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- From: sharon@comlab.ox.ac.uk (Sharon)
- Newsgroups: soc.support.fat-acceptance,alt.support.big-folks,soc.answers,alt.answers,news.answers
- Subject: Research Concerning Big Folks FAQ
- Followup-To: soc.support.fat-acceptance
- Date: 8 Jun 1998 11:34:04 GMT
- Organization: Oxford University Computing Laboratory
- Lines: 811
- Approved: news-answers-request@MIT.EDU
- Message-ID: <6lgi7c$apm$1@news.ox.ac.uk>
- Reply-To: sharon@comlab.ox.ac.uk
- NNTP-Posting-Host: client34.comlab.ox.ac.uk
- Summary: This posting contains a list of Frequently Asked
- Questions (and their answers) about various types of research
- conducted on and about fat people. This includes medical,
- social, and other kinds of research.
- People interested in this information may find more useful
- information in soc.support.fat-acceptance.
- Xref: senator-bedfellow.mit.edu soc.support.fat-acceptance:41257 alt.support.big-folks:40104 soc.answers:9958 alt.answers:34596 news.answers:131987
-
- Archive-name: fat-acceptance-faq/research
- Posting-Frequency: monthly to *.answers, bi-weekly to
- soc.support.fat-acceptance and alt.support.big-folks
- Last-modified: January 7th, 1997
- Version: 2.0
-
- Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)
- about Research Concerning Big Folks
-
-
- This document contains information about research concerning
- fat people, on a variety of topics.
-
- If you don't find what you're looking for here, try one of the related
- FAQs (see question B1 for a complete list).
-
- --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
- Changes from Last Version
-
- Added various references by Garn:
- one in section A1, which discusses the issue of what a "healthy" weight is,
- one in section A2, which relates blood pressure to fatness,
- one in section A5, about the mortality of men in the West of Scotland.
-
- I'm still collecting information.
- Please do send any info you have. The URL is
- http://www.comlab.ox.ac.uk/oucl/users/sharon.curtis/BigFolks/research_FAQ.html
- --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
- Contents
-
- SECTION A: FAQ about research concerning fat people
-
- What research is there on...
- A1) The Great Weight Debate
- A2) Various Illnesses/Conditions and Fat People
- A3) Conception and Pregnancy for Fat Women
- A4) Causes of Obesity
- A5) Life Expectancy of Fat People
- A6) Fatness and Fitness
- A7) Social Aspects of Fatness
- A8) Weight Change in Fat People
- A9) Eating Disorders and Obesity
-
- SECTION B: Information about this FAQ
-
- B1) Are there other related FAQs?
- B2) Posting information
- B3) Availability of the FAQ
- B4) Contributors
-
- --------------------------------------------------------------------
- --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
- SECTION A: FAQ about research concerning fat people
-
- A1) The Great Weight Debate
-
- [AB] R.P.Abernathy & D.R.Black:
- "Is adipose tissue oversold as a health risk?"
- Journal of the American Dietetic Association, June 1994,
- vol. 94, no. 6, pp. 641--644.
-
- [DM]
- "Is Obesity Hazardous to Your Health?"
- see Debates in Medicine, Yearbook medical publishers, 1989 vol. 2, pp. 102--137
-
- [EH] P.Ernsberger & P.Haskew:
- "Health implications for obesity: An alternative view"
- Journal of Obesity and Weight Regulation, 1987, vol. 6, pp. 58--137
-
- [Garn] S.M.Garn
- "Fractionating healthy weight"
- American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, March 1996 vol.63, no.3,
- Supplement pp. 412S--414S
- Discusses what a healthy weight is, considering the criteria
- used to define healthy, and that a weight advantageous for one
- respect may be disadvantageous for another.
-
- [GW] D.M.Garner & S.C.Wooley:
- "Confronting the Failure of Behavioral and Dietary Treatments for Obesity",
- Clinical Psychology Review, 1991, vol.11, pp. 729--780
- Excellent long survey article, with many references to
- research on the subject. Points out that diets are mostly
- successful in the short term, but very ineffective in the long
- term. Instead recommendations are made for improving the
- lifestyle, health risk factors, body image and self-esteem
- of fat people without requiring weightloss.
-
- [Jhsn] F.E.Johnson:
- "Health Implications of Childhood Obesity"
- Annals of Internal Medicine, 1985, vol. 103, p1068
- Just discusses the subject, with no stunning results.
- Remembers to mention the social and psychological
- implications.
