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- From: Erin Rebecca Miller <ermiller@dgsys.com>
- Subject: rec.pets.cats: Feline Infectious Peritonitis FAQ
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- =======
- The latest versions of these FAQ's may be obtained via the Web at
- http://www.fanciers.com/cat-faqs/
-
- The multiple posted (ASCII) parts of the FAQ are all archived at rtfm.mit.edu
- (18.181.0.24) in the directory /pub/usenet/news.answers/cats-faq. These
- files will also appear in other sites that mirror the RTFM archives.
- ==========
-
-
- Feline Infectious Peritonitis FAQ
-
- Contents:
- * Disclaimers
- * Summary
- * General Information about FIP
- * Multi-Cat Household/Cattery Management
- * References
-
- The main author of this FAQ is Erin Miller [ermiller@dgsys.com].
- However, this FAQ could never have been written without the
- information, editing, re-writing and general encouragement of Norman
- Auspitz [L13264%M9RSCS.GESNINET@GE1VM.SCHDY.GE.COM]. Also thanks to
- Lorraine Shelton
- [Lorraine_Shelton_at_HYL101@ccmailgw.mcgawpark.baxter.com] for her
- advice and references.
-
- The purpose of this FAQ is to answer frequently asked questions about
- Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP), which is one of the most
- difficult diseases in the feline community today. This FAQ is divided
- into two parts, the first is general information about the disease,
- and the second is about management of FIP in a multi-cat and cattery
- environment. The sources for this FAQ are listed at the end, as well
- as some additional recommended readings. Recently an excellent source
- of information on FIP has become available on the WWW as well. This
- article is much more technical and many cat owners may find it much
- more dense than this FAQ. However, if you are interested it cat be
- found at: http://www.mother.com/~vin/fipnew.htm. There is also some
- information about FIP put out by Cornell at:
- http://web.vet.cornell.edu/public/fhc/fip.htm.
-
- Disclaimer:
-
- I want to point out first and foremost that I am not a veterinarian,
- nor even a person who has training in animal science such as a
- veterinary technician. I am a graduate student of physical
- anthropology, and an ailurophile. My goal with these FAQs is to take
- information from the medical literature and convey the parts that are
- most useful to the average cat owner and translate them into general
- terms that are easy to understand. I attempted to keep the FAQ as
- untechnical as possible, but unfortunately with such a complex disease
- that becomes very difficult. I hope this prooves to be of some
- usefulness. Also keep in mind that this disease is one of the most
- controversial subjects in feline health care. This is not a definitive
- guide to FIP, but only an attempt to compile the most current
- information. Ideally the reader of this FAQ should use this as a
- starting point when discussing FIP with their veterinarian. Vets and
- breeders will hold a wide variety of opinions on this disease, some of
- which may be based on current information, some of which may be based
- on hearsay and anecdotal evidence. You can only do your best to become
- as educated as possible and make your decisions on the course of
- treatment or preventive care. Always remember, your cats is YOUR
- responsibility, and no one, not your vet, not a breeder, not a
- friend-who-knows-everything-there-is-to-know-about-cats, nor the
- writer of an internet FAQ can force you do take an action that you
- don't feel comfortable with. Do what you think is best for your cat.
- Period.
- _________________________________________________________________
-
- Summary
-
- To begin and unfortunately in sum: There is NO effective treatment,
- there is NO diagnostic test, there is NO way to positively identify
- asymptomatic carriers (cats which shed the virus, but do not
- themselves show outward signs of illness), the incubation time is
- UNKNOWN, NO one is 100% sure of how it is spread between cats, and
- there is NO proven effective way to control its spread in a multi-cat
- household or cattery. So what is known? Read on.
- _________________________________________________________________
-
- PART I: General Information about FIP
-
- I've heard FIP is like AIDS. Can I catch AIDS or anything else from
- it?
- People often use the "it's like AIDS" phrase to describe a number of
- illnesses in the animal (and human) community with the idea that
- most people know so much about AIDS that this analogy is useful.
