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From: Terri Watson <[e-mail]>
Subject: rec.pets.dogs:  Canine Activities: Camping and Backpacking FAQ
Summary: An article on how to backpack (and camp) with your dog.
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                        HIKING/BACKPACKING WITH CANINES

   This page is authored and maintained by Terri Watson
   <[e-mail]>. Please carefully read the disclaimer at the
   end of this document. The author assumes no responsibility for the
   use of information contained within this document.

   This page is still under construction. Comments, corrections, and/or
   additions should be sent to <[e-mail]>.

   Packing with a canine companion can be a wonderful experience and an
   excellent opportunity to get away from the routines and scenes of
   daily life. Most dogs love the opportunity to get out and enjoy the
   sights and scents of the trail. Owners often find that they enjoy the
   outing even more as they see the hike from a canine perspective. With
   their keener senses, dogs can "point out" interesting features or
   animals that their people might otherwise overlook.

Who can participate?

   From the human perspective, basically most people that can go hiking
   without a dog can go hiking with one. The additional constraints are
   that you must be (1) physically able to restrain your dog (or dogs) in
   the presence of distractions, such as a running deer or squirrel, and
   (2) responsible enough to prevent the dog from being a nuisance to
   other people or animals. This includes picking up after your pet.

   From the canine perspective, if the dog is healthy, fit and
   well-behaved around other people (both adults and children) and
   animals, she can usually accompany the owner(s) on their outings. Of
   course, for both humans and dogs, a visit to the doctor to evaluate
   general health is a good idea before starting or increasing physical
   demands. Particularly if you choose to have your canine carry a pack,
   you should be confident they are in good health and structurally
   sound. Consider having your dog's hips X-rayed in order to check for
   hip displasia before asking him to carry a full pack over long
   distances. Dogs, like people, need to gradually build up strength and
   endurance. See the section on packing with your dog for more
   information on conditioning.

Preparations and Equipment

  EQUIPMENT (FOR THE DOG)

    collar and leash

   You need a collar with identification and a leash. I use a rolled
   leather buckle collar onto which I attach the rabies, dog license, and
   identification tags. My leash of choice is a 6 foot long, round
   synthetic leash, with a loop for the hand and a sturdy snap. The leash
   will often end up getting wet - I've found that the synthetics dry
   more quickly than leather. Be certain before setting out that the
   leash, snap, collar and buckle are in good condition and will not
   break if the dog suddenly lunges after the rabbit that's been teasing
   him unmercifully from just ahead on the path. Some people like to use
   retractable-type leashes to give their dogs more freedom. While these
   are fine where allowed, I've found that they more easily tangle around
   bushes or other people. In fact, my current companion bears the scars
   from when Tika ran behind him more quickly than I could follow or
   think to drop the leash. He ended up with rope burns behind one knee.
   Be careful! Carrying an additional collar and leash is a good idea in
   case of loss or breakage.

    booties

   Depending on the type of terrain, the weight of the pack, and the
   dog's tendency to tear her footpads, you might wish to consider buying
   some booties to protect your dog's feet. There are many different
   types of booties, suited to different terrain. Many of the trails that
   I hike in the Cascade moutains are somewhat rocky, so I use cordura
   booties lined with a synthetic-type polar fleece. My dog Tika, a
   Belgian Sheepdog, only needs them on her front feet; the back ones
   do not get cut up easily. These are fabric booties that slide on like
   a short sock, and are held in place with velcro that wraps around the
   dogs leg just above the foot. You have to experiment to find out how
   tight to make the velcro. You want it just tight enough to stay on the
   dog's foot. Vet-Wrap is handy for keeping booties in place (but not
   too tight), especially on rear paws. Keep an eye out for lost booties
   until you have the right knack for putting them on, especially after a
   scramble. My dog also gets sore feet in icy snow, so I use booties
   there too. If you're going to be mostly in snow then I would use the
   polar-fleece only type (no cordura on the outside) as they provide
   better traction in those conditions. Another trick for snow hiking is
   to put vasiline on the dog's paws to help prevent ice-balls from
   forming between the toe-pads. I've heard that desert hiking may also
   require booties, but since that's not yet in our repertoire, I'm not
   sure what type of booties would be best. The main concern there seems
   to be stickers and sharp plants (cactus, yucca bushes, etc.)

    pack

   I have a Wenaha pack. It has two parts, a pad that is attached to the
   dog with three straps: across the chest, around the body right behind
   the front legs, and around the body near the end of the ribcage. The
   pack attaches to the pad with a plastic buckle at the center front of
   the pad and three velcro strips: one large one down the center and two
   smaller ones on the sides. Do not over-tighten the straps as they can
   be uncomfortable for the dog and interfere with breathing and motion.
   A Wolfhound owner advises, "With Wolfhounds and similarly built
   breeds, it is very important to place all weight on the shoulders, NOT
   the back."