-
- [Mall] M.J. Mallick:
- "Health Hazards of Obesity and Weight Control
- in Children: A Review of the Literature"
- American Journal of Public Health, 1983, vol. 73, pp. 78--82
-
- --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
- A2) Various Illnesses/Conditions and Fat People
-
- [Blo+] Bloom, Yano, Curb, Reed & MacLean:
- "Smoking cessation and incidence of coronary heart disease"
- CVD Epidemiology Newsletter (AHA), 1987, vol. 41, p. 36
-
- [CS]
- "Gallstones."
- from Clinical Symposia, 1988, vol. 40, no. 2
-
- [Des] J.P.Deslypere
- "Obesity and Cancer"
- Metabolism, Sept, 1995, vol. 44, no. 9, supp. 3, pp. 24--27
- Obesity is a risk factor for some forms of cancer, but there
- are also other risk factors, such as distribution of fat,
- hormone levels (fat people have more estrogen), a high-fat
- low-fibre diet. They also take a look at the risk of breast
- cancer, and it's difficult to see if obesity plays a role as
- there are many other risk factors.
- Obese people get less lung cancer.
-
- [DGU] J.Dequeker, P.Goris and R.Uytterhoeven:
- "Osteoporosis and osteoarthritis (osteoarthrosis). Anthropometric
- distinctions"
- Journal of the American Medical Association,
- March 18th, 1983, vol. 249, no. 11, pp. 1448--1451
- 27 women with osteoporosis and 25 women with general
- arthritis were studied. The former were shorter, more slender
- and had less fat and muscle, whereas the latter were fatter
- with more muscle mass and strength.
-
- [Egu+] G.Egusa, W.F.Beltz, S.M.Grundy, B.V.Howard
- "Influence of obesity on the metabolism of apolipoprotein B in humans"
- The Journal of Clinical Investigation, August 1985, vol 76, no. 2,
- pp. 596--603
- Does have some interesting individual statistics that show
- how much metabolism can vary from person to person.
-
- [EN] P.Ernsberger and D.O.Nelson:
- "Refeeding hypertension in dietary obesity"
- American Journal of Physiology, 1988, vol. 254, pp. R47--R55
-
- [Fel+] Felman et al.:
- "Obesity and knee osteoarthritis: The Framingham Study"
- Annals of Internal Medicine, July 1st 1988, vol. 109, no. 1, pp. 18--24
- The objective was to determine whether obesity is a possible
- cause for knee osteoarthritis. They found an increased risk
- for men in the heaviest quintile, and an increased risk for
- women in the heaviest and second-heaviest quintiles. They
- conclude that obesity or as yet unknown factors associated
- with obesity are risk factors for knee osteoarthritis.
-
- [GSH] S.M.Garn, T.V.Sullivan and V.M.Hawthorne
- "Effect of skinfold levels on lipids and blood pressure in younger
- and older adults"
- Journal of Gerontology, 1988, vol.43, no.6, pp. M170--4
- They studied 5507 white participants, specifically looking at
- three groups: older adolescents, younger adults and older adults.
- In all three groups, they found that the fatter people (measured by
- skinfold measurements) had higher blood pressure levels (systolic and
- diastolic), and also higher in serum cholesterol and serum
- triglycerides.
-
- [HG] E.C. Hammond and L. Garfinkel:
- "Coronary heart disease, stroke, and anortic aneurysm: Factors in etiology"
- Archives of Environmental Health, vol. 19, pp. 167--182
-
- [Keys] A.Keys:
- "Overweight, obesity, coronary heart disease, and mortality: the
- W.O. Atwater Memorial Lecture"
- Progress in Clinical Biology Research, 1981, vol. 67, pp. 31--46
-
- [Lis+] Lissner, Odell, D'Agostino, et al:
- "Framingham Heart Study"
- New England Journal of Medicine, 1991, vol. 324, pp. 1839--1844
-
- [Man+] Manson, Colditz, Stampfer, Willett, Rosner, Monson, Speizer & Hennekenes:
- "A prospective study of obesity and risk of coronary heart disease
- in women"
- New England Journal of Medicine, 1990, vol. 322, pp. 882--889
-
- [PLKB] Pettitt et al.:
- "Mortality as a function of obesity and diabetes mellitus"
- American Journal of Epidemiology 1981, vol.115, no.3, pp. 359--366
- 2197 Pima Indians were studied. For men, they had the highest
- mortality risk at BMI more than 40, but BMI had no effect at lower
- BMIs; diabetes was not related to mortality.
- For women, death rates were not consistently related to fatness,
- although diabetics had a higher risk than non-diabetics.
-
- [RBSJ] E. Ravussin, B. Burnand, Y. Schutz, E. Jequier:
- "Twenty-four-hour energy expenditure and resting metabolic rate in
- obese, moderately obese, and control subjects"
- American Journal of Clinical Nutrition March 1982
- vol. 35, no. 3, pp. 566--573
- Examined 30 subjects either lean, moderately obese and obese,
- and compared resting metabolic rates and 24-hr energy expenditures.
