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From: [e-mail] (Tomas Charlie Willis)
Newsgroups: alt.music.ska,alt.skinheads,rec.music.info,alt.answers,rec.answers,news.answers
Subject: FAQ: Ska (alt.music.ska) Frequently Asked Questions (Part 1 of 3)
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Date: Wed, 26 May 99 02:02:05 CST
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Summary: Answers to frequently-asked questions about ska music.
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Archive-name: music/ska-faq/part1
Last-modified: $Date: 99/05/26 01:01:24 $
Version: $Revision: 3.104 $
Part: 1 of 3
URL:http://www.twillis.com/ska/faq/
URL:ftp://rtfm.mit.edu/pub/usenet/news.answers/music/ska-faq/part1

                        FAQ for (news:alt.music.ska)
                   Questions and answers about ska music
                              Tomas Willis
                            [e-mail]

Administrivia:

    Go forth and skank.

----------------------------------------------------------------------

Subject: 1.1: Introduction

In response to all of those ``Isn't ska some dance form of reggae?''
questions, I present the following historical background to the music we
call ska, gleaned from liner notes I have lying about the place, various
postings to (news:alt.music.ska), and sundry emailings with helpful ska
fans.

*** [August 96]
  The Hypertext Ska FAQ has moved to its final home!  The new URL is
<a href="http://twillis.com/ska/">http://twillis.com/ska/</a>,
at the International House of Ska.  This webified FAQ contains text, links
and graphics that don't fit here in alt.music.ska.

  Please update your bookmarks!
This is part 1, $Revision: 3.104 $, posted to (news:alt.music.ska),
(news:rec.music.info), (news:alt.skinheads), (news:alt.answers),
(news:rec.answers), and (news:news.answers).  This FAQ is posted twice
a month, whether it needs to be or not.

This FAQ file is also available for anonymous ftp on the archive site
rtfm.mit.edu as the file `pub/usenet/news.answers/music/ska-faq/part1'.

This FAQ file is on the Web as
URL:http://www.twillis.com/ska/faq/

Acks:
       Michael Cancilla (mailto:[e-mail]) posted a long list
of ska bands that I have incorporated into this FAQ.  That list has grown
to list over 500 bands!  Mike Fragassi (mailto:[e-mail]) emailed
me about 10k in response to my request for more info and is still at it.
Thanks Mikes!  Thanks also to everyone else in a.m.s and other reaches of
netspace who sent me info.

       Dance harder!
       Tomas Willis (mailto:[e-mail])

Also, you can get at this document on the World Wide Web (WWW) at
URL:http://www.twillis.com/ska/faq

------------------------------

Subject: 1.2: Table of Contents


  The ska FAQ is now distributed in three sections.  Part one addresses
background questions, part two contains information about ska via various media,
and part three contains infomation about bands.

                        Table of Contents:
                            Part 1
 1.1  Introduction
 1.2  Table of Contents
 1.3  What is ska music?
 1.4  Where did ska come from?
 1.5  What is first-wave ska?  Second-wave ska? Third-wave ska?
 1.6  What is ska-core?
 1.7  What is a rude boy?
 1.8  What is with the narrow-brim hats, dark suits and narrow ties?
        How come some of these ska bands look like the Blues Brothers?
 1.9  What is skanking?
 1.10 What about reggae?
 1.11 Oi! What about skinheads?
 1.12 Recommended reading and Bibliography

                            Part 2
 2.1  Introduction
 2.2  Table of Contents
 2.3  Where can I hear ska on the radio?
 2.4  Where can I hear ska live?
 2.5  Is anyone doing ska video?
 2.6  Are there any ska movies?
 2.7  Are there any books about ska?
 2.8  What are some ska-related 'zines (fan-created magazines)?
 2.9  How do I get a ska email-based mailing list?
 2.10 What are some more Internet ska resources?
 2.11 Can anyone reccommend some good ska albums for someone who has
         absolutely no clue about ska?
 2.12 What are addresses of some record labels producing ska discs?
 2.13 Are there some mail order stores that carry ska?

