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- From: cbmfaq-info@mail.jbrain.com (CBM FAQ Information)
- Newsgroups: comp.sys.cbm,news.answers,comp.answers
- Subject: COMP.SYS.CBM: General FAQ, v3.1 Part 6/9
- Supersedes: <cbmmainfaq60398@msen.com>
- Date: 5 Apr 1998 00:01:04 -0800
- Organization: A Red Hat Commercial Linux Site
- Lines: 722
- Sender: brain@alabanza.net
- Approved: news-answers-request@mit.edu (Emily Havens)
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- Summary: This posting contains answers to questions that commonly surface in
- comp.sys.cbm. This posting will tell you enough to get your
- computer connected to a network, fixed, and/or enhanced. This file
- should be read by new users of comp.sys.cbm before posting to the
- group. It should also be proofread by users who are currently
- active in comp.sys.cbm.
- Keywords: CBM FAQ Help List C64 C128 VIC Modem
- Errors-To: cbmfaq-errors@mail.jbrain.com (CBM FAQ Errors)
- Xref: senator-bedfellow.mit.edu comp.sys.cbm:86782 news.answers:126984 comp.answers:30756
-
- Archive-name: cbm-main-faq.3.1.p6
- Comp-answers-archive-name: commodore/main-faq/part6
- News-answers-archive-name: commodore/main-faq/part6
- Comp-sys-cbm-archive-name: main-faq/part6
- Version: 3.1
- Last-modified: 1996/04/13
-
-
-
- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
- Table of Contents (for this file)
- ---------------------------------
-
- 7. Exchanging Data
- 7.1. How do I exchange data among Commodore 8-bit machines?
- 7.2. How do I exchange data between an IBM(tm) and my Commodore?
- 7.3. How do I exchange data between an Amiga and my Commodore?
- 7.4. How do I exchange data between a Macintosh(tm) and my Commodore?
- 7.5. How do I exchange data between an Atari ST(tm) and my Commodore?
- 7.6. How do I exchange data between a UNIX(tm) machine and my Commodore?
- 7.7. Are there other ways to exchange data between computers?
-
- 8. Operating Systems
- 8.1. What Operating Systems are available?
- 8.2. What is GEOS?
- 8.3. What is UNIX?
- 8.4. What is CP/M
-
- 9. Demonstrations
- 9.1. Just what is a demonstration, or demo?
- 9.2. What does NTSC and PAL mean?
- 9.3. Where do I get demos?
- 9.4. What is a demo competition?
- 9.5 What does FLI, DYCP, etc. mean?
-
- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-
- 7. Exchanging Data
-
- At some point in time it becomes necessary to move data from one machine to
- another. Sometimes this is easy, sometimes it is not. This section will
- | help you decide which way of transferring files is best. For those who have
- + WWW access, additional information is at
-
- + http://www.funet.fi/pub/cbm/transfer/
-
- + and also at:
-
- + http://hem.passagen.se/bacchus/tools2.htm
-
-
- 7.1. How do I exchange data among Commodore 8-bit machines?
-
- You can exchange data between Commodore machines in a number of ways, but
- each way requires an exchange medium, whether it be tape, disk, modem, or
- null modem.
-
- To transfer files between any Commodore machines besides the Plus/4
- series that have datasette ports, the file can be save to tape and
- exchanged. The Plus/4 series tape drives read and write data in a format
- not compantible with any other CBM system.
-
- To transfer files between any Commodore computers with disk drives, you
- need to find a drive that can be connected to either computer, or two
- drives with compatible disk formats. Some examples of two drive setups:
-
- 2031 1541
- 4040 1541 (Read but not write compatible_
- 8050 8250 (can't use back side of 8250 disk)
- 8050 SFD1001 (can't use back side of SFD1001 disk)
- 1551 1541
- 1571 1541 (can't use back of 1571 disk)
-
- Modems can be used to exchange the information, if both computers can
- use modems. Just perform a dowload on one end, and an upload on the
- other. Null modems can make this job simpler, by removing the data->
- telephone line step performed in a modem.