- Obese people had higher resting rates and 24-hr energy expenditures.
- So large people don't just have a greater 24-hr EE just because
- they have to move more weight around, they use more energy when
- sitting still too, the study suggests this is due to more muscle
- in the obese.
-
- [RTP] C. Ribot, F. Tremollieres, J. M. Pouilles:
- "The effect of obesity on postmenopausal bone loss and the risk of
- osteoporosis"
- Advances in Nutritional Research, 1994, vol. 9, pp. 257--271
-
- [Sto+] C. Stout et al,:
- "Unusually Low Incidence of Death from Myocardial Infarction..."
- Journal of the American Medical Association, 1964, vol. 188, pp. 845--849
-
- [Su+] Su et al.:
- "Effect of weight loss on blood pressure and insulin resistance in
- normotensive and hypertensive obese individuals"
- American Journal of Hypertension, 1995, vol.8, no.11, pp. 1067--1071
- 22 people, 11 with high blood pressure were studied. Over
- 3 months both groups lost 8kg on average. Blood pressure
- and insulin resistance was lowered in both groups.
-
- [VVVV] J.L.van Saase, J.P.Vandenbroucke, L.k.van Romunde & H.A.Valkenburg
- "Osteoarthritis and obesity in the general population. A relationship
- calling for an explanation."
- Journal of Rheumatology, July 1988, vol. 15, no. 7, pp. 1152--1158
- 20 joints and groups of joints, weight-bearing and
- non-weight-bearing were investigated in 1071 men and 1097
- women in the Netherlands. Osteoarthritis was positively
- associated with obesity in weight-bearing and non-weight-bearing
- joints.
-
- [WCBP] R.B.Wallace, C.Rost, L.F.Burmeister, P.R.Pomrehn
- "Cancer incidence in humans: relationship to plasma lipids and
- relative weight"
- Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 1982, vol.68, no.6, pp.915--918
- Of a group of 5565 people in a cardiovascular screening program,
- 131 had cancer, and were matched individually to non-cancer
- people. The cancer patients had lower mean weight.
-
- --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
- A3) Conception and Pregnancy in Fat Women
-
- [GSK] T.Gross, R.J.Sokol & K.C.King:
- "Obesity in pregnancy: risks and outcome"
- Obstetrics and Gynecology, October 1980, vol. 56, no. 4, pp. 446--450
- This studied 2746 consecutive deliveries, 279 of whom were
- obese. Those in the obese group were at increased risk
- before birth (increased frequencies of chronic hypertension,
- inadequate pregnancy weight gain, twin gestation and
- diabetes mellitus). They also had slightly longer gestations.
- Infant outcome was similar for obese and non-obese mothers
- (similar Apgar scores and perinatal infant mortality).
-
- [IM+] Isaacs et al.:
- "Obstetric challenges of massive obesity complicating pregnancy"
- Journal of Perinatology, Jan-Feb 1994, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 10--14
-
- [LT+] Le Thai et al.:
- "Grossesse et obesite. A propos d'une etude cas-temoins de 140 cas
- (Pregnancy and obesity. A case control study of 140 cases)"
- Journal de Gynecologie, Obstetrique et Reproduction Biologique 1992,
- vol. 21, no. 5, pp. 563--567
-
- [SVS] Gary M. Shaw, Ellen M. Velie, Donna Schaffer:
- "Risk of Neural Tube Defect-Affected Pregnancies Among Obese Women"
- Journal of the American Medical Association 1996, vol.275, pp. 1093--1096
-
- [WLSM] Martha M. Werler, Carol Louik, Samuel Shapiro, Allen A. Mitchell:
- "Prepregnant Weight in Relation to Risk of Neural Tube Defects"
- Journal of the American Medical Association 1996, vol.275, pp. 1089--1092
-
- [Zaa+] B.M.Zaadstra et al.
- "Fat and female fecundity: prospective study of effect of body
- fat distribution on conception rates",
- British Medical Journal, February 1993, vol. 306, no. 6876, pp. 484--7
- 542 women were studied at a fertility clinic in the
- Netherlands. They found that a larger waist-hip ratio led to
- a decrease in fertility.
- Also they found that underweight women were slightly slower
- to conceive than average weight women. Obese women were as
- fast to conceive as average weight women, but the conception
- rate was noticeably reduced for very obese women (BMI > 38),
- lower than the underweight group.
- They concluded than body fat distribution had more impact on
- fertility than age or obesity.