   I like the two part pack design because it allows me to quickly remove
   and replace the pack during rest stops. I chose a red pack and I leave
   the underlying pad on until Tika comes into the tent at night. Should
   she get away from me for some reason, the red pad will (hopefully)
   identify her as a domestic animal - a valid concern during hunting
   season. It also makes her easier to spot in a variety of terrain.

  IDENTIFICATION

   Tattoos and microchips are two other forms of identification for your
   dog. Unfortunately, for these techniques to allow recovery, more
   knowledge on the part of the person finding the dog is required. Check
   with your local shelters to be certain of the procedure they follow
   with lost dogs.

   Tattoos are generally a number that is registered with one of several
   animal tattoo registries. Be certain that you register with a large,
   well-known registry that shelters in your area will contact. Tattoos
   have the added benefit that many states prohibit labs anre research
   facilities from using tatooed animals. The tattoo'd area should be
   visible. With some breeds that means shaving or trimming hair from the
   area (often the inside of a rear leg) on a regular basis. Some
   shelters will check for a tattoo before euthanizing a dog, but do not
   check before placing him for adoption, so be careful.

   Although more shelters are participating in microchip programs, many
   still do not (and do not have the equipment to) check for microchips.
   There are also different brands of microchips that require different
   scanners (readers). Make sure that the shelters in your area have
   scanners for the chip that you implant. As these chips become more
   standardized, hopefully these kinds of concerns will be reduced.

  VACINATIONS

   As should be apparent from above, the dog's rabies vacination and dog
   license should be current. The dog should be current on all other
   regular vacinations as well and you may want to ask your vet about
   additional vacinations or medical precautions applicable in your area.
   Some examples include: heatworm medication (only start this after
   having a test that shows your dog does not currently have heartworm),
   lyme shot, flea and tick control, and bordatella vacination (kennel
   cough).

  FOOD AND WATER

   Clean drinking water is a must for both you and your dog. Although
   natural water sources may be plentiful on your hike, the water my be
   contaminated with giardia (a protozoan parasite), or harmful bacteria
   or chemicals. In areas where giardia is a problem you should not allow
   your dog to drink from steams or lakes on your hike. Always make sure
   that you carry enough water for your hike. See the section on weather
   below for additional information.

  NOTIFY A FRIEND

   You should let someone know what your travel plans are, especially
   when going to a less frequently traveled area. It's also much safer
   not to hike alone in such areas. If you are injured or otherwise
   unable to return from your outing, then having someone else able to go
   for help or to help get you out can mean the difference in some cases
   between life and death. You may also be more at risk for adverse
   encouters with ornery wildlife or people when you're on your own. If
   you insist on traveling alone, a cellular phone can provide some
   measure of security but you shouldn't rely on it. Converage is not the
   best in some areas and technology is never perfect. (Batteries die,
   phones get dropped and break, etc.) In either case, make sure that you
   leave a responsible friend a detailed description of your itinerary
   and check in with them as soon as you return. The check-in is
   essential because if you often forget to check back with them when you
   get home, then when you're really in trouble it may take an extra day
   for them to realize that there's a problem and notify searchers.

Packing with your dog

  ACCUSTOMIZING THE DOG TO THE PACK

   Some dogs will adjust to a pack more easily than others. As is
   sometimes done with horses, start with something light, such as a
   towel, to get the dog used to the feeling of something riding on his
   back. This is particularly useful with puppies that are too young to
   carry a pack. I would would not recommend putting anything other than
   an empty pack stuffed with newspaper on a puppy under a year old. Just
   as with agility and jumping in obedience, there is a risk of doing
   structural damage by putting an increased load on developing bones. In
   larger breeds you might need to wait until 18 months or older. Check
   with your veterinarian to be safe.