- Unfortunately most people don't know much about AIDS and the
- resulting effect is to scare people out of their wits and have
- them dump their cats or dogs at the nearest pound because they are
- so deathly afraid of catching AIDS from them. The ONLY similarity
- between FIP, FIV (Feline Immunodeficiency Virus) and FeLV (Feline
- Leukemia Virus) to HIV (which is believed to cause AIDS) is in
- their genetic makeup. All are RNA (as opposed to DNA) viruses, and
- FeLV and FIV (and HIV) are what are known as "retroviruses." FIP
- is a type of "coronavirus" which makes it even less similar to
- HIV. To make it clear: THERE IS ABSOLUTELY NO WAY TO CATCH AIDS
- FROM A CAT, NO MATTER WHAT FELINE DISEASE THAT ANIMAL MAY HAVE.
- See the FeLV FAQ for more information on retroviruses.
-
- So what *is* FIP?
- FIP is not caused by a retrovirus but by a type of coronavirus. One of
- the reasons FIP is such a problem for vets is because there may be
- no way to differentiate an FIP virus from certain other viruses.
- Current thinking is that FIP is caused by a mutation of the Feline
- Enteric Coronavirus (FECV). FECV is very common, and an FECV
- infection can have symptoms ranging from none, to flu-like with or
- without diarrhea. These are most common in kittens, but can occur
- in cats of any age. If the immune system is not functioning
- properly, a mutant FECV can become a more systemic infection that
- we call FIP. All FIP tests appear to react the same way to every
- type of coronavirus. So, if your cat had FECV as a kitten, it may
- cause the same reaction in the current test as true FIP (more on
- the tests below).
- For the purpose of this FAQ, however, I am going to continue
- referring to an "FIP Virus" or "FIPV." Just keep in mind that in
- fact, there may not be a difference between FIPV and FECV per se,
- just a difference in the way a cat's immune system responds.
-
- What are the symptoms of FIP?
- FIP usually appears in one of two forms: Effusive (wet) and
- Non-Effusive (dry). It should not be thought, however, that there
- are two different FIP diseases. The results of the infection are a
- continuum on a scale, with the 'wet version' being one end, the
- 'dry version' being in the middle, and a 'carrier' being the other
- end (a carrier is where the cat has successfully fought off the
- disease but may still be able to expose other cats to the virus).
- The way this happens is when a cat is exposed to FIPV, if its
- immune system gives a poor response, the wet form will develop. If
- it gives a better response, the dry form will develop. In the best
- responses, the cat will not develop either form of FIP, although
- it may be a carrier of the FIP virus.
- Wet
- The wet form is more common, and more rapid in progression than
- the dry form. It is characterized by the abdomen and/or chest
- progressively but painlessly distending with fluid. If this occurs
- in the chest, respiratory distress can occur due to compression of
- the lungs and release of fluid into the airways. The lining of the
- affected cavity will be covered with white, fibrin-containing
- areas (fibrin is a protein that is the center of a blood clot),
- often on the liver and spleen. Certain types of lymph nodes may be
- enlarged. Other signs include jaundice; mild anemia; and
- gastrointestinal, ocular (e.g. eye ulcers or severe
- conjunctivitis), and neurological signs may also occur.
- Dry
- The dry form is more rare (but appears to be becoming more
- common), and more slow in progression, often making diagnosis
- difficult. There is minimal fluid build-up, although weight loss,
- depression, anemia, and fever are almost always present. Signs of
- kidney failure, liver failure, pancreatic disease, neurologic
- disease or ocular disease may be seen in various combinations.
- Often the organs in question develop a characteristic
- pyogranulomatous inflammation (this is a chronic inflammation
- resulting in a thickening of the tissue and local accumulation of
- white blood cells). Unfortunately biopsy of these lesions is the
- only definitive way to diagnose this form of FIP and is usually
- done in the form of a post-mortem diagnosis.
-
- What are the differences between FIP and FECV?
- FIP is a disease. Normally the disease/virus relationship is simple,
- but this is not the case with FIP. FIP may be caused by many
- things, perhaps an isolated FIP virus (FIPV), perhaps a mutation
- of FECV, or perhaps there are multiples viruses which can all lead
- the the same disease complex known as FIP. There is little
- question, however, that the most common cause of FIP is via FECV.
- For the most part, FECV is limited largely to the intestines and
- is dealt with quite well by the cat's immune system. However, as
- recent studies seem to indicate, FECV can mutate into FIP and, if
- the cat's immune system is not operating properly, this mutant
- FECV stops being just an infection of the intestine and becomes
- the more systemic infection we call FIP.
