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Subject: Nordic FAQ - 1 of 7 - INTRODUCTION
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Summary: This posting introduces the newsgroup soc.culture.nordic,
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        A Frequently Answered Questions (FAQ) file for the newsgroup
                    S O C . C U L T U R E . N O R D I C
                        *** PART 1: INTRODUCTION ***


    Index
                  1.1
                         An ASCII map of Scandinavia
                  1.2
                         So what's this FAQ thing anyway?
                  1.2.1
                         A notice to spaghetti publishers
                  1.2.2
                         What are FAQs?
                  1.2.3
                         Who are the net.gods and goddesses of s.c.n?
                  1.2.4
                         Why are all the names and stuff garbled? - about
                         the Nordic alphabets
                  1.2.5
                         What should I know about copyright laws and the
                         Usenet?
                  1.3
                         Welcome to soc.culture.nordic!
                  1.3.1
                         What sort of a group is s.c.n?
                  1.3.2
                         What's all this flaming about?
                  1.3.3
                         Well, are there any positive things about this
                         group?
                  1.3.4
                         Whatever you say. So, what sort of postings are
                         o.k. in here?
                  1.3.5
                         What about cross-posting?
                  1.3.6
                         What languages are welcome in
                         soc.culture.nordic?
                  1.3.7
                         What should I do when someone posts a flamebait?
                  1.3.8
                         I have this bridge in Stavanger that I'd like to
                         sell...
                  1.4
                         Looking for a Nordic girl-friend?
                         - How do I say [ ... ] in your language ?
                  1.4.1
                         Contacts through the Net
                  1.5
                         Complaining to a person's postmaster - how, when
                         and why?
                  1.6
                         The soc.culture.nordic drinking game!
                  1.7
                         Which are the related newsgrops? ...
                  1.7.1
                         ... in international hierarchies?
                  1.7.2
                         ... in Nordic hierarchies?
                  1.7.3
                         @ What about mailing lists?
                  1.8
                         What are the Nordic Graphemes?
                  1.8.1
                         How are these represented in Usenet postings and
                         E-Mail?
                  1.8.2
                         Pros and cons of the different representations.
                  1.8.3
                         How do I set up support for 7-bit ISO-646
                         representation?
                         ({|}, [\])
                  1.8.4
                         How do I set up support for 8-bit ISO-8859-1
                         representation?
                         (σµ≡φ°÷■·²..., ┴┼─╞╨▐╔═╙╪╓┌▌...)
                  1.9
                         About measures and figures
                  1.9.1
                         Why is it advisable to use the metric system in
                         s.c.n?
                  1.9.2
                         How long is a Nordic mile?
                  1.9.3
                         A warning about decimal commas and delimiters
                  1.9.4
                         All XXXs are YYY, ain't that so?
     _________________________________________________________________



Subject: 1.1 An ASCII map of Scandinavia

   Well, if you can't recognise your own country/province/suburb/house on
   the map (Iceland is tricky!), blame the American Standard Code for
   Information Interchange, not me. :-)


+-----------------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| ***       **    |                                                         |
|****  *********  |                      ARCTIC SEA       Nordkapp          |
|  *****ICELAND** |                                     ////                |
|   R************ |                            //   //////////++++++        |
|  *************  |                           /  //////////////+++++++++++  |
|    ********     |                       L// ///////////####/++++++++++++++|
+-----------------+                      //  ////..###///####+++++++++++++++|
|                                          ////:::::###########+++++++++++++|
|                                        ///.:::::::::##########++++    ++++|
|     ATLANTIC SEA                    /////::::::::::::########++++++       |
|                                    ////::::::::::::::#########+++++++     |
|   %                              /////::::::::::::::  ########++++++++++++|
|  F% %                           /////:::::::::::::   ###########++++++++++|
|                              ///////.:::::::::::    #############+++++++++|
|                           //////////:::::::::::   ###############+++++++++|
|                         ///////////:::::::::     #####FINLAND####+++++++++|
| Capital cities:         ///NORWAY//:::::::::     ###############+(Russia)+|
|                         //////////::::::::::.    ##############+++++++++++|
| C = Copenhagen          ////////O:::::::::::::    ##########++++   +++++++|
| H = Helsinki             /////// ::::SWEDEN:::: #A  ###H       +++++++++++|
| O = Oslo                 /////    ::::::::::S:           +++++++++++++++++|
| R = Reykjavik    NORTH            ::::::::::      + ++++++++++++++++++++++|
| S = Stockholm     SEA       %      :::::::: .:   ++ +++++(Estonia)++++++++|
|                           %%%      :::::::  :G        ++++++++++++++++++++|
|             DENMARK -->  %%%%%  %%% :::          ++   ++++++++++++++++++++|
| Islands:                 %%%%  %%%C     BALTIC  ++++++++++++++++++++++++++|
|                           %%%        B%  SEA    ++++(Latvia)++++++++++++++|
| L = Lofoten Isl.          ++++                 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++|
| B = Bornholm              +++++++    ++++++  +++++(Lithuania)+++++++++++++|
| F = Faroe Isl.  ++++  ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++|
| G = Gotland    ++++++++++++++++++++++++(Poland)+++++++++++++++++++++++++++|
| A = Aland    +++++++++++++(Germany)+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++|
|             ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++|
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+






------------------------------

Subject: 1.2 So what's this FAQ thing anyway?

   This is the so called Frequently Answered Questions (FAQ) file for the
   Usenet newsgroup soc .culture .nordic. Its purpose is to introduce new
   readers to the group, provide some general information about the
   Nordic countries (Sweden, Finland, Norway, Denmark and Iceland) and to
   cover some of the topics frequently discussed in the group.

   It is organized in seven parts, this introduction and then one part
   each covering Norden in general, Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway and
   Sweden. Since the texts have grown rather extensive, these parts are
   posted to the news group, and to the soc.answers and news.answers
   groups, with rather long intervals. Then there are appendices. The
   appendices will be posted even less often, if at all.



  1.2.1 A notice to spaghetti publishers

   A spaghetti publisher [n.] is one whose philosophy at publishing is to
   throw it to the wall and see if it sticks. Recently, they have been
   busy putting out badly written Internet books, often exploiting FAQs
   and other copyrighted material available in the net. Please realize
   that this FAQ is:


 Copyright ⌐ 1994 & 1995 by Antti Lahelma
             1996-1998 by Antti Lahelma & Johan Olofsson,
             all rights reserved.

   It may be freely distributed in impermanent, electronic media (the
   networks that form the Internet, Usenet & FidoNet), provided that the
   content is not edited and the URL (or From:-header) and
   Last-modified-date are included. Including it in a commercial
   collection or compilation (such as a CD-ROM), or publishing it or
   parts of it in printed form without the expressed, written permission
   of the author is illegal.

   The editors, author, and contributors do not assume any responsibility
   for errors or damages resulting from the use of the information
   contained herein.

  1.2.2 What are FAQs?

   "FAQ" is an acronym for "Frequently Answered Questions". (Or
   Frequently Asked Questions, some would say.) These are documents on
   various topics, forming a veritable library of free information,
   usually put together by voluntary enthusiasts in order to answer
   certain questions that constantly come up in some newsgroup (hence the
   name). They are periodically posted to their home newsgroups and
   (usually) to news.answers, and archived at numerous sites, some of
   which were listed above.

   There is no guarantee of the accuracy of the information, but usually
   they are reasonably reliable because of the "social control" of the
   newsgroup(s) in question. For more information on FAQs, where they are
   kept, why they are written, how to write one yourself, etc., see the
   "FAQ About FAQs" at
   <ftp://rtfm.mit.edu/pub/usenet/news.answers/faqs/about-faqs>.

   This FAQ, like many other soc.culture.*-FAQs, isn't really a proper
   list of frequently asked questions and their answers; it's more of a
   fact-file or an introduction brochure than a traditional Usenet FAQ,
   although some Q&A:s are included and hopefully more will be added in
   future.

   In some cases an author is noted for a portion of this FAQ. In other
   cases the text is compiled from several authors' contributions in the
   group. Intermediate forms occur. This has some detrimental
   consequences for the coherency of the faq - the good thing is that
   different Nordic opinions often get represented.

   The language in these articles is without doubt colored by the fact
   that almost all writers have other mother tongues than English - and
   so it will remain. Nevertheless: proposals for more idiomatic wordings
   are always cordially welcomed.

   Of course, since unlike most soc.culture.*-FAQs it -- instead of a
   single country & culture -- attempts to cover five, the articles can't
   go very deep or it's size will get simply too overwhelming. The
   self-evident exception is topics which has been very thoroughly
   discussed in the newsgroup.

   The s.c.nordic FAQ is still young (started by Antti Lahelma 24th of
   May 1994, the compilation was continued spring 1996 by
   Johan Olofsson), pretty much just a skeleton despite its size. It
   lacks much information that should be there, some of the more
   irrelevant parts may get deleted, corrections will be made, etc. It's
   not a finished product; FAQs aren't static. It'll get better with
   time, but your (yes, your) help is required; if you have anything in
   mind that could be added to the FAQ don't be shy to contact us
   (Antti Lahelma & Johan Olofsson), you don't have to be a pro or expert
   to write something. This is addressed especially to all you Norskies
   out there. :-)

   (A major part of the work to maintain the FAQ consists of tracking
   changed addresses to referred www-documents. Links to "personal"
   pages, i.e. to pages with a "~" in their url, have proved to be
   particularly prone to stop working after some time, why such links
   only exceptionally will be made.)

