdahl's ships Kon-Tiki and
            Ra II. You might remember Ra II from the movie made in 1973
            (I think). There is also a life-size copy of a statue from
            Easter Island, and also a genuine, taxidermed, 30-foot whale
            shark suspended underneath the Kon Tiki.
       All three of these museums are right next to one another. A little
       farther down the road (easy walking distance) you'll find:
          + Viking Ship Museum. This building looks like a church from
            the outside, and is not marked very well with signs. It
            contains three actual Viking ships dug up from the ground,
            plus a bunch of artifacts from the Viking era.
          + Folk Museum. This is a large park that contains exhibits of
            the inland culture of Norway (as opposed to the maritime
            culture, as the other museums in this area display). The
            creators of this park went all over Norway and collect farm
            houses (whole houses!), stave churches (pronounced "stahv" --
            some of these structures date back to the 1200s and are still
            in active use), etc. to show how Norwegian people lived.
            There are tours available. Employees wear authentic cultural
            dress.

   Back in Oslo:
     * Vigeland Statue Park. This is a 20-acre or so park with 250
       statues by Mr. Vigeland, a famous Norwegian sculptor. It's best to
       get a guidebook of some kind, as the park has a theme to its
       organization. As I understand it, Vigeland statues are not found
       outside of Norway.
     * Historical churches. Olso has been around for a long time, and
       there are interesting old churches all over town.
     * The Royal Palace. Norway has a royal family, although the
       parliament is the governing body. The palace has a military guard
       that changes regularly.
     * Downtown shopping. The downtown area of Oslo is really quite small
       and easily explored by walking. The main street, Karl Johansgate,
       starts right in front of the Royal Palace and proceeds straight
       into the downtown area. About halfway or so the street becomes
       closed to traffic, and thus turns into a large walking mall. The
       street life is fascinating, with the usual contingent of street
       musicians and other entertainers. In the harbour is the new
       shopping complex, Akersbryggen; gleaming modern architecture,
       restaurants, etc.

   Other general tips:
     * In Norway (as well as other Scandinavian countries) you can obtain
       a "Tourist Card". You can get them for one, two, or three days,
       and you buy them at the city hall (Rσdhuset). This card gives you:
          + Free transport on busses, trams, and subways.
          + Discount admission to most museums.
          + Discounts at some restaurants.
       Among other advantages. I considered it worth the expense. With
       the three-day card, you can get discounts on railroad fare to
       other places in Norway, but you have to purchase tickets *before
       coming to Norway* (which apparently means that you can obtain a
       tourist card through a travel agency or perhaps through a
       Norwegian consulate).
     * Restaurants seem to be rather rare around Oslo. I like eating out,
       and I had a rather hard time finding restaurants around town.
     * Alcohol is strictly controlled. Beer costs $6-$7 for a pint glass.
       Drunk driving laws are strictly enforced with heavy penalties, and
       foreigners cannot claim ignorance as an excuse.
     * Oslo seems to be a safe place. I never felt in danger of physical
       harm at any time. Virtually everyone there (natives, that is)
       speaks English (it is a requirement in the school system).



  6.4.3 Trondheim

   Trondheim, a city on the west central coast of Norway, is situated
   about 400 km north of Oslo. The city is the site of the Technical
   University of Norway (1900) and the Royal Norwegian Society of
   Sciences (1760). Histoical landmarks include the impressive Nidaros
   Cathedral (started in 1075, finished c. 1320, burned badly six times,
   restauration started in 1869), where several Norse kings and Kings of
   independent Norway have been crowned. The cathedral, built from
   Norwegian blue soapstone and white marble, contains the tomb of St.
   King Olaf II (Saint Olaf), which made it an important centre of
   pilgrimage in the middle ages.

   Founded as Kaupangr by King Olav Tryggvason in 997, Trondheim was an
   archbishopric from 1152 until the Reformation (1537). The city was an
   important administrative and commercial center during the 12th and
   13th centuries, but its importance later diminished.

   Erkebispegσrden, the archbishop's house by the cathedral survives from
   the middle ages. Stiftsgσrden is a long wooden building with a rococo
   interior. Folkemuseum has a collection of traditional houses and a
   stave church. The fortified island of Munkholmen just off the city can
   be reached by a boat.



  6.4.4 Hurtigruta

   Anne Lise Falck <[e-mail]> wrote:

   I have one particular thing in mind: you should take the time to
   travel with `Hurtigruta` or Coastal Line as they say in English. It is
   a beautiful boatride from Bergen to Kirkenes by the Russian border in
   the north. You have the possibility of stopping in different cities
   along the coast if you want to, and I believe that the whole trip
   takes about a week or two.

