ftp.pasteur.org/FAQ//ftp-pasteur-org-FAQ.zip/FAQ/apple2/emulators-faq/part1/text0001.txt

Text File | 1998-03-10 | 57.7 KB | 1,126 lines

-----
3.1.5 Usenet Newsgroups
-----

The following Usenet newsgroups are used to discuss Apple II emulation, Apple II
computers, or emulators in general.

usenet: comp.emulators.apple2
usenet: alt.emulators.ibmpc.apple2 (Obsolete)
usenet: comp.emulators.announce (Moderated)
usenet: comp.emulators.misc
usenet: comp.sys.apple2
usenet: comp.binaries.apple2


---
3.2 WWW Sites
---

There are a growing number of emulator pages specifically or tangentially
related to the Apple II computers.

Jonathan Badger's Apple II Home Page
http://geta.life.uiuc.edu/~badger/apple2.html

Chi-Yuan Lin's Apple II Page
http://www.tfrin.gov.tw/D-FI/~cylin/apple2.html

Chris's list of emulators for the PC (including the Apple II)
http://members.aol.com/chrissalo/emu1.htm

Chris, Mark & Terry's Apple II Home Page
http://www.duke-net.com/apple/main.shtml

Emulation.Net - John Stiles's list of emulators for MacOS - Apple II Page
http://emulation.net/apple2/index.html

Marat Fayzullin's [FMS] list of emulators - Apple II and Macintosh Page
http://www.komkon.org/fms/comp/sys/Apple.html#apple2

Arthur Levesque's Apple II Page
http://www.erols.com/backslash/apple2.html

The Pirate's Guild - Dave Morrison's Apple II software download page
http://www.ozemail.com.au/~deth2/a2/

---
3.3 Miscellaneous Sites
---

Scott Adams - Adventure series solutions.
ftp://ftp.gmd.de/if-archive/games/scott-adams/

Adventure Game List - "This page contains my index to all adventure games
produced over the years. Of course, no such list can ever be complete for a
number of reasons. To begin with, the distinction between what is an adventure
and what is not is not clear. It's also not meaningful to list every last
adventure game ever written, but only those that actually reached a reasonable
audience. What constitutes a "reasonable audience" is, of course, also
debatable." Maintained by Hans Persson <[e-mail]>.
http://www.lysator.liu.se/adventure/

Bilestoad - Information concerning the port of this classic Apple ][ game to the
Macintosh.
http://www.continuumsi.com/~marc/bilestoad.html

Br°derbund - Lode Runner Fan Site, new levels for LR Classic and The Legend
Returns, Macintosh conversion utilities - might be of some use to the 8-bit
version of the game.
ftp://wcl-l.bham.ac.uk/pub/djh/loderunner/

Castle Smurfenstein - Homepage for this hack of Castle Wolfenstein.
http://evlweb.eecs.uic.edu/aej/smurf.html

Colossal Caves - Rick Adams' homepage for Colossal Cave by Willie Crowther and
Don Woods, contains hints on solving the adventure.
http://www.winternet.com/~radams/adventure/

Donkey Kong - The Classic Donkey Kong Homepage.
http://http.earlham.edu/www/students/stanlje/dk/index.html

Eamon - Adventure series information, links, and copies of the software.
http://www.lysator.liu.se/eamon/
ftp://ftp.gmd.de/if-archive/games/appleII/eamon/
usenet: alt.games.eamon

Infocom - Resources including hompages, FTP sites and newsgroups. The
Interactive Fiction archive contains adventure series information, solutions,
Inform compilers, and new ports.
http://www.csd.uwo.ca/~pete/Infocom/
http://www.cs.cmu.edu/afs/cs.cmu.edu/user/wsr/Web/IF/homepage.html
ftp://ftp.gmd.de/if-archive/games/infocom/
usenet: rec.arts.int-fiction
usenet: rec.games.int-fiction

Project 64 - An attempt to preserve Commodore 64 related documents in electronic
text format. A number of game manuals are relevant to the Apple II.
http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/pcgeek/proj64.htm

Screenshots - Axel Bauer's Apple II Classic Games Page contains screenshots of
classic Apple II games. Other pages contain Commodore 64 and Vic-20 games.
http://jones.netplace.com/apple.html (Apple II)
http://www.io.com/~vga2000/computes.htm (Commodore 64 and Vic-20)

Sirius Software - A homepage devoted to the adventure game Gruds in Space.
http://www.geocities.com/area51/lair/7268

Software deprotection tips (by Zelix).
ftp://ftp.stolaf.edu/pub/apple2/apple.tips.txt

Solutions - These are mainly for newer games, but occasional Apple II/C64 games
- mostly adventures - are listed.
http://www.gamesdomain.com/ (The Games Domain)
http://www.spoiler.et.ee/ (The Spoiler's Centre)

SPAG - The Society for the Preservation of Adventure Games is an e-mail zine
dedicated to (mainly) text adventures. Apple II and compatible format games are
listed/reviewed. Subscriptions are available from G. Kevin Wilson
<[e-mail]>.
http://wcl-l.bham.ac.uk/pub/djh/faqs/SPAG.faq (FAQ)
ftp://ftp.gmd.de/if-archive/magazines/SPAG/ (back issues)

SSI - Strategic Simulations, Inc. strategy series by Evin <[e-mail]>.
http://www.concentric.net/~evin/ssi/

Ultima - Non-official Ultima homepages, walkthroughs, maps, and cracks. The
"Commodore 64 and Apple 2 Ultima FAQ" by Caliaber Dragon <[e-mail]>
contains further information about 8-bit Ultima versions.
http://www.udic.org/ultima/
http://www.mindspring.com/~herrin/ultima/
http://www.why.com/ultima/
ftp://ftp.udic.org/pub/ud/
usenet: alt.games.ultima

  UDIC - The Ultima Dragons Internet Chapter is a social club whose members
share the common interest of the Ultima series.
http://www.udic.org/ultima/ ftp://ftp.udic.org/pub/ud/
usenet: alt.games.ultima.dragons
usenet: rec.games.computer.ultima-dragons

  Ultima III - Information concerning the port of this classic Apple ][ game to
the Macintosh.
http://www.swcp.com/~beastie/ultima3.html

Videogames - The "Coin-Ops-A-Poppin' Killer List of Video Games". See where some
of those Apple games came from (and where some of them went!)
ftp://wiretap.spies.com/game_archive/gameList/

Wasteland - The Ranger Center homepage contains the Frequently Asked Questions
(FAQ) file for this outstanding RPG.
http://www.cris.com/~chbaer/ranger.shtml
http://www.cris.com/~chbaer/wasteland.txt (FAQ English version)
http://www.cris.com/~chbaer/deutsch_wasteland.txt (FAQ German version)
ftp://ftp.apple.asimov.net/pub/apple_II/documentation/games/wasteland/
http://www.cris.com/~chbaer/stm.html (Tips for running Wasteland with STM)


*******************************************************************************

-
4 - Compression Techniques
-

HINT: Want to decompress Apple II "*.shk" archives on a PC or Mac and donÆt have
the software? Just import the archive into a disk-image (see in "ADDING/REMOVING
FILES" in Chapter 7), run your favourite emulator and use ShrinkIt!