   All contributions, corrections and suggestions are warmly welcomed.
   Flames aren't.

   The latest version of the FAQ can be obtained at the world wide web at
   URL: <http://www.lysator.liu.se/nordic/index.html>.

   Other sites where the files can be obtained (however maybe not the
   very newest version - and without the few illustrations and extra
   tables of the www-version above - and maybe slightly distorted due to
   the conversion back and forth between html and normal text format?)
   are:

in Europe:
<http://www.lib.ox.ac.uk/internet/news/faq/soc.culture.nordic.html>
<http://www.cs.ruu.nl/wais/html/na-dir/nordic-faq/.html>
<ftp://ftp.cs.ruu.nl/pub/NEWS.ANSWERS/nordic-faq/>
<ftp://ftp.sunet.se/pub/usenet/rtfm.mit.edu/usenet-by-hierarchy/soc/culture/nor
dic/>


in North America:
<http://www.cis.ohio-state.edu/hypertext/faq/usenet/nordic-faq/top.html>
<http://www.landfield.com/faqs/nordic-faq/>
<ftp://ftp.uu.net/usenet/news.answers/nordic-faq>
<ftp://ftp.seas.gwu.edu/pub/rtfm/soc/culture/nordic/>
<ftp://mirrors.aol.com/pub/rtfm/usenet/soc.culture.nordic/>


in Asia:
<ftp://ftp.hk.super.net/mirror/faqs/nordic-faq/>
<ftp://hwarang.postech.ac.kr/pub/usenet/news.answers/nordic-faq/>

...or by sending an e-mail request to your nearest mail-ftp service.



  1.2.3 Who are the net-gods and goddesses of s.c.n?

   These are some of the people who have helped and provided material for
   the FAQ:

                The Unofficial Asgard of Soc.Culture.Nordic


 Ruth M. Sylte
 Antti Lahelma
 Jan B÷hme
 Ahrvid Engholm
 Arne Kolstad
 Einar Indri≡ason
 Kari Yli-Kuha
 Eugene Holman
 Jacob Sparre Andersen
 Halld≤r ┴rnason
 Lars Aronsson
 Gunnar Blix
 Stan Brown
 Lee Choquette
 Gunnar Davφ≡sson
 Hiski Haapoja
 Mauri Haikola
 Malte Lewan
 Nils O. Monaghan
 Tor Slettnes
 Kurt Swanson
 Bj÷rn Vennstr÷m

   Big thanks to all of you. And apologies to anyone I may have
   forgotten.

   Special thanks to Jens Christian Madsen for providing a lot of help
   with the Danish part of the FAQ.

   In reality, of course, there's only one true Goddess, but that's
   another story...



  1.2.4 Why are all the names and stuff garbled?

   The Nordic alphabets contain letters that aren't in the English
   alphabet and consequently may cause problems with viewing if your
   system hasn't been properly set. In this document, they are typed in
   the ISO-8859-1 multi-lingual 8-bit character set, also known as
   Latin-1, which is the most available of the 8-bit character set, and
   also the standard for hypertext HTML documents.

   If your system strips the 8th bit, they may appear for example as the
   letters {fedv}, which can be quite confusing, making e. g. some Nordic
   place-names appear different from what they should be. In case 8-bit
   characters don't show well on your screen, please consider testing
   another setup.

   Here's a short guide to the most common of the letters:
letter      description
-+--+-      -+--+--+---
  Σ         'a' diaeresis
  µ         'ae' written as a single letter
  ÷         'o' diaeresis
  °         'o' with a slash through it
  σ         'a' with a ring above it
  ≡         "eth"; a vertically mirrored '6'
            with a slash through the tail
  ■         "thorn"; a 'p' with the vertical
            line extended above the loop


There are capital letters also
==============================

  ┴         capital A-acute (ß)
  ┼         capital A-ring (σ)
  ─         capital A-diaeresis (Σ)
  ╞         capital AE-ligature (µ)
  ╨         capital eth (≡)
  ╔         capital E-acute (Θ)
  ═         capital I-acute (φ)
  ╙         capital O-acute (≤)
  ╪         capital O-slash (°)
  ╓         capital O-diaeresis (÷)
  ▐         capital thorn (■)
  ┌         capital U-acute (·)
  ▌         capital Y-acute (²)

  ---> PLEASE NOTICE <---

   If the above letters aren't displayed correctly, read the GRAPHEMES
   FAQ by Tor Slettnes on how to view them (in part 1.8 of this document,
   where also a direction to their pronunciation is included).

   The Latin-1 character set is commonly used in s.c.nordic and some
   other newsgroups; you will need it anyway in order to be able to
   properly follow them. In the future it will probably become the
   standard set all over the Internet. Setting it up is no big job, and
   you'll be in the forefront of progress if you do! :-)

   [ However, the Latin-6 (ISO-8859-10) character set would strictly
   speaking be more appropriate since it covers also letters neccessary
   for the Saami and Greenlandish languages. ]



  1.2.5 What should I know about copyright laws and the Usenet?

   Don't worry, you don't have to wade through law books, but there are a
   few basic things it is good be aware of. First of all, all material
   posted to Usenet, no matter how irrelevant or unimportant it may seem,
   is automatically copyrighted unless it is unambiguously declared to be
   public domain.
   There does not have to be any kind of copyright notice, although a
   notice does strenghten the protection a bit, nor does there have to be
   financial interests involved. That the author posts it to the net
   (equivalent to publishing it in a newspaper) does not mean that he or
   she is giving it away for for anyone to use and exploit as they
   please. Most countries of the world have signed the Berne convention
   on which these principles are based, so there isn't very much
   variation in the legistlation from one country to another.

   There are, however, two doctrines that make possible e.g. quoting the
   material in your own article, reposting it, and most of the other
   standard Usenet procedures, without violating the poster's copyright:
   "fair use" and "implied license". Because there are few precedents, it
   isn't fully clear yet how these apply to Usenet, or if e.g. the
   possible implied license of net articles extends beyond the net;
   obviously, these laws weren't made with the internet in mind. But it
   seems obvious that if for example you wish to publish something posted
   to the net in printed form, you should contact the author first.

   Posting someone's private e-mail without permission, on the other
   hand, is not only immoral and a serious breach of netiquette, but is
   also less likely to be acceptable as fair use, and can hardly be
   considered as having implied license to publish. In addition to
   violating copyright, it can also get you in legal trouble over issues
   such as invasion of privacy and public defamamation. You can refer to
   someone's mail to you and you can summarize the content, but you
   should never post it without permission.

   Of course, these things are highly theoretical (at least so far) and
   you shouldn't expect to have to worry much about them. But it's a good
   thing to be aware of, should you e.g. make an enemy out of some
   notorious kook who could attempt to harass you with legal procedure.
   Such things have been known to happen. For more information e.g. on
   the fair use and implied license principles, read the Copyright FAQ by
   Terry Carroll, (available at
   <ftp://ftp.aimnet.com/pub/users/carroll/law/copyright/faq/>), or the
   more compact FAQ called "10 Big Myths About Copyright Explained" by
   Brad Templeton.


[ the sections above are available at the www-page
  http://www.lysator.liu.se/nordic/scn/faq12.html ]






------------------------------

Subject: 1.3 Welcome to soc.culture.nordic!



  1.3.1 What sort of a group is it?

   If you're interested in the Nordic countries, and don't like having
   your mailbox littered up with messages from various mailing-lists,
   soc.culture. nordic is probably the best choice for a discussion forum
   you will find in the whole Internet. It is far from being perfect, of
   course; but then, few Usenet newsgroups can be described by that
   particular adjective.

   You may find that discussions here are not always on as profound
   topics as you might have hoped for, that certain threads never really
   die even though every imaginable argument has been presented already
   hundreds of times, that these threads may, if they coincide, suffocate
   almost all other discussion in the newsgroup.

   You will find that there are hotheads who preach absurd gospels and
   cynics who perceive themselves as "net vets", considering it their
   divine right to flame newcomers who happen to ask the wrong questions,
   and that there is a good deal of US-bashing, Sweden-bashing,
   Norway-bashing and Finland-bashing (but curiously no Denmark-bashing
   :-), going on most of the time. If you've believed in the "official",
   idealized picture of harmonious Nordic friendship, you may be badly
   disappointed. We don't always act sensibly, we're not always nice to
   each other, we can be tedious, nit-picky, boring, annoying,
   quarrelsome, and in general quite stupid. Sometimes. But not most of
   the time, I think. Read on.

