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- From: david@cn.net.au (David Novak)
- Newsgroups: comp.patents,comp.answers,news.answers
- Subject: Patent Research FAQ v.2.2
- Approved: news-answers-request@MIT.EDU
- Followup-To: poster
- Summary: Patent Research: guidance, advice & links.
- Originator: faqserv@penguin-lust.MIT.EDU
- Date: 17 Apr 2004 11:28:22 GMT
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- Archive-name: internet/patent-research-faq
- Posting-Frequency: monthly
- Last-modified: Mar 02 2000
- URL: http://spireproject.com
- Copyright: (c) 2000 David Novak
- Maintainer: David Novak <david@cn.net.au>
-
- Patent Research FAQ
-
- Welcome. This FAQ introduces the tools and concepts used in patent
- research. We are covering the process of locating comparable patents -
- not the legal process of patent protection.
-
- This FAQ resides at SpireProject.com/patfaq.txt
- SpireProject.co.uk/patfaq.txt and http://cn.net.au/patfaq.txt
-
- This FAQ is just a small part of a much larger effort to help you with
- information research. The Spire Project is available as 3 website,
- mirrors, zip-file, and 3 other faqs. I have included here a text version
- ofour patent research (http://cn.net.au/patents.htm).
-
- Enjoy,
- David Novak - david@cn.net.au
- The Spire Project : SpireProject.com, SpireProject.co.uk, Cn.net.au
-
- Patent Research
-
-
- A patent discloses certain facts about a commercially important
- invention in exchange for certain rights to exploit the invention. This
- is a little simplistic, but explains why patents are factual, unique
- from other research resources, and a little vague in certain specifics.
- (See a sample a sample US patent[1], Australian patent[2], and this
- brief description[3].)
-
- This article first addresses the most useful free databases, then
- describes national patent agency resources, commercial patent databases,
- then other commercial services. At the end of this article, we describe
- patent classification and patent search strategy.
-
- [1]
-
- Internet
-
-
-
- Free Patent Databases
-
- These databases are freely available online:
-
- [4] The US Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO[89]) provides a US Patent
- Bibliographic database at patents.uspto.gov[4] with full use of fields,
- date and abstract text searching. Choose between their boolean
- search[5], advanced (field) search[6] or by US patent number[7]. They
- also maintain a fulltext [US] Aids Patent Database and other resources.
-
- [43] The IBM's Patent Server is a public service providing a different
- patent database[43] of US Patent abstracts. The IBM service is similar
- but different from the USPTO service - certainly not less powerful.
-
- [8] The Canadian Intellectual Property Office (CIPO[9]) maintains the
- Canadian Patent Bibliographic Database[8] which extends from '89 to the
- present. Abstracts are not provided. Descriptive info is here[8].
-
- [9] The Japanese Patent Office (www.jpo-miti.go.jp[9]) has a searchable
- database of Japanese patent abstracts[10], which includes the patent
- number, title, inventor, company, and abstract of the patent.
-
-
-
- There are more free patent databases - but each is limited and not as
- research-worthy. Consider also the Internet Patent Search System[11].
- Gregory Aharonian (remember patents@world.std.com?) currently delivers
- US Patent titles retrieved by class/subclass. He also delivers Patent
- abstract retrieval using patent numbers (but currently from 1981 to
- 1989). As you now know, patent.uspto.gov also delivers abstract
- retrieval, but I like the more minimal title lists here.
-
- Library
-
-
- Patent libraries are an important and cost-effective patent resource.
-
-
- Australia
-
- IP Australia (www.ipaustralia.gov.au[4]) (formerly the Australian
- Industrial Property Organisation (AIPO)) has a patent library in each
- state capital[13]. Each library provides free access to the APAS
- database (Australian Patent Abstract Search) and includes a complete
- microfiche copy of all Australian patents and the Australian Official
- Journal of Patents, Trademarks & Designs (the official Australian patent
- gazette).
-
- Most offices also hold US Patents on microfiche!, so the free US patent
- databases will also interest you. Staff will help you use the APAS
- database, arranged for free text searching by International Patent
- Classification.
-
- [13] A particularly useful service by IP Australia is the delivery of
- copies of many foreign patents for AU$15. You will need the patent
- number, country and title for this.
-
-
-
-
- United States
-
- The US Patent and Trade Mark Organization (USPTO[89]) has the Patent and
- Trademark Depository Library Program (PTDL's[21]) - which places the
- CASSIS database (The USPTO patent abstract database on CD-rom) and US
- patents around the US. Here is a list of sites[20].