The list of extensions below will indicate what format the compression or
translation is; from there refer to the "compression" document for cross-
platform applications or executables. For Apple ][ compression formats (which
are not covered here) check Section 5 in Part 3 of "The Apple II Frequently
Asked Questions (FAQ)".
ftp://ftp.cso.uiuc.edu/doc/pcnet/compression (128.174.5.61)
ftp://rtfm.mit.edu/pub/usenet/news.answers/apple2/faq/part3

  .arc       Arc (Amiga/Atari) - transfer as a binary file ['DArj'/'TEXT']
  .arj       Arj (PC) - transfer as a binary file ['arc@'/'TEXT']
* .bin       BinHex 5.0/MacBinary (Mac) - transfer as binary file['BnHq'/'TEXT']
* .bsc       Binscii (Apple ][) - transfer as a text file
  .cpt       Compact Pro (Mac) - transfer as a binary file ['CPCT'/'PACT']
# .dsz       GNU Zip (Unix) - rename to ".gz" before decompressing
# .gz        GNU Zip (Unix) - transfer as a binary file ['Gzip'/'Gzip']
* .hqx       BinHex 4.0 (Mac) - transfer as a text file ['BNHQ'/'TEXT']
  .lha       LHA (Amiga/PC) - transfer as a binary file ['LARC'/'LHA ']
  .lzh       LHA (Amiga/PC) - transfer as a binary file ['LARC'/'LARC']
$ .shk/sdk   ShrinkIt archive (Apple ][ format containing files or a disk-image)
  .sit       StuffIt Lite/Deluxe (Mac) - transfer as binary file ['SIT!'/'SITD']
  .tar       TAR/Tape ARchive (Unix) - transfer as a binary file ['TAR '/'TARF']
* .uue       Uuencode/Uudecode (PC/Unix) - transfer as text file ['JeFF'/'TEXT']
# .Z         Compress (Unix) - transfer as a binary file ['LZIV'/'ZIVU']
  .zip       PK Zip (PC) - transfer as a binary file ['ZIP '/'pZIP']
  .zoo       Zoo (Amiga/PC) - transfer as a binary file ['Booz'/'ZOO ']

[Square brackets] denote Macintosh file creator/type information .

* These formats are translators; uuencoding (*.uue) and binhexing (*.hqx) are
used to convert binary files into text files so that they can be posted to a
binary newsgroup or e-mailed. Binscii (*.bsc) is a similar process for the Apple
][; use "Shrink II" on the Macintosh (see below). The BinHex 5.0 format (*.bin)
is Macintosh-specific; it is used to append the file/type creator information to
the file in the first 128 bytes. Although emulators such as AppleWin can read
disks with the MacBinary header, for compatibility with other emulators it is
often better to remove the header. On the PC, use "bin2dsk" or "mactopc".
ftp://ftp.apple.asimov.net/pub/apple_II/utility/Bin2dsk.zip
ftp://cassandra.ucr.edu/pub/apple2/incoming/Compress/bin2dsk.zip
ftp://wilbur.stanford.edu/pub/apple2/incoming/mactopc.exe

# These formats are single-file compressors - the other compressors on the list
compress AND archive. Consequently, *.Z and *.gz are often used in conjunction
with other archivers, primarily Tar (*.tar), resulting in the following:
"filename.tar.gz" or "filename.tar.Z". Usually easier to remove on a Unix
platform prior to download (use "uncompress" or "gzip" to extract).

$ Okay, so I said I wasn't going to cover Apple ][ formats... Use "Nulib" by
Andy McFadden <[e-mail]> for the PC or Unix to extract shrunk disk-
images (usually shown by *.SDK rather than *.SHK) or files from this type of
archive. For Macintosh users, EGO Systems provide a commercial product called
"Shrink II" which can create/extract NuFX/ShrinkIt archives and other Apple ][
formats. Cost: US$39.95, from EGO Systems, 7918 Cove Ridge Rd., Hixson, TN
37343. Phone: [phone]. Additionally, Matthew Russotto <[e-mail]>
compiled "A2dearc", a Macintosh dearchiver for *.SHK, *.QQ and *.HQX files.
http://www.jurai.org/~funaho/emulators/XGS/nulib324.zip (PC compile version
3.24)
ftp://ftp.apple.asimov.net/pub/apple_II/utility/nulib.zip (PC compile version
3.03)
ftp://apple2.caltech.edu/pub/apple2/ARCHIVERS/nulib324.tar.Z (Unix source)
ftp://ftp.apple.asimov.net/pub/apple_II/utility/A2dearc.gz
http://www.hypermall.com/ego (EGO Systems product information & ordering)

IMPORTANT NOTE: Where a filename possesses two or more extensions (eg.
"filename.tar.gz" or "filename.sit.hqx") ALWAYS download the file according to
the LAST extension (ie. if the last extension is .uue then it is safe to
download it as text). If in doubt, download it as a BINARY file. When
processing, start at the LAST extension and work inwards. Remember, if using a
PC, it is only possible to have one extension visible in the filename at a time.

To find out more about compression in detail, try the "comp.compression.faq".
ftp://rtfm.mit.edu/pub/usenet/news.answers/compression_faq/part1
ftp://rtfm.mit.edu/pub/usenet/news.answers/compression_faq/part2
ftp://rtfm.mit.edu/pub/usenet/news.answers/compression_faq/part3


*******************************************************************************

-
5 - Creating/extracting disk-images
-

  Eager PC-owners have no doubt turned quickly to this section to learn how to
read Apple ][ disks in their 5.25" drives... Well, you can't. Basically, PC
drives and Apple drives use different encoding techniques. Check out Section
5.10 in Part 3 of "The Apple II Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)" guide for more
information. But don't panic! Follow this easy two step guide to creating disk-
images, and transferring them to the required computer. The following steps
apply only to standard DOS, ProDOS and compatible disks (those that can be
copied by "Copya"). More detailed instructions are usually given in the archive
packages. To transfer ROMs or text files (or indeed any file from an Apple ][),
just substitute those files in place of the disk-images in the following
examples.

  These instructions are primarily intended for creating disk-images of 5.25"
diskettes (usually software for 8-bit Apples). With the advent of IIgs
emulators, it has become necessary to transfer 800K ProDOS disks. Once again,
although these disks are the same media as 720K DOS disks, they are not
compatible with PC disk drives. The easiest method to create an 800K disk-image
for IIgs emulators on non-Macintosh platforms is to use a Macintosh (which read
800K ProDOS disks as standard) and make a DiskCopy image. This image can then be
converted for use with XGS on non-Macintosh platforms (see the 2IMG disk-image
format below).

---
5.1 Creating Disk-Images
---

  There are several methods of creating disk-images, depending upon either
personal preference or (more likely) the Apple ][ hardware you have available.
The minimum required is an Apple ][ with at least two 5.25" disk drives and a
serial card (preferably capable of running ProDOS). It is possible to read an
image from a 5.25" drive and transfer it at the same time (if you only have one
5.25" drive, for example). This is covered in 5.2.1, in which case you may skip
5.1.