-
- --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
- A4) Causes of Obesity
-
- [BYD] G.A.Bray, B.York, J.Delany
- "A survey of the opinions of obesity experts on the causes and treatment
- of obesity"
- American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, January 1992, vol 55 (Supp 1),
- pp. 151S--154S
- They surveyed opinions of 50 obesity researchers, from Europe
- and North America. Overall, genetic factors were considered to
- be the most important cause of obesity.
- The women tended to view lack of physical activity, carbohyrate
- cravings and weight cycling as more significant than the men
- did. Opinions as to treatments varied. Women preferred exercise
- more highly; older researchers preferred low fat diets more
- highly. All thought that serotonergic and thermogenic drugs were
- effective, and that their usefulness would increase over the next
- decade.
-
- [Borj] M.Borjeson:
- "The etiology of obesity in children"
- Acta Pediatrica Scandinavia, 1976, vol. 65, 279--287
-
- [Pri+] R.A.Price, R.J.Cadoret, A.J.Stunkard, E.Troughton:
- "Genetic contributions to human fatness: An adoption study"
- American Journal of Psychiatry, 1987, vol. 144, pp. 1003--1008
-
- [St+1] A.J.Stunkard et al.:
- "An Adoption Study of Human Obesity",
- New England Journal of Medicine, 1986, vol. 314, pp. 193--198
-
- [St+2] A.J.Stunkard et al.,:
- "A Twin study of Human Obesity",
- Journal of the American Medical Association, July 1986, vol. 256, pp. 51--54
-
- [SHPM] A.J.Stunkard & J.R.Harris & N.L.Pederson & G.E.McClearn:
- "The body-mass index of twins who have been reared apart",
- New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 322, 1483--1487
- They point out that it is known there is a genetic contribution
- (studies of twins and adoptees/biological parents show
- correlations, but not adoptees/adopting parents) but the
- question is how much. They studied 93 identical twins
- raised apart, 154 identical twins raised together, 218
- fraternal twins raised apart and 208 fraternal twins raised
- together (Swedish twins), and for the identical twins
- raised apart, the intra-pair correlation coefficient was
- 0.70 for men, 0.66 for women. They conclude the genetic
- contribution is substantial.
-
-
- --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
- A5) Life Expectancy of Fat People
-
- [Bla+] Blair, Kohl, Paffenbarger, Clark, Cooper & Gibbons:
- "Physical Fitness and All-Cause Mortality. A Prospective Study of
- Healthy Men and Women"
- Journal of the American Medical Association, 1989, vol. 262, pp. 2395--2401
- 10224 men and 3120 women were studied. Fitness was measured
- by a treadmill, and average follow-up was 8 years per person.
- The study looks as various factors such as cholesterol,
- systolic blood pressure, BMI. Results show that low fitness
- is a big risk factor for men and women. Tables looking at
- BMI, fitness and mortality rates show for both men and women
- the highest risk amonst thin unfit people. Those with BMI below
- 20 had a higher mortality risk, where as BMI 20-25 had a similar
- risk to those with BMI > 25. Fitness consistently reduced
- mortality risk regardless of age or gender or BMI.
-
- [DBSJ] E.J.Drenick, G.S.Bale, F.Seltzer and D.G.Johnson:
- "Excessive Mortality and Causes of Death in Morbidly Obese Men"
- Journal of the American Medical Association, 1980, vol. 243, pp. 443--445
- See the review in section A8.
-
- [GHPP] S.M.Garn, V.M.Hawthorne, J.J.Pilkington and S.D.Pesick
- "Fatness and mortality in the West of Scotland"
- American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, August 1983 vol.38, no.2, pp. 313--319
- The researchers studied mortality data over 16 years, for men aged
- 45 to 75, from the West of Scotland. The lean had a higher mortality
- rate than the obese. Obese men tended to show more deaths due to
- heart problems, and lean men tended to show more deaths due to
- cancer. The adverse effects of smoking were also clearly seen here.
-
- [Keys] A.Keys:
- "Overweight, obesity, coronary heart disease, and mortality: the
- W.O. Atwater Memorial Lecture"
- Progress in Clinical Biology Research, 1981, vol. 67, pp. 31--46
-
- [LP] I.Lee and R.S.Paffenberger:
- "Change in Body Weight and Longevity"
- Journal of the American Medical Association, 1992, vol. 268, pp.2045--2049
-
- [Man+] J.E.Manson, W.C.Willet, M.J.Stampfer, G.A.Colditz, D.J.Hunter,
- S.E.Hawlinson, C.H.Hennekens, F.E.Speizer:
- "Body Weight and Mortality Among Women"
- New England Journal of Medicine, 1995, September 14th
- They studied 115,195 women nurses, aged 30-55 years, from 1976 to
- 1992, all of whom were free of cardiovascular disease and cancer
- in 1976. A J-shaped curve of relative risk vs. BMI was obtained,
- which was more /-shaped if smokers were factored out.