- Thus, wherever you have FECV you could have FIP! Some cats never
- get FIP, but can continue to shed the FECV virus (now thought to
- be spread via the feces). The good news, however, is that since it
- seems that the dry form is becoming more prevalent, that cats are
- gradually becoming more able to resist FIP infection in general.
-
- Is my cat at high risk?
- If it comes in regular contact with other cats (i.e.: an
- indoor/outdoor cat), the answer is YES! The lowest risk groups are
- indoor only, single-cat households. The higher the number of cats,
- the more risk of FIP. The higher the number of cats, the higher
- the titer test results (more on titers below). Single-cat
- households are generally free of all coronaviruses. FIP occurs in
- greatest incidence in cats between six months and two years old,
- although infections are high up to five years old. Of course the
- most susceptible group to catching FIPV are kittens because under
- the age of 16 weeks their immune system is very bad in general.
- Studies also show that poor nutrition, high stress levels or poor
- husbandry increase the likelihood of getting FIP. Outside
- exposure, exchanging of animals, especially kittens and young
- cats, highly inbred cats, and cats in actively breeding households
- increase the risk. Males and females are equally affected.
-
- How is it transmitted?
- Wouldn't we all like to know! Seriously, there seems to be two schools
- of thought. One group (from Cornell-based publications and
- seminars) states that the spread is not known with certainty, but
- is believed to be by ingestion or inhalation of the virus. The
- other school of thought (from Dr. Pedersen and the UC, Davis based
- publications) believes that transmission is most prevalent when
- cats have close contact with other infected cats or their
- feces/urine. Both schools seem to feel that feces may play a large
- role in the method of transmission.
- Some studies suggest that viruses that can cause FIP can survive
- on dry surfaces (food/water bowls, litter boxes, human clothing,
- etc.) and can survive at room temperature probably up to 2 or 3
- weeks. If this is the case, then the two schools of thought on
- methods of transmission may not be so far apart, especially given
- that litter can contain dust to which small particles of feces can
- adhere. Thus the virus can possibly be spread via litter dust on
- shoes or clothing or etc. making it behave as if it were an
- airborne virus!
-
- If the virus can last so long on dry surfaces, what happens if I
- unknowingly come in contact with a cat with FIP? Can I give it to my
- cats?
- Most household soaps, detergents and disinfecting agents will kill the
- virus. Make sure you wash any part thoroughly that has come in
- contact with the cat (don't forget your pants if the cat rubbed up
- against you). Bleach in a 1:32 solution is suggested for
- decontamination purposes.
-
- Is there a test?
- There is a test which will look for the presence of coronavirus
- antibodies in your cat's blood. If your cat has been exposed to a
- coronavirus, ANY coronavirus, its immune system will build up
- antibodies to it, and the titer tests for the level of those
- antibodies in the blood. But it does not distinguish between
- antibodies made specifically against FIP, or FECV, or any other
- coronavirus. A positive titer means only that your cat has created
- antibodies (therefore been exposed to) SOME form of coronavirus.
- The higher the titer, the more antibodies the cat has created.
- As if there were not enough problems with the coronavirus test,
- there is no uniformity between different labs. One cannot compare
- results from one lab to another. Some labs just specify positive
- or negative if the results are above or below a given titer (often
- these labs do not even specify the titer). There are no standards
- for setting up a lab, there is no regulatory body that oversees
- them, and no requirement for validation of test results. It is
- also possible for a cat which has received the vaccine (more
- below) to have enough antibodies to appear on the titer test. To
- top it all off, false positives occur in up to 30% of the tests.
- In sum: DO NOT PLACE MUCH CREDENCE IN THE TITER TEST, AND UNDER NO
- CIRCUMSTANCES SHOULD A CAT BE EUTHANIZED BASED SOLELY ON THE
- RESULTS OF THE TITER TEST.
- There are some clinical indicators which your vet may discuss with
- you if s/he suspects that a cat has FIP, particularly if it is
- showing likely symptoms. Some blood tests can help your vet
- pinpoint FIP as a cause for your cat's condition, this includes
- looking for a high amount of gamma globulin proteins and a low
- amount of albumin proteins in the blood.
- There has also been talk of a polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
- test, in the hopes that it can tell the difference between FIP and
- other coronaviruses. Significant scientific studies have yet to be
- concluded on this method. However, given that the most common way
- of a cat coming down with FIP is via the mutation of FECV, this
- test may have little or no value in the great majority of cases.