The options for creating a disk-image are broken up as follows:

5.1.1 creating segmented disk-images (if you only have two 5.25" drives),
5.1.2 creating whole disk-images (if you have a storage device larger than 141K,
such as a hard-drive or 800K drive)
5.1.3 creating shrunk disk-images (similar to 5.1.1 but requires extraction
software)

5.1.1 Creating segmented disk-images - The largest obstacle to creating a disk-
image is storing the resulting file prior to transfer. Unless you own a 3.5"
drive, hard-drive or have enough RAM on your Apple to store the file, then
segmenting the disk-image will permit its storage over multiple volumes. This is
useful, for example, in reading a 5.25" disk in Slot 6 Drive 1 and storing it in
two (or more) parts on disks in Slot 6 Drive 2. "DSK2FILE v4.4" by Ron Kneusel
<[e-mail]> offers segmentation as an option. It will
automatically prompt for a ProDOS pathname and filename prior to start and
halfway through the operation, thus creating two files. The "CHOP" application
(for MSDOS and Macintosh, C source code for Unix) by the same author can be used
to reassemble the disk-image on other platforms. Alternatively, "Diskread" by
Damon J. Rand <[e-mail]>, is a DOS 3.3 BASIC application
which allows the user to specify start and end tracks for segmentation (useful
for varying the size of output files). Similarly, the DOS 3.3 program "Diskdump"
by David A. Curran <[e-mail]> will segment a DOS 3.3 disk into
eight binary files over two disks. The resulting files from both programs can be
rejoined by using the "copy" command under MSDOS or concatenated by any usual
method for binary files on any platform (check the documentation for further
details).

PROGRAM LOCATIONS:
ftp://kreeft.intmed.mcw.edu/Q/pub/apple2/dsk2file/4.0/dsk2file44.shk
ftp://kreeft.intmed.mcw.edu/Q/pub/apple2/dsk2file/4.0/chop40.c (Source)
ftp://kreeft.intmed.mcw.edu/Q/pub/apple2/dsk2file/4.0/chop40.cpt.hqx (Mac
executable)
ftp://kreeft.intmed.mcw.edu/Q/pub/apple2/dsk2file/4.0/chop40.zip (PC executable)
http://keaggy.intmed.mcw.edu/dsk2file.html (WWW access to FTP site)
ftp://ftp.apple.asimov.net/pub/apple_II/utility/diskread.bsc
ftp://ftp.uu.net/systems/apple2/unix/diskdump.aaf.Z


5.1.2 Creating whole disk-images - If your Apple system has enough RAM, a 3.5"
drive, Appleshare volume or hard-disk, then you can store a disk-image in its
entirety prior to transfer. The versatile "DSK2FILE v4.4" by Ron Kneusel
<[e-mail]> can be used to create whole DOS or ProDOS order
disk-images. "Image" by Randy Shackelford <[e-mail]> is a faster
ProDOS program which creates DOS order disk-images only. "RTRK" by Andrew
Kingdom <[e-mail]> will write disk-images from 5.25" disks to larger
volumes. "Asimov" by Jesse Blue <[e-mail]> is an Apple
IIgs application which can create DOS and ProDOS order disk-images. Central
Point's "Copy II+ 7.1" also allows the creation of a proprietary disk-image
format (this can be converted into a standard disk-image on the Macintosh using
"Image Converter" by Lazarus I. Long).

PROGRAM LOCATIONS:
ftp://kreeft.intmed.mcw.edu/Q/pub/apple2/dsk2file/4.0/dsk2file44.shk
http://keaggy.intmed.mcw.edu/dsk2file.html (WWW access to FTP site)
ftp://cassandra.ucr.edu/pub/apple2/IMAGE.SHK
ftp://ftp.apple.asimov.net/pub/apple_II/utility/rtrk.zip
ftp://ftp.apple.asimov.net/pub/apple_II/incoming/asimov12.shk
ftp://ftp.apple.asimov.net/pub/apple_II/images/utility/disk_utils/copy_ii+_v7.1.
do.gz
ftp://ftp.apple.asimov.net/pub/apple_II/incoming/ic.sit


5.1.3 Creating shrunk disk-images - "Shrunk" disk-images were not originally
intended for use with emulators, being a type of NuFX archive created by
ShrinkIt. As opposed to a standard .SHK file which usually contains files, an
.SDK file contains a whole compressed disk (for archival or transfer purposes).
This can be extracted to a disk-image under MSDOS or Unix using "Nulib" by Andy
McFadden <[e-mail]> - and as such, is a better method than creating
a standard disk-image, since the .SDK file is compressed for faster transfer.
"Nulib" outputs a ProDOS order disk-image. Although any version of ShrinkIt can
create shrunk disk archives, it is preferable to use ShrinkIt 3.0 and above
(hence using a 128K //e, //c or IIGS) since earlier versions (such as IIPLUS
Shrinkit) don't prompt for a disk-image title within the archive. Without a
title, "Nulib" cannot extract the (nameless) image from the .SDK archive.

PROGRAM LOCATIONS:
http://www.jurai.org/~funaho/emulators/XGS/nulib324.zip (PC compile version
3.24)
ftp://ftp.apple.asimov.net/pub/apple_II/utility/nulib.zip (PC compile version
3.03)
ftp://apple2.caltech.edu/pub/apple2/ARCHIVERS/nulib324.tar.Z (Unix source)
ftp://ftp.apple.asimov.net/pub/apple_II/utility/shrinkit34.sdk

---
5.2 Transferring Disk-Images
---

5.2.1 Creating and sending disk-images "on the fly" - In order to bypass the
problems with storing disk-images on the Apple, it is possible to simultaneously
create and send images via null-modem cable to a Macintosh, PC, Amiga etc. This
requires a serial card and at least one 5.25" drive on the Apple. This process
is intended for older Apples (those with actual serial CARDS rather than PORTS).
"Apple Disk Transfer v1.21" by Paul Guertin <[e-mail]> is a
comprehensive package with MSDOS and Apple ][ (DOS 3.3) executables to simplify
transfer. "MacADT v120a1s" by Hideki Naito <[e-mail]> gives a
Macintosh interface for ADT. "][2Mac v1.0.5" by Adam van Gaalen
<[e-mail]> is another Macintosh/DOS 3.3 or CHE-DOS 3.4 package for
transferring complete disk-images. Another similar transfer program is
"Senddisk" by Rich Williamson <[e-mail]>, which also has a DOS 3.3 and
MSDOS executable. "A2PCTR v1.1" by Nye Liu <[e-mail]> transfers a disk-
image as a hex dump to the MSDOS platform. The "Apple II Disk Transfer Utility
PRO v2.0.6" by Ronald W.H. Mak and Alan W.L. Siu is an integrated Apple II/MSDOS
package written in assembly. For further details consult the instructions
included with the relevant package.

