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- From: cbmfaq-info@mail.jbrain.com (CBM FAQ Information)
- Newsgroups: comp.sys.cbm,news.answers,comp.answers
- Subject: COMP.SYS.CBM: General FAQ, v3.1 Part 9/9
- Supersedes: <cbmmainfaq90398@msen.com>
- Date: 5 Apr 1998 00:01:32 -0800
- Organization: A Red Hat Commercial Linux Site
- Lines: 407
- Sender: brain@alabanza.net
- Approved: news-answers-request@mit.edu (Emily Havens)
- Expires: 05 May 1998
- Message-ID: <cbmmainfaq90498@msen.com>
- NNTP-Posting-Host: 207.25.124.14
- Summary: This posting contains answers to questions that commonly surface in
- comp.sys.cbm. This posting will tell you enough to get your
- computer connected to a network, fixed, and/or enhanced. This file
- should be read by new users of comp.sys.cbm before posting to the
- group. It should also be proofread by users who are currently
- active in comp.sys.cbm.
- Keywords: CBM FAQ Help List C64 C128 VIC Modem
- Errors-To: cbmfaq-errors@mail.jbrain.com (CBM FAQ Errors)
- Xref: senator-bedfellow.mit.edu comp.sys.cbm:86957 news.answers:127206 comp.answers:30820
-
- Archive-name: cbm-main-faq.3.1.p9
- Comp-answers-archive-name: commodore/main-faq/part9
- News-answers-archive-name: commodore/main-faq/part9
- Comp-sys-cbm-archive-name: main-faq/part9
- Version: 3.1
- Last-modified: 1996/04/13
-
-
- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
- Table of Contents (for this file)
- ---------------------------------
-
- 14. Programming
- 14.1. What Programming Languages are available?
- 14.2. What is a Cross Assembler? How do I use one?
- + 14.3 What is an "undocumented opcode"?
-
- 15. User Groups
-
- 16. Sales and Service
- 16.1. Where do I purchase Commodore Equipment and Software?
- 16.2. Where do I get equipment serviced?
- 16.3. How do I know who to buy from or request service from?
-
- 17. Miscellaneous
- 17.1. How fast does a Commodore 64 run?
- 17.2. How can a turn my NTSC-M 64 into a PAL-B 64 or vice versa?
- 17.3. What does this IC number mean?
- + 17.4. What are the differences between C64 ROM Revisions?
-
- 18. Credits
-
- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-
- 14. Programming
-
-
- 14.1. What Programming Languages are available?
-
- The following programming languages are known to exist for the CBM
- computers:
-
- Ada
- APL
- Assembly Language
- BASIC (interpreted and compiled)
- BASIC extenders
- C
- COBOL
- COMAL
- FORTH
- FORTRAN
- LISP
- LOGO
- MUMPS
- Pascal
- PILOT
-
- You name it, and it is probably available for the Commodore computer
- system. The list of supported languages availeble for the Commodore
- 8 bit computer systems is much too large to fir in the FAQ, but they are
- available at http://www.wimsey.com/~danf/cbm/languages.html.
-
-
- 14.2. What is a Cross Assembler? How do I use one?
-
- A cross assembler is a program that runs on one computer and generates
- code for another computer. Usually, a non 8-bit CBM machine generates
- the code using this program, but it can be another 64 hooked in some way
- to a "target" 64. Whatever the case, here are some packages that can be
- used:
-
- as6502 linking 6502 cross assembler
- masm6502 6502 macro cross-assembler
- ps65a12 Unix format 6502 cross assembler
- svasm02 6502 cross assembler
- xasm220 many-targeted cross assemblers
- smal6502 linking macro assembler written in portable PASCAL
-
- A more detailed list can be found at:
- http://www.wimsey.com/~danf/cbm/cross-development.html
-
- For all cross assemblers, the user will most likely benefit from a way to
- transfer the program from the source platform to the target platform.
- See Section 7 for information on products that will help transfer the
- files.
-
-
- 14.3 What is an "undocumented opcode"?
-
- In the 65XX CPU line, each machine language instruction is a single byte,
- which allows for 256 instruction types, or opcodes. However, there are
- fewer than 256 defined. When designing the 65XX line, the designers,
- needing to keep complexity down, decided to treat the extra opcode
- positions as "don't care" opcodes, where no effort would be made to make
- those opcodes do anything special. Since the opcodes are arranged in a
- 16X16 matrix, with a row or column cotaining opcodes that perform similar
- operations, an undefined opcode in the matrix can have the behavior of
- other opcodes in its row or column or both. These opcodes are called
- "illegal" or "undocumented" opcodes, and are occasionally used by
- demo coders to accomplish special timing effects, or by software
- programmers for copy protection code. To learn more about these opcodes
- and what each does, the get the 64doc file at
- ftp://ftp.funet.fi/pub/cbm/documents/64doc or visit a cbm emulator forum.