- Figures for fat people consistent with other research, also with
- J-shaped curves.
- Sample result: Age-adjusted relative risk (AARR) for BMI below 19.0
- was 1.0, compared to AARR for BMI 25.9 was 0.7, compared to AARR for
- BMI 35.8 was 1.3. When smokers were factored out the AARRs were
- 1.0 for BMI below 19.0, 1.1 for BMI 25.9 and 1.9 for BMI 35.8.
- The actual order of magnitude of the risks were in the range
- 1 to 4 per 1000 (per person-year).
-
- [Sor+] P.Sorlie, T.Gordon & W.B.Kannel:
- "Body build and mortality: The Framingham study"
- Journal of the American Medical Association, 1980, vol. 243, pp. 1828--1831
-
- [Wil+] T.Wilcosky, J.Hyde, J.J.B.Anderson, S.Bangdiwala and B.Duncan:
- "Obesity and mortality in the lipid research clinics program follow-up study"
- Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 1990, vol.43, pp. 743--752
-
- --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
- A6) Fatness and Fitness
-
- [Bjo+] P. Bjorntorp et al.:
- "Physical training in human obesity. 3. Effects of long-term
- physical training on body composition"
- Metabolism, 1973, vol. 22, no. 12, pp. 1467--1475
-
- [Bla+] Blair, Kohl, Paffenbarger, Clark, Cooper & Gibbons:
- "Physical Fitness and All-Cause Mortality. A Prospective Study of
- Healthy Men and Women"
- Journal of the American Medical Association, 1989, vol. 262, pp. 2395--2401
-
- [KDSA] T.A.Kaplan, S.L.Digel, V.A.Scavo, S.B.Arellana:
- "Effect of obesity on injury risk in high school football players"
- Clinical Journal of Sports Medicine 1995, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 43--47
- 98 high school football players were studied. The fat players
- showed a similar risk of injury to the thin players, but the
- heavy players (over 90 kg) showed a 2.5 greater risk of injury
- than the light players.
-
- [KB] M. Krotkiewski & P. Bjorntorp:
- "Muscle Tissue in Obesity with Different Distribution of
- Adipose Tissue. Effects of physical Training"
- International Journal of Obesity, 1986, vol.10, pp. 331--341
-
- [Kro+] M.Krotkiewski et al:
- "Effects of long-term physical training on bodyfat, metabolism,
- and blood pressure in Obesity"
- Metabolism, 1979, vol. 28, p650
- They physically trained 27 women with varying degrees of
- obesity for 6 months on an ad lib diet. They found that
- obese women with fewer fat cells lost weight, whereas
- women with severe obesity and more fat cells even gained
- weight. Blood pressure consistently decreased.
-
- [KBVA] N. L. Keim et al.:
- "Energy expenditure and physical performance in overweight women:
- response to training with and without caloric restriction"
- Metabolism, June 1990, vl. 39, no. 6, pp. 651--658
- Notes various statistics for 10 women (big study data, eh?)
- of above average size but not huge, on a 14 week study. Half
- took exercise only, half took exercise and diet restriction.
- The study notes various body composition and VO2 statistics,
- and concludes that the diet+exercise combination resulted in
- more fat-loss.
-
- [Ok] K. Okada:
- "Effects of long-term corporate fitness program on employees' health"
- Journal of Nutr. Sci. Vitaminol Tokyo, December 1991, Suppl. 37, S131-8
- The purpose of this study was to assess the affects of
- a long-term corporate fitness program. 1499 male employees
- had medical checkups, physical fitness tests and physical
- training. Results included that the proportion of obese
- workers showed no change; physical fitness was noticeably
- improved; there was a decrease in the percentage of smokers;
- there were no significant changes in total cholesterol levels
- nor in incidences of hypertriglyceridemia or
- hypercholestrolemia.
-
- [SS] K. R. Segal & F. X. Pi Sunyer
- "Exercise and Obesity"
- Med. Clin. North American. January 1989, vol. 73, no. 1, pp. 217--236
- They suggest it is unlikely that resting metabolism is
- altered by exercise, either long-term or acutely (and go
- on to suggest a combination of caloric restriction and
- physical training for fat loss).
-
- --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
- A7) Social Aspects of Fatness
-
- [Cra1] C.S.Crandall:
- "Do heavyweight students have more difficulty paying for college?",
- Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 1991, vol. 17, pp. 606--611
- Hint: The answer is yes.