PROGRAM LOCATIONS:
ftp://ftp.apple.asimov.net/pub/apple_II/utility/adt121.zip
ftp://cassandra.ucr.edu/pub/apple2/incoming/MacADT120a1s.sit.hqx
http://www.caiw.nl/~adam/downloadable/II2Mac.sea.hqx (v1.0.5)
http://hyperarchive.lcs.mit.edu/HyperArchive/Archive/disk/ii-2-mac-105.hqx
ftp://ftp.apple.asimov.net/pub/apple_II/utility/senddisk.zip
ftp://ftp.apple.asimov.net/pub/apple_II/utility/a2pctr11.zip
ftp://ftp.apple.asimov.net/pub/apple_II/emulators/appleibm/apibm206.arj


5.2.2 Sending disk-images by modem/null-modem cable - With your disk-image(s)
created in Step One, there are several methods which can be used to move them to
your Macintosh, PC or Amiga. Using the serial card or port on the Apple and a
telecommunications package (see Section 5.6 in Part 3 of "The Apple II
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)" guide for Apple comm programs) send the image
via null-modem cable to another computer, or via modem to an Internet account,
BBS, etc. The Apple //e and IIGS can be networked to a Macintosh, allowing easy
transferral of disk-images from the Apple to a network volume.
    The "][ in a Mac" emulator by COMPUTER:applications, Inc. also possesses the
ability to create ProDOS order disk-images via a null-modem cable.

PROGRAM LOCATIONS:
ftp://rtfm.mit.edu/pub/usenet/news.answers/apple2/faq/part3
ftp://wilbur.stanford.edu/pub/apple2/][inamac.txt


5.2.3 Transferring via disk to compatible drives - As mentioned earlier, the
standard PC 5.25" drive cannot read Apple ][ disks. However, all Macintosh
computers can read, write and format 3.5" ProDOS disks - with the "ProDOS File
System" extension, System 7.5 (with standard DOS-mounting software) or Apple
File Exchange installed. Since Macintosh Superdrives can also read PC 3.5"
floppies, disk-images can by easily transferred to MSDOS computers.
Alternatively, use a Macintosh LC which has the IIE card attached. Place your
5.25" disk into the attached external drive and use the "DSK2FILE" program under
the emulator, specifying either the Macintosh hard-drive, RAM, or the 3.5"
floppy as the path. From there, take the ProDOS 800K disk and insert it into the
internal Macintosh drive.
  For Apple //e, //c, IIGS compatibility with 3.5" drives and Macintosh 880K
disks, check Q#37-45 in Part 2 of "COMP.SYS.APPLE2 - Frequently Asked
Questions".
  Amiga owners with an Amiga 1020 5.25" disk-drive (or equivalent) can use
"Disk2File" by Ron Menelli <[e-mail]> to read unprotected Apple 5.25"
disks and create a standard disk-image. A 40 track drive is recommended,
although 80 track drives are supported. There MAY be problems with drive-speed
reading Apple ][ disks; this can be adjusted following instructions appearing in
the "1541.doc" file ("1541" allows Amiga 5.25" drives to read C64 disks).
"Disk2File" is included as part of the "Apple2000" emulator package for the
Amiga.

PROGRAM LOCATIONS:
ftp://ftp.apple.com/software/aii/lc.iiecard/iie-startup-disk-image.hqx
(the "ProDOS File System" is part of the disk-image - use Disk Copy to extract).
ftp://kreeft.intmed.mcw.edu/Q/pub/apple2/dsk2file/4.0/dsk2file44.shk
ftp://rtfm.mit.edu/pub/usenet/news.answers/apple2/faq/part3
ftp://ftp.uni-kl.de/pub/apple2/amiga/Apple2000v13.lha (contains "Disk2File")
ftp://ftp.wustl.edu/systems/amiga/aminet/misc/emu/1541.lha


5.2.4 Miscellaneous - If you don't have a serial card on your Apple, try
"Ap2222PC" by Clay Chang. This DOS 3.3 program will transfer disk and sequential
text files between the PC and Apple using the Apple game I/O port, one 5.25"
drive and the PC parallel port (use 48K DOS only!). Alternatively, "Apl2serial"
by Warren Toomey <[e-mail]> contains details on connecting an
Apple's cassette port output to a PC via RS232 cable, as well as binary
executables for creation/transfer. Or, use "SoundReader" by Mike Kienenberger
<[e-mail]>, which transmits binary data from an Apple to a NeXT
via the audio ports on the respective machines.

PROGRAM LOCATIONS:
http://www.tfrin.gov.tw/D-FI/~cylin/ap2222pc.zip
ftp://ftp.apple.asimov.net/pub/apple_II/utility/ap2222pc.zip
ftp://ftp.apple.asimov.net/pub/apple_II/utility/apl2serial.zip
ftp://ftp.apple.asimov.net/pub/apple_II/utility/SoundReader.tar.gz


    NOTE: It is a great deal easier to transfer disk-images from the Macintosh
or Amiga to the PC (via 720K or 1.44Mb DOS disks) than it is from the Apple ][
straight to the PC (although there are hardware boards to connect Apple 5.25"
drives to the PC, they are rare). On the Macintosh, use either PC Exchange
software (which allows PC 720K and 1.44Mb disks to be inserted into Mac HD disk-
drives), Apple File Exchange, or System 7.5 (with standard DOS-mounting
software). On the PC, use Macsee or Mac-Ette (both Shareware) or Macindos, which
all read 1.44Mb Macintosh disks. On the Amiga, use Dos2Dos (KS 1.2/1.3) or
CrossDOS (inbuilt KS/WB2.1) to read 720K DOS disks in the Amiga 3.5" drive.
NOTE: Macintosh 400/800K disks are NOT compatible with either Amiga or PC
drives. Always ensure Binary/Data translation rather than MacBinary!


---
5.3 Making Copy-Protected Disk-Images
---

Super Saltine's Transcopy (SST) - A complete package for the expert disk-image
creator!  The "Sst.readme" file contains the necessary instructions (which are
too detailed to repeat here). SST may not work on some computers; a suggested
fix from Bob Colbert <[e-mail]> follows:

  1) Boot the Dos 3.3 floppy with SST on it and get to the ] prompt
  2) Type: CALL -151
  3) Type: BLOAD SST
  4) Type: 1F4E:EA
  5) Type: BSAVE SST, A$B00, L$5500

PROGRAM LOCATIONS:
ftp://ftp.apple.asimov.net/pub/apple_II/images/utility/Super_Saltines_Transcopy/
ftp://ftp.apple.asimov.net/pub/apple_II/utility/sst.zip (archive of package)


---
5.4 Extracting Disk-Images
---

It is possible to convert a disk-image BACK to an Apple ][ 5.25" disk. "UnImage
v0.1" by Ivan Drucker <[e-mail]> will convert disk-images back to
disks. One of the options of "DSK2FILE 4.4" by Ron Kneusel
<[e-mail]> is to write an image file back to 5.25" floppy.
Alternatively, "DeImage v0.1" by Ivan Drucker extracts Applesoft and Binary
files from disk-images into ProDOS, although the process will only work with
standard DOS3.3 disks (ie. disks possessing a catalog). Finally, "UnForkIt v0.1"
also by Ivan Drucker converts forked files on ProDOS volumes to one or two
unforked files. These utilities all require the disk-image to be on a mounted
ProDOS volume. "Apple Disk Transfer 1.20" by Paul Guertin
<[e-mail]> can transfer a disk-image from MSDOS or Macintosh to
a 5.25" Apple drive via null-modem cable. Finally, it is possible to create a
"shrunk" disk-image in reverse. Having reordered the disk-image into ProDOS
Order (if necessary), use "Nulib" (version 3.2 or greater is required) to create
a shrunk-disk (.sdk) archive. Transfer the file back to the Apple and use
ShrinkIt to decompress the image back to a diskette.

