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- From: eubasics@allmansland.com
- Newsgroups: talk.politics.european-union,eunet.politics,alt.politics.ec,alt.answers,talk.answers,news.answers
- Subject: European Union Basics (FAQ), Part7/8
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- Summary: This file is part of an eight-part posting containing basic
- information about the European Union and other related or unrelated
- European political organisations. It is hoped to serve both as background
- information for those wishing to discuss European politics on the
- talk.politics.european-union newsgroup, and as a general reference for
- anyone concerned with politics in Europe.
- Originator: faqserv@penguin-lust.MIT.EDU
- Date: 14 May 2004 09:07:06 GMT
- Lines: 187
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- Archive-name: european-union/basics/part7
- Posting-Frequency: once every three weeks
- URL: http://eubasics.allmansland.com/related.html
-
- + NB READERS OF THIS TEXT VERSION:
- + The original and most recent version of this file is always available
- + on the world-wide web. If you have Web access, please consider viewing
- + it there at the URL mentioned above.
-
- EU Basics FAQ: Related organisations
- [whatsthediffbetweenEUand...]
-
- The European Community?
-
- The European Community, formerly known as European Economic Community, is by
- far the most important of the three Communities, who together form the first
- pillar[1] of the European Union. This is the only pillar in which there is a
- significant role for central institutions like the Commission and the
- European Parliament, and in which majority voting is used for a number of
- procedures.
-
- The Common Market?
-
- The Common Market was one of the most important objectives of the original
- EEC Treaty. Within 12 years from the date of commencement (1 January 1958)
- of the Treaty, the Member States were required to have formed a common
- market for products, services, persons and capital within a fully fledged
- customs union. No tariffs or quantitative barriers were to remain.
-
- The Common Market objective was effectively attained two years early, from
- 1968 onward. After this initial success, economic crises during the 1970s
- and 1980s induced Member State governments to keep or even reinforce
- numerous other, +qualitative; trade barriers (known as NTBs, Non Tarriff
- Barriers), such as health and safety regulations.
-
- Since this was a serious impediment to the development of a real internal
- market, business leaders of all member states (united in the so-called Round
- Table of Industrialists) as well as some EU political leaders started to
- lobby to continue on to a real Single European Market, in which
- +qualitative; trade barriers would be attacked as well. Member states
- finally embraced this goal in the Single European Act of 1987. The project
- was supposed to be completed by January 1st, 1993, but some of the new rules
- haven't yet been implemented, notably in the domain of free traffic for
- persons without border controls.
-
- Personal note: in another respect, the term +Common Market; used to be a
- common term in English/the UK (& USA) to refer to the EEC. It was abandoned
- only in the early 1990s, thereby reinforcing the impression, predominant
- among English-speakers, that the extension of the European Union to other
- areas than just economic activity is a very recent phenomenon and a radical
- change from the Europe they agreed to join in 1973.
-
- This impression is disputable in my view, as the federalist tendency has
- existed from the very beginning of European integration and was even much
- stronger in the 1950s (eg the EDC Treaty) than it is today.
-
- Many observers agree that the UK government in particular has consistently
- failed to explain to the British people that the European project
- encompasses more than just a free trade area (at least for many continental
- Europeans), out of fear of losing support for the project.
-
- The Council of Europe?
-
- The Council of Europe is quite a different organisation from the EU. It is a
- purely intergovernmental organisation much more like the United Nations;
- unlike EU legislation, its treaties are not directly applicable in national
- law, unless ratified by the normal parliamentary procedures of the member
- state concerned. The Council of Europe (Conseil de l'Europe, Europarat)
- should not be confused with the European Council[2] (Conseil europien,
- Europdische Rat), which is an EU institution.
-
- Even through these limited powers, the CoE has achieved some remarkable
- results since its founding in 1949. Apart from stimulating grassroots
- European integration through cultural and educational projects, the CoE is
- probably best known for the European Convention for the Protection of Human
- Rights and Personal Freedoms and its associated European Court for Human
- Rights in Strasbourg (not to be confused with the EU Court of Justice in
- Luxembourg). CoE members actually allow their nationals to challenge
- national legislation and jurisdiction before this court, which has thus
- become a sort of guarantee for human rights, even for countries which do not
- have a written constitution (such as Britain) or a supreme court.
-
- Current CoE members include Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czechia,
- Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland,
- Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Norway,
- the Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, San Marino, Slovakia, Slovenia,
- Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the United Kingdom.