   Mike Jittlov adds:

   IMHO, it's the finest boat cruise in the world. You might consider a
   variety of travel (it seems to invite adventure and wonderful
   meetings): take the train from Oslo toward Bergen, but just before
   that switch trains at Myrdal, winding down the steep gorge to Flσm,
   and take the ferry through the spectacular fjord (either to Bergen, or
   a bus to the city); treat yourself to a day or two in Bergen
   (wonderful fish & rolls at the harborside market), then board the
   Hurtigruten northbound; the route through the Lofoten Islands is
   breathtaking, and incredibly healing for spirit and body (weather
   permitting, the steamer takes a sidetrip into the Trollfjord, and
   plays Grieg's "Hall of the Mountain King" over loudspeakers); continue
   to Troms°, then to Nordkapp (incredibly touristy at the northernmost
   point of Europe - but the contrast can be wild), every village and
   stop along the way enticing you to stop and explore and learn and
   enjoy; take the plane to Trondheim, and then the train back to Oslo
   (with a sidetrip to Hell, a beautiful fjord-town with a unique stamp
   for your passport ;) -- check out postcards and the free tourist
   brochures for places that excite your interest. Ask for directions and
   advice -- everyone is helpful, gracious, and honest; most speak
   English, and will help you with your Norwegian.

   The Hurtigruta has also a home page on WWW (both in English and
   Norwegian): <http://www.monet.no/hr/>.


[ the sections above are available at the www-page
  http://www.lysator.liu.se/nordic/scn/faq64.html ]






------------------------------

Subject: 6.5 Norwegian literature

   The earliest Norwegian literature, the Poetic Edda, was composed in
   Norway but written down on Iceland in the early middle ages by the
   descendendants of Norwegian settlers of Iceland. A more ornate and
   technically complicated poetry was composed by court poets, or skalds,
   mainly in praise of the battle exploits of various chieftains.

   From the 16th through the 18th century, Norwegian literature was
   written in Danish, mostly by priests and civil servants educated in
   Denmark. The two principal literary figures were Petter Dass in the
   17th century and Ludvig, Baron Holberg in the 18th. Dass has given a
   marvelously vivid picture of life in the north of Norway in his
   topographical poem, The Trumpet of Nordland (1739; Eng. trans., 1954);
   Holberg was the first professional author in Dano-Norwegian
   literature. A highly learned person, he wrote in a variety of genres;
   his comedies in particular have remained popular.

   Norways newly won independence from Denmark in 1814 inspired authors
   to regard themselves as the creators of a national literature and
   national identity. Henrik Arnold Wergeland, considered by some the
   Norwegian national poet, enthralled his countrymen with e.g his
   monumental cosmological poem, Skabelsen, mennesket, og messias
   (Creation, Man, and Messiah, 1830). The conservative poet and critic
   Johan Sebastian Cammermeyer Welhaven, however, reproached Wergeland
   for his refusal to recognize the existence of a shared Dano-Norwegian
   cultural heritage. But he little effect on either Wergeland or oesther
   contemporaries, such as Peter Christen Asb°rnsen and J°rgen
   Engebretsen M°e, who were enthusiastically rediscovering Norway's
   great past. Asbj°rnsen and M°e published their celebrated Norske
   folkeeventyr (Norwegian Folk Tales) in 1842-44. Bj°rnstjerne Bj°rnson,
   a great Norwegian patriot, also used folklore in his novels describing
   peasant life.

   The dramatist Henrik Ibsen is Norway's most famous literary figure;
   some of his plays are considered to rank with the works of
   Shakespeare. In the 20th century, three Norwegian novelists have won
   Nobel Prizes: Bj°rnstjerne Bj°rnson in 1903, Knut Hamsun, most famous
   for Growth of the Soil (1917; English translation 1920), and Sigrid
   Undset, author of the epic novel Kristin Lavransdσtter (1920-22;
   English translation 1923-27). Other important writers of this century
   include the novelist John B°jer, the poet Olaf Bull, novelist Olav
   Duun, playwright and novelist Nordahl Grieg, and novelist Terje
   Vesaas. More recent authors of note are short-story writer Terje
   Stigen, novelist Jens Bj°rnboe, poet Stein Mehren, the feminist writer
   Bj°rg Vik, and Jostein Gaarder, a former school teacher whose novel on
   the history of western philosophy (Sophie's World, 1991) has had
   tremendous success all over the world.