PROGRAM LOCATIONS:
ftp://cassandra.ucr.edu/pub/apple2/incoming/deimage0.1.shk
ftp://kreeft.intmed.mcw.edu/Q/pub/apple2/dsk2file/4.0/dsk2file44.shk
http://keaggy.intmed.mcw.edu/dsk2file.html (WWW access to FTP site)
ftp://cassandra.ucr.edu/pub/apple2/incoming/unforkit0.1.shk
ftp://cassandra.ucr.edu/pub/apple2/incoming/unimage0.1.shk
ftp://ftp.apple.asimov.net/pub/apple_II/utility/adt120.zip
ftp://cassandra.ucr.edu/pub/apple2/incoming/MacADT120a1s.sit.hqx
http://www.jurai.org/~funaho/emulators/XGS/nulib324.zip (PC compile version
3.24)
ftp://apple2.caltech.edu/pub/apple2/ARCHIVERS/nulib324.tar.Z (source code)


*******************************************************************************

-
6 - Disk-Image Formats & Conversion
-


---
6.1 Emulator Disk-Images
---

There are four main types of cross-platform disk-images. The most common types -
DO and PO (*.DSK), Nibble (*.NIB) and 2IMG (*.2MG) - will be found on emulator
FTP sites. The first three types are primarily intended for transferring 8-bit
Apple software on 5.25" disk. The IIgs emulator XGS uses the 2IMG universal
format (which may be easily converted to/from 800K DiskCopy images). The other
types are proprietary formats required by a specific emulator, or created by a
certain method of conversion. Since these types are unlikely to be found on FTP
sites, they are included for completeness. In these cases, more information on
the proprietary types can be found in the documentation of the specific emulator
package they are designed for. There are a couple of disk-image types which have
not been listed here - these are generally "raw" disk-image formats as noted in
Section 2 - and these types are not capable of conversion into standard disk-
images. "Raw" disk-images of 5.25" disks will generally be 200-220K in size.

THE FOLLOWING INSTRUCTIONS APPLY TO UNCOMPRESSED DISK-IMAGE FILES ONLY!

Disk-images with extensions such as *.gz, *.Z or *.zip are in compressed format
and must be extracted by the appropriate program prior to use. Disk-images CAN
be copied between platforms and they WILL work with a variety of emulators. If
in doubt ALWAYS ensure BINARY translation between platforms!


6.1.1 DOS3.3 Order (DO/*.DSK) - This image is 143360 bytes in size (143488 with
MacBinary header). It usually has the *.DSK extension, but may also be found
with the *.DO extension as well. As suggested by the title, data is stored track
by track and sector by sector (Track 0, Sector 0 -> Track 22, Sector 15) for a
standard 1:1 copy of a 35 track, 16 sector DOS 3.3 disk (256 bytes per sector).
This is the most widely-used disk-image format for 8-bit emulators, and is
easily translated into other formats. This format is incapable of storing copy-
protected software unless it has been "cracked" first. A basic guide to
determining what type is software may be stored in a DO image is whether it can
be first duplicated on an Apple with standard copy utilities such as "copya".

On the MACINTOSH - Unlike the PC, which determines file-types by the extension,
the Macintosh adds a "resource header" to all files containing file type and
creator information (creating a "forked" file). Files stored on Internet FTP
sites, or transferred from a Unix or PC platform, will generally not contain
this resource header. As such, the disk-image will not appear as a file usuable
by any of the Macintosh emulators. It is a (relatively) simple case to change
the File Type and File Creator information to "register" the disk-images to
belong to a certain emulator. The relevant disk-image File Type and Creator
information is displayed in the reviews of each Macintosh emulator in Section 2.
For example, to use this format with Stop The Madness, ensure that the file is
downloaded or transferred in binary - not Macbinary - mode (and is 143360
bytes). STM will *NOT* recognize the disk-image unless it has the correct file
type/creator, even if it is of the correct size and is a binary file. Set the
file type to 'DSK5' and the creator to 'A2EM' using ResEdit, UUlite, etc.
Alternatively "Drop?Disk" is a drag-and-drop application which automatically
converts the file type and creator of disk-images for use with STM. For the
other Macintosh emulators, a useful utility to bulk-change resource information
is the "Snitch" extension by Mitch Jones <[e-mail]>, which adds
resource functionality to the Finder's "Get Info" window. Simply select a number
of disk-image files, do a simultaneous "Get Info" command and change the active
window's resource information. Then select "Change All" from Snitch's menu.

There are a number of utilities for the Macintosh which modify to and from
ProDOS Order disk-images: "Easy.STM Convert.1.0" by Jim Surine
<[e-mail]>, "Aconv v1.0" by Dan Bornstein and "Converter" will
reorder PO disk-image sectors into the DO type used by STM. To re-order the
sectors into ProDOS order, use "DOS Order Converter" by Rene Gaudet
<[e-mail]> or "ProDOS-Order Converter" (the "mapper" algorithm
automatically reorders between the two formats).

PROGRAM LOCATIONS:
ftp://ftp.wustl.edu/systems/mac/info-mac/cfg/snitch-211.hqx
ftp://cassandra.ucr.edu/pub/apple2/converter.hqx
ftp://cassandra.ucr.edu/pub/apple2/easy.convert.1.0.sea.hqx
ftp://ftp.apple.asimov.net/pub/apple_II/utility/do2po_v0.1.sit.hqx
ftp://ftp.apple.asimov.net/pub/apple_II/utility/Po_to_Do.gz
ftp://ftp.apple.asimov.net/pub/apple_II/utility/ProDOSOrderConv.sit.bin

On the PC - The PC simply determines file-type by extension (although the
emulators themselves may do some checking with regard to correct file size). To
use this format with all of the PC emulators, ensure that the file is downloaded
or transferred in binary mode (and is 143360 bytes) and that it has an eight
character filename and *.DSK extension. The current version of Apl2Em requires
that the D1 and D2 disk-images have default names (usually SYSTEM.DSK and
BLANK.DSK respectively), so you will have to rename your disk-image files to use
them. Applewin can actually read *.DSK files of 143488 bytes (MacBinary files
with the *BIN extension) but for compatibility with other emulators it is better
to translate the files correctly prior to use - see Section 4. No other form of
conversion is necessary.