-
- US Full text Images are not visible on most web browsers. The images are
- in 300 dpi TIFF format. To view, get a free TIFF browser plugin for your
- browser.
- a) Try CPC light[12] or AlternaTIFF[13]
- b) Consult this list[14] at the USPTO.
-
- Further, the USPTO provides US Patent Bibliographic & fulltext (with
- images) databases online[4] with full use of fields, date and abstract
- text searching. Choose between their boolean search[5], advanced (field)
- search[6] or by US patent number[7]. The IBM's Patent Server provides a
- different patent database[43] of US Patent abstracts.
-
- [7] If you have the US patent #, retrieve the abstract from the
- USPTO[4]:
-
- [15] US patent libraries also hold the Official Gazette of the U.S.
- Patent and Trademark Office, The official US patent gazette.
- Importantly, the gazette is fully online[15], and searchable from
- 1995-98.
-
-
-
- United Kingdom
-
- The [UK] Patent Office (www.patent.gov.uk[16]) provides for the Patents
- Information Network (PIN[23]) which hosts patent information in the UK.
- This page includes a clickable map[23]. The British Library is one
- listed source of UK patents (further information online[17]) and
- delivers some patent services.
-
-
-
-
- Canada
-
- The Canadian Intellectual Property Office (CIPO) (cipo.gc.ca[9])
- produces the Canadian Patent Index (CPI). They also publish The Patent
- Office Record, Canada's official patent gazette.
-
- [8] CIPO maintains a free Canadian Patent Fulltext Database[8]. This
- database is on par with the US Patent Database, with perhaps even better
- searching technology. Fielded & boolean searches are possible and
- abstracts, claims & pdf files are retrieved. Read this database
- overview[18] then use their advanced search[19].
-
-
-
-
- Other Countries
-
- There are many more national & international patent organizations.
- Intitut National de la Propriete Industrielle[49] [France]
- World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO)[20]
- European Patent Office[21]
-
- If you need to find other sites, consider reviewing this list by IP
- Australia[22], the USPTO[23], and David Wareing[24].
-
- [25] CSIRO keeps a list of addresses for European Patent Libraries[25]
-
-
-
-
- Commercial
-
-
- One of the most invaluable resources in serious patent research is
- access to several of the very large commercial patent databases.
-
-
- Commercial Patent Databases
-
- Lexis-Nexis (www.lexis-nexis.com[51]) retails several patent databases.
- Thanks to Patscan (University of British Columbia), we also a guide to
- searching patents on Lexis-Nexis[26].
-
- The Dialog Corporation (www.dialog.com[44]) retails a collection of
- patent databases including:
- Derwent World Patents Index[27] [Files 351,352,280]
- INPADOC[28]
- CLAIMS/U.S. PATENTS[29] [Files 340,341,942]
- EUROPEAN PATENTS FULLTEXT[30] [FILE 348]
- and others
-
- Cassis Database no details at this moment.
-
- A little more information can be found with the Patent Guide to using
- CASSIS[31], at the University of Michigan.
-
- Derwent Scientific and Patent Information (www.derwent.co.uk) is a
- prominent publisher of Patent and scientific information including
- commercial databases.
-
- Questel-Orbit (www.questel.orbit.com[54]) also retails patent databases,
- but we have not explored this venue yet.
-
- CAS/STN (www.cas.org[17]) retails a collection of patent databases
- including:
- Chemical Patents Plus[32] for U.S. Chemical patents
-
-
-
- In addition to the database retailers and producers, there is a lively
- industry of patent services.
-
- Patent Libraries : One source of patent assistance is, of course, the
- distributed patent libraries in each country. In addition to assistance
- with lodging patent documents, each library provides free access to
- bibliographical databases, and in the case of Australia, full text US
- and Australian patents on microfiche. IP Australia will also, for AU$15,
- retrieve most full patents from other countries (given a patent number,
- country & title).
-
- PATSCAN (www.library.ubc.ca/patscan[33]) within the University of
- British Columbia, provides patent search and retrieval services through
- databases like MicroPatent, the European Patent Office and others.
-
- QPAT (www.qpat.com[34]) offers full text patent searching for paying
- subscribers and free front page information of all U.S. patents issued
- since 1974 for people who register.
-
- MicroPatent (www.micropat.com[29]) offers limited recent patent
- searching and downloading of patent images for a fee. They have a
- registration system for the free service.
-
- Conclusion
-
-
- 3 Second Summary:
- Free internet patent databases exist for US, Canada, Japan & Australia.
- A better search strategy makes use of patent classifications.
- Patents are legalistic, with delays & delayed coverage in other countries.
-
- Until recently, the legal profession has had a complete monopoly on
- patent work. As you can see, this need no longer be the case. Casual
- researchers will find the free patent databases easy to use, and more
- experienced researchers should not be dissuaded from searching the
- commercial databases or patent libraries themselves. The very large
- commercial databases, like Inpadoc, are particularly easy to use.
-
- Of course, there are occasions when patent searches are critical, and
- experts should be sought. Certainly legal assistance is required if you
- are preparing to lodge your own patent, but patent data as a source of
- information is another matter.
-
- Strategy
-
-
-
- Patent Classification All patents are given a special number.
- Unfortunately, each country has a distinct numbering scheme: US patents
- are assigned a consecutive patent number (currently 5 million+).
- Australian patents have an alphanumeral which includes the year.
- Canadian patents are numbered.
-
- Above these numbering systems, we have the International Patent
- Classification (IPC), by the World Intellectual Property Organization
- (WIPO[20]). Most every country uses the IPC to classify patents, save
- the US. US Patent Classification is similar in many ways.
-
- International Patent Classification
-
- Thanks to the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), the
- International Patent Classification (IPC) works as a universal
- classification for patents. Started in 1975 and periodically updated, we
- currently use IPC 6th Edition (1994). Work on IPC 7th Edition is well
- advanced.
-
- Section, Class & Group. The International Patent Classification looks
- like this:
- At the heart of the IPC is the unique coding of every invention by its
- specific form or function. The system is highly specific and logical,
- and includes numerous cross-references to other codes of similar form or
- function. Think of this as the Dewey Decimal System for patents.
-
- The first letter is the section - one of eight broad categories labeled
- A through G. A represents Human Necessities. B covers Transport.
-
- Each section is divided into Classes. Each class includes two numbers.
- In addition, each class is divided into subclasses, the letters which
- follow the first number.
-
- Each subclass is then divided into groups and subgroups. The number
- before the slash is the group, the number after the slash is the
- subgroup. Subgroups only have two digits, with further numbers
- considered as resting behind a decimal point: 3/46 then 3/464, then
- 3/47.
-
- Thus A 47 J 27/09 includes the safety device on your rice cooker and B
- 63 G 11/00 covers your various aircraft carriers.
-
- The IPC system is fully described in these published directories: The
- Official Catchword Index by World Intellectual Property Organization.
- International Patent Classification : Guide, Survey of Classes & Summary
- of Main Groups
- International Patent Classification : Section G - Physics
- International Patent Classification : Guide
-
- Thanks to the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), these
- full documents are online (see this page[35]). We now have direct access
- to the International Patent Classification (6th Edition):
- Official Catchword Index[36], Guide to the IPC[37], and the complete
- Class and Section books[38].
-
- Note: The International Patent Classification includes plenty of
- internal references - indicating this group is similar to another group;
- motorized boats take precedence over boat function. These internal
- references are important to effectively searching databases. There is
- more to the IPC, and we strongly recommend you read the Introductory
- Manual to the International Patent Classification (IPC)[39] found on the
- WIPO website.
-
- US. Patent Classification
-
- US Patents are classified with 400+ main classes and thousands of
- subclasses. Sound similar to the International Patent Classification? It
- is. US patents are numbered sequentially.
-
- This means you can find US patents: by full text searching through the
- USPTO database CASSIS (found at US patent libraries), by bibliographic &
- abstract text searching online through the USPTO or IBM Patent Library,
- by US Patent number,by US Patent Classification class & subclass - to
- list similar patents,by an effective combination search (see patent
- research strategy),by the searching recent notices in the Official
- Gazette... available online. The USPTO allows you to search or browse
- the US Manual of Classification[4] online. The Internet Patent Search
- System[40] lets you to browse US Patent titles by class/subclass.
-
- A little more information can be found with the Patent Guide to using
- CASSIS[31], at the University of Michigan.
-
- Patent Search Strategies Here are the avenues open to you:
-
- 1_ Full text searching and retrieval through a commercial database.
- 2_ Free bibliographic & abstract searching online followed by selective
- patent perusal/ordering.
- 3_ Paging manually through the relevant official gazette (the US gazette
- is searchable[15]).
- 4_ Retrieval of the titles & abstracts within appropriate class/subclass
- then selective review and patent perusal/ordering.
-
- This last avenue is particularly resourceful and swift. Start by
- reaching for The Official Catchword Index [here[36]], a book by World
- Intellectual Property Organization. This will tell you the possible
- class/subclasses which will interest you. You could word-search a patent
- database and note all the class/subclasses found. Lastly, you can always
- reach for the three separate printed guides which lead you from section
- to subclass.
-
- The result should be a collection of class/subclasses which may interest
- you.
-
- With this information, you can now browse all the patents in the
- class/subclass. This process will help you locate all the patents which
- may interest you since patent classification is more reliable than free
- text search. (Note, both British and American spelling appears in patent
- databases.) This also allows you to quickly review the patents in other
- countries.
-
- If you are undertaking a novelty search - is a patent sufficiently
- unique from other existing patents - then you must review more than one
- country. There can be a significant delay before patent applications
- reach other countries without affecting the protection. Case in point:
- Australia only accounts for 7% of the world's patents.
-
-
-
- Further Search Strategy
-
- [39] Patent search strategy is further discussed in the Introductory
- Manual to the International Patent Classification (IPC)[39] found on the
- WIPO website.
-
- [41] You may also wish to reach Searching for patents[41] from the
- University of Michigan, and Patents[42] by Simon Fraser University
- Libraries.
-
-
-
-
-
- This article comes from The Spire Project.
- Advice welcome : email david@cn.net.au
- [1] [2] http://www.ipaustralia.gov.au/ip/examples/P_case2.htm
- [3] http://www.ipaustralia.gov.au/patents/P_home.htm
- [4] http://patents.uspto.gov
- [5] http://patents.uspto.gov/access/search-bool.html
- [6] http://patents.uspto.gov/access/search-adv.html
- [7] http://patents.uspto.gov/access/search-num.html
- [8] http://Patents1.ic.gc.ca/intro-e.html
- [9] http://www.jpo-miti.go.jp
- [10] http://www.jpo-miti.go.jp/homee.htm
- [11] http://metalab.unc.edu/patents/intropat.html
- [12] http://www.cartesianinc.com/Products/CPCLite
- [13] http://www.mieweb.com/alternatiff
- [14] http://www.uspto.gov/patft/images.htm
- [15] http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/com/sol/og
- [16] http://www.patent.gov.uk
- [17] http://www.bl.uk/services/sris/patents.html
- [18] http://patents1.ic.gc.ca/overview-e.html
- [19] http://patents1.ic.gc.ca/srch_adv-e.html
- [20] http://www.wipo.org
- [21] http://www.european-patent-office.org
- [22] http://www.ipaustralia.gov.au/library/L_resrc7.htm
- [23] http://www.uspto.gov/web/menu/other.html
- [24] http://www.aber.ac.uk/~dgw/patent.htm
- [25] http://www.cis.csiro.au/cis/lib/patlibs.html
- [26] http://www.library.ubc.ca/patscan/lexis.html
- [27] http://library.dialog.com/bluesheets/html/bl0351.html#AB
- [28] http://library.dialog.com/bluesheets/html/bl0345.html#AB
- [29] http://library.dialog.com/bluesheets/html/bl0340.html#AB
- [30] http://library.dialog.com/bluesheets/html/bl0348.html#AB
- [31] http://www.ummu.umich.edu/library/PTO/newCASSIS.html
- [32] http://casweb.cas.org/chempatplus
- [33] http://www.library.ubc.ca/patscan
- [34] http://www.qpat.com
- [35] http://www.wipo.org/eng/clssfctn/ipc/intro.htm
- [36] http://www.wipo.int/eng/clssfctn/ipc/ipc6en/nfcatch/index.htm
- [37] http://www.wipo.int/eng/clssfctn/ipc/ipc6en/guide/ent00001.htm
- [38] http://www.wipo.org/eng/clssfctn/ipc/ipc6en/index.htm
- [39] http://www.wipo.org/eng/general/ipc/manual
- [40] http://metalab.unc.edu/patents/intropat.html#Manual
- [41] http://www.ummu.umich.edu/library/PTO/newpatsearch.html
- [42] http://www.lib.sfu.ca/kiosk/nelles/patents.htm
- __________________________________________________
-
- Copyright (c) 1999 by David Novak, all rights reserved.
- This FAQ may be posted to any USENET newsgroup, on-line service,
- website, or BBS as long as it is posted unaltered in its entirety
- including this copyright statement. This FAQ may not be included in
- commercial collections or compilations without express permission from
- the author. Permission requests to david@cn.net.au
-
- Legalities: Information supplied here is put forward in good faith and
- entirely without expressed or implied warranty or fitness for use. The
- contents of this faq is simply a collection of information gathered from
- many sources with little or no editorial or factual checking. Further,
- this information are the thoughts of the authors alone and may not
- represent the beliefs of Community Networking or any sponsoring
- organization. Should you find a mistake or claim copyright infringement,
- please contact David Novak of Community Networking.
- -----------------------------------
- David Novak - david@cn.net.au
-
-