-
- The Western European Union?
-
- The Western European Union was founded in 1954 as a defence alliance between
- the UK, France, the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, Germany and Italy,
- after the rejection of the 1952 European Defence Community Treaty in 1954.
- It was more or less dormant until the beginning of the 1990s, when it was
- revived as a sort of common intermediary solution between an organisation of
- the European NATO members and Defence aspirations of the European Union. It
- was specifically mentioned as such in the Maastricht Treaty. Spain, Portugal
- and Greece have joined the WEU since.
-
- There are three categories of countries linked to the WEU without being full
- members (with thanks to Richard Corbett[3] for explaining the difference:
-
- Observer status EU Member states that are either not a member of NATO
- (Austria, Finland, the Republic of Ireland and Sweden)
- or that voluntarily refrain from full WEU membership
- (Denmark);
-
- Associate member status
- Associate members are states that are European member
- states of NATO but not of the EU (Norway and Turkey
- [Is Iceland also in this category? RS])
-
- Associate partner status Associate partners are European states that are
- members of the NATO Partnership for Peace Initiative without being
- full-blown members of either NATO or the EU: Bulgaria, Rumania, Hungary,
- Czechia, Slovakia, Poland, Estonia, Lithuania, Latvia and Slovenia
-
- The European Free Trade Association/European Economic Area?
-
- The European Free Trade Association or EFTA was founded in 1960 as an
- intergovernmental alternative to the supranational aspirations of the EEC.
- The EFTA was not intended as a customs union: member countries did not have
- common custom tariffs but just abolished custom tariffs between them. There
- was no common external tarriff, a number of commodities and products were
- excluded from free trade.
-
- Austria, Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway, Portugal, Sweden
- and the UK were all members of EFTA once, but many of these countries joined
- or applied for the EC/EU afterwards. After the last EU enlargement of 1995,
- EFTA just consists of Iceland, Norway, Liechtenstein and Switzerland.
-
- To complicate matters even more, EFTA members have signed a far-reaching
- agreement with the EU in 1992, to create a common European Economic Area.
- This confers upon EFTA members that ratify it the four freedoms of traffic
- of the EU (of products, services, persons and capital); without
- decision-making power but with guaranteed consulting.
-
- Unfortunately for the designers of this Treaty, the Swiss rejected the EEA
- in a referendum. This may have been a boost for the attempts to join the EU
- for other EFTA member countries. Iceland, Norway and Liechtenstein did
- approve of the EEA, but the remaining EFTA members seem to have chosen full
- EU membership instead (as did the Norwegian government, apparently against
- the will of a majority of Norwegians). For both EFTA and the EEA, it remains
- to be seen what they will actually account to, in practice, over the next
- couple of years.
-
- Note: as Jozef van Brabant[4] notes, Liechtenstein got into a particularly
- messy situation when the Swiss rejected the EEA Treaty that Liechtenstein
- itself had already approved, since Liechtenstein was in a customs union with
- Switzerland. Because of this, Liechtenstein will the EEA only on May 1st.,
- 1995.
-
- The North American Free Trade Agreement?
-
- The North American Free Trade Agreement obviously affects different
- countries than the EU does, but it may be interesting to compare the two on
- other points as well. NAFTA has much more in common with EFTA than with the
- EU: it is a free trade agreement, not a customs union, and most certainly no
- attempt to create anything more substantial in political integration than
- just a free trade area. There are no common political institutions and
- member states' sovereignty is left intact.
-
- Personal note: it remains to be seen if NAFTA will not run into the same
- problems that the EEC has had in the 1970s: a replacement of now forbidden
- quantitative trade barriers and tariffs with non-quantitative ones. To
- counter this, member states will either have to accept each other's
- standards in health, safety, environmental and consumer protection, or
- institute a common body which accounts for common standards. That may mean a
- loss of sovereignty for the individual states however.
- ___________________________________
-
-
- Edited by Roland Siebelink & Bart Schelfhout[5]
- corrections and suggestions welcome.
-
- [Go to Table of Contents][6]
-
- *** References from this document ***
- [1] http://eubasics.allmansland.com/general.html#pillars
- [2] http://eubasics.allmansland.com/councils.html#eu-council
- [3] http://eubasics.allmansland.com/about.html#contr
- [4] http://eubasics.allmansland.com/about.html#contr
- [5] mailto:eubasics@allmansland.com
- [6] http://eubasics.allmansland.com/index.html
-
-
-