6.1.2 ProDOS Order (PO/*.DSK) - This image is 143360 bytes in size (143488 with
MacBinary header). It usually has the *.DSK extension, but may also be found
with the *.PO extension as well. This disk-image stores data in block rather
than track/sector format (block 0, block 1 -> block 279) - the difference in the
structure is due to ProDOS interleaving data in blocks (which equal two DOS
sectors). Although newer emulators are capable of distinguishing between DO and
PO (and thus using both) older emulators strictly require the DO type despite
the identical size. ProDOS Order images are still useful since they are capable
of being converted back into SDK images by "Nulib" (which are compatible with
ShrinkIt on the Apple). DO images are not capable of this. PO is an older disk-
image format (used more widely with Unix emulators, since ShrinkIt archives
extracted by "Nulib" produce PO images). Like DO, this format is incapable of
storing copy-protected software unless it has been "cracked" first. A basic
guide to determining what type is software may be stored in a PO image is
whether it can be first duplicated on an Apple with standard copy utilities such
as "copya".

On the MACINTOSH - The file must be downloaded in binary mode. None of the
Macintosh emulators really use the PO format, except for "][ In a Mac", which
uses images of non-standard size. To use this format with "][ In a Mac", drop a
DO or Copy II+ 7.1 image file onto "Image Converter" by Lazarus I. Long and
select the required format; output images will have the correct resource
information. The application "Easy Convert" will re-order the sectors of a PO
disk-image into DOS3.3 Order, and will automatically set the file type/creator
attributes upon output to 'DSK5'/'A2EM' for use with STM. Alternatively, use
"ProDOS-Order Converter".

PROGRAM LOCATIONS:
ftp://ftp.apple.asimov.net/pub/apple_II/incoming/ic.sit
ftp://cassandra.ucr.edu/pub/apple2/easy.convert.1.0.sea.hqx
ftp://ftp.apple.asimov.net/pub/apple_II/utility/Po_to_Do.gz
ftp://ftp.apple.asimov.net/pub/apple_II/utility/ProDOSOrderConv.sit.bin

On the PC - No emulators on the PC require PO images (although newer emulators
such as AppleWin support them). Use "Mapper" by Rene Gaudet
<[e-mail]> to convert DO to PO and vice versa.

PROGRAM LOCATIONS:
ftp://ftp.apple.asimov.net/pub/apple_II/utility/mapper.zip


6.1.3 Nibble DOS3.3 Order (NDO/*.NIB) - This image is 232960 bytes in size, and
it usually has the *.NIB extension. According to the original "Apple2 Emulation
Frequently Asked Questions" guide, "every three bytes of data have been 'bit
twiddled' into four bytes, and each sector has an 'address field' that has the
track and sector numbers." The format was originally used solely in the
"ApplEmu" emulator before becoming widely used to store copy-protected software.
The conversion utilities listed below are solely for use with "ApplEmu" images
containing standard software! NDO images rely on the extra space to store non-
standard track information which would otherwise be lost in a DO or PO image.
With newer emulators such as AppleWin and ApplePC, NDO can be used to store
copy-protected or non-standard Apple disk-images (created by SST - see "Super
Saltines Transcopy" in Section 5.3).

On the MACINTOSH - There is currently no way to convert either from or to NDO on
the Macintosh. NDO images are used by the "Catakig" emulator (File Creator:
'Ctkg', File Type: 'A2D5')

On the PC - To convert PO disk-images to NDO (for use with ApplEmu), use
"Em2Emu" by Tom Baker <[e-mail]>. To convert NDO back to DO use
"Emu2Em" by Dan Scholnik <[e-mail]> to re-order this format back into
the "standard" 143360 size. AppleEmu can run NDO images containing copy-
protected software without conversion. Newer emulators support multiple disk-
images types but will support all NDO types containing standard software.

PROGRAM LOCATIONS:
ftp://ftp.apple.asimov.net/pub/apple_II/utility/em2emu.zip
ftp://ftp.apple.asimov.net/pub/apple_II/utility/emu2em.zip


6.1.4 2IMG Universal Format (2IMG/*.2MG) - This image is usually 800K in size,
and is a proprietary format used by the XGS multi-platform IIgs emulator as well
as Bernie ][ The Rescue on the Macintosh. It usually has the *.2MG extension.
The size of the image is due to fact it contains a copy of an 800K 3.5" disk
(usually ProDOS) rather than a single density 5.25" disk (although these may
also be imported into 2IMG format by the utilities below). The format is
primarily created by converting a ProDOS 800K disk into a DiskCopy image on a
Macintosh, and then using the XGS "Image" utilities by Matthew Conte
<[e-mail]>, or "Revival" by Thomas Fok <[e-mail]>.
"Revival" can also convert DOS 3.3 Ordered, ProDOS Ordered, and ApplePC HDV
images into 2IMG format. The 2IMG format is explained at:
http://www.glink.net.hk/~thomas/2img.txt

PROGRAM LOCATIONS:
http://classicgaming.com/xgsdos/Download/imgutil.zip (DOS)
http://classicgaming.com/xgsdos/Download/imgutil.rar (DOS)
http://classicgaming.com/xgsdos/Download/imgutos2.zip (OS/2 Warp)
http://classicgaming.com/xgsdos/Download/imgutos2.rar (OS/2 Warp)
http://www.glink.net.hk/~thomas/revival.htm

6.1.5 Apple II For Windows (A4W/*.A4W) - This image is 143388 bytes in size, and
is a proprietary format used solely by the Apple II Emulator for Windows.
According to the "Apple II Emulator for Windows" help file this format adds a
file header separated from the data section of the disk-image by two bytes with
value 26 (1Ah). This binary format is used to store non copy-protected images.
This format is used solely by the Apple II Emulator for Windows, and is
recognised by a .A4W extension. Since no FTP sites store disk-images in A4W
format, there is currently no need for a program to convert A4W back to DO or
NDO formats.

On the MACINTOSH - There is currently no way to convert either from or to A4W on
the Macintosh.

On the PC - Follow the instructions under the 'Disk II Diskette File Format'
heading in the "Apple II Emulator for Windows" help file.

6.1.6 TrackStore (*.APP) - This is a proprietary format created by the TrackStar
Card for the PC, which can read actual Apple disks. The image can store either
40 or 80 tracks (the 80 track version is similar to NDO images, allowing
information for duplicating protected software).

6.1.7 Dalton Disk Disintegrator (DDD) - DDD is compression utility on the Apple,
capable of archiving both files and entire disks. The Apple 2000 emulator on the
Amiga can decompress and compress DDD disk-images (allowing compatibility with
the Apple). Further information on this format is available in the "Apple
2000.doc" file included with the Apple 2000 package. DDD disk archives are not
compatible with ShrinkIt SDK disk archives.

6.1.8 SimIIe (IIE/*.IIE) - This image is generally 143390 bytes in size, and is
a proprietary format used solely by the SimSystem IIE emulator. According to
"SIMIIE.DOC" this format adds a 30 byte header to the binary and GCR disk-images
(none of the other formats possess a header) and adjusts the interleaving of the
binary disk-image from DOS3.3 to raw hardware format. This image can also store
GCR format - "disk data in its purest GCR encoded format, the same way it is
stored on a real Apple II...which makes this format suitable for many copy-
protection methods used on Apple II products." GCR format files will vary in
length - usually greater than 200K. Since no FTP sites store disk-images in IIE
format, there is currently no need for a program to convert IIE back to DO or
NDO formats.