                            Part 3
 3.1  Introduction
 3.2  Table of Contents
 3.3  What are the names of some ska bands?
 3.4  Can I write to any of these bands?

------------------------------
History
*******

Beginnings
==========

   Subject: 1.3: *What is ska music?*

   Ska is dance music, first and foremost.  Ska was a *Jamaican dance
music* that swept out of Jamaica in the early 1960s to shake the butts
of working- and middle-class Jamaicans before going on, via the West
Indian immigrant connection, to the UK, and then on to the world.  In
the UK, ska was also known as *blue beat* music.  *Rocksteady*, and
later, *reggae* sprang from the loins of ska in the late 1960s.
Mid-1970s and 1980s/1990s revivals of this popular dance form have kept
this music alive and fun through the present.  The ska beat on drums
and bass, rhythm guitar, lots of horns and maybe a Farfisa or Hammond
organ -- that's the ska sound.

   Ska was *not* recently invented by ska-influenced bands like No
Doubt, the Mighty Mighty Bosstones, Reel Big Fish or any other 90's
band.(1) Ska *is* a forty-year-old music form now in a fresh, vigorous
"3rd Wave".  Ska is rich in history, broad in scope and guaranteed to
make you shake your groove thang.

   For the musically inclined, here is a description of the rhythmic
structure of ska:
     Musically, Ska is a fusion of Jamaican mento rhythm with R&B, with
     the drum coming in on the 2nd and 4th beats, and the guitar
     emphasizing the up of the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th beats.  The drum
     therefore is carrying the blues and swing beats of the American
     music, and the guitar expressing the mento sound.
   `[SB(JJ)]'

   Brendan Tween (URL:mailto:[e-mail]) mentions that the
Skatalites frequently used a G-Em-C-D guitar progression, while most
modern ska uses a straight 1-4-5 progression (A-D-E C-F-G), although
A-D-E9-A is another possible progression.

   Bob Timm, of the Ska Mining Company, offers some additional thoughts
about `What Counts as Ska', at
http://ska.miningco.com/library/weekly/aa100397.htm.

   Ska features a strong bass and drum rhythm section, guitars,
keyboards and brass.  *I* say, the bigger the ska band, the better.

   ---------- Footnotes ----------

   (1)  Props to these bands for their commercial success, but don't
let the hype convince you that their sound is the ska sound!

Jamaica
=======

   Subject: 1.4: *Where did ska come from?*

   In the Caribbean island nation of Jamaica rhythm & blues sounds from
the African-American experience in America were adapted by Jamaican
musicians and blended with traditional Jamaican *mento*, spiced with
jazz, as well as ya-ya, See , and other island sounds and cranked out of
dance hall systems and mobile "sound systems" mounted on huge trucks.

   In the late 1950s Jamaica was about to gain independence from Great
Britain, and pioneering Jamaican record producer *Clement "Sir Coxsone"
Dodd*, no doubt in a spirit of nationalism and a desire to get down,
called on his musicians to create a danceable uniquely Jamaican sound.
Bassist *Cluet Johnson (Clue J)* ran the "hardest-driving dance and
recording band" developing this sound in Jamaica and went about the
town greeting his friends with a call of "*Love Skavoovie*." `[SB(JJ)]'
From this greeting, the name of the music naturally developed into
"*ska*."

   In late 1960 and 1961 bands recording for Dodd laid down the first
truly ska tracks, distinct from calypso, r&b, jazz and American and
British pop sounds.  *Coxone* was in strenuous competition with Arthur
"Duke" Reid, who founded Trojan Records (see ) and Prince Buster (Cecil
Campbell), who left Dodd to found "The Voice of the People", his own
sound system.  Chris Blackwell's Island Records provided another vital
nexus for early ska music (see ).  There developed "a unique Jamaican
jazz culture where the melody of horns fused with the drums in a free
form music which was mellifluous and rebellious."`[RAR,p.126]' Thus,
ska became Jamaica's first indigenous popular music form.  A hit at
home, ska reigned supreme in Jamaica for many years:  "The National
Dance", indeed.