   Depending on the dog's reactions and temperament, you can proceed to
   put the pad (if your pack has a separate one) and then the pack
   itself. Take him for short walks and see how he reacts. He should
   learn to associate getting to go out with the pack, and will quickly
   start to look forward to wearing it. Once he's comfortable with the
   pack, fill it with odd things that will feel and sound like the pack
   will when it's actually used for an outing. Crumpled newspaper, half
   filled water-bottles (sloshing), tin cups or pots that bump one
   another, etc. As you start filling the pack more (volume, not weight),
   you may notice that your dog mis-judges walking through doors, around
   trees, and even your legs, bumping them with the pack. Another problem
   is slightly mis-judging jumps, falling short because of the additional
   weight. This is another good reason not to ask your dog to carry too
   much weight too quickly. These problems will get better with
   experience, although if you hike infrequently, there may be a brief
   re-adjustment necessary at the start of each hike.

  WEIGHT

   Most working breeds and athletic mid-sized dogs can carry about 33% of
   their body weight. Start the dog off with 25% of their weight for a
   short hike and see how they do. Gradually work up to 33% and
   progressively longer hikes. If you have a small (eg, Fox Terrier) or
   large breed (eg, Great Dane), or a breed with a less athletic build,
   then your dog's ideal pack weight may be a bit different from the
   percentages listed here.

  CONDITIONING

   Just like people, dogs must be conditioned for any performance
   activity. If your dog is a couch potato, don't expect her to suddenly
   be able to carry a full pack on a 10 mile hike. Some dogs will refuse
   to carry a pack that's too heavy, but others will injure themselves
   trying. Start off with short hikes and light weight. Gradually
   increase the length of the hikes and the weight in the pack. Keep an
   eye on your dog's movement, be reasonable in your expectations, and
   ask your vet for advice when you're unsure. Some of my friends with
   working Northern-breed dogs have reported their dogs happily carrying
   40-45% of their weight, but these dogs are in top physical condition.

  CONTENTS

   You should not put anything in the dog's pack that you cannot afford
   to lose. Fragile items, or items that should not get wet, are also a
   poor choice. The dog will often scramble though tight spots with less
   grace than his human counterparts, banging the pack against rocks or
   trees in the process. This is particularly true with a novice dog that
   has still not learned how much wider they are with a filled pack on.
   Another must is to pack both sides with roughly equal weight and
   volume. Failure to do this will result in, at best, a dog that's
   off-balance, and at worst, one side of the pack flipping over to the
   other, or the whole pack sliding over to one side.

   Items that I have put at various times in the dog's pack: extra water,
   rain gear, 3/4 length sleeping pad, dog food (sealed in plastic bags),
   dog comb, dog frisbee, extra bags for cleanup, the camp stove inside
   of cooking pots (so it was protected from banging), camp soap and
   sponge, etc.

Where to hike?

   Unfortunately, uncontrolled dogs and irresponsible pet owners have
   contributed to the closing of trails in a number of places. The
   following are rules of thumb for picking a trail or area, but since
   there are exceptions to must of these, the only way not to be
   surprised is to call the correct admistrative office and check to be
   certain that dogs are allowed. It would be quite dissappointing to
   drive several hours to your selected trailhead only to find that dogs
   are not allowed. The forest service offices are often a good place to
   start, and they should be able to direct you to other numbers as
   appropriate.

   Dogs are not allowed on National Park or National Monument trails.
   On-leash dogs are permitted on or near the paved, developed areas, but
   that's all. National Forests often allow dogs on their trails, but
   there are exceptions, so check first. Dogs are usually allowed on
   wilderness area trails, but again, check to be sure.

Weather

   Warmer temperatures on a hike call for additional precautions to guard
   your dog against heat exhaustion or heat stroke. As mentioned above,
   always make sure that you carry enough water for your hike and give
   give your dog (and yourself) frequent drinks. When I am backpacking, I
   carry a plastic cup hooked to the outside of the pack to make it
   easier to get to. If it's too difficult to get to a cup or bowl, you
   may be tempted not to water your dog frequently enough. Some people
   teach their dogs to drink directly from a water bottle. I prefer the
   cup because I lose less water onto the ground.

   Watch your dog for signs of heat exhaustion or stroke. Particularly,
   unusually rapid panting, and/or a bright red tougue or mucous
   membranes. The dog's primary mechanism for cooling off is through
   panting. Since this cooling process uses evaporation the dog will
   require more water when he is panting heavily. I have read that the
   shorter-nosed breeds (eg, Bulldogs, Pugs) may have a less efficient
   heat exchange rate, so should be watched especially closely.