-
- What about the vaccine?
- There is a vaccine available, but it is controversial and some vets do
- not recommend it, although others highly encourage it. The
- manufacturer's tests state that it has an efficacy rate
- (protection rate in this case) of 69%. Cornell Feline Health
- Center then did a study which said the vaccine failed to show any
- protection, and that it accelerated the disease in 52.5% of
- exposed cats. However, this study used a different challenge virus
- strain and the route of administration was different than the
- manufacturer's tests. The 'real-life' significance of this has not
- yet been determined, neither Cornell nor the manufacture has
- received reports from the field of abnormally high numbers of cats
- which get the disease as a result of the vaccine. However, this
- study has caused a lot of people to swear-off the vaccine.
- It really is between an individual cat owner and their vet to
- determine the whether or not to vaccinate based on the best
- information available at the time.
-
- So are these the only test results?
- Well, Cornell concluded from the above that vaccine efficacy in a
- laboratory setting is highly dependent on the challenge. It offers
- protection at low challenge doses, none at higher doses. The
- problem is, no one knows what the "real world" dose level is.
- Another problem is that there are actually two strains of FIPV.
- Just as there are many different flu strains or cold strains which
- cause you to get sick several different times with the flu or a
- cold, because each time you catch a different strain for which you
- aren't already immune. Type I strain of FIP is believed to be the
- most prevalent in the "real world" but it is the most difficult to
- reproduce in a laboratory. Type II is easier to reproduce, but not
- as prevalent outside. It is not known how effective a vaccine
- against one type will be against the other type.
- So, while some of the studies have found the current vaccine
- effective against the Type II strain of FIP, there is no evidence
- either way as to if it will work against the Type I strain.
-
- So that is Cornell's opinion, are there any other points of view?
- The consensus arrived at the seminar sponsored by the Winn Foundation
- on FIP/FECV is that the enhanced disease effect is a laboratory
- phenomenon, especially since that study by Cornell only used
- seropositive cats in the first place.
-
- What is a seropositive cat?
- Some cats test positive on the coronavirus titer test, some do not.
- Those which have never been exposed to ANY form of coronavirus are
- called "seronegative." Those which have been exposed to some form
- of coronavirus are called "seropositive." The Winn
- Foundation-sponsored research felt the Cornell study was flawed
- because it used cats which had already been exposed to some form
- of coronavirus (were "seropositive") and then attempted to test
- the vaccine.
- This is not to be confused with the terms "FIP negative" and "FIP
- positive" which are used by many labs to indicate that the
- coronavirus titer is less than (negative) or more than (positive)
- some predefined threshold level.
-
- Have there been any more recent studies?
- Yes. In another, recent study cats were tested in the same manner as
- in the vaccine manufacturer's tests. At the end of an 8-week
- period, 30% of cats vaccinated, and 60% of the controls
- demonstrated FIP-positive conditions from tissue examinations.
- This demonstrates a 50% "preventable percentage."
- Another recent field trial ran for 16 months using 500 cats in a
- no-kill shelter with endemic FIP. The fact that this is a shelter
- makes it a different makeup than a cattery (and some multi-cat
- households) because the average age of a cat was approximately 2
- years old, and there were no kittens under 16 weeks old. However
- ALL cats tested were seronegative prior to exposure in the
- shelter. During the time of the study, 0.8% of the vaccinated cats
- died and 3.25% of controls died of FIP. [This is statistically
- significant at p=.048, which means that there is a 95.2%
- probability that this result is not random] So, for seronegative
- cats over the age of 16 weeks, this study shows a 75% efficacy
- rate. Vaccination after exposure (after a cat is already
- seropositive) is not likely to be helpful in preventing the
- disease.
-
- So what does this all mean?
- In sum, if you know your cats are seronegative, and they are older
- than 16 weeks, the vaccine is recommended by both the Cornell
- Feline Health Center and the consensus reached at the Winn
- Foundation sponsored FIP/FECV seminar. If your cat is already
- seropositive, there is not much evidence that the vaccine will
- help.
- The vaccine will be more of a help when
-
- * the manufacturers demonstrate its effectiveness against the Type I
- strain of FIP
- * it is shown to be effective in seropositive cats, and
- * it could be shown to be safe and effective for kittens under the
- age of 16 weeks.