   As many have stated in alt.music.ska, ska did not spring into sudden
existence out of nowhere.  Many of the elements of ska can be heard in
recordings from the late 1950s.  It wasn't until these were all brought
together in the Kingston scene under the influences of Coxsone, "Prince
Buster", Clue J, "Duke Reid" and others that ska emerged as a distinct
sound.  By the time ska made its "world debut" at the 1964 New York
World's Fair at the the Jamaican exhibition it was an established
phenomenon at home.

   More ska history is available from the exciting new Island Records
site, http://www.islandlife.com/tough/1.html.

   Ska came to England with immigrants in the early 1960s.  Known in
the UK briefly as "Jamaican Blues", ska inspired the formation of the
Blue Beat record company, providing yet another name for the ska sound:
"blue beat".  Ska gained popularity in the UK amongst the members of
the "Mod" scene, leading to the residual association of small-brimmed
trilby (pork-pie hats)(1) and scooters(2) with ska music.`[HSBR]' About
the time "skinheads" in the UK were getting into ska, Trojan Records
was still releasing ska hits into the UK top 10 (as late as 1969 or
1970), but by that time rock-steady and reggae were waxing as ska
waned, for a while, at least.

   ---------- Footnotes ----------

   (1)  The pork-pie (trilby) hat came to the Mods by way of the rude
bwoy fashion of Jamaican immigrants in the UK.  See .

   (2)  For scooter talk, check out the Usenet group alt.scooter or the
Original Motor Scooter Home Page
(http://weber.u.washington.edu/~shortwav) or `The Bollocks Page',
http://www.t5.net/TheBollocksPage/.

Calypso, Trinidad and Tobago
----------------------------

Three waves of ska
==================

   Subject: 1.5: What is first-wave ska?  Second-wave ska? Third-wave
ska?  Is there a fourth wave?

   These terms  describe ska music coming from three different time
periods separated by gaps in the popularity of the music.  Roughly
speaking, "first-wave ska" began in late 1960(1) in Jamaica and lasted
until the late 1960s in Jamaica and England (as blue beat), by which
time its popularity had declined in favor of ska offspring rock-steady
and reggae.  Seminal first-wave Jamaican ska artists include the
Skatalites, Laurel Aitken, Prince Buster, Derrick Morgan and Desmond
Dekker.

   Joly, [e-mail],  reminds us that Duke Vin brought Sound System
to London in the 50's, and in the Sixties the London Ska scene became
so strong that, as can be seen in the movie `Scandal' (see ), it
eventually toppled the government!

   "Second-wave ska" flourished in the late-1970s and very early 1980s
and saw the emergence of popular groups such  as  the Specials, the
(English) Beat, Madness and the like in England.  Second-wave ska is
strongly associated with the 2 Tone scene [1979-1981] in the UK, as
shown in the movie `Dance Craze', although American bands like Her
Majesties Secret Service brought the 2-Tone sound to the States in the
early Eighties.  Two-tone ska is faster, tighter and uses more horns
than some older Jamaican ska, although certainly not as much as the
Skatalites.  Certainly, through the first and second waves, ska was a
music for the man-in-street, the working people.

   "Third-wave ska" is a late-1980s/early- 1990s revival of ska,
involving such bands as Weaker Youth Ensemble, the Allstonians, Bim
Skala Bim, the Voodoo Glow Skulls and The Toasters.  Many popular
rock/hardcore/funk bands, such as The Mighty Mighty Bosstones, are
strongly influenced by ska sounds.  In the last few years, some bands,
like Hepcat, Steady Earnest, the Allstonians, Skavoovie and the
Epitones, have recovered a roots ska sound.