On the MACINTOSH - There is currently no way to convert either from or to IIE on
the Macintosh.

On the PC - Use "Dsk2iie" to convert disks from DO format to IIE format. SimIIe
utilities, including "dsk2iie", are available in the "sim2du10.zip" archive
released by Galen C. Hunt <[e-mail]>.

PROGRAM LOCATIONS:
ftp://ftp.apple.asimov.net/pub/apple_II/emulators/simiie/sim2du10.zip (contains
"dsk2iie")

6.1.9 Copy II+ 7.1 Image (IMG/*.IMG) - This image is 143360 bytes in size. It is
not compatible with DO or PO disks of equivalent size. This format is created
using Central Point's Copy II+ 7.1, and selecting 'Copy', 'Disk', and then any
5.25" source drive to any 3.5" target drive or RAM volume. Copy II+ will then
prompt for an image filename. For some reason ONLY Copy II+ version 7.1
possesses the ability to write disk-images (both earlier and later versions lack
this feature).

On the MACINTOSH - This image can be converted into a standard disk-image on the
Macintosh using "Image Converter" by Lazarus I. Long. "Image Converter" can also
turn standard DO and PO images into *.IMG for transferring disks back to the
Apple.

PROGRAM LOCATIONS:
ftp://ftp.apple.asimov.net/pub/apple_II/incoming/ic.sit

6.1.10 XGS Format (XGS/*.XGS) - This image is usually 800K in size (identical to
the newer 2IMG format), and is the older proprietary format used by the earlier
versions of XGS. It has been superseded by the 2IMG Universal Format. It usually
has the *.XGS extension. XGS images can be easily converted into 2IMG format
using the XGS "Image" utilities by Matthew Conte <[e-mail]>, or
"Revival" by Thomas Fok <[e-mail]>.

PROGRAM LOCATIONS:
http://classicgaming.com/xgsdos/Download/imgutil.zip (DOS)
http://classicgaming.com/xgsdos/Download/imgutil.rar (DOS)
http://classicgaming.com/xgsdos/Download/imgutos2.zip (OS/2 Warp)
http://classicgaming.com/xgsdos/Download/imgutos2.rar (OS/2 Warp)
http://www.glink.net.hk/~thomas/revival.htm

6.1.11 "Raw" Disk-Images (*.DISK) - There are a couple of disk-image types which
have not been listed here - these are generally "raw" disk-image formats with no
compression as used by some of the emulators in Section 2 - and these types are
not capable of conversion into standard disk-images. "Raw" disk-images of 5.25"
disks will generally be 200-220K in size. According to the "Apple 2000.doc" file
included with the Apple 2000 emulator, "raw" disk-images are capable of storing
images of non-DOS and copy-protected disks.

6.1.12 Apple Program Files (*.PROG) - Unlike disk-images, which simulate the
structure of an Apple disk, some emulators are capable of running Apple software
without the disk-image itself. The "Apple 2000" emulator on the Amiga does this
with single executable files (so software with multiple data files will not
work). Filenames with a *.PROG suffix become executable files; these are single
files that were runnable from Apple DOS 3.3/ProDOS and did not require any disk
access thereafter. These files now do not even require booting any Apple disk
and are simply loaded into the appropriate Apple memory areas and instantly
started. Alternatively, the Linux "ProDOS Emulator" uses a directory on the Unix
system as a simulated drive (Slot 7, Drive 1) - thus eliminating the need for
disk-images. With the ProDOS files (such as BASIC.SYSTEM or SHRINKIT) in the
same directory as the emulator; the current directory appears within the
emulator as a disk named /UNIX at S7,D1.


---
6.2 Distribution Disk-Images
---

The disk-image concept is used for a variety of tasks beyond emulation. Mainly,
they are used for software distribution since, unlike compressed archives, disk-
images can retain additional information such as file allocation (FAT files on
PC disks) and icon placement (on Macintosh disks). Disks duplicated from an
image are identical to the original, not mere copies. The following types of
distribution images are not directly intended for emulation purposes.

6.2.1 ShrinkIt (*.SDK) - "Shrunk" disk-images were not originally intended for
use with emulators, being a type of NuFX archive created by ShrinkIt. As opposed
to a standard .SHK file which usually contains files, an .SDK file contains a
whole compressed disk (for archival or transfer purposes). Unlike the similar
Dalton Disk Disintegrator (DDD) archive, SDK images cannot be used directly with
an emulator. The SDK image can be extracted to a disk-image under MSDOS or Unix
using "Nulib" by Andy McFadden <[e-mail]>.

PROGRAM LOCATIONS:
http://www.jurai.org/~funaho/emulators/XGS/nulib324.zip (PC compile version
3.24)
ftp://ftp.apple.asimov.net/pub/apple_II/utility/nulib.zip (PC compile version
3.03)
ftp://apple2.caltech.edu/pub/apple2/ARCHIVERS/nulib324.tar.Z (Unix source)
ftp://ftp.apple.asimov.net/pub/apple_II/utility/shrinkit34.sdk

6.2.2 Apple DiskCopy (*.IMAGE) - Excerpted from "Dealing with Disk Images"
available on the Apple Computer WWW site: "Disk Copy is an application program
that creates reliable exact copies of floppy disks from a 3.5-inch master disk
or from a disk image file on your hard disk. Disk Copy is used both to create
the image files from a master floppy disk, and to create duplicate floppy disks
from those image files. Although there is some similarity between disks
duplicated from disk images and disks copied by dragging icons, the results are
not identical. Floppy disks created from image files are exact duplicates,
including the exact icon placement, appearance of all windows, and the correct
name of the disk." Usually Apple System Software is distributed in this format.

DiskCopy images can contain MacOS, ProDOS and MS-DOS disks of 800K and 1.44Mb
size. ProDOS DiskCopy images (usually 800K) are compatible with a number of
emulators including Bernie ][ The Rescue, IIe, and XGS.
http://www.apple.com.au//documents/aboutapple/dskimg.html

PROGRAM LOCATIONS:
ftp://ftp.info.apple.com/Apple.Support.Area/Apple.Software.Updates/US/Macintosh/
Utilities/Disk_Copy_4.2.sea.hqx
ftp://ftp.info.apple.com/Apple.Support.Area/Apple.Software.Updates/US/Macintosh/
Utilities/Disk_Copy_6.1.3.sea.hqx
ftp://ftp.info.apple.com/Apple.Support.Area/Apple.Software.Updates/US/Macintosh/
Utilities/Disk_Copy_Manual_6.1.2.img.hqx

6.2.3 WinImage/Disk Copy Fast (*.IMA,*.IMG) - These are the MS-DOS/Microsoft
Windows equivalents of the Apple DiskCopy program. WinImage files can contain
720K and 1.44Mb MS-DOS disks, and 1.44Mb MacOS disks, and are not compatible
with DiskCopy. They are not used in any emulators.