   For electronic versions of some of the works of Nordic literature, see
   the collection of Project Runeberg:
     * Icelandic Literature
     * Literature from the Viking Age
     * Medieval Nordic Literature
     * Danish Literature
     * Norwegian Literature
     * Literature of Finland
     * Literature from the Age of Liberty [ in Sweden and Finland
       (1719-1772) ]


[ the sections above are available at the www-page
  http://www.lysator.liu.se/nordic/scn/faq65.html ]






------------------------------

Subject: 6.6 Sons of Norway



<From: Ruth M. Sylte>

   (Ruth, if you'd like to write a more comprehensive intro I won't say
   no. :)
   In recent years, Sons of Norway has been actively reaching out to the
   "younger" community of Norwegian-Americans. The Viking magazine has
   many interesting articles that cover subjects on modern Norway. There
   are also specific pages for children each month that look at various
   cultural and historical subjects.

   Sons of Norway also has special membership categories for children and
   young people. Children (up to age 15) who are the children *and/or*
   grandchildren of Sons of Norway adult members can be FREE "Heritage"
   Members in Sons of Norway. This entitles them to a number of benefits,
   including a quarterly newsletter geared specifically for that age
   group. The newsletter often carries penpal requests from American and
   Norwegian children. Young people - (about ages 15-22) can join SoN at
   a reduced membership rate and receive a newsletter geared toward their
   age group.

   SoN also sponsors summer camps where children can go to get an
   introduction to Norwegian language and culture. They also offer
   scholarships to study at "Camp Norway" - a 6 week summer language camp
   in Sandane, Norway - and the University of Oslo's International Summer
   School.

   There are a number of active SoN lodges in the San Francisco area.
   Indeed, anyone looking for Sons of Norway can usually find them
   organizing the local Syttende Mai events. :-)

   Sons of Norway has a Heritage Books department (run out of a store
   called "Tomten") that offers books in Norwegian and English that deal
   with the subjects listed above (and many others). They can be reached
   at:
   Heritage Books
   7616 Lyndale Avenue South
   Minneapolis, MN 55423

   tlf: 1-800-468-2424 or 1-612-866-3636
   fax: [phone]

   Ruth - Vice-President of Midnattsolen Lodge #6-156 in Orange County
   ;-)


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  http://www.lysator.liu.se/nordic/scn/faq66.html ]






------------------------------

Subject: 6.7 Dictionaries and study-material

   Nynorskorboka (Det Norske Samlaget) and Bokmσlsordboka
   (Universitetsforlaget) form the official standard of the the two forms
   of written Norwegian, "nynorsk" and "bokmσl".

   Nynorskordboka and Bokmσlsordboka are available on the huge web of the
   world at this location: <http://dina.uio.no/ordboksoek.html> This page
   is entirely in Norwegian, though, so a minimal knowledge of Norwegian
   (or Swedish or Danish) is necessary.

   In addition, the following dictionaries can be mentioned:
     * W. A. Kirkeby. Norsk-engelsk ordbok (Kunnskapsforlaget).
       Especially good for Norwegian-speakers looking for the idiomatic
       way to say something in English.
     * Aschehoug og Gyldendals Store norske orbok ("moderat bokmσl og
       riksmσl")
     * W. A. Kirkeby. Engelsk-norsk ordbok
     * Einar Haugen. Norsk-engelsk ordbok. Universitetsforlaget. OR the
       American edition, Norwegian-English Dictionary (not sure of
       publisher). Especially useful to English-speakers learning
       Norwegian; includes both Bokm}l and Nynorsk words.
     * The latest, most up-to-date version of Guttu's dictionary is Norsk
       illustrert ordbok. Moderat bokmσl og riksmσl (Oslo 1993, 1009
       pages). The format is now almost exactly like that of
       Bokmσlsordboka (17cm x 25.5cm). Both are excellent dictionaries,
       which can be recommended. However, Norsk illustrert ordbok has a
       layout that makes it easier to find what you are looking for in
       big articles.

   Dave Golber writes:

   (1) Get Einar Haugen's Norwegian-English dictionary. It's great.
   (Also, it's got a introductory section that describes Nyn-Bokm.) It's
   written in English in the sense that the explanations, extended
   descriptions, etc, are in English, not Norwegian.

   For English-Norwegian, I don't have any strong opinion. I have and use
   Kirkeby's Dictionary, and it's good.

   The Haugen you should be able to order from your local bookstore. The
   Kirkeby might be harder. I can get you the particulars (publisher,
   ISBN number, etc). You might have to order it from Norway, but that
   isn't as hard as you think. Perhaps someone else in the group here
   will have suggestions.

   (2) I started using the tapes "Norsk for Utlendingar" (Norwegian for
   Foreigners). This is used in Norway for teaching Norwegian to
   immigrants. I think it's great. I wish I'd started using it long ago.
   It's available in the USA from Audio Forum, with the Norwegian texts
   that go with it, plus an American supplement. For an outrageous price.
   But it's worth it.


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  http://www.lysator.liu.se/nordic/scn/faq67.html ]


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