-
- However, it appears that there is work being done to develop a FECV
- vaccine. Preventing FECV infections in the first place, and thus
- preventing FECV from mutating into FIP, might turn out to be another
- technique in trying to protect against FIP.
-
- My vet believes that my cat has FIP, what is the best thing to do?
- Usually by the time the vet is able to pinpoint FIP as the cause of
- your cat's condition, the cat is pretty far along. So long as your
- cat is in pretty good shape, not in any pain or discomfort, there
- is no reason to euthanize it. Even if your cat is happy and
- healthy, however, you MUST make sure you keep it indoors and away
- from other cats. If you feel that this will be too great a
- compromise on its quality of life, it is better to euthanize it.
- Since the cause of transmission is not known, by allowing your
- FIP+ cat outside, you could cause numerous other cats to become
- ill, and even further spread the disease. But please keep your
- cat's welfare foremost in your mind. When its systems begin to
- fail, when it is in obvious discomfort, you are only making things
- worse by delaying the inevitable. Keep him or her as happy and as
- comfortable for as long as possible, that is unfortunately the
- only solution at this point.
- _________________________________________________________________
-
- PART II: Multi-Cat Household/Cattery Management
-
- I have a lot of cats, what can I do to keep the risk of FIP down?
- Limit the number of new cats and isolate each for at least one month,
- preferably two. I know it sounds like a long period of time, but
- consider the alternatives! You could lose every cat in your
- household. During the one month's time period, make sure you watch
- carefully for signs of illness. You should give the coronavirus
- titer test at the beginning and the end of the quarantine period,
- and the titer should decrease over that time period.
- Scoop the litter box daily, discard the rest of the litter weekly
- and disinfect the boxes with a 1:32 solution of bleach. The area
- around the boxes should be swept and disinfected, there should be
- at least one box for every two cats in the household. Again,
- weekly discarding of the scoopable litter may seem like a waste,
- but so far the ONLY thing the sources agree upon with regard to
- transmission is that it is definitely transmitted through the
- feces, if nothing else. In the words of one breeder: "It cost me
- approximately $3,000 in veterinary and laboratory services to
- diagnose the incidence of FIP in my cattery, test and retest (and
- retest) all of my cats. Believe me it is FAR less expensive to
- discard the litter" (Polli, p. 81). If your cats have long hair
- and fecal matter tends to stick to the britches, this hair should
- be kept clipped short.
- Change food and water daily, disinfect the bowls weekly. Do not
- mix the bowls all around the house, keep the same set of bowls
- with the same cats, and keep the same set of litter boxes with the
- same cats.
-
- What if one of my cats if pregnant?
- It is suggested that queens be completely isolated from other cats
- (isolated in its own room, not its own cage within a room). This
- room should be empty for one week prior to placing the queen
- there, and should be disinfected with a 1:32 solution of bleach.
- The queen should be placed in the isolation room 10-14 days prior
- to delivery. All bowls and litter boxes should be used exclusively
- for that room, and not interchanged with any others. You should
- disinfect your hands when entering and leaving the isolation room.
- If possible, you should even try to have separate clothing, such
- as a smock and slippers which are restricted to the isolation room
- to decrease risk.
- If the queen is not seronegative, you may want to consider an
- early weaning program. The queen should be removed from the
- kittens at age 4-6 weeks and never returned. During the first 4-6
- weeks of a kitten's life, it gets its antibodies from their
- mother, therefore they are immune to anything she may be shedding.
- After that time period, they start making their own antibodies. If
- the queen is a carrier of coronaviruses, she can shed FECV to the
- kittens, and they are most likely to become infected during that
- time period. Regardless of whether the kittens are weaned early
- and isolated from the mother, they should be kept isolated from
- all other cats in the household. In addition to minimizing the
- risk of the kittens developing FIP, the risk of exposure to other
- viruses and diseases will be reduced.
- Kittens should be raised in complete isolation from the queen and
- all other cats/kittens in the household until they leave the
- cattery. If the kitten is to be kept in the cattery, it should be
- isolated for 16 weeks, and then the FIP vaccination series should
- be completed before allowing the kittens to interact with the
- other cats.
-
- Is there any evidence for this?