-
- With all of these methods, data files should transmit fine, but program
- file written in ML will most likely not work, and BASIC programs will
- usually fail is loaded on a machine with a differing version of BASIC.
-
-
- 7.2. How do I exchange data between an IBM(tm) and my Commodore?
-
- + Commodore computers use a disk format that is not compatible with MS-DOS
- + style machines. However, there are two ways around this. One is to use
- + a 1571 or 1581 drive (which can read and write IBM-style disks) with a
- + special program to transfer files. The otehr is to connect a CBM drive to
- + the IBM. There are multiple options for each way you choose. Note that
- + the 1541 cannot read or write MS-DOS disks without some hardware
- + modifications. Most of the programs run in either 64 or 128 mode, although
- + there are a few CP/M MS-DOS utilities available that work in C128 CP/M
- + mode.
-
- Big Blue Reader
-
- + Big Blue Reader
- + SOGWAP Software (Author)
- + CMD (Distributor).
- + Platform: 64/128
- A commercial package, The Big Blue Reader, from SOGWAP software, runs on
- either a 64 or a 128, will read and write MS-DOS format 3.5" (with a 1581)
- and 5.25" (with a 1571) disks.
-
- Crosslink
-
- + Crosslink
- + Platform: 64/128
- + ftp://ccnga.uwaterloo.ca/pub/cbm/
- | A free program to transfer MS-DOS files from. Limited to reading files
- | 43K in size or smaller.
-
- RUN Reader
-
- + RUN Reader
- + Platform: 64/128
- + RUN (Author)
- + CMD (Distributor)
- RUN magazine (4/89 to 6/89) published a series of programs that would use
- 1571/1581 drives to transfer MS-DOS files to and from a C= drive. It is
- also limited in file size handling ~43-44K.
-
- Little Red Reader
-
- + Little Red Reader
- + Platform: 128
- + Craig Bruce (Author)
- + csbruce@ccnga.uwaterloo.ca (Internet Contact)
- Issues 4 and 5 of C= Hacking magazine presented a program called Little
- Red Reader for the 128 that will copy files to and from MS-DOS floppy
- disks. The menu-driven program requires two disk drives to work, where the
- one containing the MS-DOS disk must be a 1571 or 1581 (or compatible). The
- program does not buffer data internally, so the only size restriction on
- copying is the capacity of the target disk. The program provides PETSCII/
- ASCII conversion but will work only with the root directories of MS-DOS
- disks. The program is also available via FTP and is FREE.
-
- 1541-dos
-
- + 1541-dos
- + Platform: 64/128
- + ftp://ftp.funet.fi/pub/cbm/documents/1541-dos (WWW URL)
- To read and write to MS-DOS disks with 1541 disk drives you have to make a
- small hardware modification. The 1541-dos package contains instructions on
- how to modify Commodore 1541 and Oceanic OC-118/OC-118N disk drives, and
- programs to read disks in MS-DOS format and to write to disks in a format
- that can be read by MS-DOS computers.
-
- x1541
-
- + x1541 (1.0)
- + Platform: IBM
- + Leopoldo Ghielmetti (Author)
- + Leopoldo.Ghielmetti@epfl.ch (Internet Contact)
- + http://www.funet.fi/pub/cbm/ (WWW URL)
- + This father of all transfer programs first made use of the cable now
- + referred to as the X1541 cable. This new version of X1541 is actually
- + two pieces. A I1541 driver that talks to the U1541 user program.
- + Although the U1541 program is lacking, anyone can write to the I1541
- + driver. To read CBM disks on an IBM, you can use this program
- + This program uses the PC parallel port to emulate a C= serial port.
- + You need to have a unique cable built to make the connection. The cable
- + is connected to a 1541 drive. The documentation has a schematic for the
- + cable.
-
- + If you would rather not build the X1541 cable, the following individual
- + offers them for a nominal cost:
-
- + Paul MacArthur
- + attn: X1541 Cable Offer
- + 24 Central Street
- + Braintree, MA 02184
-
- 22DSK
-
- + 22DSK (1.4.2)
- + Platform: IBM
- + ftp://oak.oakland.edu/Simtel/msdos/diskutil/22dsk142.zip. (WWW uRL)
- If you own a Commodore 1581, there is a PC program which can read
- | 1581 formatted disks. Note that this program will only handle CP/M
- | formatted disks.