   One of the purposes of this FAQ is in fact to decrease the amount of
   flaming and the frequency of the same old threads; if you're a
   newcomer, please read through at least this part of the FAQ (the rest
   is up to your tastes), and you may be able to avoid some of the most
   common mistakes made by new SCNers (e.g. posting a flamy article
   condemning Norwegian whaling, or taking part in the never ending
   arguments about the position of the Finns and their language in
   Sweden. :)



  1.3.2 What's all this flaming about?

   Sometimes the group may seem like a battle-ground, but don't be too
   alarmed by it. The Nordic countries are, in spite of everything, like
   a family; not a One Big Happy Family of Nations, no, just any old
   family with its small quarrels and fights. They just tend to grow out
   of proportion when we have no real problems or crises to fight about.
   There are no great feelings of hatred between the different
   nationalities, few historical traumas, our prejudices about each other
   are pretty harmless, and so forth. We might have some Big Brother or
   Little Brother complexes -- at least we like to accuse each other of
   suffering from them -- but mostly we just like to make some noise and
   get some attention. If the quarreling annoys you, don't hesitate to
   use your kill-file; it's simple! (If you don't know how it's done,
   check the "kill file FAQ" which used to be posted regularly to
   news.answers).

   Don't leap into heated discussion without seeing something of how it
   started. (It is common to have a second "wave" of people enter a flame
   war and rehash old issues, which annoys the original participants.)
   Not everyone is always saying what they mean. Some people use irony,
   which can be much more obvious from reading the context, than from a
   single post. If you're not sure, don't respond.

   Even as it is, however, s.c.n is in fact a very calm and flame-free
   newsgroup compared to many other groups in the soc.culture.*
   hierarchy, parts of which, unfortunately, have deteriorated into dark
   pits of rampant flamewars, hatred, and nationalism gone berserk. Among
   these, s.c.n is like an oasis of peace and harmony.



  1.3.3 Well, are there any positive things about this group?

   Absolutely. After the possible initial shock :-), I think you will
   find many. For one thing, you will no doubt find that people in s.c.n
   are very helpful; post a question, and you're likely to get several
   long, detailed and well thought out replies that will answer
   everything you asked for, and probably also a whole lot of things you
   didn't ask for and weren't really even interested in. All five
   nationalities are well (some more, some less) represented by natives
   in this newsgroup, who have first-hand information on everything that
   goes on in their countries, things that news agencies won't tell you.
   There are many people who post valuable information on their own
   initiative, just to serve the group. Many of them also have a www home
   page, which you may want to visit.

  1.3.4 Whatever you say. So, what sort of postings are o.k. in here?

   Despite all our helpfulness, please keep in mind that we're not
   walking encyclopaedias; you might take the trouble to check your local
   library before posting a very basic question to the group. Any tourist
   guide will probably answer the question "Hello, I'm coming to visit
   <name of country>, what should I go and see?" better than we will, and
   a tourist guide won't get annoyed with you if you happen to be the
   23rd person to have asked the same question this week. If you ask for
   the answers to be emailed straight to you instead of being posted,
   bear in mind that the polite thing to do is to post a summary of the
   replies to the group if they might be of a general interest (of
   course, nothing prevents you from subscribing to the group, posting
   the question, following the group for as long replies are likely to be
   posted, and then unsubscribing). A quick "Hi, what's the meaning of
   life, the universe and everything? --Please email all replies to
   someone@somesite, thanks-and-bye" isn't going to get very a
   enthusiastic reception. To increase your chances of getting replies,
   try to be specific; explain your interests, and what exactly it is you
   would like to know.

   This applies to other types of questions as well (and after all,
   although questions about travelling are OK in soc.culture.nordic, this
   isn't a rec.travel group; travelers might consider posting to
   rec.travel.europe instead, or checking out the rec.travel archives at
   <http://www.yahoo.com/text/Recreation/Travel/Destination_Guides/Rec_Tr
   avel_Archives/>. At the very least, read through the relevant parts of
   this FAQ and see if you can find an answer here. Try to save those
   questions for the group to which you know you won't be able to
   (easily) find an answer in the books.

   But take our answers with a decent grain of salt. Most likely, we'll
   say both yes, and no, and maybe, and I don't know, and buzz off,
   and...

   When you do post, please try to keep it somehow related to Nordic
   matters. Sure, the group is unmoderated, so no one can control what
   you write. And it's not like you have to force the discussion on
   Nordic tracks if it should digress into something else. But
   nevertheless, as the name of the group implies, this is a group for
   discussing Nordic culture in all its forms; not American
   abortion-laws, Bill Clinton or Jesus. Keep this in mind when you start
   a new thread.

   Please don't expect us to do your school research papers or other
   home-work for you; some newbies out there might be enthusiastic enough
   to dig the information for you, but most of us will just be annoyed
   and make fun of you. Also, if you're looking for 'gender-based
   penpals', be advised that you'll most likely become a center of amused
   or annoyed (depending on the day, but it'll be embarrassing to you
   anyway) attention and you'll probably be sorry that you didn't post
   your message to soc.penpals instead, where it belongs. :-)
   For more on this favourite s.c.n topic, see section 1.4.



  1.3.5 What about cross-postings?

   If only possible, avoid them. They generate threads that immediately
   lose whatever connection to Nordic culture there may initially have
   been, and it's very difficult (read: impossible) to get the people in
   other newsgroups to remove s.c.n from their Newsgroups-lines. These
   threads have a life of their own and can go on and on for months until
   everyone in all the involved newsgroups is sick and tired of them, yet
   somehow they just keep continuing. If you want to post your message to
   several groups, an intelligent thing to do is to trim the Followup-to:
   header to direct replies to one group only. The headers of your
   article could look like this, for instance:

       Newsgroups: soc.culture.nordic,soc.culture.burma,soc.culture.kuwait
       Subject: What's foobar in your language?
       Followup-To: sci.lang

   Remember to mention in your post that the follow-ups have been
   redirected so that people will notice it (otherwise there'll always be
   those who don't). If you're cross-posting to only a couple of groups,
   you could also consider posting it as separate articles instead. Use
   your own judgment as to what's going to be the least annoying and/or
   bandwidth-consuming method.

   You should, of course, keep these things in mind when you post a
   follow-up to cross-posted thread. The article might be in place in
   soc.culture.nordic, but take a look at the Newsgroups-line anyway:
   does it contain newsgroups where the thread clearly does not belong
   to? If yes, simply remove them. If you feel it doesn't belong to s.c.n
   either, set a proper Followup-To: line to your reply.

   If you want to cross-post a request or start a new cross-posted thread
   read both newsgroups for a month or two (a year would be safer ;-)
   before doing so.

   Don't start cross-posted threads without more justification than the
   subject being "related" to both groups. You should understand the
   culture of both "electronic communities".

   Why this?
   It is much easier to be misunderstood, misunderstand the context, and
   generally get people unhappy with you if you start a cross-posted
   thread or follow-up to an article posted to two newsgroups.

   If you say something controversial or questionable, you can expect to
   get negative responses. If you cross-post and are new to one or both
   groups, you are more likely to offend someone unintentionally.
   This is not recommended as a pleasant way to introduce yourself, or to
   get answers to your questions.

   Threads posted to many unrelated newsgroups (with the rare exception
   of announcements), are often flame-baits and may deserve to be
   ignored.



  1.3.6 What languages are welcome in soc.culture.nordic?

   English, naturally, is the most common choice, but threads in Swedish,
   Danish, Norwegian, Sßmi, Finnish, Icelandic and Faroese are all
   perfectly suitable for the newsgroup. A fact is, however, that such
   threads don't appear very frequently in s.c.n. There are several
   reasons for this. First of all, not all Nordic languages are mutually
   intelligible; while Danes, Norwegians and Swedes could discuss with
   each other with only some difficulty, many Icelanders and Finns would
   be left out of the discussion (even though all Finns and Icelanders
   have studied one obligatory Scandinavian language at school it doesn't
   mean they're necessarily fluent in it - nor that they understand the
   other langauges of Scandinavia as easily as the native speakers).

   A third group of people left out of the discussion would be, of
   course, the non-Nordics, who make up a large part of the readership of
   s.c.n. Therefore, threads in Nordic languages don't necessarily get
   very many readers. Nordics in general tend to be relatively fluent in
   English, so if the topic is of general interest, using a language that
   restricts the readership may seem slightly pointless. Another reason
   is, of course, that the soc.* hierarchy is international; there is no
   shortage of national hierarchies where all discussion takes place in
   the Nordic languages. There are also several mailing-lists dedicated
   to Nordic topics where the discussion is often in some Nordic
   language.

   It makes good sense to have at least one group act - as it were - as a
   window for foreigners to peek into the Nordic countries and their
   cultures, make contacts with Scandinavians and gain insight on topics
   that interest us. Don't get me wrong; it isn't the purpose of s.c.n to
   cater to the presumed needs of 'outsiders' -- this newsgroup isn't a
   zoo, thank goodness -- but it's a function it now succesfully fulfils
   thanks to the common use of English, among other, very different
   functions.

   But if you're a Nordic student or immigrant living abroad, or if
   you're studying some Nordic language, or if you're of Nordic descent
   and want to practice the language -- whatever your reason is, don't
   hesitate to start a thread in a Nordic language. It brings a welcome
   change to s.c.n, even if we may not want all discussion to be in
   Nordic languages.