-
-
- 15. User Groups
-
- User's Groups fulfill a major function for Commodore owners. They provide
- a place to meet other users, discuss problems and solutions for computing,
- teach and learn information about their machines. Software can be shared
- and friendships are made. The Commodore community is made up largely by
- real or virtual user's groups.
-
- A complete list of Commodore user groups can be found at
- | http://www.jbrain.com/pub/cbm/faq/cbm-ug-list.1.0.txt
- This file is also available from Jim Brain's MAILSERV server as file
- | cbm-ug-list.1.0.txt. (See Section 6.5.2 for directions on using the
- | MAILSERV server.)
-
- Commodore owners are encouraged to join a CBM user group to help keep these
- vital organizations around. In addition, most user groups publish
- newsletters
-
-
- 16. Sales and Service
-
- Sooner or later, every Commodore owner will need to get his or her
- computer serviced, add another peripheral, or simply purchase some
- enhancement hardware or software. Contrary to popular belief, there
- is a large base of hardware and software suppliers and service centers.
-
-
- 16.1. Where do I purchase Commodore Equipment and Software?
-
- ESCOM (holder of the Commodore patents and copyrights), does not currently
- manufacture Commodore 8-bit computer systems. Many online services,
- including GEnie, the Internet, and user group newsletters contain
- classified ads from individuals wanting to sell used CBM equipment, however.
-
- In Germany, there are a number of shops which still sell factory new
- Commodore 64 and Commodore 128 computers.
-
- ESCOM also does not manufacture software for the Commodore 8-bit line.
- However, many companies still sell software for the Commodore line.
-
- A complete list of Commodore hardware, peripheral, and software suppliers
- | is available at http://www.msen.com/~brain/pub/cbm-supply-list.1.0.txt,
- | as on Jim Brain's MAILSERV server as file cbm-supply-list.1.0.txt
- | (See Section 6.5.2 for directions on using MAILSERV).
-
-
- 16.2. Where do I get equipment serviced?
-
- There are a number of repair facilities around that will bring your trusty
- Commodore computer up to speed again. Please look in the list below for one
- that might be able to help you. If that doesn't turn up anything, check
- with your local User's Group.
-
- A complete list of Commodore software and hardware repair facilities can
- | be found at http://www.msen.com/~brain/pub/cbm-repair-list.1.0.txt or
- | at Jim Brain's MAILSERV server as file cbm-repair-list.1.0.txt.
- | (See Section 6.5.2 for directions on using MAILSERV)
-
-
- 16.3. How do I know who to buy from or request service from?
-
- The information provided in this file does not imply that a company is
- reputable or even still in business. It is best to use the above information
- as a starting point, and contact others who can discuss the various
- manufacturers and repair facilities listed above.
-
-
- 17. Miscellaneous
-
- Well, this is where the chaff falls. The following questions are either
- too new to categorize or do not fit into a category.
-
-
- 17.1. How fast does a Commodore 64 run?
-
- If you are using a stock Commodore 64, the CPU clock frequency is a function
- of the video timing frequency, which is slightly different for differing
- countries. If you have a stock PAL-B C64 (Common in Europe), the computer
- is running at 985248.444Hz. If you are using an NTSC-M C64 (Common in the
- USA), the computer is running slightly faster, at 1022727.143Hz.
-
-
- 17.2. How can a turn my NTSC-M 64 into a PAL-B 64 or vice versa?
-
- Changing a C64 from stock PAL-B to stock NTSC-M or vice versa
- requires swapping in the approproate VIC-II chip and the appropriate
- crystal, as well as changing a jumper on the motherboard (The jumper
- has printing near it that indicates whether to cut or connect the jumper).
- Also, if you have a version 1 KERNAL ROM and want to use the built-in
- RS-232 routines, you need to either swap KERNAL ROMs with the other
- computer (not recommended), or obtain a revision 3 KERNAL (recommended).
-
- Now, if maintaining stock operation is not a complete must, or if you
- just want to tinker, the crystal and jumper modifications can be made
- optional.
-
- The VIC-II chip has a relaxed tolerance for timing, so it is possible to
- run an NTSC-M VIC-II with a PAL-B crystal and jumper settings.
- The converse is possible as well. Since the crystal frequency is used to
- generate the frequencies for the TV and monitor output, your TV or
- monitor may not like the resuling hybrid signal very well, but it won't
- break anything.