   In Puerto Rico and Latin America, new ska fusions are emerging.
Some call the emerging latin ska "salska", with bands fusing
afro-caribbean and Latin pop-rock sounds with roots ska for a unique
and exciting sound!  Skarlos, [e-mail], reports the
development of "skakakore",(2) a ska/hoodcore or rap/ska/hardcore mix.
The band with the longest name to date, La Maldita Vecindad y los Hijos
del quinto Patio, mixes cha-cha with ska - "chachaska".  Let's not
forget "freestyle ska", that European ska/hip-hop fusion.  It sure
isn't ska-core, but it is a new direction!  Is this the *fourth* wave
of ska?

   Additionally, there has been a recent infusion of self-identified
*Christian ska* bands, particularly in the US.  These bands include the
O.C. Supertones, Five Iron Frenzy, the Insyderz, Squad 5-0, the
Israelites (not Desmond Dekker's backup band), Aloha Fridays and Big
Dog Small Fence.  This is one step beyond the gospel covers the Wailers
recorded in 1962!  How do you know a band is a Christian ska band? Ask
them.   (Mephiskapheles is another sort of thing, altogether.)

   For more details on the Skatalites, check out
http://www.profane.com/skatalites/

   A recent Max Perlich interview of Dodd is available at
http://www.grandroyal.com/Magazine/Issue1/UpFront/Clement.html, wherein
*Coxsone* answers the question: "How does it compare to the ska of the
past?"

   For more on skinhead reggae, check out
http://www-personal.ksu.edu/~lashout/sknmusc.html.

   For Usenet discussion of reggae, check out news:rec.music.reggae

   ---------- Footnotes ----------

   (1)  There is some discrepancy as do the *exact* time at which a
music distinctly "ska" was first played and recorded.  Music recorded
as early as late 1958 and in 1959 have much, if not all, of the musical
elements "required" to be ska.  It is not clear to me that the term
"ska" was in use prior to late 1960, however. The knowlegeable Noah Roy
([e-mail]) of Moon credits Theo Beckford's `Easy Snappin'  as
the first ska recording.

   (2)  "Kako" is Puerto Rican for "homeboy".

Ska-core
========

   Subject: 1.6.  What is ska-core?

   Yet another label.  A matter of semantics.  Ska-core is either
hardcore/punk-influenced ska or ska-influenced hardcore music.  Or a
fiction.  Compared to traditional ska, ska-core is faster and harder.
Voodoo Glow Skulls and Operation Ivy are commonly called ska-core bands.
At some points, the Mighty Mighty Bosstones have claimed to play
ska-core.  Some claim that ska-core songs change rythmic structure from
ska-like to hardcore-like within one song.  This could be
differentiated from ska-influenced punk.  Others point out that
ska-core bands may have a rock-like lineup, without horns.  *Just turn
up the music and dance.*

   Lately, I've heard the terms "carnival punk" and "skunkcore" applied
to the kind of thrashy ska/punk/hardcore/klezmer fusion played by the
Blue Meanies and others.  Is this another form of ska-core?

   Your Usenet news server may support the new "ska-core" newsgroup,
alt.music.ska-core, which is dedicated to discussion of ska-core
*without* traditional ska *vs.* ska-core flame wars.

Rude bwoys
==========

   Subject: 1.7: *What is a rude boy?*

   A "rude boy" is not just an impolite male child.  The street-cool
toughs of Kingston, Jamaica, dressed nattily in the latest and hep-est
threads were known as "rude boys" and they ruled the Kingstown dance
halls. (Read "rude" as "chill" or "dope" or, if you are older, "cool",
or if older still, "reet").  The term spread to the UK, and was revived
by second-wave ska fans in the UK.

   Academic Caribbean historian Horace Campbell writes, in `Rasta and
Resistance':
     Between 1964 and 1967 a subculture of angry youths developed in
     the [Jamaican] society.  Answering to the psuedonym "Rude Bwoy"
     [sic] and searching for for avenues of self-expression and
     recognition, these unemployed youths were quickly integrated into
     the [ganga] export trade, many of them as enforcers.

     ... these young people created terror among working people, such
     that they were feared by both citizens and police.
   `[RAR, p. 111]' The [bracketed] comments are mine.