-
- C64-Connect
-
- + C64-Connect (0.99)
- + Platform: IBM
- + Ville Muikkula (Author)
- + vmuikku@raahenet.ratol.fi (Internet Contact)
- + ftp://ftp.funet.fi/pub/cbm/transfer/CBM-to-PC/
-
- A very fast way of transferring one file programs between the Commodore and PC
- is C64-Connect. All you need is a simple cable between user port of C64
- and PC's parallel printer port (LPT). Loading of a 50 KB program takes about
- 3.0 seconds and transferring the same program from C64 to PC takes 4.5
- seconds. (Times were measured on a PAL-C64 and 486DX-40, NTSC units will see
- slighly faster times) This program is a boon for every C64 user that has
- only a cassette drive, as the loader program needed fori the C64 is shorter
- than most cassette turbos and aboyt 45 times faster.
-
- C64-Connect stores C64 programs on PC in the standard PRG format, so
- you can easily convert them to various file formats used by emulators.
- Email Ville Muikkula at vmuikku@raahenet.ratol.fi for more information.
-
- PC2VIC
-
- + PC2VIC
- + Platform: VIC-20 and IBM
- + Adam Bergstrom (Author)
- + adam.bergstrom@um.erisoft.se (Internet Contact)
-
- This package enables you to send programs (and other data) to your VIC20.
- The data is sent from the PC:s printerport to the VIC20:s userport, which
- makes the transfer rather fast.
-
- adam.bergstrom@um.erisoft.se
- Adam Bergstrom
- Storgatan 92,2
- 903 33 Umea
- SWEDEN
-
- + Anadisk
-
- + Anadisk
- + Platform: IBM
- + Anadisk will allow you to read, write, and edit sectors of 1581 disks in
- + an IBM PC floppy drive. The current version is 2.07 and has the filename
- + ANAD207.ZIP.
-
- + The Star Commander
-
- + The Star Commander
- + Platform: IBM
- + The Star Commander (0.73)
- + Joe Forster/STA (Author)
- + sta@ludens.elte.hu (Internet Contact)
- + http://ludens.elte.hu/~sta/sc.html (WWW URL)
- + - user interface, colors and hotkeys just like in The Norton Commander
- + - high speed routines handle disk images (35 or 40 tracks, with or
- + without error info), tape images (C64S) and file images (PC64)
- + - handles files and disks in a Commodore 1541/1571 drive connected via
- + the X1541 interface cable
- + - three modes for transferring disks from and to the Commodore drive:
- + normal (reads a disk in 7:50, writes in 9:55), turbo (2:25, 2:25) and
- + warp (1:15, 1:20) with retry on disk errors for all modes
- + - three modes for transferring files from and to the Commodore drive:
- + normal (reads a 210 block file in 2:20, writes in 2:25), turbo (1:00,
- + 1:00) and warp (0:25, write not yet implemented) with retry on disk
- + errors for warp read
- + - fast execution of CBM DOS commands and some extended CBM DOS commands
- + - powerful disk editor similar to Disk-Demon for disk images and disks
- + - optionally runs with the C64 character set on EGA/VGA video cards
- + - highly configurable for total comfort, context sensitive online help
- + - an external setup program for even more options and full color setup
- + - a viewer for DOS files and for Commodore files inside images
- + - user-defined menus and extension files for associating commands,
- + external viewers and editors with DOS file extensions
- + - external programs to handle Arkive, LHA, Lynx and ZipCode archives
- + to list disk and tape images and to collect multiple file images
- + into tape images
- + Email the author if you want to join the SC mailing list to get the
- + latest version by email the day it comes out.
- + Look into the URL "http://ludens.elte.hu/~sta/sc.html" for news about
- + the beta versions being developed.