-
- In addtion, the jumper indicated above determines the divisor used to scale
- down the crystal frequency for the CPU. For PAL-B units, the divisor is
- 18, and for NTSC-M units the divisor is 14. The Commodore 64 will operate
- regardless of the crystal frequency and state of this jumper. Therefore,
- to speed up a 64, one can install a PAL-B crystal (17734472Hz) and change
- the jumper to use the NTSC divisor (14) to increase the operating
- speed of the machine to 1266748Hz. However, note that any operations (disk,
- rs-232, special VIC tricks) that require synchronized timing may fail in
- this "non-stock" scenario.
-
-
- 17.3. What does this IC number mean?
-
- Here are a few Commodore IC numbers and their functions. Note that this
- | is an incomplete list. A more comprehensive list is called csg.chips.info
- and is at ftp.funet.fi.
-
- For the VIC-20:
-
- Mnemonic PN# Alt. PN#
- CPU 6502
- VIC-I (NTSC-M) 6560
- VIC-I (PAL-B) 6561
- CPU 6502
-
- For the C-64 and C-64C:
-
- Mnemonic PN# Alt. PN#
- CPU 6510
- VIC-II (NTSC-M) 6567 8562?
- VIC-II (PAL-B) 6569 8565
- VIC-II (PAL-N) 6572
- VIC-II (PAL-M) 6573
- SID 6581 6582 8580
-
- For the C-128(D):
-
- Mnemonic PN# Alt. PN# Notes:
- CPU 8502
- VIC-IIe (NTSC-M) 8564
- VIC-IIe (PAL-B) 8566
- VIC-IIe (PAL-N) 8569
- | DVDC 8563 8568 (get r9a or r9b if possible)
- SID 6581 6582 8580
-
- Differences between 64 boards:
-
- The older boards had discrete LSI logic and a PLA chip. The newer
- boards put all the PLA and LSI logic into one ASIC chip. On the
- older boards, the KERNAL and BASIC ROMs were separate, while they are
- combined in the newer design.
-
- There are two different models of the narrow board. One has Color RAM,
- while the other does not. The ASIC chip includes the PLA and 7 TTL chips,
- and the Color RAM on some machines machines.
-
- The new models use 9 volt versions 8580 SID, while older models use the
- 6581 12 volt SID. The VIC chip (6567 NTSC-M, 6569 PAL-B) has been replaced
- with the 8562 (NTSC-M) and 8565 (PAL-B) on newer models.
-
- Both BASIC 2.0 and the KERNAL ROM have been combined into one ROM for
- the C64C/G/GS. This ROM is the same as is used on the C128 in C64 mode.
- The ROM is indentical except for nationality differences.
-
-
- + 17.4. What are the differences between C64 ROM Revisions?
-
- + Well, they have a number of them, and each difference is documented and
- + explained in "The Commodore 64 Whole Memory Guide" by Tim Arnot.
- + (ftp://x2ftp.oulu.fi/pub/cbm/docs/c64-kernel.diffs)
-
-
- + 17.5. What Cardco products are still supported?
-
- + I didn't know where else to put this, so here goes. This is a list
- + of products what were sold at one time by Cardco, Inc (makers of the
- + Card? printer interfaces. They were bought out by Supra Corp. who makes
- + modems and other peripherals. This is a list of what they currently
- + support.
-
- + DEADPROD.TXT rev. 1.2 (phm9/15/94) from Supra BBS (503-967-2444)
- +
- + Supra Discontinued Product List
- +
- + Codes: NSR - No Support or Repair
- + NS - No Support (may be able to repair?)
- + DSR - Discontinued Production, but still Support & Repair
-
- + C64 Big Blue - printer interface (OEMed to CardCo) -NSR since '92
- + B - printer interface, -NS '92
- + CB-5 - Cartridge port expander -NSR since '87
- + +G - printer interface, -DSR '92
- + MPP 1064 - 300 baud modem -NSR since '88
- + Super G - printer interface, -DSR '92
- + CalcNow - Spreadsheet, picked up from CardCo (only sold for a few
- + months) -NSR since '87
- + SpellNow - Spell checker for WriteNow, picked up from CardCo
- + (only sold for a few months) -NSR since '87
- + WriteNow - Word procesor, picked up from CardCo
- + (only sold for a few months) -NSR since '87
- + CardCo Printer - LQ1 and LQ3, CardCo OEMed them from Silver
- + Reed, never supported
- + CardCo floppy - never supported, Emerald Computer(Eugene, OR)
- + also OEMed the floppy mech has repaired them in the past, but
- + appears to be out of business.
- + G-Wiz - printer interface w/64k buffer -DSR '94
- + CardPrint PS - printer interface and 300/1200bps serial
- + interface. -DSR '94
- + Peak Modem Interface - 300/1200bps serial interface. -DSR '94
-
-
- 18. Credits
-
- I want to extend my thanks to the following people for their help in
- providing correct, up-to-date information in this FAQ:
-
- Fred Mueller, who maintained this FAQ before I.
- Everyone who helped add to the 1.4 FAQ material to make the 2.0-2.2 FAQ.
- Everyone who helped add to the 2.2 FAQ to make the 3.0 FAQ.
- + Adam Vardy, with corrections to Section 3.3.
- + Roger Long, for information on Random Magazine.
- + Jouko Valta, for information on C65 archives and kernal diffs.
- + Tom Cwikla, for info on ANADISK.
- + Alan Jones, for info on a new newsgroup mail gateway.
- + Antony Gibbs, for info on Commodore Zone.
- + Gaelyne Moranec, for info on GIF viewers.
- + John Keyerleber, for info on plans for CBM printer to PC interface.
- + David Gahris, for numerous WWW addresses.
- + Marc Frank, for error in cbm-supply-list.txt filename.
- + Jack Vander White, for address updates.
- + Jeff Daniels, for info on his company.
- + Paul MacArthur, for info on X1541 cable source.
- + Craig Bruce, for info on his FTP Mail Server.
- + Dirk Moell, for info on blinks on 8050.
- + Bob Masse, for info on C128 VDC IC revisions.
- + Alan Jones, for corrections to Daniel Dallmann's RS-232 interface.
- + Donald Ayers, for information on his GRASSROOTS #1 Disk.
- + Daniel Kahlin, for info on Over5.
- + Dallas Legan, for info on Transactor Index.
- + Andre Fachat, for info on VICE.
- + Allen Smith, for info on COMPUTERSMITH Internet updates.
- + Jack vanderwhite, for updates on COMMODORE CEE BBS phone.
- + Jeff Jones, for updates on LOADSTAR prices.
- + Frank Ellert, for info on more UNIX-like OSes.
- + Paul McAleer, for informaiton on Micro-Bytes.
- + J. E. Sears, for info on PPI.
- + Jeff Jones, for information on LOADSTAR Letter going commercial.
- + Chris MCEE, for corrections on Demo terms.
- + R.T. Cunningham, for updates on SuperCPU dates and info.
- + Beth Gladen, for uncovering a bug in user group list filename.
- + Nhat-Viet Phi, for info on his RAMLink User's List.
- + Holger Heimes, for info on extra BBS numbers to get FAQ at.
- + Scott Eggleston, with new email info and merger of Underground info.
- + Jarno Lamberg, for corrections to 17.4 URL.
- + Eric Hoetzel, for info on 6502CC mailing list.
- + Jeff Daniels, for updates on the VIC newsletter.
- + Nick Rossi, for information on Novaterm 9.6.
- + Walt Roth, for corrections on posting frequency.
- + Malcolm O'Brien, for updates on CIS.
- + Gaelyne Gasson, for info on DejaNews and BBS mag.
- + Greg Noggle, for info on Micro-Bytes.
- + Pontus Berg, for Cross Platform Tools URL.
- + Jan Neuvians, for info on Graphics Booster 128.
- + Robert Akins, for info on COIN! magazine.
- + Jayme Rice, for info on PLA failures.
- + Joe Forster, for info on The Star Commander.
- + Russell Reed, for updates on prlink.
- + Brian McCarthy, for updates on X1541 location.
- + Paul Robson, for info on the VIC emulator for DOS.
- + Leopldo Ghielmetti, for ino on X1541.
- + Asger Alstrup, for info on READ81.
- + Phil Hebrerer, for info on Supra Supoprt List.
- + Andrew Fisher, for info on 64ERUOPE mailing list.
- + Bryce Ewing, for info on V20 emulator.
- + Brett Tabke, for info on super-cpu mailing lsit.
- + Steve K., for correction on 9600 bps cable.
- + Charles Fitzhugh, for updates on QLink address list address.
- + James Hefner, for info on GEOS Magazine.
- + James McCormick, for updates on x1541 location.
- + Raymond Ancog, for updates on C65 list owners.
- + Daniel Dallmann, for miscellaneous fixes.
- + Peter Karlsson, for info on demise of Atta Bittar.
- + Svante Vinther, for asking for a copyright section.
- + Marko Makela, for information on MAX Machine.
- + Andrea Miloocco, for information on exchanging data on Macs.
- + Lee Hyatt, for updated on IRC Section.
- + Rick Mosdell, for Electric City BBS phone update.
- + Ivo van Poorten, for updates on CXII WWW URL.
- + Chris Ryan, for updates on Commodore Gazette.
-
-
- --
- Jim Brain, Embedded System Designer, Brain Innovations, Inc. (BII) (online sig)
- bii@mail.jbrain.com "Above views DO reflect my employer, since I'm my employer"
- Dabbling in WWW, Embedded Systems, Old CBM computers, and Good Times! -Me-
- BII Home: http://www.jbrain.com CBM Info: http://www.jbrain.com/vicug/
-