-
- [Cra2] C.S.Crandall:
- "Prejudice against fat people: Ideology and self-interest"
- Personality and Social Psychology, 1994, vol.66, pp. 882--894
- Anti-fat prejudice is closely linked to various beliefs about
- the world--that things are controllable, conservative politics,
- belief in a just world, protestant ethic, and other traditional
- values.
-
- [Cra3] C.S.Crandall:
- "Do parents discriminate against their own heavyweight daughters?",
- Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 1995, vol. 21, pp. 724--735
- Surprisingly, yes. Furthermore, parents who endorse traditional
- conservative values appear to be more likely to discriminate against
- their own daughters.
-
- [C+M] C.S.Crandall, R.Martinez:
- "Culture, ideology, and anti-fat attitudes"
- Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 1996, vol. 22, pp. 1165--1176
- Mexico is less anti-fat than the USA, and women there are less
- concerned about their own weight than women in the USA. In addition,
- anti-fat prejudice is not linked to social ideology and conservative
- values in Mexico as it is in the USA.
-
- [Gor+] Gortmaker, Aviva, Perrin, Sobol, Dietz:
- "Social and Economic consequences of Overweight in
- Adolescence and Young Adulthood",
- New England Journal of Medicine, 1993, pp. 1008--1012
-
- [JP] Craig R. Janes & Ivan G. Pawson:
- "Migration and biocultural adaptaion: Samoans in California"
- Social Science & Medicine, 1986, vol. 22, no. 8, pp. 821--834
-
- [FB] M.A.Freidman and K.D.Bromwell:
- "Psychological Correlates of Obesity: Moving to the Next Research Generation"
- Psychological Bulletin, vol. 117, pp. 3--20
-
- [Go+] S.L.Gortmaker et al.:
- New England Journal of Medicine, 1983, vol. 329, pp. 1008--1012
-
- [Ros] James Rosen et al.:
- "Cognitive Behavior Therapy for Negative Body Image in Obese Women"
- Behaviour Therapy, Jan-Feb-Mar 1995
-
- [Roth] E. Rothblum:
- "I'll die for the revolution but don't ask me not to
- diet: feminism and the continuing stigmatization of obesity"
- Feminist Perspectives on Eating Disorders, Guildford Press,
- 1994, pp. 53--76
-
- [SK] S. M. Shaw and L. Kemeny:
- "Fitness promotion for adolescent girls: the impact and effectivenes
- of promotional material which emphasizes the slim ideal"
- Adolescence, Fall 1989, vol. 24, no. 95, pp. 677--687
- This studied techniques for promoting fitness participation
- amongst teenage girls. Posters used different models
- (slim,average,large) and different messages (slim,active,health)
- and the slim model was the most effective poster, whereas the
- slim message was the least effective message. The data
- indicates that promoting fitness through messages relating
- slimness to fitness isn't effective, and they point out that
- using very slim models may not be desirable because it
- reinforces the slim stereotype.
-
- [SS] Stunkard and Sorensen:
- "Obesity and Socioeconomic Status--A Complex Relation"
- Editorial in New England Journal of Medicine, 1993, vol. 324, pp. 1036--1037
-
- [WW1] Susan C. Wooley & Orland W. Wooley:
- "Obesity and Women I: A Closer Look at the Facts",
- Women's Studies International Quarterly, 1979
-
- [WW2] Susan C. Wooley & Orland W. Wooley:
- "Obesity and Women II: A Neglected Feminist Topic",
- Women's Studies International Quarterly, 1978
-
- [WWD] Susan C. Wooley, Orland W. Wooley, and Susan R. Dyrenforth:
- "Theoretical, Practical, and Social Issues in Behavioral Treatments of
- Obesity",
- Journal of Applied Behaviour Analysis, 1979, vol. 12, pp. 3--25
-
- --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
- A8) Weight Change in Fat People
-
- [AK] Ashley & Kannel:
- "Relation of weight change to changes in
- atherogenic traits: The Framingham Study"
- Journal of Chronic Diseases, 1974, vol. 27, pp. 103--114
-
- [DBSJ] E.J.Drenick, G.S.Bale, F.Seltzer and D.G.Johnson:
- "Excessive Mortality and Causes of Death in Morbidly Obese Men"
- Journal of the American Medical Association, 1980, vol. 243, pp. 443--445
- Results from a study of 200 obese men who checked into
- a diet clinic and followed the program for two years.
- Most regained the weight, there was a twelve-fold increase
- in deaths compared to average men in the 25-34 age group,
- and a six-fold corresponding increase in the 35-44 group.
- More deaths were due to cardiovascular disease, and less
- due to malignancies. They admit the study is statistically
- not significant, but think the results interesting.