   Referring to Desmond Dekker's `Rude Boy Train', `007', and other
songs describing rude boys, `Melody Maker' defined the term as "a sort
of cool super-hooligan.' [DD] Dekker sings:
     Them a loot
     Them a shoot
     Then a wail
     At Shanty Town
     When rude boy deh 'pon probation
     Then rude boy a bomb up the town.
   `[DD]'

   Obviously, rude boys are the people your mother warned you about.
For a cinematic example, check out Jimmy Cliff's portrayal of real-life
rude boy Ivanhoe Martin Rhygin in the film The Harder They Come (For
more information, see See .)

   Laurence Cane-Honeysett wrote on:
     From the summer of 1966, up until 1967, a whole series of records
     referring to the exploits of so-called "Rude Boys" were released in
     Jamaica.  Almost every major artist on the island recorded material
     featuring lyrics either condemning or defending the actions of the
     young men who spread mayhem across the island.  Some described the
     Rude Boys as no more than glorified hooligans, who caused trouble
     for trouble's sake, while others depicted them as heroes, akin to
     the gangsters and cowboys featured in the popular films of the day.
     To most, however, they were simply victims of the deprived social
     conditions into which they were born and subsequently raised.

     Whichever way one viewed them, the Rude Boys were an established
     part of Jamaican life and had been around long before the glut of
     releases which drew attention to there activities.  The main reason
     for the sudden interest was the explosion of violence during the
     summer of 1966, undoubtedly agitated to a large degree by the
     exceptionally hot weather.  By October, following six deaths over
     the preceding three months, the Jamaican government declared a
     state of emergency and instructed the police and military to cordon
     off the trouble zone in Kingston and enforce a 10pm to 6am curfew.

     The fact that this period coincides with one of the major
     transformations in Jamaican music is no coincidence.[sic] The heat
     which had made tempers become frayed had also made dancing to Ska
     an exhausting experience and it was a natural progression to slow
     the tempo of the music.  Eventually the rhythm slowed to such an
     extent that it became a completely new sound - Ska had been
     replaced by Rocksteady.

     By early 1967, both the weather and tempers had cooled and the Rude
     Boy theme became less frequent in song lyrics.  Over the years that
     followed, Rude Boys were rarely mentioned and despite the succes of
     Perry Hanzell's film, `The Harder They Come', which starred Jimmy
     Cliff as the doomed anti-hero, 'Ivanhoe Martin Rhygin', they
     featured only occasionally in songs such as the Slicker's `Johnny
     Too Bad'.

     Towards the end of the seventies, British Ska bands such as The
     Specials and Madness re-invented the image of the Rude Boy,
     presenting him as a fun-loving young man, attired in a stylish
     two-tone suit and a pork-pie hat, more akin to the Mods of the
     sixties than [to] the original Jamaican version.  The British Rude
     Boy was not to last, however, and following the demise of the Ska
     revival, he quickly vanished.  Since then, Rude Boys seem to have
     been all but forgotten outside Jamaica ... until now!
   `[C25]'

   Today, a "Rude Boy" or "Rude Girl" is a *dedicated* ska fan, with a
sense of history, style and the ska scene.  A trendy poseur  *cannot*
be rude.

Fashion
=======

   Subject: 1.8: What is with the narrow-brim hats, dark suits and
narrow ties?      How come some of these ska bands look like the Blues
Brothers?

   This is rude boy fashion from Jamaica in the 1960s.

   Jamie Mowder in NYC ([e-mail].) writes about ska
fashion:

     Maybe the "dark suit and pork-pie hat" thing comes from people
     trying to look like Jerry Dammers from those old Specials album
     covers. And *he* was probably trying to look like "Walt Jabsco",
     the cartoon guy from the 2 Tone label design.   And Walt was (so
     I've read) modeled after the way Peter Tosh looked on the cover of
     the `Wailing Wailers' album from Studio One.

     So, I guess all these *Blues Brothers* types are actually trying
     to look like Peter Tosh from 1965!  It is "rude bwoy" fashion from
     Jamaica.