-
- + Trans64
-
- + Trans64 (V1.24)
- + Platform: IBM
- + Bernhard Schwall (Author)
- + schwall@informatik.uni-bonn.de (Internet Contact)
- + ftp://ftp.armory.com/pub/user/spectre/EMUL-UTIL/tr64*.zip (WWW URL)
- + Uses X1541/Disk64 cable. Transfers to and from CBM-Drives/Disk-images/
- + Tape-images/virtual disks/IBM-PC with normal/fast/turbo mode. Window
- + driven GUI. Supports reading of GEOS-VLIR files (icons, graphics, text)
- + and CBM files. DiskMonitor and Charsets for CBM-reading included.
- + Availiable at all common CBM-FTP-sites (/emulator)
-
- + prlink
-
- + prlink
- + Platform: IBM and 64/128
- + ftp://pub/cbm/transfer/CBM-to-PC/prlink-0.9.5a.tar.gz (WWW URL to Source)
- + ftp://pub/cbm/transfer/CBM-to-PC/prlink095.zip (WWW URL to IBM EXE)
- + prlink is a program that uses the a parallel port to C64 User port cable
- + to transfer data from the Commodore to the IBM
-
- + READ81
-
- + READ81
- + http://www.magnamedia.de/64er/aktuell/aktuell.html#News 2 (WWW URL)
- + Don't know much about this, as the blurb was sent ot me in German, but
- + it will read 1581 disks in a PC and is available for 30 DM. It can also
- + read GEOS disks and converts from multiple formats, ASCII to PETSCII, and
- + soem graphics formats.
-
- + Performance Peripherals Europe,
- + Silcherstr.16, 53332 Bornheim,
- + Tel. 02227/912097, Fax: 02227/3221
-
- There are no programs that will read a 5.25" Commodore disk in a 5.25" PC
- drive.
-
-
- 7.3. How do I exchange data between an Amiga and my Commodore?
-
- TransNib
-
- + TransNib (1.00)
- + Platform: Amiga and 64/128
- + ftp://ftp.wustl.edu/systems/amiga/aminet/misc/emu/TransNib100.lha
-
- The TransNib 1.00 package for Amiga allows transferring files
- C64<->Amiga at up to 60000 bps. It uses a parallel<->user port cable that
- currently transfers 4bits at a time. Uses 2-way handshaking. 2 versions
- of the 64software are in the archive. Requires a disk drive. 1541
- fastloader compatible. The Amiga side software can be run from shell of
- WB, multitasks fine and has nice simple GUI.
-
- PData
-
- + PData (3.51)
- + Platform: Amiga and 64/128
- + ftp://ftp.doc.ic.ac.uk/computing/systems/amiga/mods/chip/NemeSIDs-Extra.lzh
- The PData 3.51 package for the Amiga allows transfer of both binary and
- text files between the C64/C128 and the Amiga. It's about 25 times faster
- than a null modem cable, and it even leaves your Amiga serial port free for
- other applications.
-
- You can transfer up to 255 files in both directions in multitransfer mode.
- The program works with an cable attached between the 64 user port and the
- Amiga parallel port. The Amiga software can be run from any Amiga,
- although Kickstart v37.175 (v2.04) is required to utilize all functions.
-
- prlink
-
- + prlink
- + Platform: Amiga and 64/128
- + Olaf Seibert and Marko Makela (Authors)
- | ftp://pub/cbm/transfer/CBM-to-PC/prlink-0.9.5a.tar.gz (WWW URL to Source)
- + http://www.funet.fi/pub/cbm/transfer/Amiga/prlink-amiga-0.9.5b.zoo (Binary)
-
- | prlink is a program that uses the a parallel port to C64 User port cable
- | to transfer data from the Commodore to the Amiga.
-
- + Over5
-
- + Over5
- + Platform: Amiga and 64/128
- + Daniel Kahlin (Author)
- + tlr@stacken.kth.se (Internet Contact)
- + http://www.stacken.kth.se/~tlr/computing/over5.html (WWW URL)
- + Over5 (successor to OverFour) is a program that uses a standard 3 wire null
- + modem cable to transfer files between the Amiga and the 64/128. No special
- + serial port cartridges are needed. Only a simple votga econverter for the
- + 64/128 user port to generate RS-232 level voltage is needed.
-
- + FEATURES:
-
- + * filecopy with wildcards !!IMPROVED!!
- + * builtin diskturbo
- + * Read/Write memory !!IMPROVED!!
- + * Read/Write file
- + * Read directory
- + * Send disk command
- + * Read disk status
- + * do RUN/SYS
- + * both PAL and NTSC versions
- + * the Amiga as harddisk server !!IMPROVED!!
- + * fastformat with verify
- + * Read/Write raw disk !!IMPROVED!!
- + * ZIPCODE archive depacking
- + * ZIPCODE archive packing
- + * timeout handling on the c64
- + * source code included !!NEW!!
- + * protocol documentation !!NEW!!
-
- + The author:
-
- + Daniel Kahlin <tlr@stacken.kth.se>
- + Vanadisvdgen 6, 2tr
- + s-113 46 Stockholm
- + Sweden
- + 08-34 84 73 (+468348473) (Phone)
-
-
- 7.4. How do I exchange data between a Macintosh(tm) and my Commodore?
-
- + Currently, to exchange data between a Commodore and a Macintosh, a null
- + modem serial connection is needed. See Section 7.7 for more information.
-
-
- Atari ST can read and write 3.5" DD disks formatted for PC. You need to use
- TOS 1.4 or higher to format. Using Big Blue Reader to write 3.5" PC
- format on CBM will permit transfer.
-
- ST also has RS-232 port, so one can transfer data by using RS-232 adaptor
- on the C64 and some terminal/handshaking programs to control the transfer.
-
-
- 7.6. How do I exchange data between a UNIX(tm) machine and my Commodore?
-
- One way is to use PC and then ftp to UNIX, unless the UNIX runs on a PC.
- Some Sparctations have drives with MSDOS filesystem emulation, but it has
- problems even with Atari/DOS disks.
-
- cbmfs
-
- cbmfs is a read-only filesystem driver which allows transparent reading of
- 1581 disks under Linux. It is installed as a loadable kernel module and
- allows mounting Commodore 1581 disks in a standard 3.5" floppy drive, and
- 1541 disk images (.D64 files) copied to any floppy disk. PETSCII to ASCII
- conversion can be automatically performed. Partitions on 1581 disks are
- accessed as subdirectories. The publically-released version will be
- available at <ftp://ftp.wimsey.com/pub/linux/incoming/cbmfs-1.0.tar.gz>
- and at <ftp://sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux/system/Filesystems/cbmfs-1.0.tar.gz>.
-
- prlink
-
- + prlink
- + Platform: UNIX and 64/128
- + Olaf Seibert and Marko Makela (Authors)
- | ftp://pub/cbm/transfer/CBM-to-PC/prlink-0.9.5a.tar.gz (WWW URL to Source)
- | prlink is a program that uses the a parallel port to C64 User port cable
- | to transfer data from the Commodore to Linux (or any UNIX).
-
-
- 7.7. Are there other ways to exchange data between computers?
-
- + If you are transferring data to another computer that possesses an
- + IEA-232 (RS-232) I/O "serial" port, you can exchange data by linking the
- + two machines via the RS-232 ports and transferring data in much the same
- + way one does when connecting to a remote machine over a modem. In this
- + case, however, the modems on both computers are eliminated and a special
- + "null modem" cable is used in their place. This cable is simply a regular
- + RS-232 cable with the transmit and receive lines crossed. This allows
- + data transmitted from one computer to appear on the receive pin of the
- + other computer and vice versa. To exchange data using this method,
- + equip your Commodore computer as if you were connecting it to a modem.
- + (See Section 5.2). At this point, attach the null modem cable between
- + the CBM and the other computer. Finally, run telecommunications programs
- + on both machines. Transferring a file is then as simple as uploading a
- + file on one machine and downloading it on the other.
-
- + This method is the most reliable and most compatible of all of the
-
-
- 8. Operating Systems
-
- Most Commodore users aren't aware that each machine has an operating
- system. Since all Commodore systems come complete with a built in
- operating system and BASIC programming language, the need for an
- operating system is minimized. However, Commodore's internal OS is
- not always the right tool for the job, so alternate OS systems are
- available for the CBM.
-
-
- 8.1. What Operating Systems are available?
-
- Well, Commodore computers come with a standard operating system
- built in ROM. They also contain a built in BASIC interpreter which is
- normally activated after switching on or resetting the computer.
- If you want alternative options to replace the existing OS, there are a few
- that may suit your needs. GEOS is the best known, but a number of people
- have made UNIX-like operating system replacements for the Commodore 64 and
- 128. Also, on the 128, CP/M is available out-of-the-box. (see below for
- details on different OS types.)
-
-
- 8.2. What is GEOS?
-
- GEOS stands for Graphical Environment Operating System. It is a Graphical
- User Interface (GUI) style of OS, and it brings to the Commodore 64 and 128
- integrated applications. The graphical nature of GEOS allows applications
- to use fonts of any size, bitmaps, and menus and mice. The system was
- Designed by Berkeley Softworks, now GEOWorks, and is supported now by CMD.
- There are a number of graphical style GEOS applications, like GEOWrite,
- GEOPaint, GEOPublish, GEOTerm, etc. The system is very easy to use, and
- is very fast, even when compared to other GUIs like Windows and OS/2.
-
- GEOS can make very effective use of a Ram Expansion Unit, a RAMDrive or
- RAMLink, or GEORam. GEOS allows you to configure your REU to appear just
- like another (very fast) disk drive, although it does not keep its contents
- when you turn your computer off. So, any GEOS software that works off of
- a disk will work out of your REU. Since GEOS is very disk-intensive, this
- greatly improves the performance of your system. Indeed, some firm GEOS
- adherents have said that they would not use GEOS without a RAM device of
- some sort.
-
- GEOS will not work with a stock 1700. To have a RAM drive, in GEOS, you
- must have at least 256K of expansion. Thanks to patches developed by Jim
- Collette(configure2.1), GEOS also supports 1 Meg, 1.5 Meg, and 2 Meg REUs.
-
- GEOS files are structured differently from standard Commodore files. They
- cannot be uploaded or downloaded directly. Before you upload a GEOS file,
- use the freeware GEOS application convert2.5 by W.C. Coleman to convert it
- to Commodore format. When you download a GEOS file, you must use the same
- program to convert it to GEOS format. By convention, GEOS format files
- converted to standard Commodore format have a .cvt on the end; however,
- many converted GEOS files just have the same name as the original GEOS file.
- As a rule of thumb, any GEOS file you download, regardless of the extension,
- must be converted to GEOS format with convert2.5.
-
- If you download an archive of GEOS files (e.g. a .arc or .sda file
- containing GEOS files), you must first dissolve the archive using your C64
- or C128 in native mode. The constituents of the archive will be converted
- GEOS files, whether or not they have the .cvt extension. Each of these
- constituents (which are GEOS files) must be individually converted to GEOS
- format with convert2.5.
-
- If you need some help with GEOS or any aspect of it, I refer you to Myles
- Skinner at mskinner@julian.uwo.ca. He is one of many people who use GEOS
- every day and can be of help.
-
-
- 8.3. What is UNIX?
-
- UNIX is an OS that was developed by Bell Laboratories in the 1960's and
- is now used on many workstations. It is a multi-user, multi-process
- OS that has extensive support from the educational and commercial
- communities. Internet and Usenet are primarily a collection of UNIX
- workstations networked together. The UNIX-like OS replacements for
- Commodore computers mainly emulate the shell of UNIX, where programs are
- run by merely typing in their name. Other aspects of UNIX, such as
- multiple processes are supported by some of the offering, which are:
-
- Asterix. - A UNIX-Look-and-feel Shell replacement for 64
-
- UNIX128. - A small implementation of UNIX for the 128.
-
- ACE 128/64.- A new offering which borrows the UNIX shell look for 64
- | and 128. It is available at:
- ftp://ccnga.uwaterloo.ca/pub/cbm/os/ace/
-
- + LUnix - A new offering which attempts an implementation of UNIX
- + for the 64. It is available at:
- | http://wwwcip.rus.uni-stuttgart.de/~etk10217/lunix/lunix.html
- + ftp://ftp.funet.fi/pub/cbmc64/os/lunix/
-
- + CS/A65 - Andre Fachat's multitasking OS. At:
- + http://www.tu-chemnitz.de/~fachat/csa/
-
- | CXII - http://www.cynapses.com/ry/cx2/index.html
-
-
- 8.4. What is CP/M
-
- CP/M stands for Control Program for Microcomputers and is available on
- every Commodore 128. There is also a CP/M cartridge available for the
- Commodore 64, but it cannot read CP/M disks, just 1541 formatted disks, and
- there are questions concerning its ability to work with all revisions
- of the Commodore 64. CP/M was very popular in the early eighties before
- MS-DOS became popular. It requires a Z-80 microprocessor, which the 128
- has, or an 8080 processor, and a disk drive capable of reading CP/M disks,
- such as the 1571. If you don't need to read existing CP/M formatted disks,
- then a 1541 could also be used. This operating system is the one that
- MS-DOS was modeled after, so there are a lot of similarities. If you are
- interested in using CP/M as your primary OS, then please check out the
- newsgroup comp.os.cpm, as they have more info on the current events
- concerning CP/M.
-
- The version of CP/M used on the 128 is 3.0, commonly called CP/M Plus.
- It is compatible with earlier versions of CP/M but adds some new features.
- The copy of CP/M 3.0 that ships with the 128 was specially modified to allow
- use of the features of the 128, such as the Ram Expansion Unit as a RAM
- disk, the SID chip, and the extra RAM of the 128.
-
- In the March 1994 issue of dieHard, Mike Gordillo gave an overview of the
- CP/M operating system. It is one of many such articles that should be read
- by anyone new to CP/M.
-
-
- 9. Demonstrations
-
- Very few Commodore enthusiasts have never seen a demonstration, yet
- many aren't really sure what one is. Well, since these programs are still
- alive and strong in the 1990's, we need to answer some of their mysteries
- (but not all of them, as their job is to amaze).
-
-
- 9.1. Just what is a demonstration, or demo?
-
- A demonstration, or "demo" as they are known, is a piece of software that
- is designed to provoke a visually and aurally pleasing effect from the
- computer. This usually involves large amounts of multi-colored graphics,
- complex synthesized or digitized sounds, and orchestrated movement of
- shapes or color schemes on the screen. Demos originated as introductions
- to "cracked" games, games in which the copy protection had been rendered
- useless. As time wore on, the standard abilities of the computer were all
- used in demos, and rival "cracker" teams raced to bring out the best demo.
- In the search for the "best demo", demo authors, or "coders", tried to
- maximize the use of the computer in a demo program. Also, they exploited
- any undocumanted feature the computer could provide. Since most of the
- circuits in the Commodore computers were multi-purpose, experienced coders
- could use some of their features in non-standard ways. Some examples:
-
- Removing the top and bottom border.
- Removing the side borders.
- Placing text (text mapped sprites) in the open borders.
- More than 8 sprites on screen at once.
- pseudo interlacing to create illusion of up to 640*400 resolution.
-
- Since the commercial game market has shrunk significantly over the past
- few years, and since demos are sometimes too involved to be classified
- as a game into, many demos are packaged so they can "stand-on-their-own".
- Users can download a demo, load it up, and run it like any other program.
-
- As demos got more involved, some coders produced cutting-edge technology
- demos intended to "one-up" their rival coders, while others made artistic,
- but less technically challenging demos for arts sake. Either way, it is
- important to note that demos are not usually interactive. They are meant to
- be viewed and listened to. Demos are mostly passive entertainment, and
- appreciation for the effects generated in a demo increases as one
- realizes the normal limitations of the Commodore line of computers.
- So, sit back, load up a demo, run it, and enjoy.
-
-
- 9.2. What does NTSC and PAL mean?
-
- These two acronyms refer to the type of TV broadcasting signals used
- to create the video picture on your TV or monitor. American, Japanese, and
- Canadians use NTSC, while a good part of Europe uses PAL. This usually
- makes no difference to programs, as the C64 and C128 in C64 mode always
- present 200 lines of pixels to the video display. However, since the PAL
- standard allows more lines to be displayed on the screen and has a slower
- screen refresh time, the PAL computer has more time before screen
- refreshes to perform other operations, and also can put more information
- on the screen in some cases, since there are more lines in a PAL dislpay.
- Since demos use highly optimized timing and complex routines to perform
- the effects, some demos can only be written for PAL machines. Sometimes,
- a demo is written for a PAL machine, but it can be made to run on an
- NTSC machine. Demos that can run on both machines without any code
- modification are called regular demos, those that can only run on PAL
- machines are PAL demos, PAL demos that have been modified to run on NTSC
- machines are called NTSC-fixed demos, and NTSC demos that have been
- modified to run on PAL machines (rare) are called PAL-fixed demos.
-
- The mean difference between NTSC and PAL is that the mathematical
- description of NTSC will fit on one page while PAL takes a phone-book
- style book full of integral/Fourier/Laplace equations.
-
- From a demo coder's point of view, the difference lies in how many cycles
- you get per scan line and how many scanlines there are:
-
- VIC type cycles per line lines per screen frame rate
-
- old NTSC-M 64 262 60 Hz
- new NTSC-M 65 263 60 Hz
- all PAL-B 63 312 50 Hz
-
- 9.3. Where do I get demos?
-
- There is a whole site full of demos. They are located in the
- /pub/cbm/c64/demos directory of nic.funet.fi. See section 5.4 for
- directions on how to transfer files from this site.
-
-
- 9.4. What is a demo competition?
-
- This is a "convention" where people from the demo "scene" get together.
- They are usually held in Europe, although other countries do have them.
- Coders get together and exhibit previously unreleased demos in a competition
- where the best ones are ranked according to a subjective scoring system.
- At the end of the competition, the demos are released to the public. To
- make things somewhat fair, demos are judged according to computer type, so
- Amiga demos do not get judged alongside 64 demos. These competitions are
- usually held in conjunction with music or art competitions.
-
- Most demo competitions are held within Europe due to copyright laws and
- stuff.
-
- Previous pardies (demos parties, or competitions) held were:-
-
- Event Location Date
- ----- -------- ----
- Radwar Pardy Germany January 1994
- Pardy III Denmark Decemeber 1993
- Chormance & Faces Pardy Hungary December 1993
- Elysium Pardy Poland Decemeber 1993
- Entropy Pardy Holland June 1993
- Assembley '93 Pardy Finland May 1993
- The Computer Crossroads Sweden April 1993
- Radwar Pardy Germany January 1993
-
- Duration 1993-1994 (March 1994)
-
- Most pardies are held when all the schools are on hoildays.
-
- The point of a copy pardy is to go there with your computer, meet other
- computer friends from other groups and swap different warez, meet other
- members of your group and using the combined skills from the members
- (graphics/coding/musix/spreading), write a demo before the closing time for
- the pardy so it can get voted on. The winner comes away with about 300
- Kronar or similar.
-
-
- 9.5 What does FLI, DYCP, etc. mean?
-
- Writing a successful demo often means tweaking routines and hardware
- to reach beyond the normal capabilities of a computer system. Such is
- partially why such programs are called "demos". To tweak the system and
- hardware, programmers utilize undefined routines, use hardware in non-
- standard ways, and create tming loops that force events to happen at
- certain intervals. When these components are composed together, they
- create an effect, either via video or sound. The effect is known by a
- name or phrase. Some phrases are known by their acronyms, as the two in
- | the heading are known. FLI is Flexible Line Interlace, while DYCP
- | is Differential Y Character Position. It is beyond the scope of the FAQ to
- discuss all the effect names, but a somewhat complete list can be found
- | at http://www.jbrain.com/pub/cbm/faq/demo-acronyms.txt on WWW or as file
- demo-acronyms.txt on Jim Brain's MAILSERV server (See Section for more
- information on mailservers.)
-
-
-
- --
- Jim Brain, Embedded System Designer, Brain Innovations, Inc. (BII) (online sig)
- bii@mail.jbrain.com "Above views DO reflect my employer, since I'm my employer"
- Dabbling in WWW, Embedded Systems, Old CBM computers, and Good Times! -Me-
- BII Home: http://www.jbrain.com CBM Info: http://www.jbrain.com/vicug/
-