  1.3.7 What should I do when someone posts a flamebait?

   If you come across a posting that is an outrageous attack on truth,
   decency and everything civil, cross-posted typically to a very large
   number of news-groups, congratulate yourself for having spotted a
   "flamebait". If you feel enraged by the message, leave your terminal
   for a little while, take a walk around the house, drink a cup of tea,
   and come back relaxed and calm. It is strongly advisable that you then
   proceed to press 'n' or whichever key your newsreader uses for
   skipping to the next article, and ignore the post altogether, perhaps
   completing the procedure with a 'k' for kill-file and imagining, with
   a relieved smile on your face, an audible plonk as the cretin drops
   into your virtual garbage bin.

   Leaving nazi trash unchallenged in normal communication or media isn't
   a good idea, I agree, but this isn't normal communication nor is this
   a normal media; this is the Usenet, and here the only effecient way to
   deal with it is to ignore it. Trust me. Although, in some cases, if
   the villain does or says something really bad, it can be better to
   complain to his postmaster; for more on this, see section 1.5 below.

   As a general rule, these postings are made by individuals who want to
   piss you off so that as many people as possible will react, causing as
   annoying a thread as possible to be generated, and the general level
   of confusion to jump as high as possible. Don't think they want to
   discuss whatever it was that they posted, chaos is the only goal of
   these kooks. If you follow-up to their articles and flame them, you've
   in effect swallowed the bait and made their day. (There exists also a
   less malicious variant of this sport, called "trolling", which just
   adds spice to a discussion by intentional posting of false statements
   in order to elicit attention by unneccessary corrections; with it,
   too, you should try to remain as calm and collected as possible lest
   you reveal your newbieness. For more information about trolls and
   trolling see for instance:
   <http://otto.cmr.fsu.edu/~kings/humor/troll.shtml> or
   <http://www.math.uiuc.edu/~tskirvin/faqs/legends/legends3.html> in the
   Usenet legends.)

   And even if the person isn't a sophomoric joker but a genuine
   hate-monger, don't think you can convince him to come to his senses.
   You might or might not succeed in that were you to meet him face to
   face, but in Usenet you won't; non-verbal signs of your anger don't
   travel in the bitstream and your words, no matter how sincere, will
   lose their power to convince. All you'll ever accomplish is lowering
   the general signal-to-noise ratio, helping a flamewar to be born,
   making Usenet in general an unplesant place to be, and perhaps
   generating a few mocking chuckles at some terminal somewhere.



  1.3.8 I have this bridge in Stavanger that I'd like to sell.
  Can I post an ad here?

   Nope. As a rule of thumb, do not post any commercial ads whatsover to
   s.c.n. They do not belong here, they make people very angry at you,
   posting them is typically a bad breach of netiquette and could cost
   you your account. If you're trying to sell something in the net,
   you're supposed to post your ads to the biz.* groups or certain others
   such as misc.forsale, not to the general discussion groups.

   However, brief, informational (no marketing hype) and polite
   announcements about services, happenings or maybe even products that
   have an unquestionable connection to Nordic culture are within the
   range of acceptable postings. For instance, an ad for cheap
   long-distance phone-calls is not o.k., but an announcement for a Grieg
   Festival in Bergen or a small ad for authentic Swedish surstr÷mming
   now available at your neighborhood www-mall might be. Be careful,
   though. Read the file "Advertising FAQ - Info For New Users",
   available at
   <ftp://rtfm.mit.edu/pub/usenet/news.answers/misc-forsale-faq/posting-a
   ds>, before even thinking of posting an ad. You could burn your
   fingers. Badly.


[ the sections above are available at the www-page
  http://www.lysator.liu.se/nordic/scn/faq13.html ]






------------------------------

Subject: 1.4 Looking for a Nordic girl-friend?

   A frequent FAQ is "How do I say 'I love you' in your language?" It's
   hard to give a fulfilling answer, since pronunciation would be
   unfamiliar for you - and the transcription to your language would
   change depending on what mother tongue you have.

   However, we will provide you with the most basic knowledge... i.e. how
   these phrases are written, so you can write it on your gifts and
   cakes. :-) [ The Finns claim that the written phrases are the only you
   need, since no-one (no real Finn at least) would ever utter such words
   in spoken Finnish. ]

   Bokmσl:  Jeg elsker deg
   Danish:  Jeg elsker dig
   Finnish:  MinΣ rakastan sinua
   Icelandic:  Eg elska thig
   Nynorsk:  Eg elskar deg
   Swedish:  Jag Σlskar dig



  1.4.1 Contacts through the Net

   About once a week, some cretin mistakes soc.culture.nordic for a
   dating service and posts a version of this actual message:

   In article xxXxx.xxXX.Xxxx.it <[e-mail]> writes:
        >  My name is DAVID and I Live in ITALY.
        >  I'm looking for swedish GIRL-FRIENDS.
        >  Let's write me!!!!!!
        >  I am a very interessant boy.

   These type of queries, however innocent they might be, indicate faulty
   assumptions about the purpose of s.c.n. and about Nordic women.
   Understandably, therefore, they tend to provoke flames from s.c.n.ers.
   These flames often digress into a more general sort of flaming on our
   usual topics of, for example, US imperialism, Norwegian whaling or the
   status of Finnish in Sweden / Swedish in Finland.

   An s.c.n. Nordic woman has written the following reply to such
   requests. If you have not bothered to read this FAQ entry before
   posting a request for correspondence, you will most assuredly receive
   this, or a less polite version thereof, in response to your posting:


   Dear soc.culture.nordic Poster:

   You are receiving this message because of your recent posting to s.c.n.
   asking for or offering correspondence with Nordic women.  It goes
   without saying that your post will achieve its desired objective only
   when hell freezes over.  However, Hell is in Norway and regularly
   freezes over - so the analogy suffers, but the sentiment remains intact.

   Those of us on s.c.n. know that the natural beauty, friendliness, and
   sincerity of many Nordic women attracts attention from all corners of
   the world.  We are also well aware that general cultural mythology,
   adventuresome travelers, and Nordic cinematic efforts of the 1960s have
   led many non-Nordic men to believe, among other things, that a) all
   Nordic women are blonde, b) all blondes are stupid and/or c) Nordic
   women of any hair color are somehow "easy", or at least "easier" than
   most.  These myths are not true.  We can assure you that Nordic women
   are quite desirable, but for *far* more reasons than *you* can imagine.

   Bluntly put, Nordic women are not interested in corresponding with you
   simply because you exist.  You have simply "dropped in" to the s.c.n.
   neighborhood to see if you can pick up chicks and your post clearly
   shows your stunning ignorance on the topic of Nordic women.  Note this
   well: The men who have made it through the Viking gauntlet to become
   regular readers and contributors to s.c.n. (whether Nordic or not) are
   more than sufficiently intelligent, sincere, and funny to attract the
   interest of any Nordic woman.  We are *not* suffering here.

   One last word.  There is a popular misconception that many females
   reside on this group.  Don't be fooled.  Nordic men are notorious for
   hiding behind names that the rest of the world identifies as female -
   only to pounce on ignorant boys who attempt "friendly" correspondence.
   This is, of course, considered a Viking sport and a favorite form of
   s.c.n. entertainment.  Be forewarned...

   Ruth Marie Sylte
     Regular s.c.n. contributor
       writing on behalf of, but not for,
         the Nordic Goddesses and Gods of s.c.n.






[ the sections above are available at the www-page
  http://www.lysator.liu.se/nordic/scn/faq14.html ]






------------------------------

Subject: 1.5 Complaining to a person's postmaster;- how, when and why?

   Even though ignoring is often the best approach to bad net-behaviour,
   there are certain types of posting that warrant, or sometimes even
   require, actions to be taken. This does not mean flaming the person
   into a crisp, though; the best way is to mail a message to the
   username 'postmaster' at the same main domain as the crook's address
   shows.
   For example, if [e-mail] posts something you
   strongly disapprove of, send a polite complaint to the address
   [e-mail], who may or may not do something about it.
   Remember to include in your mail the original article that caused you
   to complain and its headers so that the postmaster can check if it
   really was posted from that site.
   Here's an example of what your mail could look like:

    To: [e-mail]
    Cc: [e-mail]
    Subject: Net-abuse from your site

    Dear Sir,

    Your user John Spam ([e-mail]) has posted a
    [insert your favourite form of net-abuse] to the newsgroup soc.
    culture.nordic, an act widely recognized as a breach of netiquette.
    Please warn him not to do this again, and if he has done so before,
    consider removing his access to the Usenet. Thank you.

    Sincerely,
    Joe Netter

    [the posted article follows]:

    <...>

   Of course, the poster's address may be forged;
   if that's the case, there may not be much that you can do, except
   perhaps to repost it to news.admin.net-abuse.misc, where people may be
   able to track it down if there really is a need for that.