Dancing
=======

   Subject: 1.9: What is skanking?

   Skanking is the *canonical* ska dance. Being canonical doesn't make
it the only or One True ska dance; it is, however, the standard dance
these days.  Skanking involves angular pumping of legs and arms, with
knees and elbows bent.  Mike Fragrassi (I think) described this a
rythmic "herking and jerking."

   The original *official* ska dance was called "*The Ska*."  This dance
originated in Jamaica and was the dance one did at ska shows.  It is
not as punk-influenced as contemporary skanking.  Jeremy D. Mushlin,
[e-mail], described it as:
     Not like jamming your elbow to your opposite knee back and forth,
     but sort of like the milk-the-cow, do the monkey sort of thing ...

   Guido van Breda has turned up a great series of still shots of
*Ronnie and Jeanette* - *the couple who taught New York the Ska*, who
visited the 1964 World's Fair in New York with Jamaican musicians Byron
Lee and The Dragonaires, Jimmy Cliff and Prince Buster.  Watch them
dance in the animated GIF, or check out the stills at
http://www.dataweb.nl/~vanbreda/pictparade.html

   Hey! All you skankers and moshers: class up the joint and do The Ska!

   Controversy now rages over the propriety of slamming, moshing,
body-passing and stage-diving at ska concerts.  These dances, while
wildy popular with some, are reviled by most more traditional types.
However, Jay Vidheecharoen, [e-mail], wisely points
out that "*Stage diving on top of people who are skankin' isn't too
smart ...*"

Reggae
======

   Subject: 1.10: What about reggae?

   Reggae music is an offshoot of ska that developed in the late 1960s.
Reggae was developed out of rocksteady music, a music developed by
early ska vocalists (e.g. Laurel Aitken, Derrick Morgan, Desmond
Dekker) as audiences demanded a more *steady* beat `[TKS]' and perhaps
less all-instrumental music. (see )  Note that many reggae stars got
their start as ska musicians.  Notable examples are Bob Marley, Bunny
Wailer, Peter Tosh, Rita Marley Anderson, Toots and the Maytals,
Desmond Dekker. As the fast beat of ska mellowed through rocksteady, it
gradually led to the creation of reggae.

   As Horace Cambell wrote in `Rasta and Resistance',
     "The transition from rock steady to reggae was, like the
     transition from ska to rock steady, an impreceptible process which
     was both a response to and a reflection of the changing social
     conditions of the society.  Where rock steady had the legacy of
     singing the sex and romance songs of Jackie Opel and Lord Creator,
     reggae laid emphasis on Africa, black deliverance and redemption."
   `[RAR]'

   Note that reggae has not always been inextricably linked to
Rastafarian culture. See .

   The British band UB40, loosely associated with second-wave ska,
offers the following thoughts about the origins of reggae in their all-
cover tribute album, `Labour of Love':(1)

     "This is a selection of songs.  They represent an era. An era,
     after the first skinhead wave, when black boys were still rude
     boys and only hippies wore their hair long.  They represent reggae
     when it was first called by that name.  Reggae before it was
     discovered by cops, sociologists and TV producers.  Before it was
     claimed by lefties, liberals, punks and rastas.  Reggae was just
     another dance music and most D.J.' still sniggered at it.

     In those days, reggae appealed not to the intellect or the social
     conscience, but to the heart and hips."
   `[LL]'

   For more reggae info, check out the rec.music.reggae Usenet group.
Usenet rec.music.reggae

   The rec.music.reggae-related Jammin Reggae Archive is accessable on
the WWW from the Jammin home page, which has *moved* from the older
`jammin.nosc.mil' site and the old `orpheus.ucsd.edu' site to the new
site at www.arrowweb.com/jammin You can access the Jammin archive by
ftp, too: ftp://spectra.math.uga.edu/reggae

   ---------- Footnotes ----------

   (1)  Side note for UB40 fans:  UB40 covers Tony Tribe's 1969 version
of "Red, Red Wine," but this song was written by Neil Diamond!

Rastafarianism and Ska Music
............................

   The Wailers, for example, were not to embrace Rastafarianism until
after the 1965 visit of Jamaica by the Ethiopian emperor Selassie I,
and did not cut their first song with Rasta lyrics until 1966, with
"Rasta Ship Them Up."  In fact, Reggae's early popularity in England
was due mainly to the "Skinheads" and "skinhead reggae".  (see .)

   For more on Rastafarianism:
`"Rastafari: The Birth and Development of Cultural and Religious Resistance in Jamaica and Throughout the Rasta Migration", by Bush Doktor'
     http://ebhon.jnst.uor.edu/Users/doktor/rastapaper.html.

`"A SKETCH OF RASTAFARI HISTORY", by Norman Hugh Redington'
     http://paradigm.uor.edu/users/doktor/norman2

Skinheads
=========

   Subject: 1.11: Oi!  What about skanking skinheads?

   Skinheads, originally, come out of the same *working class* culture
as ska.  Just look at early Sixties pictures of Bob Marley, Peter Tosh
and Bunny Wailer -- they have no hair!  Skinhead culture spread more
widely in the late Sixties as more and more Jamaicans went to the UK
and influenced the White youth culture there.  These old UK bald-heads
were rude boys.  Yesterday's and today's skinhead fashion has a legacy
from Black Jamaica.  Since the first skinheads were trying to look like
shave-head rude boys, it makes all those Nazi skinhead types seem pretty
ignorant, eh?  It's a good thing they are in the minority.

   For more info see the FAQ for alt.skinheads by Sid Sowder, if you
can find it.  It no longer is being posted to the obvious places on
Usenet.  (If anyone turns up a copy of this c.1991 document, please
send it to me me.  -TCNW)

   Skinheads in the Caribbean ("Cocos pelados") are still associated
with the ska scene, as they are elsewhere.  In Puerto Rico, the ska
scene is closely tied to the skinhead *(Cabezas de Piel)* and oi scene,
according to Skarlos.

   More info on non-racist skinheads is available on the Web:
http://www-personal.ksu.edu/~lashout/skns.html, thanks to Paul
Paukstelis [e-mail], a.k.a. *Lash Out USA*.  `Lashout' seems
to be unavailable a lot, because of KSU's draconian web quota policies.
A bi-linugal, non-racist skinhead page is `Un Mode de Vie',
http://www.geocities.com/SunsetStrip/1741/.  Another good skinhead page
is `Monkey Boots', http://www.zebra.net/~mdjones/page_monkey_boots.html,
by Lisa ([e-mail]).

   For more about the "straight-edge" scence, check out
http://www.straight-edge.com/define.html.

   Skinheads can be  found on the Usenet in the newsgroup
news:alt.skinheads.  In addition, calmer skinhead conversation can be
had in the newer newsgroup news:alt.skinheads.moderated.

   There is skinhead chat on the IRC, on the Undernet, on channel
`#skinhead'.

Recommended Reading
*******************

   Subject: 1.12 Recommended Reading and Bibliography

   Recommended Reading: (see )

   The liner notes to [SB] are particularly rich, with extensive text
and great photographs.  Also, the notes for [C25] and [DD] are quite
informational.

   Amber, [e-mail], of KRUA's "This is Ska" show
recommends `Reggae Bloodlines:  In Search of the Music and Culture of
Jamaica' by Stephen Davis and Peter Simon for "a lot about classic ska,
the politics involved, the origin of Rastafarians, and a bunch of other
stuff."  If Davis and Simon leaves you hungry for more Jamaican
politics, check out a Marxist view in `Rasta and Resistance', as cited
the See .

   Also, check into the alt.skinheads, and rec.music.reggae, Usenet
groups for related topics.  The rec.music.reggae-related Jammin Reggae
Archive is accessable on the WWW from the Jammin home page:
http://www.arrowweb.com/jammin.

   There is a glossary of Jamaican terms and idioms in the book `The
Harder They Come', by Michael Thelwell (Grove Press, NY, or Pluto Press,
London, 1980).  More etymological information is available in
`Dictionary of Jamaican English', by F.  G.  Cassidy and R.  B.  Le
Page (Oxford University Press).  The novelization of `The Harder They
Come' has also been recommended as a tool for understanding Jamacain
patois and culture.  You can find a patois dictionary on the WWW at:
Patois Dictionary.  Another can be found at
http://www.willamette.edu/~tjones/languages/rasta-lang.html.

   For more information on Jamaican culture, you could check out the
gopher and WWW servers at the University of West Indies, Mona, in
Jamaica, University of West Indies Mona Home Page,
http://www.uwimona.edu.jm/.

   [e-mail] recommends: "a really good book on Reggae, Ska,
Calypso, and other forms of Caribbean music:" `Cut `n' Mix', by Dick
Hebdige.  "It explains the heritage of these forms of music and talks
of some of the more renowned original artists.  The second part of the
book gives a full account of the Rise and Fall of the Two-Tone label
and movement in England.  It's published by Comedia and the ISBN is
#0-415-05875-9." Thanks, Sappy!

   Total Madness - you list it as Complete Madness, but that's a
mistake.  It's by George Marshall and traces the history of the band
from their very early days to their reunion concerts.  Includes full
discography and colour photos.

   Boss Sounds - Classic Skinhead Reggae - by Marc Griffiths, this book
is the first ever referencew guide to reggae from 1967 to 1972.
Includes loads on ska and ska artists too.

   Spirit Of '69 - A Skinhead Bible - also by George Marshall traces
the history of the skinhead cult from the Sixties right up to today.
So there's plenty of ska in it, plus a chapter on 2 Tone.

   Skinhead Nation - George Marshall's follow up to Spirit Of '69,
again with plenty of ska references.

   The Two Tone Story - Actually this is George Marshall's first book,
but it has just been revised and published again.  Loads of info on The
Specials, The Selecter, The English Beat and so on.

   You're Wondering Now - Paul William's guide to all things connected
with The Specials.

   All of the above books are available from Moon or Taang! in the USA.
For a free catalogue anyone can e-mail S.T. Publishing at stpbooks.com
or can write to S.T. Publishing, P.O. Box 12, Lockerbie, Dumfriesshire.
DG11 3BW.  Scotland.

Bibliography
************

Cited Sources
-------------

"[SB]"
     "Ska Bonanza: The Studio One Years," Various Artists, Heartbeat
     CD: HB 86/87, (1992).  Liner notes by Julian Jingles (JJ) and
     Chris Wilson (CW).

"[C25]"
     "Celebration: Twenty Five Years Of Trojan Records," Various
     Artists, Trojan Records CDTRD 413, (1991).  Liner notes by Laurence
     Cane-Honeysett.

"[DD]"
     "The Best of Desmond Dekker: Rockin' Steady," Desmond Dekker,
     Rhino Records R2 70271, (1992).  Liner notes by Harry Young.

"[LL]"
     "Labour of Love," UB40, Virgin/A&M Records, CD4980, (1983).  Liner
     notes by the band.

"[HSBR]"
     "The History of Ska, Blue Beat and Reggae," Various Artists,
     Esoldun S.A.R.L./Blue Beat REG 101, (1992).  Liner notes by Delroy
     Sion Eccles.

"[TKS]"
     "Two Knights of Ska: Derrick and Laurel," Derrick Morgan and
     Laurel Aitken, Unicorn Records PHZD-61, (1992).  Liner notes
     anonymous.

"[RAR]"
     "Rasta and Resistance," by Horace Campbell, Africa World Press,
     Inc., P.O. Box 1892, Trenton, New Jersey 08607, USA, (1987).

"[RPM]"
     "RPM" A Ska museletter.  (see .)

Uncited Sources
---------------

"[AMS]"
     `alt.music.ska', various postings.   This was become the largest
     source of info for this FAQ through 1995.


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End of FAQ: Ska (alt.music.ska) Frequently Asked Questions: Part 1
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