   If you determine that your dog is overheating, your should stop
   immediately and get her into the shade. You should check with your vet
   for the best ways to cool down an overheated dog. Since I've never run
   into an extreme case, I've just kept my dog cool using the same
   approach they use for endurance riding in horses. I put cool water on
   her belly and groin area. The logic here is that you want to cool down
   areas where there is a large blood supply, and allow evaporation off
   the skin to provide heat exchange. If you're near running water you
   might put the dog into that, but I don't know what the dangers of a
   sudden temperature change might be. The main idea you should take from
   this is that heat stroke is a life threatening condition and your
   should be able to recognize the warning signs and know how to prevent
   it. Even on a cooler day, if it is very sunny, and your dog is working
   hard and is a dark coated breed, they can get overheated.

   Cold weather poses its own set of problems, although I am less
   familiar with these. The main thing I have run into is my dog getting
   cold in our tent during early season hikes. She is an indoor dog, and
   not heavily coated. If it's a cold night, once she has come into the
   tent and been still for a couple of hours, she will sometimes start
   shivering. My solution has been to invite her onto my sleeping mat to
   get her off of the cold ground and give her the additional insulation
   of curling up against me. If you routinely hike in colder climates or
   have a short coated dog, you might consider having a pad to get them
   off of the ground, and/or a blanket or towel to throw over them.

   Don't be fooled by cold weather. Adequate fluid levels are essential
   for heat maintainance in both temperature extremes. Drink plenty of
   water and make your dog do the same.

Trail Etiquette

   Dogs are required to be on-leash on most maintained public trails. In
   many places, the leash is required to be 6 feet or less in length. You
   should always respect these rules. The reasons for this are numerous,
   I'll list a few examples here. Your dog might frighten others by
   running up to them. Even if she's friendly, people that are afraid of
   dogs might become agitated and get seriously injured indirectly
   through falling or backing into something in their fright. Your dog
   might chase other animals, scaring them, injuring them, or being
   killed or injured by them. Your dog might startle a horse on the
   trail, injuring either horse, rider, or the dog herself.

   Just having your dog on-leash is not sufficient. You should keep him
   calm when passing others on the trail, preferably training him to sit
   quietly to one side of the trail as others walk by, or to calmly walk
   by others without barking or straining against the leash to jump on
   them. Even a polite sniff can be intimidating to a non-dog person,
   especially children. Good canine manners will go a long way towards
   creating good will and increased tolerance of canine presence. Know
   your dog. Be aware of what situations may make him act strangely or
   provoke an agressive or defensive reaction. Then prevent these
   situations or, if unavoidable, be prepared to deal appropriately with
   them. You should never take a dog out on the trail if you feel there
   is any chance of someone being injured by him.

   Of course, not all trails require leashes, and even on the ones that
   do, many people do not obey the rules. You and your dog may be
   accosted by other dogs, some of which may be agressive. When you
   encounter other users on the trail, the following guidelines apply:
   horses have right-of-way over hikers, and hikers are supposed to have
   right-of-way over mountain bikes. Hikers going downhill have
   right-of-way over those coming up. Especially with horses, try to get
   well clear of the trail and leave them plenty of room to pass. Again,
   don't allow any barking or jumping to the end of the leash. You can
   quiet some dogs by preventing them from being able to see the horses.

   Always pick up after your dog on the trail. On your way out, consider
   packing out other people's trash if you have extra room in the dog's
   pack. Be friendly and courteous to other people on the trail. If they
   have questions about your dog and/or her pack, try to be informative
   and helpful. I have often encountered people on the trail that reacted
   positively to my dog "carrying her weight" and wanted to know how to
   get their pet to do the same. The more responsible, educated
   dog-owners that want to bring their pets with them on the trail, and
   that themselves in turn leave a positive impression on others, the
   more likely we are to stave off additional closings and possibly even
   get other trails re-opened to our canine friends.

Obstacles on the Trail

   Although there certainly are trails that are relatively obstacle free,
   my experience in the Cascades, outside of the National Park areas, are
   that most trails will have at least a few challenges. Hiking,
   particularly on less traveled trails, is the best practical
   application of agility training that I have ever encountered. On a
   recent early-season hike up Robinson Creek in the Pasayten Wilderness,
   we encountered numerous fallen trees across the path, snow that would
   give underfoot - dropping the fallee by up to four feet, and a wooden
   bridge that was washed out due to racing high water (spring melt) in
   the creek. For those that choose to go off-trail (where allowed) the
   list is even longer.

   If you're planning to attempt these kinds of hikes, you should have a
   dog that is very confident and trusts and follows your commands.
   Log-bridges are common in my area. This is where a large log spans a
   creek, usually with a hand-rail on one-side. The top of the log has
   been hewn off so that the surface is relatively flat. Since some of
   these may be many feet above the water they cross, your dog may or may
   not be aprehensive. In our hiking, we generally cross a number of
   "natural" log-bridges, ie, ones with no handrail and no level surface.
   Tika takes these in stride, sometimes I will point and give the
   agility command "bridge" if there are multiple choices and I want her
   to take a certain one. This is one of a few cases where I take her
   off-leash to negotiate an obstacle. This is typically done with a
   companion going ahead and then standing at the other side waiting.
   Then Tika crosses and then myself. In cases where I am concerned with
   the risk of her falling (she is typically more surefooted than I on
   such crossings), I do the following: I attach the leash to her collar
   and tighten the collar one notch so that it won't slip off. (The leash
   is usually attached to a loop on the back of the harness pad.) This is
   because for my particular pad, the loop is not in a good place for
   controlling her. I remove her booties to give her feet a better
   purchase. I remove the pack, leaving only the harness pad, so she can
   move naturally and won't have additional weight or bulk to deal with
   if she should fall in a creek or into a hole. I crawl across with her,
   holding her harness and ready to catch her if she slips. The reason I
   crawl or slide along in these cases is that if I were standing I would
   not be able to balance well enough if she suddenly fell. (Of course,
   one can't really recomend doing these things. I'm just relating my
   experiences.) For stream crossings that the dog can safely swim or
   wade through, I remove the pack and booties if it's deep enough to
   warrant it.

   Other obstacles are logs or downed trees that the dog must go over,
   around, under or in some cases all of the above! Again, I take the
   leash off of Tika so that it won't get caught as she works her way
   through. Generally she picks her on path, but in some cases if I see
   something better, or she gets stuck, I will command "back" and then
   point another way with an "over" or "tunnel" command. The "stay"
   command is invaluable here, if she gets in a tight spot, or the pack
   catches on something she can't free - then a "stay" will keep her calm
   and still until I solve the problem. Last resort is to pick her up and
   hand her to someone on the far side.

Other Dogs on the Trail

   Not all dog owners are responsible with respect to their pets behavior
   on the trail. Some will even allow aggressive dogs off-leash.
   Encounters with these dogs can result in a fight between your animal
   and theirs, even if your dog is leashed, so be prepared to prevent
   this occurance. Although I've personally not had a problem yet, a
   fellow hiker who has repeatedly run into this scenario offers the
   following advice: Always carry a can of Halt!, which is a mild
   pepper-spray, the exact same stuff many local letter-carriers have on
   their belts. It can be bought for around $6.00 in many cycling stores,
   and is legal and definitely works. He points out that while he hates
   to hurt the dogs (the owners are the ones that really need the
   correction), his and his dogs' safety comes first, plus, it's more
   humane to stop a fight before it starts. The stuff has no lasting
   effects and can be washed out of the dog's eyes or whatever with
   water. Halt! has a range of only some 15' or so, and if there's a wind
   blowing, you or your dog can get a "back-blast" from it if you're not
   careful. He always makes every effort to resolve the issue in other
   ways but if he thinks an attack is coming (you learn to read their
   body-language after awhile), he uses it and just keeps going.

Camping

   under construction - more here later

Hiking/Backpacking Clubs

   I'm going to try to compile a list of clubs by area that organize
   canine hiking outings. If you know of such, please send me the name,
   area and contact info.

   Along the same lines, I am not aware of such a club in the Seattle
   area, so I am in the process of organizing one. If you're interested
   in participating, please send me email. I haven't checked for name
   conflicts yet (I'm sure there is one), but if no one is using it, then
   I planned to call the group "Cascade Canines".

Disclaimer

   Hiking, camping and backpacking are, like many other recreations,
   potentially dangerous activities. The author of this document is not
   an instructor or an authority in any of these areas, or in veterinary
   science or in the area of dog training in general. You are responsible
   for the health, welfare and actions of your canine companion. This
   document is the author's attempt to pass on to the interested reader
   some tidbits gathered from her personal experience as well as items
   heard repeatedly from others, not all of which has she experienced
   firsthand. In other words, some of the content in this document is
   strictly hearsay. You should always check with your veterinarian
   and/or other experts when you are beyond your own area of expertise.
   The author assumes no responsibility for the use of information
   contained within this document.

Acknowledgements

   Thanks to Dave Musikoff of California Canine Hikers, and Linda Coffel
   for contributed material and/or suggestions for this document.
     _________________________________________________________________

   This page is copyrighted by Terri Watson <[e-mail]> and
   may not be reproduced in whole or in part without the express
   permission of the author.