- I quote: "It appears that no unusual factors other than
- obesity could have caused such extraordinary mortality",
- when it is obvious that the men also had the two-year
- diet in common. No details were given about the diet.
- Dr.Drenick and Ms.Johnson were from the Veterans Administration,
- Dr. Bale and Mr. Seltzer from the Metropolitan Life Insurance
- Company.
-
- [EK] Ernsberger & Koletsky:
- "Weight Cycling and Mortality: Support from Animal Studies"
- Journal of the American Medical Association, vol. 269, pp. 1116--1993
- In this short letter to the JAMA, they point out that [LP]
- shows that weight fluctuations increase mortality by
- over 50%, which overshadows the 18% rise in mortality
- associated with the 20% fattest people. They also quote
- results from animal research which supports their view that
- there's a growing hypothesis that weight loss and regain is
- harmful.
-
- [GMS] C.A.Geissler, D.S.Miller, M.Shah:
- "The daily metabolic rate of the post-obese and the lean"
- American Journal of Clinical Nutrition,
- May 1987, vol. 54, no. 5, pp. 914--920
- The study took 16 post-obese women and matched them for
- age, weight, height and other factors with 16 naturally
- lean women. The post-obese women had metabolic rates
- approximately 15% lower than the naturally lean women,
- and also ate less.
-
- [Ha+] P.Hamm, R.B.Shekelle & J.Stamler:
- "Large fluctuations in body weight during young adulthood and
- twenty-five year risk of coronary death in men."
- American Journal of Epidemiology, 1989, vol. 129, 312--318
-
- [Hay] R.B.Haynes:
- "Is weight-loss an effective treatment for hypertension?
- The evidence against"
- Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology, 1986, vol. 64, pp. 825--830
-
- [HH] John A. Hibscher & C. Peter Herman:
- "Obesity, Dieting, and the Expression of 'Obese' Characteristics"
- Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 1977, vol. 91,
- no. 2, pp. 374--380
-
- [LP] I.Lee and R.S.Paffenberger:
- "Change in Body Weight and Longevity"
- Journal of the American Medical Association, 1992, vol. 268, pp.2045--2049
-
- [MP] D.S.Miller and S.Parsonage:
- "Resistance to Slimming: Adaption or Illusion"
- The Lancet, 1975, i, pp.773--775
- They studied a group of 29 large women from slimming clubs, the
- women having had great difficulty in losing weight. They
- kept them reasonably active in a country house with
- activity and food intake closely monitored. 20 lost weight,
- but 9 were able to maintain weight.
-
- [NE] D.O.Nelson and P.Ernsberger:
- "Feed-starve cycling in dietary obesity induces moderate hypertension via
- alternations in the autonomic regulation of cardiovascular function"
- Society of Neuro-sciences Abstracts, 1984, vol. 10, p. 716
-
- [NIH] NIH Office of Medical Applications of Research:
- "Methods for Voluntary Weight Loss and Control"
- Technology Assessment Conference Statement, March 30 - April 1, 1992"
- gopher://gopher.nih.gov/00/clin/tech_conf/items/10.ta-wt.fmt.txt
-
- [Nis] Richard E. Nisbett:
- "Starvation and the Behavior of the Obese"
- Obesity and Bariatric Medicine, 1972, vol.1, pp. 28--32
-
- [Sims] E.A.H.Sims:
- "Experimental obesity, diet-induced thermogenesis and
- their clinical implications"
- Clinics in Endocrinology and Metabolism, 1976, vol. 5, pp. 377--395
-
- [Si+1] Sims, Goldman, Gluck, Horton, Kelleher & Rowe:
- "Experimental obesity in man",
- Transactions of the Association of American Physicians, 1968, vol. 81,
- pp. 153--170
- Average-weight male prisoners volunteered to gain between
- 20%-25% of their body weight. They all found it difficult to
- gain the weight, although all but a few managed to reach the
- target. The typical prisoner was needing to eat 7000 calories
- per day to gain the weight, although the top end of the
- range was 10000 calories to sustain weight. They lost the weight
- relatively easily, returning to (typically) 2 or 3 kg above
- previous weight.
-
- [SMG] M. Shah, D. S. Miller, C. A. Geissler:
- "Lower Metabolic rates of post-obese versus lean women: thermogenesis,
- basal metabolic rate and genetics"
- Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 1975, vol. 84, pp. 666--672
- 16 post-obese women were selected, and then matched with naturally
- thin women of the same age weight and height. The mean metabolic
- rate of the post-obese was 15% lower than that of the naturally
- thin women.