   However, these actions should be left only to the worst offenders,
   because postmasters have a lot of work to do and if they get loads of
   unwarranted complaints they may lose their willingness to co-operate.
   Do not mail complaints simply because someone has called you an
   airhead in the heat of an argument. Use your common sense. Or you
   could go by this list of common types of articles that warrant a
   complaint:

     * MISPLACED ADS. See section 1.3.8 above; most ads, such as the the
       infamous Green Card Lotteries and Long-distance Phonecalls, are
       out of place in soc. culture.nordic. There's a struggle going on
       between the established Usenet culture and certain advertisers who
       don't give a dingo's kidneys about Usenet discussions, and only
       see the net as a virgin marketing medium ready and waiting to be
       raped with junk mail. If you want the Usenet to remain a
       discussion forum and not turn into a playground for the likes of
       Canter & Spam, it's almost your duty as a good netizen to react
       against this abuse of the net. The more people do it, the more
       effective it will be in uprooting the Evil.
     * MAKE MONEY FAST. There are lots of chainletters circulating the
       net; the one known by this name is the most common. People are
       supposed to send 5$ to the person on the top of a list of names,
       add their own name on the bottom, redistribute the letter, and
       then suddenly receive $50,000 some weeks later. I guess it never
       occurs to the people who buy into this thing to actually ask where
       the money is supposed to come from (except from gullible suckers
       like themselves). Anyway, chainletters are not only a totally
       pointless waste of good bandwidth but also illegal in most
       countries.
     * SPAM. Named in reference to a classic Monty Python sketch, spam
       means multiple postings of a single article. Posting a couple of
       copies of an article is acceptable in some cases; with spamming,
       we mean hundreds if not thousands of copies posted to almost all
       newsgroup of the net with the use of a posting script. It takes a
       lot of net resources, costs a lot of people large sums of money,
       and is very annoying to the readers. This is an extremely bad
       thing to do and those who have done it, often (but not always) to
       advertise some product, have experienced the hatred of hundreds of
       thousands enraged netters phoning them in the middle of the night,
       subscribing them to hundreds of magazines, mailbombing their
       systems, overloading their fax-machines, complaining to their
       employers and so forth. The least thing that happens to spammers
       is they will be plugged off the Internet, but a persistent spammer
       may be in for the ride of his life. Although cancel-bots such as
       the CancelMoose[tm] nowadays pretty effeciently deal with most
       spams, it is still recommended to mail the postmaster to convince
       him to remove the spammer's net access.
     * VELVEETA. Similar to spam, but instead of posting separate
       articles to a lot of unrelated newsgroups, the script has been set
       to cross-post to a lot of unrelated newsgroups. Takes less
       net-resources and is less of an annoyance, but is nevertheless
       abuse of the net as they're nearly always untopical to the
       newsgroups they're posted to and generate massive threads. It's
       also often used as a sort of a surrogate spam by obsessed
       advertisers, hoping that the cancelbots won't be able to sniff a
       velveeta. Never follow-up to one of these because your article
       will then show in all the newsgroups included and you'll be, as it
       were, participating in the velveeta. Complaining isn't as
       important as with spams, but it often makes sense if, for example,
       the article is not only a velveeta but also a misplaced ad.
     * FASCIST PROPAGANDA. S.c.n gets more than its share of this form of
       net-abuse, probably because neo-nazi twits think "aryan"
       Scandinavians are somehow more prone to buy into their ideas. It's
       illegal in some countries (such as Germany), but falls under
       freedom of speech in others. In the net, you should again use your
       judgment; if someone's merely expressing what you perceive as
       fascist or racist views in a discussion you should probably ignore
       it completely, or reply only in email if you feel you must reply.
       Absolute freedom of speech is what the Net is built on, and that
       unique tradition should be respected. Besides, here all extremist
       political views fall neatly into their place in the kooky club
       with the general discord, noise and weirdness, without ever
       attracting the undeserved attention that makes them potentially
       dangerous in traditional media. You can afford to ignore it or
       simply laugh; that's how the net has been successfully dealing
       with this stuff for as long as it has existed. If, however,
       someone's posting neo-nazi flyers, you have a reason to complain;
       expressing views is one thing, explicit propaganda another. Few
       sites want to be associated with it, legal or not.

   Using your voice sensibly will keep Usenet a better place to be for
   everyone. Emphasis on the word "sensibly".


[ the sections above are available at the www-page
  http://www.lysator.liu.se/nordic/scn/faq15.html ]






------------------------------

Subject: 1.6 The same procedure as last year...

   [ I'm including this already classic article by Lee Choquette in the
   FAQ. Posted some years ago, it has stood the test of time pretty well,
   which I suppose tells something quite fundamental about the nature of
   this newsgroup. ]

From: Lee Choquette
Date: 24 Nov 92 11:58:18 MST

   I got the idea for this article from one about the US presidential
   debates posted in rec.humor.funny last month. I've also seen such
   games for several different TV shows. Now I introduce...

                    THE SOC.CULTURE.NORDIC DRINKING GAME

   You need a supply of your favorite drink (aquavit, koskenkorva, a
   glass of vodka in a pitcher of Pommac, whatever) and a stack of
   articles from soc.culture.nordic, if your local pub doesn't have
   Usenet. Read through the articles, and take a drink (sip) each time
   one of the following conditions is met:

   1
          An American asks what "canulla" means. Two drinks if a Swede
          responds and can't figure out what the word is.
   2
          A heated argument erupts over whether Vikings had horned
          helmets, or where Santa Claus lives. Take an additional drink
          for each week the thread continues. The whole glass if someone
          draws a color-coded graph of which Internet domains believe
          Vikings had horned helmets.
   3
          Someone complains about software that strips the eighth-bit.
          Two drinks if it's not someone from Iceland.
   4
          Someone criticizes the Swedish king. Two drinks if s/he
          mentions the Norwegian prime minister or the 1994 Winter
          Olympics in the same sentence.
   5
          Someone relates an anecdote demonstrating the kindness and
          earthy humanity of the Norwegian king or his father. Two drinks
          if it involves mass transit.
   6
          You hear about the Danish prince who doesn't use mass transit.
          Two drinks if it's a story about a new crash.
   7
          There's an article about Olof Palme again. Drink the whole
          glass if someone actually talks about Palme's life or beliefs,
          not just his death.
   8
          An American asks about an obscure Scandinavian band, and the
          conversation somehow shifts to Vikingarna and how awful
          dansband music is. Two drinks if someone confesses to having
          played Vikingarna on a jukebox.
   9
          Jungle animals are on the loose in Finland. Two drinks if the
          topic turns to alcoholism in Finland.
   11
          Russian submarines are detected in the Stockholm archipelago.
          Two drinks if the topic turns to alcoholism in Sweden. Three
          drinks if it turns to drunk tourists in Copenhagen.
   12
          A genealogist to the group asks about a place one of his/her
          ancestors came from, and for a couple of weeks we talk about
          how to translate lΣn and kommun into English.
   13
          An American asks what this newsgroup is for, and unwittingly
          sparks a flame war over the meanings of "Scandinavia" and
          "Skandinavien." Two drinks if the debate is instead over
          whether sports comes under culture.
   19
          The Great Whaling Debate resumes. Two drinks if it doesn't
          continue beyond a single article.
   18
          Swedish-speaking Finns are referred to as aristocrats. Two
          drinks if a Finland-Swede refers to his potato-farming
          ancestors.
   17
          A Finnish-speaking Finn complains about mandatory Swedish
          classes. Two drinks if s/he can't write in Swedish despite the
          classes.
   26
          We face the age-old question, "Why 'Italien' and 'italienare,'
          or 'F÷renta staterna' and 'amerikanare,' but 'Finland' and
          'finlΣndare'?"
   81
          Finns in Sweden are portrayed as the victims of racism, ethnic
          cleansing, or genocide. One drink for each of the following
          words or phrases you see:
        a.
               home language or hemsprσk (2 drinks for "skolbyrσkratisk
               term");
        b.
               Forest Finns, skogsfinnar, or VΣrmland (2 drinks for
               NΣtti-Jussi);
        c.
               Tornedal Finns (2 drinks if someone disputes that they are
               Finns);
        d.
               Nazi Germany, Holocaust, or the like; or
        e.
               Hasan B. Mutlu.

   I hope I didn't offend anyone by this game. I mean it as a
   good-natured (self) parody of this newsgroup.


[ the sections above are available at the www-page
  http://www.lysator.liu.se/nordic/scn/faq16.html ]






------------------------------

Subject: 1.7 Which are the related newsgroups?



  1.7.1 ...in the international hierarchies?

   There aren't that many. Soc.culture.nordic, as I said, is so far the
   only group in the original "Big Seven" hierarchies (news.*, rec.*,
   sci.*, soc.*, misc.*, talk.* and comp.*) devoted specifically to the
   Nordic countries, and there aren't any corresponding alt.* groups
   either. Splitting up soc.cculture.nordic into s.c.sweden, s.c.finland,
   and so forth, has been discussed from time to time but the idea hasn't
   received much support because of the relatively low number of Nordic
   netters in general and Danish & Icelandic netters in particular (s.c.n
   is a pretty medium-traffic group), the existense of national
   hierarchies where Nordics can discuss the matters of their own
   countries, and perhaps also the feeling of community that has evolved
   in s.c.n over the years (the group has been around for at least since
   the beginning of the 1990:ies; no one seems to know the exact year it
   was created).