*******************************************************************************

-
7 - Working With Disk-Images
-


---
7.1 Adding/Removing Files
---

  Applications exist which allow the incorporation of single DOS 3.3 files or
compressed archives  - such as those found on "pure" Apple ][ FTP sites or in
the Apple binary newsgroup - into existing or new disk-images. Programs such as
"dsk_in" and "dsk_out" by Tom Baker <[e-mail]> and "VIEWDISK" and
can write Apple files into disk-images, and extract same to MSDOS files. The
"Apple2 Dos Utility Package v1.0" by William Night <[e-mail]> contains
MSDOS executables for "DosStrip" and "DFormat" to copy a disk's DOS and format
other disk-images with that DOS (useful for removing or replacing DOS 3.3), as
well as "DiskRead" and "DiskWrit" which read and write files for disk-images.
For Windows users, try "a2dsk v001" by Jeff Miller. On the Macintosh, "Apple ][
DOS 3.3 Utility v1.0.0" and "A2 Disk Edit v1.1.0" by Hideki Naito
<[e-mail]> offer the ability to transfer different types of
Basic (binary and Applesoft) files as well as text files. "Image2File v1.1" is
another Macintosh utility by Ron Kneusel <[e-mail]> which can
read Dos, ProDOS and Pascal DO and PO images. For SimSystem disk-images, use
"aftp" by Galen C. Hunt <[e-mail]> which browses, extracts and adds
files to SimIIe disk (*.IIE) and hard-disk volumes (*.HDV) - part of the
"sim2du10" archive. The SST package contains ANSI C, MSDOS and Amiga executables
for "Extract", a file which extracts binary files from disk-images. "Extract 2"
by Bob Colbert <[e-mail]> is a newer version of the MS-DOS
executable. Amiga users can also use "afid" by George Phillips
<[e-mail]> on DOS3.3 disk-images to catalog, read and write files
(also available in C source code). "afid" is included as part of the "Apple2000"
emulator package for the Amiga. By the same author, "udisk" is a program (in C
source code) which can read files from ProDOS and C64 1541 disk-images.

These applications are of vital use to use who do not possess the ability to
make disk-images on an original Apple ][; finding a single Apple file on an FTP
site and using it with an emulator is no longer an insurmountable problem.
Unfortunately, all of the utilities described above (except "udisk") are
designed only for DOS 3.3 disks and will not work on ProDOS volumes.

PROGRAM LOCATIONS:
ftp://ftp.apple.asimov.net/pub/apple_II/utility/dsk_in.zip
ftp://ftp.apple.asimov.net/pub/apple_II/utility/dsk_out.zip
ftp://ftp.apple.asimov.net/pub/apple_II/utility/viewdisk.zip
ftp://ftp.apple.asimov.net/pub/apple_II/utility/a2_dos_utils_v1.zip
ftp://cassandra.ucr.edu/pub/apple2/incoming/A2D33U100.sit.hqx
ftp://cassandra.ucr.edu/pub/apple2/incoming/a2diskedit110.sit.hqx.txt
ftp://ftp.apple.asimov.net/pub/apple_II/utility/image2file.cpt.hqx
ftp://kreeft.intmed.mcw.edu/Q/pub/mac/image2file.cpt.hqx
http://keaggy.intmed.mcw.edu/image2file.html
ftp://ftp.apple.asimov.net/pub/apple_II/emulators/simiie/sim2du10.zip
                                                      (contains "aftp")
ftp://ftp.apple.asimov.net/pub/apple_II/utility/extract.zip
ftp://ftp.apple.asimov.net/pub/apple_II/utility/extract2.zip
ftp://ftp.uni-kl.de/pub/apple2/amiga/Apple2000v13.lha (contains "afid")
ftp://ftp.apple.asimov.net/pub/apple_II/utility/udisk.shar.gz


---
7.2 Cataloging
---

 To find out the contents of a disk-image without running an emulator, try
"catalogger" by Kevin Lund <[e-mail]> on the Macintosh or
"dsk_cat.zip" on the PC. For SimIIe disk-images, use "aftp" by Galen C. Hunt
<[e-mail]> - part of the "sim2du10" archive. The SST package contains
ANSI C, MSDOS and Amiga executables for "CATALOG", a file which catalogs
standard DOS 3.3 images. Amiga users can also use "afid" by George Phillips
<[e-mail]> on DOS3.3 disk-images to catalog, read and write files
(also available in C source code). "Afid" is included as part of the "Apple2000"
emulator package for the Amiga.

PROGRAM LOCATIONS:
ftp://cassandra.ucr.edu/pub/apple2/incoming/catalogger.sit.hqx
ftp://ftp.apple.asimov.net/pub/apple_II/utility/dsk_cat.zip
ftp://ftp.apple.asimov.net/pub/apple_II/emulators/simiie/sim2du10.zip
                                                      (contains "aftp")
ftp://ftp.apple.asimov.net/pub/apple_II/utility/sst.zip (contains "CATALOG")
ftp://ftp.uni-kl.de/pub/apple2/amiga/Apple2000v13.lha (contains "afid")


*******************************************************************************

-
8 - Apple DOS/ProDOS Commands
-

These commands are intended for use with disk-images which contain either DOS
3.3 or any version of ProDOS. "Changing" the disk-image is equivalent to
physically removing a disk from the Apple 5.25" or 3.5" drive and replacing it
with another. As such, there is no DOS command to "change" a disk-image - it is
a function integral to the emulator you are using (a menu command, icon or key
equivalent)... Most disks use custom DOS (especially games) and will
automatically boot when the computer is switched on or reset. If it comes up
with a "*" prompt after boot, it means that DOS on that disk(-image) is bad, and
the computer (or emulator) has entered the Assembly Language Monitor.

"All disk-related operations are controlled by a special program called the DISK
OPERATING SYSTEM, or DOS. BASIC transmits requests to DOS for any operation
involving the disk. The DOS returns the results to BASIC." ('Apple II User's
Guide' p.164) Several versions of DOS exist for the Apple. DOS 3.2 used 13
sector per disk; DOS 3.3 used 16. Filenames under DOS 3.3 could be from 1 to 30
characters in length (comprising any uppercase keyboard character - including
spaces and excepting commas). DOS 3.3 cannot accept lower-case commands (so
remember to press CAPS LOCK on ][+ machines and emulators) and does not support
sub-directories. ProDOS similarly uses uppercase filenames but they are
restricted to 15 characters, lowercase commands and sub-directories are
accepted. Both DOS 3.3 and ProDOS use the "]" prompt. DOS 3.3 also uses the ">"
prompt for Integer BASIC programs.

For a comprehensive guide to the Apple II operating system, try the "Apple II
DOS & Commands FAQ" by Nathan Mates <[e-mail]>.
http://www.visi.com/~nathan/a2/faq/dos.html

A partial list of commands follows:

BLOAD - Loads a machine language (binary) file.

BRUN - Executes a machine language (binary) file.

BSAVE - Saves a machine language (binary) file.

BYE (ProDOS only) - Exits BASIC.SYSTEM.

CAT (ProDOS only) - Abbreviated 40-column catalog giving a list of files,
  file type, size in blocks and last modification date. Some common ProDOS file
  type are given below:
      SYS - System executable
      TXT - Text file
      BAS - Applesoft BASIC program (executable)
      BIN - Machine language (binary) file

CATALOG - