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Summary: FAQ for the soc.culture.celtic usenet newsgroup
Keywords: FAQ, Scotland, Scottish, Scot, Celtic, Gaelic, Scots, Music, Culture, Alba, Wales, Cymru, Welsh, Ireland, Irish, Eire, Cornish, Cornwall, Kernow, Man, Manx, Breton, Breizh, Brittany
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This is the FAQ for the news:soc.culture.celtic newsgroup.
This FAQ was first launched May 1994.

Craig Cockburn [e-mail] (editor)

Preliminary notes
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Since this FAQ was first posted in 1994, a number of new newsgroups have
started to cater for Celtic countries. Where there is a FAQ for such a
group, I have provided a pointer to that group's FAQ rather than
duplicate the information in here.

This FAQ is a living document, if there's any corrections, additions or
comments you'd like to make, please send them to me for the next edition.
The usual major updates for the rtfm.mit.edu archive are the Celtic
quarter days of 1-Feb; 1-May (Beltain); 1-Aug; 1-Nov (Samhainn)

Accents in this document are represented by a / or \ after the vowel in
question e.g.  e/ represents e-fada  (=e acute)

Contents
~~~~~~~~

The Celts
=========
[1.1] The Celts
[1.2] Reading material
[1.3] The Celtic languages
[1.4] Celtic language mailing lists
[1.5] Where can I get Celtic Music?
[1.6] How do I identify which Celtic language this is?
[1.7] Books for Celtic names for children
[1.8] Multilingual publications
[1.9] General on-line language resources
[1.10] Pan Celtic information
[1.11] Celtic League
[1.12] Celtic Congress

Celtic Countries
================
(alphabetic by name in their main Celtic language)

[2] Alba - Scotland
[3] Alba Nuadh - Nova Scotia
[4] Breizh - Brittany
[5] Cymru - Wales
[6] Eire - Ireland
[7] Kernow - Cornwall
[8] Mannin - Isle of Man

Other locations
===============
[9] Celtic events & societies around the world



[1.1] Historical background

The Celts (pronounced with a hard C like "Claymore") appear in Europe
as a group of peoples who spoke languages in the Celtic branch of the
Indo-European family of languages. Other branches of the Indo-European
family are Albanian, Anatolian, Armenian, Balto-Slavic, Germanic
(includes  English), Greek, Indo-Iranian, Italic (Latin based) and
Tocharian. European languages *not* belonging to the Indo-European group
are Basque, Hungarian, Finnish, Estonian and Lappish (also called Saami).
Basque is notable in that it is almost certainly a remnant of the languages
present in Europe before the Indo-European expansion.  Hungarian, however,
was brought from the East at a later date. Pictish (now extinct) was also
probably non IE, more of this later.

The Celts evolved from the Urnfield Culture (given that name because of the
burial system of cremation and placement of ashes in urns which in turn were
buried in fields...)  much earlier than the Romanized Celtic world of the
late 500-400 BC.

I use the word "evolve" because it is difficult to define just when the
Celts became a culture unto themselves.  That said, a culture can be
defined according to economic stability, shared religious beliefs and
social structure.

Around 1500-1000BC, the Celts lived in an area which today is mostly in
Eastern France. The area stretched from roughly where Luxembourg is today
to a bit further south than Geneva and took in parts of modern day
West Germany and Switzerland. It was an area a little bigger than the
island of Ireland.

The Celts then expanded to cover an area covering most of Western
Europe and Central Europe. Around 400BC, the Celts lived in what
is now called Britain, Ireland, France (i.e. Gaul), Luxembourg, Belgium,
Switzerland, Austria, and the Czech and Slovak Republics. Celts also
lived in parts of Spain (notable Galicia), northern Italy, The Netherlands,
the southern half of Germany, and parts of Poland and Russia (source: "The
Story of English", Faber and Faber; BBC books 1992).

After the height of their power, the Celts (the first Indo-European
group to spread across Europe) were pushed north and west by successive
waves of Indo-European peoples, notably Germanic and Latin based. The main
migration was by the Galli or Gauls into France, northern Italy and the
north of Europe.

>From "The Celts", by Frank Delaney (Grafton Books, a division of Collins
Publishing Group; copyright London 1986):

Hallstatt - This site at Hallstatt, Austria, was first uncovered by a
George Ramsauer (a local) in 1846.  It was not until 30 years later that
a team of investigators from the Academy of Sciences in Vienna performed
an exhaustive investigation of the local salt mine (the natural resource
that had supported a local economy near Hallstatt for perhaps 4500 years)
and the approximately 2500 grave sites there.

The time in European history of this snapshot of Celtic cultural
development is approximately 800 B.C.  The Celtic people here were an
iron using people who traded salt to the south as far as Italy and as
far north as Bohemia. "The grave goods - predominantly iron-made - ...
indicated a sophisticated and hierarchical society.  These people,
superb iron-workers, owned and buried beautifully-decorated vessels,
ornamented weaponry and horse trappings, all of a standard much
advanced upon that recorded from earlier Europe, reflecting a decisive
and recognizable social structure."

Prior to these discoveries at Hallstatt, the Iron Age map of Europe only
included Rome and Greece as "civilizations".  "But now 'the glory that was
Greece, the grandeur that was Rome' had a proven tangible rival - the
opulence and clear structure of the Celtic civilization."

"The Hallstatt Culture reflects the Celts in their state of development
between the beginning of the ninth century B.C. and the middle of the
seventh century B.C. - an iron-using, farming, trading people with fixed
patterns of habitation and society."  So, the term Hallstatt has more to
do with the state of development of the whole society than the time at
which this development was achieved.  For example, artifacts found in
Ireland dated four-hundred years later than those found at Hallstatt may
still be described as Hallstatt based on the way in which they were made
and the reflections of their local society.

La Tene -- In 1858, near Neuchatel, Switzerland, another trove of Celtic
objects was uncovered.  Subsequent excavations in this area indicated that
"busy and continuous life" had existed by the lake at Neuchatel for hundreds
of centuries.

As the Hallstatt cultural period of the Celts lasted from between 800/700 B.C.
to 600/500 B.C., "La Tene denotes a period which took over from Hallstatt
Culture".  La Tene Culture can be divided into three periods:  Early La Tene,
600-500 B.C.; Middle La Tene, 300-100 B.C.; and Late La Tene which leads into
the end of Celtic dominance in central Europe as the Roman Empire began to
expand north of the Alps.

"If Hallstatt Culture may be seen as survival and breakthrough from basic
comfort to the nucleus of civilization, the Celts of La Tene Culture,
luxuriated, shone, swaggered, thought, expressed themselves....La Tene
meant more lavish burials, more advanced decoration on swords, helmets,
brooches, more cosmopolitan influence."

"La Tene Culture lifts the Celts from being just another of the myriad
European tribally-originated peoples who made an impact in the days before
literacy.  La Tene spirit establishes the Celts as a real 'civilization'".

"La Tene Culture finds the Celts amongst wealth and glory and
possession and expression.  They had mobility, style, trade, power.
They had given themselves definition; they had acquired a considerable
presence; and they had, for their elegance and heroism, earned respect,
an assured people.  The way of the Celts within that period, the five
hundred years or so before Christ, fixed them in the popular
imagination - mythological in splendour, glorious in their gold and
jewels, mysterious in the tracery of their ornamentation, opulent in
the  evidence of their possessions."

"And the term 'La Tene' defines the essential vision of the Celts and
their  civilization, marks their major cultural presence in Europe,
when their attitude , personality, style, came of age.  Through La
Tene, Europe saw them as important, powerful and fascinating.
Their spread across the continent, their multifarious presence, made
them a force to be reckoned with."

There are some Celtic artifacts in the Hungarian National History
Museum in Budapest.  Gellert Hill, which towers over the Danube on  the
Buda side of the river, was once a Celtic fort.  After pushing through
the area on their original journeys across Europe, Celtic peoples from
what became from France returned to the area around the 4th century I
believe.  They introduced coinage to the area and traded. Outside of
Budapest, there are Roman ruins which were built over the site of a
Celtic village.  The Romans called the place Aquinctum -- which was
based on An-ke (I believe) which meant 'place near water' in the Celtic
language of that particular group.

Hallstatt culture
-----------------
See http://www.interaktive.com/Museum (in German)

If you have any questions about The Hallstatt-Period or questions about our
History, please mail me. I try to answer or give it to the people, who
know the right answer. In a few days you can see at this page all the
books we have about the Hallstatt-Period.

Greetings from Hallstatt to UK
Herbert DITACHMAIR
mailto:[e-mail]
http://www.interaktive.com/Orte/Hallstatt.htm (in German)


[1.2] Reading material

This is an extensive list of Celtic studies research material. This was
compiled by Denise Inglis and was compiled during research for her
thesis. This list is also available to FTP from
ftp://yeats.csufresno.edu/pub/misc/celtic_studies.bib

Celtic reading list compiled by Denise Inglis
mailto:[e-mail]

Reading list
------------
First Light on an Irish Tomb (ancient tomb at Newgrange may have had
astronomical function.)  Science News 135 (Feb. 11, 1989) : 88ff.

Alcock, Leslie.  Arthur's Britain : History and Archaeology - A. D. 367-634.
London : Allen Lane, 1974.

Anderson, Marjorie O.  The Celtic Church in Kinrimund.  IN The Mediaeval
Church of St. Andrews.

Arbesmann, Rudolph.  The cervuli and anniculae in Caesarius of Arles.
Traditio 35:89-119 1979.

Bamford, Christopher.  Ecology and Holiness : The Heritage of Celtic
Christianity.  Epiphany : A Journal of Faith and Insight. No. 3, 66-78, Spring
1983.

Bammesberger, Alfred, and Wollmann, Alfred, eds.  Britain 400-600: language
and history [conf pprs, Celtic and Anglo-Saxon lang & hist, Eichstatt, W
Germany, 1988; indexed selectively].  Anglistische Forschungen, 205.
Heidelberg, Germany : Carl Winter Universitatsverlag, 1990.

Barton, Beverly.  Sketches and Reflections on a Celtic Pilgrimage.  illus, by
M. Bowes & A. Mitchell. Epiphany : A Journal of Faith and Insight 6 No. 4,
70-75 Summer, 1986.

Beaulieu, Jean-Baptiste Colbert de.  La monnaie au nom des rois Gesatorix
et Ecritusirus.  IN Studia Paulo Naster Oblata, 1; ed by S Scheers, 1982. pp.
305-322.

Bede.  Opera Historica.  Loeb Classical Library, 2 vol. Cambridge,
Massachusetts : Harvard University Press, 1954.

Biel, Jorg.  A Celtic Grave in Hochdorf, Germany.  Archaeology 40 (Nov -
Dec, 1987) : 22ff.

Biel, Jorg.  Treasure From a Celtic Tomb.  National Geographic 157 (March
1980) : 428-438.

Bieler, Ludwig.  Ancient Hagiography and the Lives of St. Patrick.  IN Forma
futuri : studi in onone de Cardinale Michele Pelligrino. ed. Antonio
Maddalena. 650-655, 1975. Turin : Bottega d'Erasmo.

Bieler, Ludwig.  Christian Ireland's Graeco-Latin Heritage.  Studia Patristica
13 (part 2) ed. Elizabeth Livingstone. Berlin : Akademie-Verlag, 1975, 3-9.

Bieler, Ludwig.  Ireland: Harbinger of the Middle Ages.  New York : Oxford
University Press.

Bieler, Ludwig.  Patrick's Synod: A Revision.  Melange Offerts a
Mademoiselle C. Mohrmann ed. T. N. Hamess et. al. Utrecht/Anvers :
Spectrum Editeurs, 1963, 96-102

Bieler, Ludwig.  The Celtic Hagiographer.  Studia Patristica vol. 5, (1964)
243-265.

Bieler, Ludwig.  The Irish Penitentials : Their Religious and Social
Background.  Studia Patristica vol. 18 (Part II) ed. by F. L. Cross. Berlin,
1966, 329-339.

Bieler, Ludwig.  The Life and Legend of St. Patrick.  Dublin : Clonmore and
Reynolds, 1949.

Binchy, Daniel A.  A pre-Christian survival in mediaeval Irish hagiography.
IN Ireland in early medieval Europe; ed by D Whitelock; et al., 1982. pp.
165-178.

Birley, Eric.  The Deities of Roman Britain.  IN Principat 18,1 : Heidentum
: Dei religiosen Verhaltnisse in den Provinzen. Aufsteig und Niedergang der
romischen Welt 2, 18: 1, ed. by Wolfgang Haase. Berlin : Walter de Gruyter,
1986, pp. 3-112.

Boyd, Robin.  Ireland: Christianity discredited or pilgrim's progress?
Risk no. 37:1-127, 1988.

Boyle, Alexander.  The Birthplace of St. Patrick.  Scottish Historical Review
60 No.2, 156 160, October 1981.

Bradshaw, Brendan.  The wild and woolly West: early Irish Christianity and
Latin orthodoxy.  The churches, Ireland and the Irish; ed by W Sheils and D
Wood, 1989. pp. 1-23.

Brenneman, Walter L.  Serpents, Cows and Ladies : Contrasting Symbolism
in Irish and Indo-European Cattle Raiding Myth.  History of Religion 28 :
340-354, May 1989.

Brown, T. J.  An Historical Introduction to the Use of Classical Latin
Authors in the British Isles From the 5th to the 11th Century.  IN La Cultura
antica nell'Occidente Latinodal 7 all 11 secolo. ed, Jeauneau, Edouard.
237-293, 1975. (22nd Conference Centro Italiano di Studi sull'alto Medioevo.
Spoleto, Italy : Centro Italiano di Studisull'alto Medioevo.)

Browne, Ray Broadus.  The Celtic Cross, Studies in Irish Culture and
Literature.  Freeport, New York : Books for Libraries Press, 1970.

Butler, L. A. S.  Continuity of settlement in Wales in the central Middle Ages.
IN Studies in Celtic survival; ed by L. Laing, 1977. pp. 61-66.

Carey, John.  Ireland and the Antipodes: the heterodoxy of Virgil of Salzburg.
Speculum 64 : 1-10, January 1989.

Carmichael, Alexander, ed.  Sun [Celtic poem fr The Sun Dance, 1960].
Epiphany 6 No 1:78, Fall 1985.

Carmichael, Alexander, ed.  The voice of thunder [Celtic poem fr The Sun
Dance, 1960].  Epiphany 6 No. 1:79, Fall 1985.

Carmichael, Alexander, ed.  The new moon [Celtic poem fr The Sun Dance,
1960].  Epiphany 6 No 1:79, Fall 1985.

Cathasaigh, Donal O.  The cult of Brigid: a study of pagan-Christian
syncretism in Ireland (bibliog, maps, photos).  IN Mother worship: theme and
variations; ed by J. Preston, 1982. pp. 75-94.

Chadwick, Nora K.  Celtic Britain.  Ancient People and Places Series, vol. 34,
ed. Dr. Glyn Daniel. New York : Frederick A. Praeger, 1963.

Chadwick, Nora K.  Studies in the Early British Church.  London :
Cambridge University Press, 1958.

Chadwick, Nora K.  The Celts.  Harmondsworth, Middlesex, England :
Penguin Books, 1970.

Chadwick, Nora K.  The Druids.

Chaney, W. A.  Royal Role in the Conversion of England.  Journal of Church
and State 9 : 317-331, August 1967.

Charriere, Georges.  Feux, buchers, et autodafes bien de chez nous.  Revue de
l'histoire des religion 194 : 23-64, July 1978.

Chute, Desmond.  On St Columban of Bobbio [Vita S Columbani].  Downside
Review 67:170-182,304-314, 1949.

Confren, Mary.  The Serpent and the Goddess : Women Religion, and Power
in Celtic Ireland.  1st ed. San Francisco : Harper and Row, 1989.

Cooke, Richard Joseph, Bp, 1853-1931.  The ancient British and Ephesian
succession theories.  Methodist Review 80:249-269 Mr 1898.

Corbett, Deborah.  The voice of the Celtic harp [photos; Celtic modal scales].
Epiphany 5 No. 1 : 22-26, Fall 1984.

Cowan, Edward J.  Myth and identity in early medieval Scotland.  Scottish
Historical Review 63 : 111-135, October 1984.

Cowdrey, Herbert E. J.  Bede and the 'English people'.  Journal of Religious
History 11, 501 - 523, December 1981.

Creban, Joseph H.  The Theology of Eucharistic Consecration : Role of the
Priest in Celtic Liturgy (periglawr).  Theological Studies 40, 334-343. June
1979.

Cunliffe, Barry.  Celtic death rituals [Danebury pit burials; photos].
Archaeology 41 no 2:39-43, 1988.

Curran, M.  Sacratissimi Martyres and Early Irish Latin Hymns.  Studia
Patristica 15, pt. 1, 539-544, 1984.

Davidson, H R Ellis.  Mithraism and the Gunderstrup bowl [figs].  IN
Mithraic studies, v 2; ed by J Hinnells, 1975. pp. 494-506.

Davies, Wendy.  Celtic Women in the Early Middle Ages.  IN Images of
Women in Antiquity 145-166, 1983. ed. Averil Cameron and Amelie Kurt.
Detroit, Michigan : Wayne State University Press, 1983.

Davies, Wendy.  Property rights and property claims in Welsh vitae of the
eleventh century.  IN Hagiographie cultures et societies; by F Dolbeau, et al.,
1981. pp. 515-533.

Davies, Wendy.  The Latin charter-tradition in western Britain, Brittany and
Ireland in the early mediaeval period.  IN: Ireland in early medieval Europe;
ed by D Whitelock; et al., 1982. pp. 258-280.

De Vries, Jan.  La religion des Celts.  The religion of Mankind Series, No. 18.
Paris : Payot, 1984.

De Waal, Esther.  The extraordinary in the ordinary (Celtic sacramental
practice of verse in daily life).  Weavings 2 : 6-15 May - June, 1987.

Deanesly, Margaret.  The Pre-Conquest Church in England.  New York :
Oxford University Pres, 1961.

Debarge, Louis.  Le syncretism religieux : druidisme et Christianisme.
Melanges de Sciences Religieuses 46 : 5-21, March 1989.

Delaney, John J. ed.  Saints for All Seasons.  Garden City, New York :
Doubleday, 1978.

Demoule, Jean-Paul.  L'analyse archeologique de cimitieres et l'example des
necropoles celtiques.  IN La mort et les morts dans la societes anciennes. ed.
Cherardo Anoli et Jean Pierre Vernant, 319-337, 1982. Cambridge :
Cambridge University Press, 1982.

Dillon, Myles.  Early Irish Literature.  Chicago : University of Chicago Press,
1948.

Dillon, Myles.  The Cycles of the Kings.  London : Oxford University Press,
1946.

Dooley, Kate.  From Penance to Confession : The Celtic Contribution.
Bijdragen : Tijdschrift voor Philosophie en Theologie 43 : 390-411, 1982.

Draak, Maartje.  Migration over sea [Celtic gods in Irish mythology].  Numen
9:81-98, 1962.

Drury, P. J.  Non-classical religious buildings in iron age and Roman Britain
: a review [maps; bibliog].  IN Temples, churches and religion, pt 1; ed by W
Rodwell, 1980. pp. 45-78.

Dumville, David N.  Beowulf and the Celtic world: the uses of evidence [figs].
Traditio 37:109-160, 1981.

Duncan, Archibald A.  Bede, Iona and the Picts.  IN Writing of History in
the Middle Ages : Essays Presented to Richard William Southern. 1-42, 1981.
ed. John M. Wallace-Hadrill, Oxford : Clarendon Press, 1981.

Duval, Paul M.  Observation sur les dieux de la Gaule.  Revue de l'histoire
des religions 145 (January - March, 54) : 5-17.

Enright, Michael J.  The Sutton Hoo whetstone sceptre: a study in
iconography and cultural milieu.  IN: Anglo-Saxon England, 11; ed by P
Clemoes, 1983. pp. 119-134.

Evans-Wentz, W. Y.  The Fairy-faith in Celtic Countries.  New Hyde Park,
New York : University Books, 1966.

Laing, Lloyd.  The Origins of Britain.  New York : Schribner, 1980.

Farmer, David H.  Benedict's Disciples.  Leominster, Great Britain : Fowler
Wright Books, Ltd., 1980.

Fenn, R. W. D.  Age of the Saints.  IN A History of the Church in Wales. ed.
by David Walker 1-23, 1976. Penarth, Wales : Church in Wales Publishing,
1976.

Ferguson, Everett, et al., eds.  Encyclopedia of Early Christianity  New York
: Garland Publishing, Inc., 1990.

Ford, Patrick K.  Celtic Women : the Opposing Sex.  IN Viator, vol 19 :
Medieval and Renaissance Studies, eds. Benson, Robert L.; A. R. Branmuller,
Robert I. Burns et al. Berkeley, California : University of California Press,
1988.

Forrester, Duncan B. and Douglas M. Murray, ed.  Studies in the History of
Worship in Scotland.  Edinburgh : T. & T. Clark, 1984.

Fox, Cyril, Sir.  The Early Cultures of North-west Europe.  H. M. Chadwick
Memorial Studies. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 1950.

Frend, William H. C.  Ecclesia Britannica Prelude or Dead End?  Journal of
Ecclesiastical History 30 : 129-144, April 1979.

Frey, Otto-Herman.  The chariot tomb from Adria: some notes on Celtic
horsemanship and chariotry [photos; il; bibliog].  IN To illustrate the
monuments; ed by J Megaw, 1976. pp. 171-179.

Frye, Roland M.  Christ and Ingeld. (Anglo-Saxon myth)  Theology Today
11, 225-232, July, 1954.

Grant, R. M.  Christianity in Roman Britain.  Anglican Theological Review
51 : 79-96 April 1969.

Green, Miranda J.  Triplism and plurality: intensity and symbolism in Celtic
religious expression [bibliog, photos]  IN Sacred and profane; ed by P
Garwood, et al., 1991. pp. 100-108.

Green, Miranda.  The Gods of the Celts.  Totowa, New Jersey : Barnes &
Noble, 1986.

Green, Miranda.  Theomorphism [photos; history of eastern influences in
Great Britain].  IN Roman life and art in Britain, 2; J Munby and M Henig,
eds., 1977. pp. 297-326.

Greene, David H, ed.  An Anthology of Irish Literature.  New York : The
Modern Library. 1954.

Gwynn, Aubrey and R. Neville Hadcock.  Medieval Religious Houses :
Ireland.  Harlow : Longmans, 1970.

Hanson, R. P. C.  St. Patrick, a saint for all traditions.  193-196. IN Askum
Thyateira : Festschrift Archbishop Methodios of Thyateira and Great Britain.
London, England : Thyateira House, 1985.

Hanson, R. P. C.  The Life and Writings of St. Patrick.  New York : Seabury
Press, 1983.

Hanson, R. P. C.  Patrick and the Mensura fidei.  IN Studia Patristica vol.
10, pt. 1, ed. F. Cross, 109-111, 1970.

Hanson, R. P. C.  St. Patrick, His Origins and Career.  London : Oxford
University Press, 1968.

Hanson, R. P. C.  The Omissions in the Text of the Confession of St. Patrick
in the Book of Armagh.  IN Studia Patristica vol. 12, pt. 1, ed. Elizabeth
Livingstone 91-95, 1975.

Hatchett, Marion J.  The eucharistic rite of the Stowe missal  Time and
community; ed by J. Alexander, 1990. pp. 153-170

Heailidhe, Padraig O.  Crosses and slabs at St Berrihert's Kyle in the Glen of
Aherlow.  IN North Munster studies; Essays for M Moloney; ed by E Rynne,
1967. pp. 102-132.

Heist, William H.  Hagiography, chiefly Celtic, and recent developments in
folklore.  IN Hagiographie cultures et societies; by F. Dolbeau, et al., 1981.
pp. 121-141.

Heist, William W.  Irish Saints' Lives, Romance and Cultural History.  IN
Medieval Hagiography and Romance ed. P. Clogan 25-40, 1975. Cambridge
: Cambridge University Press. (Medievalia et Humanistica, new series, No. 6.)

Henry, Franoise.  Irish Art in the Early Christian Period (to 800 A. D.)
Ithaca, New York : Cornell University Press, 1965.

Henry, Patrick Leo.  The Early English and Celtic Lyric.  London : Allen and
Unwin, 1966.

Herbert, Maire.  The Bible in early Iona [bibliog].  IN The Bible in Scottish
life and literature; ed by D Wright, 1988. pp. 131-139.

Horgan, John.  Irish Mist; A Tomb in Ireland May be the Oldest
Astronomical Structure.  Scientific American, 260 (April, 1989) : 22ff.

Hubert, Henri.  The Greatness and Decline of the Celts.  London, K. Paul,
Trench, Trubner, 1934.

Hughes, Kathleen.  Evidence for Contacts Between Churches of the Irish and
English From the Synod of Whitby to the Viking Age (664 - 9th Century). IN
England Before the Conquest : Studies in Primary Sources Presented to
Dorothy Whitelock. ed. Peter Clemoes and Kathleen Hughes 49-67, 1971,
Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 1971.

Hughes, Kathleen.  Sanctity and Secularity in the Early Irish Church.  IN
Sanctity and Secularity : Paper Read at the 11th Summer Meeting and the
12th Winter meeting of the Ecclesiastical History Society. ed. Derek Baker,
21-37, 1973. Oxford : Basil Blackwell Press. Studies in Church History Vol.
10.

Hyde, Douglas.  A Literary History of Ireland From Earliest Times to the
Present Day.  New York : Barnes & Noble, 1967.

Jackson, Kenneth.  Language and History in Early Britain : A Chronological
Survey of the Brittonic Languages, 1st to 12th century A. D.  Edinburgh :
University Press, 1971.

John, Eric.  The social and political problems of the early English church.
Land, church and people; ed by J Thirsk, 1970. pp. 39-63.

Jones, W. R.  Medieval State-building and the Churches of the Celtic Fringe.
Journal of Church and State 16 : 407-419, August, 1974.

Joyce, P. W.  Old Celtic Romances.  London : Longmans, Green & Co., 1920.

Keane, Edward.  St. Patrick's Journey Through West Limerick.  IN North
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[1.3] The Celtic languages.

Primary source: Cambridge encyclopaedia of language.

The Celtic languages are divided into two classes: Insular and Continental

Continental Celtic languages are no longer spoken, but consisted of:
        Celtiberian (Spain), Gaulish (Swiss/Northern Italian variant known
      as Lepontic) and Galatian in Turkey(!).
        Galatian was spoken until about the 5th century.
      Lepontic turns out to be P-Celtic. Celtiberian turns out to be Q-Celtic,
      the split occuring prior to the 7th Century BC.

Insular Celtic is divided into:
        P-Celtic, also called Brythonic or British
        Q-Celtic, also called Goidelic or Gaelic

P-Celtic consists of:
        Cumbric (extinct), Welsh, Cornish, Breton
        Breton and Cornish were apparantly mutually intelligible until
        the 15th century

Q-Celtic consists of:
        Irish, Scots Gaelic, Manx
        These languages are almost mutually intelligible today.
        i.e. Donegal Irish and Islay Scots Gaelic are quite close.


Pronounciation note:
The word Gaelic is pronounced "Gaylik" when talking about Irish Gaelic or
Manx Gaelic; the modern preference is to pronounce it "Gallic" when talking
about Scots Gaelic (this being much closer to the pronunciation of "Gaidhlig"
which is what this language calls itself).

Historically in Scotland in both English and Scots the word was pronounced
the same as for the other two languages. Indeed some Scots Acts spell the
word "Gaylick". Therefore for an non-Gaelic speaker to use this
pronunciation is not "wrong", just not as currently preferred in Scotland.

History
=======
The most ancient remnants of a celtic dialect in written form have been
found in northern Italy (Sesto Calende, ~600 b.C., Castelletto Ticino,
~575-550 b.C.).  It is a relatively recent acquisition that these (Lepontic)
inscription are actually written in a celtic dialect (Lejeune, "Lepontica",
1971).

British Isles
-------------
There were two waves of invasions to the British Isles which gave rise
to the P/Q variaties we have today. The first invasion was to Ireland
in the 4th century BC, probably from Western France. This variant
became Gaelic and spread from Ireland to the Isle of Man and Scotland.
The second invasion (P-Celtic) was to southern England and Wales and
from there (in 5th century AD) to Brittany. Celtic languages have also
spread from Britain. 150 Welsh speakers started a Welsh colony in
Patagonia in 1865, and there is also a Scots Gaelic community in Cape
Breton Island, Nova Scotia. (about 1,000 speakers today). Breton is
not classified as continental Celtic because it came to Brittany from
Britain. There was a Gaelic speaking community in the Carolinas
but this died out in the early 20th century.

The p-q-phenomenon is found in Italic (compare the Latin quattor,
'four', with the Oscan petora), and certain linguists claim that there
was an Italo-Celtic people by the end of the 21st century BC. However,
the similarities are merely coincidental, e.g. the future tense in
Irish (root + b + ending) and Latin (root + f + ending), or that
passive verbs end with -r (previously believed to be a characteristic
of Italic and Celtic, but later found in Hittite and Tocharian (both
extinct).

Pictish:  The Picts were Celts but spoke a mixture of languages. They
spoke a pre-Celtic language for ritualistic purposes (source: Prof
Derek Thompson - "Why Gaelic matters"), and Pictish at other times.
Pictish is mentioned The Cambridge Encyclopedia of language as possibly
being Celtic or possibly being a non-Indo-European isolate like Basque.
Thompson says "It is clear from the evidence of place names that there
was much common ground between [Brythonic] and the Celtic constituent
of Pictish". There is some debate as to whether Pictish was non IE or not,
as there is so little information available on it.

Many of the Scottish Island names including Arran, Skye, Lewis and Jura
are Pictish. For more information on placenames: (W.F.H. Nicolaisen
"Scottish Place Names", Batsford, London 1976).


[1.4] Celtic language mailing lists

If you want to learn any of the Celtic languages, there are various
lists set up.

GAELIC-L for Irish, Scots Gaelic and Manx  (currently about 1000 members)
and WELSH-L for Welsh, Cornish and Breton (currently about 330 members)
Note that these are primarily lists for discussions *in* those languages
and not discussions in English *about* the languages, although short
English only messages from learners are OK. To join, send a message
to
mailto:[e-mail]
containing the line: subscribe listname yourfirstname yoursurname
i.e. subscribe GAELIC-L Iain Caimbeul

Both GAELIC-L and WELSH-L have extensive libraries of reference
material. Send the command "Get GAELIC-L filelist" or
"Get WELSH-L filelist" to find out what's available once you've
joined.

For issues in English about Celtic culture, see the lists IRTRAD-L
for Irish traditional music and CELTIC-L for Celtic culture. To join
these lists, simply replace the "GAELIC-L" in the above list with
the name of the list you wish to join.

Here's some more detail on GAELIC-L:

I was asked to write a bit about the GAELIC-L list for news.groups.reviews
so here it is.

Gaelic-L is a listserv list with about 1000 members and is for
discussions in the 3 Gaelic languages (Irish Gaelic, Scots Gaelic and
Manx). The list has been running since May 1989 and averages about 5-6
messages a day. Messages are primarily in Gaelic, and some have English
translations. English only messages from learners seeking help are
welcome, provided that they are kept fairly short. There is an extensive
library associated with the list containing monthly logs of every message
sent out, programs (ie one to tell the time in conversational Gaelic),
reference materials (including dictionaries), contact addresses for
organisations etc.

Most of the topics discussed on Gaelic-L are cultural or current affairs or
what's on. Related usenet newsgroups include news:rec.music.celtic and
news:soc.culture.celtic. Unlike soc.culture.celtic however, discussions
concerning Northern Irish politics are extremely rare on Gaelic-L. The word
Gaelic is pronounced "Gaylik" when talking about Irish Gaelic or Manx Gaelic,
but "Gallic" when talking about Scots Gaelic.

Owners of the list include:

Marion Gunn
mailto:[e-mail]
University College Dublin - folklorist,
software localiser, archivist and co-founder of the list.

Caoimhin O Donnaile
mailto:[e-mail],
Kevin Donnelly, lecturer in Computing at Sabhal Mor Ostaig,
Scotland's Gaelic College (on the Isle of Skye) and co-founder of the list

To subscribe to the list, send a message to:

mailto:[e-mail]
containing the line
SUB GAELIC-L your name
e.g. SUB GAELIC-L Iain Mac a' Gobhainn
the listserv will then send you more details. To get details of the
contents of Gaelic-L's library, send a command
GET GAELIC-L FILELIST
to mailto:[e-mail]

the address for messages themselves is
mailto:[e-mail]

On the list, we represent the accented vowels in Gaelic by writing
a / or \ after the vowel in question to indicate an acute or grave accent.

There is a GAELIC-M list though for those with MIME capability, and this is
mirrored to GAELIC-L.

For Scottish Gaelic specific mailing lists, see
http://www.siliconglen.com/Scotland/7_1.html


[1.5] Where can I get Celtic music?

The main place to ask this is on news:rec.music.celtic.
This newsgroup is the main forum for discussions about Celtic music
and it has a FAQ at http://www.collins-peak.co.uk/rmc/. The FAQ is
usually posted every Monday.

there is also a list of Internet resources for Celtic music available
at http://celtic.stanford.edu/Internet_Sources.html


[1.6] How do I identify which Celtic language this is?

Clues
-----
Irish Gaelic and Scots Gaelic do not have these letters: j,k,q,v,w,x,y,z
they also don't have double vowels. Irish Gaelic has fadas (acute accents),
Scots Gaelic has both acutes and graves, but predominantly graves (acutes
no longer officially exist). Irish has no grave accents.
Breton has n-tilde (like Spanish) and a high number of z's
Breton has acute and grave accents.
Cornish looks very much like Breton, except Cornish has very few accents
Cornish has an a-circumflex. K's, w's, z's occur frequently
Welsh has no z's, but a high number of y's and w's
Welsh also has circumflexes on all its vowels : a,e,i,o,u,w,y.
Manx is the only Celtic language to be written according to non-Celtic
phonetic rules. Manx is written according to more or less English phonetic
rules. Manx and Cornish are the only Celtic languages with a "j". Manx is also
the only Celtic language to have a c-cedilla. The letter "y" occurs
frequently, as do double vowels.


[1.7] Books for Celtic names:

Scottish
--------
_Ainmean Chloinne_, Peadar Morgan. Available from Gaelic books council
See also http://www.siliconglen.com/Scotland/12_11.html

Irish
-----
Linda Rosenkranz & Pamela Redmond Satran _Beyond Shannon and Sea/n_
(St. Martin's Press 1992)

Donncha O/ Corra/in & Fidelma Maguire _Irish Names_ (Lilliput 1990)
Eoin Neeson _The Book of Irish Saints_ (Mercier 1967)

Muiris O/ Droighnea/in _An Sloinnteoir Gaeilge agus an tAinmnitheoir_
(Coisce/im 1991)


[1.8] Multilingual publications:

Carn
----
Carn: The journal of the Celtic League. This is in all 6 Celtic
languages with English summaries of many of them.
The Celtic League promotes the Celtic cultures and languages
and is anti violence. They have branches in
Scotland, Brittany, Wales, Ireland, Cornwall, Isle of Man,
London, USA, Cape Breton.
General Secretary is:
Bernard Moffatt, 11 Hilltop View, Farmhill, Braddan, Mannin
(Isle of Man)
See http://www.manxman.co.im/cleague/

Contact Bulletin
----------------
Contact Bulletin (European Bureau of Lesser Used Languages)
This publication is English-only but is included here because
of its pan-Celtic linguistic appeal. The bulletin is free and
available by writing to:

An Biu/ro/ Eorpach do Theangacha Neamhfhorleathana
10 Sra/id Haiste I/ocht
Baile A/tha Cliath 2
E/ire
Tel: [phone]

mailto:[e-mail]


[1.9] General on-line language resources

Gaelic Culture
--------------
Sabhal Mor Ostaig
http://www.smo.uhi.ac.uk/

Sunsite
This post is to announce a  WWW site that offers information concerning
Gaelic and Gaelic Culture. The url is:

http://sunsite.unc.edu/gaelic
or
http://sunsite.unc.edu/gaelic/gaelic.html

In addition, there is an ftp site where you may log in
as ftp. This address is:

ftp://sunsite.unc.edu/pub/academic/languages/gaelic.

These two sites contain information on/in Irish Gaelic,
Scottish Gaelic and hopefully soon Manx Gaelic. Lesson(s)
with accompanying audio files are available for Scottish Gaelic.
(This would then qualify as the first on-line language tutorial
that I know of let alone in gaelic. By on-line
I mean available in an interactive format.)

There is a wide range of poetry on this site, both English
and Gaelic. Audio files exist of people reading this poetry also,
in some cases the authors themselves.

You can also pick up any of the last several days worth of experimental
recordings of the RTE Internet Radio project, a ~3MB recording of
Radio 1's morning News. There is information on the Celts as well
as mirrors to several other sites containing more information
on all of these subjects and more.

While not Gaelic in origin, I like it and had someone around
who speaks very good Scots, so some of Rabbie Burns poetry
is included also.

Thanks to Stephen Watson, there is a collection of gif
images showing the different tartans. Click in and
look at all the pretty patterns !-)

Hopefully soon, there will be some recordings of different types
of music related to gaelic culture, including recordings
of the different kinds of pipes, celtic harp, fiddle music as
well as singing.

Please note that this site is just starting out and that
all links do net yet lead anywhere.

Ma tha ceistean agaibhse, tha mi aig
mailto:[e-mail]

(Any questions, please send them to mailto:[e-mail])


[1.10] Pan Celtic information

The London Association for Celtic Education (LACE) produces
a guide to Celtic language related societies in London and around
the UK. I have an old copy and find it very useful indeed. 100's
of entries in the guide covering Scotland, Ireland, Man, Wales,
Cornwall and Brittany

Contact:
Jean Marie MacGuinn
161 Wightman Road
London N8
Tel: [phone]

Roger Casement Irish Centre,
Eastgate Building,
131 St John's Way,
London N19 3RQ.
Tel: [phone]


[1.11] Celtic League

The Celtic League publishes 'Carn' which is in all 6 of the Celtic
languages as well as English.

Membership is 10 pounds (15 for two people at the same address)

For more information on the Celtic league in Scotland, see
http://www.manxman.co.im/cleague/


[1.12] Celtic Congress

Celtic Congress
http://www.indigo.ie/egt/celtcong/cc-home-en.html
Contact: M. MacIver, 7 Teal Avenue,  Inverness IV2 3TB


[2] Alba - Scotland

The material which was originally here has been moved and considerably
expanded and now forms the news:soc.culture.scottish FAQ at:
http://www.siliconglen.com/Scotland/


[3] Alba Nuadh - Nova Scotia

Contents
~~~~~~~~
-> [3.1] Am Braighe
-> [3.2] Scottish Step Dancing
-> [3.3] Songs
-> [3.4] Cape Bretoner newspaper
-> [3.5] Cape Breton/Nova Scotia History
-> [3.6] Cape Breton what's on

[3.1] Am Braighe

Am Braighe "A quarterly journal focusing on the oral traditions and history
        of the North American Gaels. Interviews in Gaelic and English on
        immigration, folklore, history, music and song"
It's about 90% in English

Subscriptions or FREE sample copy :

Am Braighe
PO Box 179
Mabou
Canada
Tel: [phone]
Fax: [phone]

http://www.chatsubo.com/ambraighe/
mailto:[e-mail]


I think there are about 1,000 speakers of Gaelic left in Nova
Scotia, plus some on Prince Edward Island. This represents about 0.6%
of the population. In Scotland, the number of Gaelic speakers is
about 1.5%


[3.2] Step Dancing

See also
http://www.siliconglen.com/Scotland/10_3.html

This was published at the Cork Cape Breton Festival a couple of years ago.

CAPE BRETON STEP-DANCE - AN IRISH OR SCOTTISH TRADITION?
========================================================
Prepared by: Sheldon MacInnes, Program Director, Extension &
Community Affairs, University College of Cape Breton.

Introduction
============
Writing about Cape Breton step-dance is difficult; in fact,  writing
about any dance is difficult. Most people enjoy  "participating in" fun
activities rather than writing about them. Cape Breton step-dancing is
an excellent illustration  of an activity which one would rather "do".
However, at the request of the organising committee for the Eigse Na
Laoi, I  will attempt to write this short paper on Cape Breton step-
dance and its origins. Readers of this paper should simply  view the
following observations and comments as one person's  opinion.

Background
==========
It is obvious to most people familiar with the dance culture  of Cape
Breton Island that the art of step-dancing is alive  and well, and,
like so many of our cultural treasures and  initiatives, step- dance
has an impact on Cape Breton's cultural history and tradition, island
identity, social  cohesion and the economy. Traditional dance provides
an  instrument for exploring our unique heritage and may serve  as a
means to attract outside attention to Cape Breton among students of
folklore and history and the general travelling  public. Therefore, the
debate on the origins of step-dance  has some relevance.

In the most extreme parochial sense, some people say step- dance has
its origins somewhere in Cape Breton, i.e. in an  area like Inverness
County, or Victoria County. Some people  may even argue that it began
in Waterford (as in New  Waterford, Cape Breton, not to be mistaken for
Waterford,  Ireland.) Documented discussions, however, among elders in
several Cape Breton communities, elders not far removed from  the
generation of Scots who emigrated from Scotland, give  some credence to
the notion that the dance originated in  Scotland. A review of
literature by scholars who have taken  the time to research the origins
of different traditional  dance forms also gives some validity to this
view.

Early Research
==============
In 1958, Frank Rhodes, a renowned scholar, visited Cape Breton and
spent considerable time in a number of rural  communities chatting with
older people. As a result of his  visit and subsequent research, he was
satisfied that his  findings supported the notion that Cape Breton
step-dance  has its roots in the Highlands of Scotland. Works by other
researchers like George Emerson, Joan and Tom Flett, and Cape  Breton's
own Allister MacGillivray would later support  Rhodes' view. (Rhodes,
p. 9.)

Of particular interest to me, upon reviewing the literature,  was
MacGillivray's interview with Flora MacNeil, well known  ambassador of
Scottish culture and Gaelic singing  especially. Flora, during her
early visits to Cape Breton  from Scotland in the late 70's, would
often engage in the  debate on the origins of Cape Breton step-dance
always  doubting that the dance had its place in Scotland. This kind
of response from the Scots of the "old country" and other strong
advocates of the "old country's" music and Gaelic  language may be
typical. In other words, if the proponents  of the Scottish culture in
Scotland can not relate to the  art of step-dancing, then surely this
form of dance is not  part of the Scottish tradition. This may have
been the view  that Flora held for some time. However, after many
visits to  Cape Breton, and after many discussions about this lively
art form, Flora took it upon herself to do some research in her own
country and as a result, she was satisfied that step-dance was very
much a part of the traditional culture  of the Scottish highlands.
(MacGillivray, p. 24.)

The Dancing Immigrants
======================
The historical facts disclose that in the late 1700's and  early
1800's, immigrants from all over the British Isles  began to settle in
the eastern half of the island of Cape  Breton. Between 1800 and 1820,
immigrants from the Scottish  Highlands began to settle the western
side of the Island  between Inverness County and the Grand Narrows
region.  (Dunn, p. 19.)  Among other things, these settlers handed
down to their children the memories of life in Scotland and  the early
days of life on the Island of Cape Breton.  MacGillivray's research
states that the publication, "A  History of Inverness County" records
this information in  detail, including stories and recollections about
the art of  step-dancing.

"A History of Inverness" describes, for example, Alan  MacMillan who
was born in Lochabar, Scotland in 1820. He  settled in Rear Little
Judique in Inverness, Cape Breton.  Alan MacMillan was a celebrated
dancer. After his arrival to  the Judique community, he established
dance classes in  Judique and Cregnish. From the same source, I learned
of  Lauchlin MacDougall who settled in Broad Cove Banks and like  his
father, as well as his son, was a noted dancer. In these  accounts, I
learned that the style and the technique of the  dance were similar to
the step-dance of today.  (MacGillivray, p. 24.)

The early styles of step-dance, like today, featured the art  of solo
dancing. Subsequently, early formations known as the  four-handed reels
and the eight-handed reels evolved. In the  1920's and the 1930's, Cape
Breton captured a unique  interest in various square dance styles from
Europe.  Activity at the Gaelic College, beginning in 1939,  emphasised
the more popular forms of dance including  Scottish Country Dancing
which is now associated with  Scotland. The latter included many of the
characteristics  which were very much a part of any number of dance
styles  found outside the Scottish tradition at that time.

The foregoing information reflects a preoccupation with the  idea that
the step-dance as it is known in Cape Breton has  its origins in the
highlands of Scotland. Cape Bretoners  believe that the Gaelic language
of the Island has a place  in the Outer Hebrides as is the case with
the Scottish  violin music of Cape Breton. It should not come as any
surprise, therefore, that dance enthusiasts also want to be  part of
this linkage with the "old country" despite the fact  that many of the
traditional qualities of the Cape Breton  music, song and dance are no
longer found in Scotland today.  (MacMaster Video.)

It is interesting to note, however, that sometimes in  researching the
place of culture and traditional art forms  in society, one can fall
victim to 'inventing tradition.'  Perhaps Cape Bretoners indulge in
this useful avocation from  time to time. This is an issue which
requires a series of  further reflection and research and cannot be
dealt with  adequately in a brief paper. However, let me explore the
matter briefly in the context of traditional Cape Breton  step-dance.

Close to the Floor
==================
The work by Colin Quigley, well known researcher of  traditional dance,
offers some interesting information.  Quigley's research culminates in
his publication "Close to  the Floor". Sound familiar? Of course! It is
the title of a  traditional tune often played by Cape Breton fiddlers
for  dancers. The tune often receives the same response as the  lively
strathspey, "Welcome to Your Feet Again" which is a  favourite in Cape
Breton. Quigley's publication describes,  in detail, the formal
structuring of steps commonly used by  step-dancers. He describes the
notion that the steps are  presented in intricate detail and move in
rhythm to select  music including jigs and reels. He describes the body
 posture of the dancer with the emphasis on movement from the  knees
down while the upper portion of the body is more  relaxed and subtle
and not to be a distraction from the  footwork. The dancer's main
objective is to gain equal co- ordination of both legs and feet, a
basic requirement of a  good Cape Breton step-dancer.

According to Quigley, the art of good step-dancing requires  a great
deal of individual style as well as an inclusion of  some regional
variety in styles. Quigley learned that styles  may differ in body
stance, arm use or in characteristic ways  of using the feet. He
explains how most traditional step- dancers strive to achieve a light
and near-silent dance  style. This describes two great Cape Breton
step-dancers  rather nicely: Harvey Beaton and Willie Fraser.

Quigley goes on to describe how traditional step-dancers  aspire to the
music played. Quigley could be describing  step-dancing as it is known
in Cape Breton. But he is not!  He is sharing his findings of
traditional step-dance in the  province of Newfoundland which is
situated on the extreme  East Coast of Atlantic Canada. His description
of the solo  step-dance in Newfoundland appears to describe what is now
 known as the Cape Breton step-dance. Quigley's research  outlines the
similarity between Newfoundland step-dance and  Irish step-dance in
terms of technique and the terminology  applied to both dance and
music. Quigley makes a direct link  between the traditional step-dance
of Newfoundland and  Ireland. Cape Breton Island does not enter the
equation in  Quigley's research. It is highly likely that Quigley had
never heard of Cape Breton step-dance while he was  researching in
Newfoundland. (Quigley, pp. 54 - 83.)

Hugh Trevor Roper
=================
Quigley may not change people's minds about the origins of  Cape Breton
step-dance, unless people have spent some time  reading the essays of
historian Hugh Trevor Roper. Trevor  Roper presents an interesting case
in his essay "Invention  of Tradition: The Highland Tradition of
Scotland". He writes  out of particular concern for the place of the
tartan image  among the Scots, but his work may have some implication
for  how people view other aspects of the culture like music and
dancing.

As a result of his efforts, Roper has given cause for  Highland
Scottish culture enthusiasts to do some serious  reflection on the
origin of Highland Scottish tradition.  Trevor Roper in his research
suggests that the Highlands of  Scotland were culturally deprived
approaching the 16'th  century and that the literature of the Highland
Scot was a  crude echo of the Irish literature. Trevor Roper claims
also  that the bards of the Scottish chieftains came from Ireland,  and
that the Scottish bards were the "rubbish of Ireland"  who were
periodically cleared from Ireland and deposited in  that convenient
wasteland, Scotland. Also, according to  Trevor Roper, while Ireland
remained culturally an historic  nation, Scotland developed, at best,
as its poor sister. He  further claims that Scotland did not develop an
independent  Scottish tradition. (Roper, pp. 271 - 293.) Is it possible
 that if Cape Bretoners were to pursue this matter in any  serious
manner, that Cape Bretoners might plummet into some  kind of identity
crisis?

Barbara LeBlanc
===============
It might well be that this Cape Breton dance, "step-dance,"  does not
belong to the Scots after all. It might be an  extension of the Irish
tradition. Barbara LeBlanc, a native  Cape Bretoner is currently
conducting traditional dance  research at graduate school. In her 1986
report on "Dance in  Inverness County," for the Museum of Man in
Ottawa, she  cites examples of conversations with members of the Cape
Breton Irish community who say that step-dance in Cape  Breton is an
Irish dance. (LeBlanc, p. 13.) Some day,  someone might invite Colin
Quigley and Barbara LeBlanc to do  a comparative analysis between Cape
Breton step-dancing and  the Newfoundland-Irish traditional
step-dancing.

Clearly, the cultural expressions of Cape Breton Island are  well
entrenched in a global sense regardless of their  traditional origins.
The traditional music, song and dance,  perceived by people as having
evolved on the Island, are  part of the unique Cape Breton identity.
Generally speaking,  rightly or wrongly, the step-dance activity of
Cape Breton  Island is such that it is recognised world-wide as being
unique to Cape Breton. To illustrate the level of interest  in
traditional dance locally and to recognise its real and  potential
impact, one needs only to visit any number of  select communities in
Cape Breton and, in particular, rural  communities like lona,
Washabuck, Glendale and, of course,  Glencoe Mills.

Cape Breton Dance Activities
============================
When one mentions the word "Glencoe" among the Scots outside  of
Scotland, one would envision the notorious exchange  between the
Campbells and the MacDonalds of Glencoe. The  Scots in the Highlands of
Scotland, however, think of the  ship "the Glencoe" that sailed the
waters of Scotland up to  1935 and served as a means of travel,
industry and commerce.  (Cooper, p. 126.) In Cape Breton, however,
people know  Glencoe to be a tiny rural community in Inverness County,
which boasts, among other things, of beautiful landscape,  pastoral
farm settings, a church, a sandy road, and a small  parish hall. The
hall, to many people, justifies the pride  of Glencoe as it
accommodates one of the more popular dance  sites on Cape Breton
Island. The "Glencoe dances" (as they  are commonly known) have become
renowned to many people in  various parts of the world. In addition to
many local  activities promoting the dance tradition, Cape Breton step-
dancers are frequently called upon to demonstrate their  unique dance
styles and techniques beyond the physical  boundaries of Cape Breton
Island. Through the medium of  television, in particular, and personal
appearances at major  national and international festivals and
workshops, Cape  Breton step-dancers are often seen on regional and
national  programs in Canada as well as in the United States and
Britain (Scotland). There is a history of interest in Cape  Breton
step-dance among the general public who already have  an interest in
Celtic heritage.

Conclusion
==========
Whether the origins of Cape Breton step-dance are within  Cape Breton
itself or Scotland or Ireland or all three, the  step-dance is a rich
component of the Cape Breton heritage.  Furthermore, Cape Breton
step-dancers are perfectionists in  their own right. In any initiatives
they engage, they are  truly professional and committed to the
promotion and  preservation of traditional step-dancing. Their dancing
is  as important to them as music is important to the Cape  Breton
fiddler. In this sense, they truly complement the  efforts of Cape
Breton's greatest fiddlers. Allister  MacGillivary's book, "Cape Breton
Ceilidh," highlights in  excellent detail the stories, anecdotes and
traditions of  many of Cape Breton's outstanding step-dancers.

References
==========
Brown, Richard. "A History of Cape Breton Island."
Belleville, Ontario: Mika Publishing Co., 1979.

Cooper, Derek. "Skye - Great Britain.": Morrison & Gibb
Ltd., 1977.

Dance Nova Scotia, ed. "Just Four on the Floor, A Guide to
Teaching Traditional Cape Breton Square Sets for Public
Schools," 1992.

Dunn, Chades W. "Highland Settler: A Portrait of the
Scottish Gael in Nova Scotia." Toronto: University of
Toronto Press, 1953

Emmerson, George S. "Rantin' Pipe and Tremblin' String: A
History of Scottish Dance Music." Montreal: McGill Queens
University Press, 1971.

Flett, J.P. and T.M. Flett. "Traditional Dancing in
Scotland." London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1964.

Garrison, Virginia. "Traditional and Non-Traditional
Teaching and Learning Practices in Folk Music: An
Ethnographic Field Study of Cape Breton Fiddling." Ph.D.
Thesis, University of Wisconsin, 1985

Hunter, James. "The Fiddle Music of Scotland Edinburgh."
T.A. Constable Ltd., 1979.

LeBlanc, Barbara and L. Sadousky. "Inverness County Dance
Project." Museum of Man, Ottawa, 1986.

MacDonald, Keith Norman. "The Skye Collection." 1987.

MacGillivray, Allister. "A Cape Breton Ceilidh". Sydney,
Nova Scotia: Sea Cape Music Limited, 1988.

MacInnes, Sheldon, "Folk Society in An Urban Setting." M.A.
Thesis (unpublished). Detroit, Michigan: The Merrill Palmer
Institute (Wayne State University), 1977.

"MacMaster Video," produced by Peter Murphy, Seabright
Productions, Antigonish, 1992.

Quigley, Colin. "Close to the Floor: Folk Dance in
Newfoundland." St. John's, Newfoundland: Memorial
University, 1985.

Rhodes, Frank. Appendix. "Dancing in Cape Breton Island,
Nova Scotia - Traditional Dancing in Scotland." By J. P.
Flett and T. M. Flett. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul,
1964, pp. 267 285.


[3.3] Cape Breton Songs

Nova Scotia -- "Farewell To Nova Scotia"
----------------------------------------
The sun was setting in the west
The birds were singing on every tree
All nature seemed inclined to rest
But still there was no rest for me.

Chorus:
Farewell to Nova Scotia
The seabound coast
Let your mountains, dark and dreary, be
For when I am far away
On the briny ocean, tossed
Will you ever heave a sigh and a wish for me?

I grieve to leave my native land
I grieve to leave my comrades, all
And my parents, whom I've held so dear
And the bonnie, bonnie lass I do adore

Chorus

The drums, they do beat
The wars, they alarm
The captain calls, we must obey
So farewell, farewell to Nova Scotia's charms
For it's early in the morning and I'm far, far away (this should be the final
                                                          verse)

I have three brothers
They are at rest
Their arms are folded on their breast
But a poor simple sailor just like me
Must be tossed and driven
on the dark blue sea

Chorus



Cape Breton - "The Island"
--------------------------
Over an ocean and over a sea
Beyond these great waters, oh what do I see?
I see the great mountains rise from the coastline
The hills of Cape Breton, this new home of mine

Oh, we come from the countries all over the world
To hack at the forest, to plow the land down
Fishermen, farmers and sailors all come
To clear for the future this pioneer ground

Chorus:
We are an island, a rock in a stream
We are a people, as proud as there's been
In soft summer breeze or in wild winter wind
The home of my heart - Cape Breton

Over the rooftops and over the trees
Within these new townships, oh what do I see?
I see the black pit-head,
The coal wheels are turning,
The smoke-stacks are belching
And the blast furnace burning
Aw, the sweat on the back is no joy to behold
In the heat of the steelplant or mining the coal
And the foreign-owned companies force us to fight
For our survival and for our rights

Chorus:

Over the highways and over the roads
Over the causeway, stories are told
They tell of the coming and the going away
The cities of Ontario [I've also heard 'America'] draw me away
The companies come and the companies go
And the ways of the world we may never know
But we'll follow the footsteps of those on their way
And ask for the right to leave or to stay

Chorus:

I believe this song was written by a Cape Bretoner, Kenzie MacNeil

Others
------
Other well known Cape Breton songs (Gaelic) are:
Oran do Cheap Breatuinn (song for Cape Breton) and
An Innis Aigh (The Happy Isle - the poetic name for Margaree Island,
Cape Breton)


[3.4] Cape Bretoner newspaper

The Cape Bretoner is a newsmagazine aimed at former Capers who've moved away
(P.O. Box 220, Sydney, NS, B1P 6H1 ).

The Cape Bretoner newsmagazine is a good source for local Canadian
Celtic music.


[3.5] Cape Breton/Nova Scotia History

Trust me, Craig, you'll never read a more wonderful description of the
Highland history of Cape Breton and Nova Scotia than the following from
 the Author's Note of Hugh MacLennan's "Each Man's Son" (1951, Little,
Brown and Company.  Boston):

"Continents are much alike, and a man can no more love a continent than
he can love a hundred million people.  But all the islands of the world
are different. They are small enough to be known, they are vulnerable,
and men come to feel about them as they do about women.

Many men have loved the island of Cape Breton and a few may have hated
her.   Ericson was probably the first to see her, Cabot landed on her,
and after Cabot came the French.  She seemed harsh and frigid to the
first new-comers, but the moment the French saw her their imaginations
were touched and they called her the Royal Isle.  After a while they
built on her eastern rim the master fortress of Louisbourg to dominate
Nova Scotia and guard the St. Lawrence (River).

When the wars began, the English and the New Englanders came up to Cape
Breton and for a time she was as famous as Gibraltar.  Louisbourg fell,
the French were driven out, the English and Americans went home and for
a third of a century the island was vacant again.

Then across the ocean in the Highlands of Scotland a desperate and
poetic people  there heard of her.  They were a race of hunters,
shepherds and warriors who had discovered too late that their own
courage and pride had led them to catastrophe,  since it had enabled
them to resist the Saxon civilization so long they had  come to the end
of the eighteenth century knowing nothing of the foreman, the  boss,
the politician, the policeman, the merchant, or the buyer-seller of
other men's work.  When the English set out to destroy the clans of
Scotland, the most independent of the Highlanders left their homes with
the pipes playing laments  on the decks of their ships.  They crossed
the ocean and the pipes played again when they waded ashore on the
rocky coast of Cape Breton Island.

They rooted themselves, big men from the red-haired parts of the
Scottish main  and dark-haired smaller men from the Hebrides, women
from the mainland with strong bones and Hebridean women with delicate
skins, accepting eyes and a musical sadness in their speech.  For a
long time nothing but Gaelic was spoken in the island until they
gradually learned English from the handful of New England Loyalists who
came to Nova Scotia after the American Revolution.

To Cape Breton the Highlanders brought more than the quixotic gallantry
and softness of manner belonging to a Homeric people.  They also
brought with them an ancient curse, intensified by John Calvin and
branded upon their souls by John Knox and his successors - the belief
that man has inherited from Adam a nature so sinful there is no hope
for him and that, furthermore, he lives and dies under the wrath of an
arbitrary God who will forgive only a handful of his Elect on the Day
of Judgement.

As no normal human being can exist in constant awareness that he is
sinful and doomed through no fault of his own, the Highlanders behaved
outwardly as other men do who have softened the curse or forgotten its
existence.  But in Cape Breton they were lonely.  They were no part of
the great outer world.  So the curse remained alive with them, like a
sombre beast growling behind a locked door.  It was felt even when they
were least conscious of it.  To escape its cold breath some turned to
drink and others to the pursuit of knowledge.   Still others, as the
Puritans of New England had done earlier, left their homes, and in
doing so found wider opportunities in the United States or in the empty
provinces of Western Canada.

But if the curse of God rested on the Highlanders' souls, the beauty of
God cherished the island where they lived.  Inland were high hills and
a loch running in from the sea that looked like a sleeve of gold in the
afternoon sun.  There were trout and salmon streams lined by
sweet-smelling alder,  water meadows and valleys graced by elms as
stately as those in the shires of southern England.  The coast was
rugged with grey granite or red sandstone cliffs, splendid with
promontories, fog-bound in the spring when the drift ice came down from
Newfoundland and Labrador, tranquil in summer, and in the autumns
thunderous with evidences of the power of the Lord.

So for several generations the Highlanders remained here untouched,
long enough for them to transfer to Cape Breton the same passionate
loyalty their ancestors had felt for the hills of home.  It was long
enough for them to love the island as a man loves a woman,
unreasonably, for her faults no less than for her virtues. But they
were still a fighting race with poetry in their hearts and a curse upon
their souls.  Each man's son was driven by the daemon of his own hope
and  imagination - by his energy or by his fear - to unknown
destinations.  For those who stayed behind, the beast continued to
growl behind the unlocked door...."

And he goes on a little into more specifics about the actual characters
in the novel and their own "daemons".  I'm not a religious man, but I
do like his talk of "the curse" and all that, kind of poetic I think.
Anyway, Dr. MacLennan had quite a storied academic career and ended up
teaching English at McGill University in Montreal for many years.
MacLennan taught history (and Latin) at Lower Canada College in
Montreal before accepting a position with the department of English at
McGill which he maintained for thirty years.

He wrote many novels and stories, is Nova Scotia's most renowned writer
and one of the most loved writers in Canadian literary history. He
died in November 1990. One editorial wrote, "MacLennan is one of
those writers whose personal goodness and decency shine through all his
works.  His generosity of spirit is such that after a couple of hours
spent with one of his books, the world seems a better place."

FYI, his novels include:  Each Man's Son; Barometer Rising; Two
Solitudes; The Watch That Ends The Night; The Return of The Sphinx.
Other books: Seven Rivers of Canada; and The Colour of Canada.


[3.6] Cape Breton what's on

What's on
http://explore.gov.ns.ca/whattodo/festivalsandevents/

To order free travel information
http://explore.gov.ns.ca/publicationsandmore/

Other Cape Breton links:
http://cbmusic.com/bottom.html
http://www.explorenovascotia.com/main.html
http://www.capebretonet.com/
http://www3.ns.sympatico.ca/samson3/links.htm

A page of links for Nova Scotia:
http://www.newww.com/trip/links.html

See also the newspaper "The Oran", available at most
grocery stores, gas stations, etc in Inverness County.
Published on Wednesdays.


[4] Breizh - Brittany

See here:
Breton FAQ: http://www.irisa.fr/prive/cedelle/breizh/faq/
This is the FAQ for the news:soc.culture.breton usenet newsgroup

[5] Cymru - Wales

The FAQ for the news:soc.culture.welsh newsgroup is at
http://www.fydd.org/zone/scw/


[6] Eire - Ireland

The Irish information in the first version of this FAQ has now been
transferred, considerably expanded and superseded by the
Irish FAQ: http://www.enteract.com/~cpm/irish-faq/

This is the FAQ for the news:soc.culture.irish usenet newsgroup


[7] Kernow - Cornwall

See here:
Cornish FAQ: http://www.clas.demon.co.uk/
This is the FAQ for the news:soc.culture.cornish usenet newgroup

Additional information by Sean Kelley
mailto:[e-mail]

First of all here a couple of addresses for those of you interested in
the Cornish language, Kernewek:
1. Kowethas an Yeth Kernewek (The Cornish Language Fellowship)
   Colin Ellis
   Chi Ashley (Ashley House)
   Stret Deghow (South Street)
   Fordh Ponsmeur (Grampound Road)
   Truru
   Kernow
   UK
Tel: [phone]

2. Kernewek Dre Lyther (Cornish Correspondence Course)
   Ray Edwards
   6 Halton Road
   Sutton Coldfield
   West Midlands
   B73 6NP
   UK
Tel: [phone]

Those of you who are interested in traditional Cornish music and dance
might like to get in touch with
   Merv & Alison Davey
   Meneghyjy
   Withiel
   Bodmin
   Kernow
   UK
They are our leading authority on traditional Cornish dance and are able to
supply various books, videos and cassettes, including the recent
   Ilow Hengov ha Koth a Gernow
   (The Ancient and Traditional Music of Cornwall)
by the group PYBA. This cassettes features Cornish bagpipes, Cornish
Krowd (a sort of three stringed fiddle), organ, flute, bombarde, harp,
kroeder kroghan and vocals in Kernewek.

Another interesting cassette is
   Poll Pri

available from
   Graham Sandercock
   Trewynn
   Bre an Loja (Lodge Hill)
   Lyskerrys (Liskeard)
   Kernow
   UK

This is more up-beat, and features some superb contemporary songs written by
Graham Sandercock in Kernewek.

Additional info be Kev Robinson:

Cornwall is a county in the south-western extremity of England. It is a
peninsula bounded by the English Channel on the south and the Atlantic
Ocean on the north and west, terminating at Land's End.  Cornwall's
population is 469,300 (1991 est.), and it covers 3,564 km sq (1,376 mi
sq).  Although Bodmin is the county seat, Truro is the administrative
centre.  Most of Cornwall consists of rugged moorland that gradually
declines in elevation to the heavily indented coastline.  The SCILLY
ISLANDS, located just offshore, are part of Cornwall. Some agriculture
is engaged in;  dairy cattle are raised and fruits and vegetables
grown.  Tin and clay mining is also important.  The port towns of
Falmouth, Fowey, and Penzance are industrial centres.  Tourism is
important, and much of the scenic coast is protected from commercial
development.  Cornwall was occupied by Romans, Saxons, and Celts before
the Norman Conquest in 1066, after which it became an Earldom. Since
1337 the heir to the British crown has held the title of Duke of
Cornwall.


The Cornish flag - is called a "St Piran", after the Cornish Patron
Saint (also the Patron Saint of Tinners or Tin Miners). His
feast day is March 5th.

The Black and White St Piran's Cross flags are seen everywhere in Cornwall,
and are a potent symbol of Cornwall's distinct identity as a Duchy (and not
a county of England).



[8] Mannin - Isle of Man

-> [8.1] Manx top level links
-> [8.2] Isle of Man name
-> [8.3] Detailed Manx Information
-> [8.4] Manx Links


[8.1] Manx top level links

Manx Information: http://www.mcb.net/manxrem/
Manx Bulletin Board http://www.isle-of-man.com/information/bulletin/index.html

Isle of Man/Manx mailing list at mailto:[e-mail]


[8.2] Isle of Man name

Note the country is usually referred to as Mann and the island as Isle
of Man (note alternative spelling of Man) for the anglicised version of
Ellan Vannin. This is obviously not as confusing as the current
discussion regarding Eire/Ireland since Mann/Isle of Man are used
interchangeably.


[8.3] Detailed Manx Information

Mannin / Ellan Vannin / Isle of Man
===================================

This section contributed by
Mark Kermode mailto:mkermode at mcb.net

Name
~~~~
The names are synonymous. "Mannin" was how the country was invariably referred
to by native speakers of the Manx language. "Ellan Vannin" appeared circa 15th
century as a translation of "Isle of Mannin". "Isle of Man" is the English term
and is used in legal documents and by the Manx government. Some people write
"Isle of Mann" or simply "Mann".

Situation and Physical Geography
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Situated in the Irish Sea. The most northerly point is the Point of Ayre
(Lat. 54 25' 00" N, Long. 04 21' 40" W.). The most southerly point is The
Chicken Rock (Lat. 54 02' 20" N, Long. 04 50' 15" W.). Most of the island lies
above 300 ft (100m approx.) with a highest summit of 2036ft. (621m).

The climate is cool temperate, with the summer days rarely exceeding 20C and
the winter days rarely below freezing. The tree-line is around 800ft (250m
approx). Most of the land mass is currently used for agriculture. Rainfall is
high and sunshine moderate.

The majority of the Island is composed of pre-Cambrian slate. The northern
plain (post glacial) is a sand / shingle conglomerate. There are some granite
outcrops. The southern area contains both limestone and lava beds, and the
western area contains some sandstone.

The Island has yielded high quantities of zinc and lead, at one point being the
biggest producer of zinc ore in the British Isles. Copper, iron, silver and a
little gold have also been mined commercially. There is no tin or coal in the
island. No minerals are currently extracted from the island.

(Various sources)

Population
~~~~~~~~~~
The 1992 resident population stood at 69,788. Of these, 34,608 were born on the
island. 26,541 born in England and Cornwall, 2,291 born in Scotland, 3,278 born
in Ireland, 795 born in Wales, 186 born in the Channel Islands, 421 born in
European countries other than U.K. and Eire, 1,668 were born elsewhere in the
world.

There are more males than females in all age groups under 45, and more females
than males in all age groups over 45. Approximately 45,000 were between the
ages of 16 and 65, 12,000 were under 16 and 13,000 were over 65.

(Source - IOM government)

Political
~~~~~~~~~
Mannin has a substantially autonomous government, Tynwald, which has an
unbroken tradition of over 1,000 years. The Tynwald is comprised of two houses,
the popularly elected House of Keys (24 members representing 15 constituencies
and the indirectly elected Legislative Council (8 members elected by the House
of Keys). The U.K. Crown is represented by a Lieutenant Governor.

The island was autonomous until 1266 when power was technically handed over
to Alexander III of Scotland. A period of instability followed before being
granted to William de Montecute in 1333. After several further changes of
king, Mannin was granted to Sir John Stanley in 1405 with a condition of
homage to the English Crown attached.


Mannin retained its autonomy even during the Parliamentarian period of English
history. This is a fascinating piece of history in itself and cost one man,
William Christian (Illiam Dhone to the Manx), his life when accused of treason
after the restoration.

Mannin became the property of the English Crown in 1765 after what was
effectively a compulsory purchase due to the perceived level of smuggling. The
Tynwald was offered the choice of remaining (although with little more power
than a local authority and, in fiscal matters, even less) or Mannin being
represented by a member in the Westminster parliament. Tynwald elected to stay.

In 1866, the House of Keys (part of the two-house government) was persuaded by
the Crown's representative, Governor Loch, to dissolve itself and be returned
by popular suffrage in return for increased fiscal power.

In 1958, Mannin regained full fiscal autonomy but has since rescinded much of
this through various reciprocal agreements with the United Kingdom. Mannin is
not a part of the United Kingdom or Europe, but is allowed to trade with Europe
in the same manner as a European member under the terms of Protocol 3 which
also applies to the Channel Islands.

Mannin is totally self financing and receives no financial support from the UK
or Europe.

(Various sources)

Economic
~~~~~~~~
Mannin's primary source of income is the international finance industry (35% of
GDP) followed by "other services" (those not specifically categorised by
government statisticians) (33%), manufacturing industry (11%), construction
(8%), tourism (7%), public administration (5%) and agriculture / fishing (2%).
(1991 figures)

(Source - IOM government.)

Language
~~~~~~~~
The majority language of Mannin has been English since around 1830. Prior to
this, Manx Gaelic was the majority language. Manx Gaelic had disappeared as a
community language by the end of the 1920s but continued to be spoken in
families for an indeterminate time thereafter. The "last" native speaker, Ned
Maddrell, died in 1974 but by this time, the language had been passed on to
several new generations of enthusiasts. Several children are now being brought
up as a new generation of native speakers.

Although the Vikings were the ruling class in Mannin from the 10th to 13th
centuries, they appear to have had remarkably little influence on the language.
There is evidence to suggest, however, that what some have dismissed as
"anglicisation" of the language in terms of grammar and syntax is, in fact, a
throw-back to the influence of the Vikings.

Laws cannot remain as Statute unless promulgated (broadcast) within eighteen
months of their being passed in both Manx and English. Tynwald has passed
various resolutions calling for the language's promotion and use and the
language is being taught to many children who choose it as part of their school
syllabus.

For more information, contact:
"Manx Language Officer", Rheynn Ynsee, Murray House, Mount Havelock, Doolish,
Isle of Man IM1 2Q

Music
~~~~~
The traditional music of Mannin will be easily recognisable to anyone familiar
with the Irish or Scottish traditions. It does not enjoy wide-spread public
performance but is still healthy with a certain amount of new material being
written and traditional music being adapted to modern styles.

Culture
~~~~~~~
The modern day culture of Mannin may be difficult to distinguish from
north-western English due to the demographic changes over the past century and
particularly the past thirty years. The indigenous culture is, however, quite
typically Celtic and has been since pre-history. The Brythonic Celts and Picts
were supplanted by Goidelic Celts as the majority culture in the years
following the birth of Christ. There is evidence to suggest that at least one
Brythonic tribe survived as a distinct entity as late as the 11th century.
These people were dark and swarthy, short in stature and were noted for their
marksmanship with short, poison tipped arrows.

Compulsory Reading
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
The Isle of Man (A short social, cultural and political history) - R.H. Kinvig.
Liverpool University Press. ISBN 0 85323 483 3

The Isle of Man - Celebrating A Sense of Place - Vaughan Robinson and Danny
McCarroll - Liverpool University Press. ISBN 0 85323 296 2 (Paperback) /
ISBN 0 85323 036 6 (Hardback)

It is hoped to create a comprehensive list of links as time progresses


also "Manx Language Officer", Rheynn Ynsee, Murray House, Mount Havelock,
Doolish, Isle of Man IM1 2Q


[8.4] Manx Links

Language
~~~~~~~~

http://homepages.enterprise.net/kelly
Phil Kelly's Manx language page.

http://www.smo.uhi.ac.uk/gaelg
Sabhal Mor Ostaig's Manx Gaelic section.

http://www.enterprise.net/arts/gaelic/mgs.htm
Yn Cheshaght Ghailckagh (Manx Language Society)

http://www.manxman.co.im/gaelic/samples.htm
Native speaker samples

http://www.mooinjerveggey.esmartstudent.com/
Mooinjer Veggey Manx language playgroup

http://www.enterprise.net/music/manx.htm
E.A.S. Manx Language resources

http://www.mcb.net/iom/proverb.html
Manx Proverbs (beware of typing errors)

http://www.mcb.net/manxrem/
Manx Reminiscences

Music
~~~~~
http://dbweb.liv.ac.uk/manninagh/music.htm
Music in the Isle of Man

Politics
~~~~~~~~
http://www.manxman.co.im/mecvan/
Mec Vannin (Manx Nationalist Party)

http://www.manxman.co.im/cleague/
Celtic League

General
~~~~~~~
http://www.ee.surrey.ac.uk/Personal/F.Coakley/
Frances Coakley Antiquarian and historical information

http://www.isle-of-man.com/information/bulletin/index.html
Isle of Man Bulletin Board

http://easyweb.easynet.co.uk/~iomvc
Isle of Man Visitors' club

http://www.mcb.net/iom/manxsoc.html
Manx Societies Around the World

http://www.isle-of-man.com/sport/tt/index.htm
TT Races - Greatest Motorcycle Road Race in the World

http://www.manxman.co.im/
Manxman

Newspapers
~~~~~~~~~~~
http://www.isle-of-man-newspapers.com/
3 Manx newspapers

Ta ny kianglyn shoh foast goll er bishaghey
(These links are still being added to.)



[9] Celtic events & societies around the world

Contents
~~~~~~~~

-> [9.1] Celtic events in London

-> [9.2] Celtic events in North America


[9.1] Celtic events in London

The Scottish Tourist Board in London should be able to tell
you what's on, ask them for the "De tha dol" list. This is a list started
by Craig Cockburn but which is now maintained by Arthur Findlay,
tel: [phone]. The guide is available online here
http://home.btclick.com/andrew.macdonald/UsefulLinks.htm

Highlands and Islands society of London (ceilidhs)
Ceilidhs with music, dancing and singing in the London area. Usually
very good and well attended. Contact for more info:
Catherine Robertson 0181 440 0832

London Gaelic choir. Founded 1892 and the oldest surviving Gaelic
choir in the world. Meets each Tuesday 7:30pm-9:30pm in Covent Garden.
more info at http://www.coisirlunnainn.org.uk/

Gaelic society of London. Founded 1777 and the oldest Gaelic society in
the world. Has monthly meetings; social nights; campaigns etc.
See: http://www.comunngaidhliglunnainn.com/

The London Association for Celtic Education (LACE) produces
a guide to Celtic language related societies in London and around
the UK. I have an old copy and find it very useful indeed. 100's
of entries in the guide covering Scotland, Ireland, Man, Wales,
Cornwall and Brittany

Contact:
Roger Casement Irish Centre, Eastgate Building, 131 St John's Way,
London N19 3RQ.  Tel: [phone]


[9.2] Celtic events in North America

An Comunn Gaidhealach has an America branch. Contact:

An Comunn Gaidhealach (Ameireaga) Inc.,
P.O. Box 5288, Takoma Park, Maryland, 20912, USA
http://www.clark.net/pub/acga/


List of Highland Games
----------------------
See http://www.ShireNet.com/MacLachlan/games.html
and http://www.siliconglen.com/Scotland/6_6.html
and http://www.visitscotland.com/sitewide/fivestarfeatures/highlandgames/

<<< END OF FAQ >>>

--
Craig Cockburn ("coburn"). SiliconGlen.com Ltd. http://SiliconGlen.com
Home to the first online guide to Scotland, founded 1994.
Scottish FAQ, wedding info, website design, stop spam and more!