   There are, however, some international newsgroups that have some
   connection to Nordic issues. A scan through the lists of active major
   and alternative newsgroups (posted regularly to news.lists) with
   global distribution produced the following, vaguely Nordic-related
   groups:

  soc.culture.baltics     An unmoderated group on the Baltic countries
                          of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania.

  soc.culture.estonia     A moderated group on things Estonian.

  soc.culture.europe      A group on European countries in general,
                          but alas, probably the flamiest group in the
                          net right after alt.flame.

  soc.genealogy.nordic    Questions about your family roots should be
                          posted here.

  rec.skiing.nordic       A group devoted to that most Nordic of all
                          sports, cross-country skiing.

  rec.travel.europe       Discussions on travelling in the Nordic
                          countries fit in here as well.

  talk.politics.european-union   Politics of the European Union

  nordunet.talk.skandinaviska  Nordunet is the hierarchy of the Nordic
                               University Network. Discussion in both
                               English and Nordic languages (this one
                               is in 'skandinaviska').

  alt.culture.net-viking               The Norsemen of the Net.
  alt.kill.the.whales                  A Norwegian national pastime.
  alt.music.abba                       Bj÷rn, Benny &co.
  alt.music.swedish-pop                ABBA and beyond.
  alt.music.bjork                      The Icelandic singer Bj÷rk and her
                                       late band, the Sugarcubes.
  alt.music.yngwie                     The Swedish guitar hero.
  alt.politics.ec                      Politics of the European Union.
  alt.religion.asatru                  Worshippers of the Old Norse deities.
  alt.swedish.chef.bork.bork.bork      Well...it has the word "Swedish"
                                       in it. :) Anyway, it's a classic.

   (Did I forget any? I shouldn't think so :)

  1.7.2 ...in the Nordic hierarchies?

   In the national hierarchies all discussion is in the Nordic languages,
   often on Nordic topics. The main hierarchies (except for the Icelandic
   is.* hierarchy, I've been told) can be accessed and posted to from
   abroad. It is, however, up to your system administrator to decide
   whether or not your site will receive them; contact him/her if you
   would like for your site to carry them. If he refuses, it may be
   possible (although not necessarily very convenient) to access some of
   them via a mailing-list to which the newsgroup is mirrored. You can
   also search for a "public NNTP server" in Scandinavia that carries
   these groups, and set your newsreader to use it instead of the server
   your own site normally uses - in a Unix shell, this can be done with
   the command
   "setenv NNTPSERVER <name of server>".

   Different kinds of FAQs also exist to guide the many Nordic newcommers
   to Internet and to Usenet, as for instance the Danish OSS - Ofte
   stillede sp°rgsmσl, and a Swedish Sidor f÷r nyb÷rjare together with a
   current full list of "swnet.*" groups which can be obtained by WWW
   from the URL: <http://www.dtek.chalmers.se/~d1dd/faq/>.

   When you read s.c.n, check the headers of posts coming from the Nordic
   countries, see the line "NNTP-Posting-Host" or the second last domain
   of the "Path" line, and try to set these as your NNTP server. Most
   servers only allow their own users to access them and it can be
   difficult to find a public server, especially one that allows you not
   just read but also post, but with some trying or asking around you
   should be able to find them.

   Here are some examples of newsgroups from each of the main Nordic
   hierarchies (there are, of course, tens if not hundreds of groups
   other than these in the hierarchies, on various topics):

 swnet.diverse        A group on miscellaneous topics in Swedish.
 swnet.svenska        Swedes talking about the Swedish language in Swedish.
 swnet.filosofi       Swedes philosophizing.


 no.general           General topics in Norwegian.
 no.alt.frustjasoner  Frustrated Norwegians.

 dk.chat              Danes chatting.
 dk.general           More chatter in Danish.

 sfnet.keskustelu.ihmissuhteet  Finns wrestling with human relations.
 sfnet.huuhaa                   Verbal acrobatics and idle talk in Finnish.
 finet.svenska.prat             An alternative Finnish hierarchy; this
                                group, but not all of the hierarchy, is
                                in Swedish.

   An up to date list of all groups in the sfnet.* hierarchy can be
   acquired by anonymous FTP from
   <ftp://nic.funet.fi/pub/netinfo/gc/sfnet.ryhmalista/sfnet.ryhmat.html>
   .

  1.7.3 What about mailing-lists?

   Honestly, keeping track on mailing-lists isn't really what
   s.c.nordic's contributors are known for, but there exists at least one
   list which ought to be mentioned: The mailing-list Swede-L, mainly
   about Sweden, which has survived since 1993.


[ the sections above are available at the www-page
  http://www.lysator.liu.se/nordic/scn/faq17.html ]






------------------------------

Subject: 1.8 What are Nordic graphemes?

   (by Tor Slettnes)

   Nordic graphemes can in this context be described as "graphical
   representations of the letters that exist in the various Nordic
   alphabets, beyond those that exist in the English alphabet". Each of
   the Nordic written languages uses some additional letters compared to
   English. These are, in order of appearance in the alphabets:

    Letter:        Languages used:      Pronounced like:  character:
    ________________________________________________________________

    a acute        is                   'ou' in "loud"          ß
    eth            is                   'th' in "there"         ≡
    e acute        is (dk, no, se, fi)  'ea' in "yeah"          Θ
    i acute        is                   'e'  in "he"            φ
    o acute        is                   'o'  in "home"          ≤
    u acute        is                   'ou' in "you"           ·
    y acute        is                   'e'  in "he"            ²
    thorn          is                   'th' in "thumb"         ■
    ae             is                   'i'  in "hi"            µ
                   dk, no               'a'  in "bad"           µ
    o-slash        dk, no               'i'  in "bird"          °
    a-ring         dk, no, se (fi)      'o'  in "bored"         σ
    a diaeresis    se, fi               'a'  in "bad"           Σ
    o diaeresis    se, fi, is           'i'  in "bird"          ÷
    u diaeresis    (se, fi, dk, no)     'ue' in french "rue"    ⁿ

   A set of parentheses around the country code indicates that the letter
   is rarely used in the corresponding language, typically only for loan
   words or names originating from another language. Other accents, such
   as ^ (circumflex) and accent grave are now and then used in foreign
   names and words in all Nordic languages.

   In Denmark and Norway the alphabet is ordered:
a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z µ ° σ

   For Finland and Sweden the order is:
a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z σ Σ ÷

   If your curiosity isn't satisfied by the pronounciation guide above,
   there are more extensive comments in the various language sections of
   this faq.



  1.8.1 How are these represented in Usenet postings and E-mail?

   The "mother" of all modern character sets for computers is the
   original ASCII character set, now renamed to US-ASCII. (ASCII =
   "American Standard Code for Information Interchange"). This is a 7-bit
   set containing the characters needed to write American English without
   accents or special letters, and little more. No "foreign" letters are
   included.

   Various standards exist for representing extra characters, some of
   which are: Digraph, LaTeX, ISO-646, ISO-8859-1, and the IBM codepages
   437, 850, and 865. All of these sets, except the IBM codepages, are
   usually considered acceptable on soc.culture.nordic, e-mail, and the
   internet in general.

   Digraphs are two-character combinations used for simplicity, and are
   often the most universally understood notation on soc .culture
   .nordic. However, when using these to non-Nordics, one should be
   careful to explain that these are digraphs, not two separate
   characters. Also, some information may get lost by using digraphs,
   since a filtering program will not be able to determine whether it is
   really a digraph or two separate characters.

   LaTeX notation comes from the typesetting program by the same name,
   where a sequence starting with '\' may be substituted with a given
   character. For instance, the a-ring is written as "\aa" or "{\aa}" in
   LaTeX.

   ISO-646 (really ISO-646-NO and ISO-646-SE) are 7-bit sets similar to
   US-ASCII, but with national characters substituted in place of the
   following characters: {, |, }, [, \, ]. This is the oldest one of the
   "true representation" standards mentioned here; it was used in e.g.
   the Nordic versions of the CP/M operating system, prior to MS-DOS.
   Today, it is mostly used in Sweden and Finland (although the ordering
   of the letters, for the sake of compability with the Danish /Norwegian
   /German equivalents, are not correct in these languages).

   ISO-8859-1, also called ISO Latin-1, is the first of several 8-bit
   character sets described in International Standards Organization's
   document 8859. (ISO is the maintainer of the meter, the kilogram,
   etcetera.) This sets include all characters needed for all West
   European languages, leave Sßmi and Esperanto. Latin-1 is a superset of
   US-ASCII, hence all ASCII characters maintain their original position
   in this set. Rather than trying to accomodate positioning in any
   spesific language, the letters in ISO-8859-1 are ordered according to
   the alphabetical position of their US-ASCII lookalikes. Latin-1 is
   supported through modern standardizations like MIME (RFC 1521).