- A 1992 study found the following: 400 kittens were divided into 41
- household with various FIP histories. In one group the kittens
- were allowed to freely associate with all the cats. In a second
- group the kittens were isolated only with their mother. In the
- third group, the kittens were isolated by themselves starting at
- age 2-6 weeks. Only in this last group did all of the kittens
- remain seronegative for any/all coronaviruses.
-
- That sounds absolutely ridiculous! Who would go through all that?
- Nobody says a breeder HAS to do any of this. These are merely the
- precautions currently recommended by the Cornell Feline Health
- Center and the recommendations which came out of the Winn
- Foundation sponsored Seminar on FIP/FECV. It is an option kitten
- buyers can use in determining which breeder to select if they so
- choose, but it is by no mean mandatory.
- _________________________________________________________________
-
- References:
-
- * Polli, Leigh. "Highlights from The Winn Feline Foundation
- International FIP/FECV Workshop." Cat Fanciers Almanac, 11(8),
- December 1994.
- * Richards, James R. DVM. "Management of Coronavirus Infections in
- Catteries and Multicat Households." Comprehensive Seminar for Cat
- Breeders Cornell University School of Continuing Education and
- Summer Sessions.
- * Siegal, Mordecai (ed.) Cornell Book of Cats: Comprehensive Medical
- Reference for Every Cat and Kitten. New York: Villard Books, 1991.
-
- Additional Readings:
-
- * Addie, D.D. and Jarret, O. "A Study of Naturally Occuring Feline
- Coronavirus Infections in Kittens." Vet Record Feb. 15, 1992.
- * Barlough, J. E. and Stoddart, C.A. "Feline Infections
- Peritonitis." Cornell Feline Health Center Information Bulletin 6,
- 8/84.
- * Olsen, C, and Scott, F.W. "Feline Peritonitis Vaccination - Past
- and Present." Feline Health Record Topics for Veterinarians 6(20),
- Spring 1991.
- * Scott, F.W., Corapi, W.V., and Olsen, C.W. "Evaluation of the
- Safety and Efficacy of Primucell FIP Vaccine." Perspectives on
- Cats, Fall 1992
- * Richards, J.R. "FIP: The Challenge Continues." Cat Fancy 36(5):
- May 1993.
- Papers in Feline Practice Volume 23, Number 3. May/June 1995
- * Addie D.D., Jarett O. Control of Feline Coronavirus Infections in
- Breeding Catteries by Serotesting, Isolation, and Early Weaning.
- Feline Practice 23(3), 92-95, 1995.
- * Addie D.D., Toth S., Murray G.D., Jarett O. The Risk of Typical
- and Antibody Ehhanced Feline Infectious Peritonitis Among Cats
- From Feline Coronavirus Endemic Households. Feline Practice 23(3),
- 24-26, 1995.
- * Fehr D., Holznagel L., Bolla S., Lutz H., Hauser B., Herrewegh
- A.A.P.M., Horzinek M.C. Evaluation of the Safety and Efficacy of a
- Modified Live FIPV Vaccine Under Field Conditions. Feline Practice
- 23(3), 83-88, 1995.
- * Gerber J.D. Overview of the Development of a Modified Live
- Temperature- Sensitive FIP Virus Vaccine. Feline Practice 23(3),
- 62-66, 1995.
- * Herrewegh A.A.P.M., Egberink H.F., Horzinek M.C., Rottier P.J.M.,
- de Groot R.J. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) for the Diagnosis of
- Naturally Occurring Feline Coronavirus Infections. Feline Practice
- 23(3), 56-60, 1995.
- * Hickman A., Morris J.G., Rogers Q.R., Pedersen N.C. Eliniation of
- Feline Coronavirus Infection From a Large Experimental Specific
- Pathogen-Free Cat Breeding Colony by Serologic Testing and
- Isolation. Feline Practice 23(3), 96-102, 1995.
- * Horzinek M.C., Herrewegh A., de Groot R.J. Persepectives on Feline
- Coronavirus Evolution. Feline Practice 23(3), 34-39, 1995.
- * Hoskins J.D., Taylor H.W., Lomax T.L. Independent Evaluation of a
- Modified Live Feline Infectious Peritonitis Vaccine Under
- Experimental Conditions (Louisiana Experience). Feline Practice
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- Relationships Between Feline Coronaviruses and their Evolution.
- Feline Practice 23(3), 40-44, 1995.
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