-
- --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
- A9) Eating Disorders and Obesity
-
- [HP] C. Peter Herman & Janet Polivy:
- "Anxiety, Restraint and Eating Behavior"
- Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 1975, vol. 84, pp. 666--672
-
- [NRC] National Research Council:
- "Obesity and Eating Disorders"
- in Diet and Health: Implications for reducing chronic disease risk,
- Washington DC: National Academy Press, 1989, pp. 563--592
-
- --------------------------------------------------------------------
- --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-
- SECTION B: Information about this FAQ
-
- B1) Are there other related FAQs?
-
- Yes. The list of them below can be found from the following page:
-
- http://www.comlab.ox.ac.uk/oucl/users/sharon.curtis/BF/SSFA/faqs.html
-
- fat-acceptance-faq/clothing/canada
- information about clothing for large people in Canada
- fat-acceptance-faq/clothing/europe
- information about clothing for large people in Europe
- (excluding the United Kingdom)
- fat-acceptance-faq/clothing/uk
- information about clothing for large people in the UK
- fat-acceptance-faq/clothing/us
- information about clothing for large people in the U.S.
- fat-acceptance-faq/health
- information about health issues affecting large people
- fat-acceptance-faq/research
- information about research concerning large people
- fat-acceptance-faq/maternity
- information about large-size maternity resources
- fat-acceptance-faq/sports
- information about resources for sports and activities
- for large people
- fat-acceptance-faq/fitness
- information about resources for fitness for large people
- fat-acceptance-faq/organizations
- information about organizations for large people
- fat-acceptance-faq/resources
- information about resources for large people (that aren't
- covered in the other resources FAQs)
- fat-acceptance-faq/physical
- information about resources for dealing with the physical
- aspects of being large
- fat-acceptance-faq/publications
- information about publications for large people
- fat-acceptance-faq/size-acceptance
- information about size-acceptance
- big-folks-faq
- general information file for alt.support.big-folks
-
- There is some overlap in the topics covered by the FAQs. If you don't
- find what you're looking for here, try the other FAQs.
-
- --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
- B2) Posting information
-
- This document is posted monthly to news.answers and alt.answers and
- posted bi-weekly to soc.support.fat-acceptance and alt.support.big-folks.
- Sharon Curtis (sharon@comlab.ox.ac.uk) maintains this FAQ.
-
- --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
- B3) Availability of the FAQ
-
- All FAQs posted to news.answers are archived at rtfm.mit.edu and its
- mirror sites. You can get any of these FAQs from rtfm.mit.edu via
- anonymous FTP or via the mail archive server. (To get information
- about the mail server, send email to mail-server@rtfm.mit.edu with the
- body of the message containing the word "help", without the quotes.)
-
- FAQs posted to news.answers are also available on the Web from:
-
- http://www.cis.ohio-state.edu/hypertext/faq/usenet/top.html
- http://www.cs.ruu.nl/cgi-bin/faqwais
-
- You can find this FAQ at the following URL:
-
- ftp://rtfm.mit.edu/pub/usenet/news.answers/fat-acceptance-faq/research
- http://www.cis.ohio-state.edu/hypertext/faq/usenet/fat-acceptance-faq/research/faq.html
- http://www.cs.ruu.nl/wais/html/na-dir/fat-acceptance-faq/research.html
-
- although the latest version specifically adapted for HTML and maintained
- by the maintainer can be found at
-
- http://www.comlab.ox.ac.uk/oucl/users/sharon.curtis/BF/research_FAQ.html
-
- --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
- B4) Contributors
-
- These are the people who contribute significant chunks to the FAQ.
-
- Sharon Curtis (Sharon.Curtis@comlab.ox.ac.uk)
-
- Also, lots and lots of other people (too many to credit) contributed
- information that appears herein, some via email and some on s.s.f-a or
- a.s.b-f. Thanks to them all.
-
- Suggestions for additions/improvements are always welcome.
-
- Copyright 1995 by Sharon Curtis (Sharon.Curtis@comlab.ox.ac.uk).
- Permission is granted to copy and redistribute this article in its
- entirety for non-commercial use provided that this copyright notice is
- not removed or altered. No portion of this work may be sold, either
- by itself or as part of a larger work, without the express written
- permission of the author; this restriction covers all publication
- media, including (but not limited to) CD-ROM.
-
- --
- http://www.comlab.ox.ac.uk/oucl/users/sharon.curtis/
- v 3.12 GM/CS d s:++ a-< C++ U+ p L !E W++ N++ o+ K w-- O? M-- V--
- PS? PE? Y PGP- t-- !5 X- R- tv--- b+++ DI+ D- G e++++ h- r z+(--)
- -=- A month is a calendar, a year can be a decade spent alone -=-
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