   The IBM codepages 437, 850, 861 and 865 are used on Personal Computers
   in "text" mode, and is also the default set on many MS-Windows «
   communication programs. Out of the Big Blue, they were created to
   provide text-based PC programs with a means to create low-cost
   graphics, and the addition of extra characters came as a nice side
   effect. (Certain Nordic characters were not represented in the
   original codepage 437, with the consequence that in Iceland, Denmark
   and Norway, computers would occasionally be sold with cp 861 or 865 in
   the hardware. Today, alternative codepages can be downloaded to the
   video card via software). The Danish /Norwegian character o-slash is
   not represented in cp 437, and in 850 /861 /865 it is positioned with
   the dangerous code 155 (9B hex) -- "Upper Escape". Certain terminal
   types will interpret this code as the initial character of a escape
   command, and may e.g. clear the screen depending on the next letter.
   Further, it is incompatible with the established 8-bit standard
   Latin-1, and should be avoided.

   The various notations of the Nordic graphemes follow:
    Letter   Digraph   LaTeX ISO-646   ISO-8859-1
                                                   HTML          Octal  Char
    _________________________________  _____________________________________

    a acute       A'    \'{A}     -    alt-0193   Á Á  \301   ┴
                  a'    \'{a}     -    alt-0225   á á  \341   ß
    eth           TH              -    alt-0208   Ð Ð     \320   ╨
                  th              -    alt-0240   ð ð     \360   ≡
    e acute       E'    \'{E}     -    alt-0201   É É  \311   ╔
                  e'    \'{e}     -    alt-0233   é é  \351   Θ
    i acute       I'    \'{I}     -    alt-0205   Í Í  \315   ═
                  i'    \'{i}     -    alt-0237   í í  \355   φ
    o acute       O'    \'{O}     -    alt-0211   Ó Ó  \323   ╙
                  o'    \'{o}     -    alt-0243   ó ó  \363   ≤
    u acute       U'    \'{U}     -    alt-0218   Ú Ú  \332   ┌
                  u'    \'{u}     -    alt-0250   ú ú  \372   ·
    y acute       Y'    \'{Y}     -    alt-0221   Ý Ý  \335   ▌
                  y'    \'{y}     -    alt-0253   ý ý  \375   ²
    thorn         TH              -    alt-0222   Þ Þ ;  \336   ▐
                  th              -    alt-0254   þ þ   \376   ■

    u diaeresis   U"    \"{U}    ^     alt-0220   Ü Ü    \334   ▄
                  u"    \"{u}    ~     alt-0252   ü ü    \374   ⁿ
    ae            AE    {\AE}    [     alt-0198   Æ Æ   \306   ╞
                  ae    {\ae}    {     alt-0230   æ æ   \346   µ
    o-slash       OE    {\OE}    \     alt-0216   Ø Ø  \330   ╪
                  oe    {\oe}    |     alt-0248   ø ø  \370   °
    a-ring        AA    {\AA}    ]     alt-0197   Å Å   \305   ┼
                  aa    {\aa}    }     alt-0229   å å   \345   σ
    a diaeresis   A"    \"{A}    [     alt-0196   Ä Ä    \304   ─
                  a"    \"{a}    {     alt-0228   ä ä    \344   Σ
    o diaeresis   O"    \"{O}    \     alt-0214   Ö Ö    \326   ╓
                  o"    \"{o}    |     alt-0246   ö ö    \366   ÷

   The ISO-646 charsets for Denmark/Norway and Finland/Sweden are in
   practice obsolete, and there never existed one for Icelandic, but you
   may run into older 7-bits text files using them. It is to be noted
   that ▄ is not represented in iso-646-NO for Denmark/Norway.



  1.8.2 Pros and cons of the different representations

   If you have been a reader of this group for a while, you may have
   noticed that discussion about characters and their representations
   occasionally accounts for quite a bit of bandwidth. It often does not
   take more than a question about the issue from a new reader, or
   someone posting an article with an IBM character set, to get a new
   thread going on the issue. Some want to keep 7-bit ISO-646 (be aware
   that they may call it "true ASCII", although strictly speaking, is
   not), since 7-bit codes will always get though with any setup; others
   want ISO-Latin-1 since it is more universal; and yet others promote
   digraphs as the greatest common denominator between the two.

   Some pros and cons for each set:
    Character set:    Advantages:             Disadvantages:
    __________________________________________________________________

    Digraphs          * Requires 7-bit only   * Ambiguous
                                                ("oe" or "o-slash"?)
                                              * Non-optimal compromise

    LaTeX             * Non-ambiguous 7-bit   * Made for typesetting;
                        representation.         somewhat cryptic for
                                                regular text.
                                              * Non-optimal compromise

    ISO-646-SE,       * Only 7-bit "true"     * Different standards
    ISO-646-DK          representation.         for each language
    <[\]{|}>          * No data loss even     * Getting harder to
                        with old hardware/      find font support
                        software/setup.         (Dying out).
                                              * Shadows the brace,
                                                sqare bracket, pipe,
                                                and backslash chars.

    ISO Latin 1       * Utilizes all 8 bits   * Requires 8-bit clean
    (ISO-8859-1)        in a byte; yet avoids   connection; older
    <╨▐╞╪┼─╓≡■µ°σΣ÷..>  dangerous codes.        systems may cause
                      * Universal for all       data loss.
                        Western European      * May require some
                        languages.              setup.
                      * Supported by ISO and  * In case of stripping,
                        MIME; true subset of    becomes "FXEDVfxedv";
                        Unicode.                difficult to read.

    IBM CodePages     * Uses all 256 codes;   * Uses all 256 codes;
    Machintosh set      more characters         incl. dangerous ones.
    <Unacceptable>    * Often used in PC      * Incompatible with
                        environments such as    the "de-facto" 8-bit
                        BBS'es.                 standard ISO-8859-1

    __________________________________________________________________



  1.8.3 How do I set up support for 7-bit ISO-646 representation?
  ({|}, [\])

   The ISO-646 sets are still supported via varoius fonts and translation
   filters. Possible measures to set up support for them are:
     * For the "terminal" program shipped with Windows 3.x, simply select
       "Denmark/Norway", "Sweden" or "Finland" from the Translations item
       in the "Terminal Preferences" dialogue box.
     * For MS-Kermit, use the command "set term charcter-set language",
       where "language" is one of "Finnish", "Swedish", or "Norwegian".
     * For other DOS and Windows communication programs, visit its local
       translation tables and insert appropriate translations for '[',
       '\', ']', '{', '|', '}'.
     * For Unix based news readers, either find a ISO-646 font, or pipe
       your newsreader through one of the following commands (Provided
       the font you use is ISO-8859-1):


                Denmark/Norway: tr '\\]{|}' '\330\305\346\370\345'
                Sweden/Finland: tr '\\]{|}' '\326\305\344\366\345'

       For instance, in your .cshrc file, insert the following line:


                alias rn "rn | tr '\\]{|}' '\330\305\346\370\345'"

   The character '[' should not be translated, because it is used in ANSI
   escape sequences.

   Note that if you use this kind of translation, you will no longer see
   any of the characters '\]{|}'; in most cases this outweighs the
   benefits from seeing the national letters.

  1.8.4 How do I set up support for 8-bit ISO-8859-1 representation? (µ°σΣ÷,
  ╞╪┼─╓)

   The ISO-8859-1 (Latin 1) set is currently the most common character
   representation standard on soc.culture.nordic, and is also quite
   frequent in e.g. soc.culture.german, personal e-mail etc. However, on
   many systems, the ability to view these characters is not provided as
   "default", so you may need to configure some things on your own.

     * If you are reading news through a modem, you need to make sure
       that your modem connection is 8 data bits. (The most common
       parameters are "8N1" - 8 data bits, no parity bits, and one stop
       bit).
     * For DOS text mode communication programs, you need a ISO->IBM
       translation table. Tables for Telemate, Telix and Procomm Plus can
       be found in the file "xlate.zip", available at various FTP sites.
     * For MS Windows « communication programs, select an ANSI or
       ISO-Latin-1 font. For MS-Kermit, use "set term char latin". For
       Procomm Plus for Windows, select vt220 or vt320 emulation. Be sure
       that bit 8 is not stripped.
     * For MS Windows « you can also generate 8-bit characters globally
       by choosing "US-International" keyboard layout via the
       "International" dialogue box in the Control Panel. For instance,
       'Σ' (a diaeresis) is generated by pressing "a, i.e. double quote
       followed by lowercase a.
       A note to Windows programmers: Let the underlying keyboard
       drivers, run-time libararies etc. take care of keyboard input.
       Only be sure that the 8th bit is not stripped/masked away.
     * If your newsreader is UNIX-based, insert the following command in
       your .login or .profile file:


                stty -istrip pass8

     * If your modem connection is 7 bits (and cannot be changed to 8
       bits), you can have ISO-Latin-1 characters translated to "[\]{|}"
       before they are sent over the modem. Pipe your reader through the
       "tr" command, similar to above:


                tr '\306\330\305\304\326\346\370\345\344\366'
                '[\\][\\{|}{|'

     * If you use the "emacs" editor, version 19.x, and have a
       ISO-Latin-1 display font, insert the following line in your .emacs
       file:


                (standard-display-european t)

       Also, if you have a keyboard with international characters that
       you want to be able to use directly, or if you in another way are
       able to generate 8-bit codes directly from your keyboard, insert
       the following line:

        (set-input-mode (car (current-input-mode))
                        (nth 1 (current-input-mode))
                        0)
   Note that in cases where the Meta key is represented by setting the
       8th (high) bit, (ie. if you are not using X-windows), this line
       will disable the Meta key, so you will subsequently have to use
       "ESC x" to generate "M-x".
       Otherwise, insert the following line:


                (load-library "iso-insert")

       A new keymap, 8859-1, has now been assigned to the key sequence
       "C-x 8". You can assign this to another sequence, e.g. C-t, by
       inserting:


                (global-set-key "\C-t" 8859-1-map)

       Some strokes from this map:
        C-x 8 d   gives ≡ (eth)
        C-x 8 t   gives ■ (thorn)
        C-x 8 a e gives µ (ae)
        C-x 8 / o gives ° (o-slash)
        C-x 8 a a gives σ (a-ring)
        C-x 8 " a gives Σ (a diaeresis)
        C-x 8 " o gives ÷ (o diaeresis)
        C-x 8 ' a gives ß (a acute)
        C-x 8 ' i gives φ (i acute)



  1.8.5 References

   For an index to other literature on internationalization, try:
   <http://www.vlsivie.tuwien.ac.at/mike/i18n.html>

   I am: Tor Slettnes.


[ the sections above are available at the www-page
  http://www.lysator.liu.se/nordic/scn/faq18.html ]






------------------------------

Subject: 1.9 About measures and figures



  1.9.1 Why is it advisable to use the metric system in s.c.n?

   Because you'll get flamed if you don't, that's why. :-> The obscure
   Anglo-Saxon units of measurement are a pet peeve of certain s.c.n
   regulars, known as net.metric-cops, who are very much committed to the
   cause of converting Yanks to the SI units. But it's really just a
   question of common courtesy. This is Nordic territory; we might be
   speaking English most of the time, but there's a limit to the extent
   we're willing to accommodate the American netters. :-) And seriously,
   many Nordics simply won't have an idea of what you're talking about if
   you use feet, yards, fahrenheits, inches, gallons, pounds or miles. If
   you don't know how to convert these to the metric system, it's about
   time to wake up to the 20th century and learn. Here are the tables:



                               Linear measure
                               --------------


 Primitive system                              Metric system
 ****************                              *************


 1 inch = 2.54 centimeters (cm)                1 cm = 0.3937 inch
 1 foot = 30.48 centimeters                    1 m  = 39.37 inches, or
 1 yard = 0.9144 meter (m)                            3.2808 feet, or
 1 mile = 1.6093 kilometers (km)                      1.0936 yards.

                                               1 km = 3280.8 feet, or
                                                      1093.6 yards, or
                                                      0.62137 miles.

                               Liquid measure
                               --------------

 1 U.S fluid ounce = 29.573 milliliters (ml)   1 ml =  0.033814 fl.oz.
 1 U.S quart = 9.4635 deciliters (dl), or      1 dl =  3.3814 fl.oz.
               0.94635 liters (l)              1 l  = 33.814 fl oz., or
 1 U.S gallon = 3.7854 liters                          1.0567 quarts, or
 1 U.S pint = 0.4732 liters                            0.26417 gallons
 1 U.S pint = 0.4732 liters                    1 l  =  2.1134 U.S pints

                                   Area
                                   ----

 1 sq foot = 0.0929 sq meters (m▓)             1 m▓  = 10.764 sq feet

 1 sq yard = 0.83613 sq meters (m▓)            1 m▓  = 1.1960 sq yards
 1 acre    = 0.4046 hectare (ha)               1 ha  = 2.471 acres
 1 sq mile = 2.5900 sq kilometers (km▓)        1 km▓ = 0.38610 sq miles

                                   Mass
                                   ----

 1 ounce = 28.350 grams (g)                    1 g  = 0.03527 ounces
 1 pound = 0.45359 kilograms (kg)              1 kg = 2.2046 pounds
 1 short ton =  0.90718 metric ton     1 metric ton = 0.98421 long tons, or
 1 long ton =   1.0160  metric tons                   1.1023 short tons, or
                                                      1,000 kg

                                 Temperature
                                 -----------

   The Celsius ("centigrade") scale, named after the Swedish astronomer
   Anders Celsius (1701-44), is based on the freezing and boiling points
   of water -- 0░C and 100░C, respectively. The Fahrenheit scale, on the
   other hand, is based on what Gabriel Daniel Fahrenheit (1686-1736)
   considered to be the temperature of the human body (100░F; in reality
   it should be around 98.6░F) and the lowest temperature he could
   achieve (0░F) by mixing salt, water and ice. Converting between the
   two can be done by the following formulas:

   ░C = (░F-32)/1.8
   ░F = 32+(1.8*░C)

Or, for practical purposes, a bit simplified formulas can be used:

   To get Fahrenheit out of Celsius: double the Celsius, subtract 10%,
   and add thirty-two.

   To get Celsius out of Fahrenheit: subtract thirty-two, add 10%, and
   divide by two.

   Or if this is still too complicated, you could learn by heart parts of
   the following tables:


   Fahrenheit --> Celsius       Celsius --> Fahrenheit

                       -40░F = -40░C
                        /        \
              _________/          \_________
              |                            |
              v                            v

         -10░F = -23░C                  -10░C =  14░F
          0░F  = -18░C                   0░C  =  32░F
         10░F  = -12░C                  10░C  =  50░F
         20░F  =  -7░C                  20░C  =  68░F
         30░F  =  -1░C                  30░C  =  86░F
         40░F  =   4░C                  40░C  = 104░F
         50░F  =  10░C                  50░C  = 122░F
         60░F  =  16░C                  60░C  = 140░F
         70░F  =  21░C                  70░C  = 158░F
         80░F  =  27░C                  80░C  = 176░F
         90░F  =  32░C                  90░C  = 194░F
         100░F =  38░C                  100░C = 212░F


In the scales, 1 degree C corresponds to 1.8 degrees F,
               1 degree F corresponds to 0.56 degrees C.

   You'd better learn all this now, because later on there might be a
   quiz. :->

  1.9.2 How long is a Nordic mile?

   John Mortison writes:

     I am reading a copy of my greataunt's memoirs of growing up in
     Sweden before she emigrated to the US in 1890. In it she several
     times makes reference to Swedish miles and comments that they were
     longer than English miles.

   Leif B. Kristensen answers:

     John,
     this unit of distance is still in use, both in Sweden and in
     Norway, and in the other Nordic countries too, I think. A Nordic
     mil equals 10 kilometers, or approx. 6 1/4 English mile. It's the
     normal unit in which we reckon distance between towns and cities
     here.

   Hans Engmark fills in:
> Denmark is not quiet as big, so though we also belong to
> the Nordic countries, a mile is here only 7 km. :-)

Mesaurement in Denmark 1683-1998 and Norway 1683-1814 ????

Danish mile = 7.538 m
Danish metermile = myriameter= 10.000 m
Danish geograficmile = 7420 m
Danish nauticmile= 1842 m
Danish inch 26,17 mm
Danish feet 0,31385 m



  1.9.3 A warning about decimal commas and delimiters

   Although most writers in s.c.n. ought to know the English usage of
   decimal points and commas in big figures, you must be observant. The
   usage in Scandinavia, in Germany and in France is the opposite, and
   mistakes are common.

   Recently it has become usual to mark thousands and millions by a
   single and a double apostrophe, like this: 1'200 for one thousand two
   hundreds, or 5"600'000 for five millions six hundred thousands.
   Sometimes you can also see an abbreviated form, 1'2 or 5"6, and you
   have to be prepared that the foot and inch signs might have other
   usages.

   Finally, it's hopefully unnecessary to stress the difference between
   the American billion (a French, German or Scandinavian milliard) and
   the European billion (which is a million millions).



  1.9.4 All XXXs are YYY, ain't that so?

   Probably not. Never trust the net for drawing conclusions about groups
   of people, especially whole nations. You'll always get it wrong. I
   wouldn't want to preach, but some people need to be reminded. We're
   not statistically representative of the population layers of our
   countries, and most of us don't even attempt to represent anyone but
   our own, eccentric selves. A few colourful kooks with no life outside
   the net always outshine the silent, lurking masses. Don't fall into
   thinking "Gosh, those XXXs sure are a mighty weird/fanatic/stupid
   bunch of people." Treat us as individuals, and you'll have a better
   chance of being treated as an individual yourself.

   All this being said: welcome to soc.culture.nordic! We hope you enjoy
   the group!


[ the sections above are available at the www-page
  http://www.lysator.liu.se/nordic/scn/faq19.html ]


 -=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- END OF PART 1 -=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-

   ⌐ Copyright 1994-98 by Antti Lahelma and Johan Olofsson.
   You are free to quote this page as long as you mention the URL for the
   original archive (as: <http://www.lysator.liu.se/nordic/index.html>),
   where the most recent version of this document can be found.
--
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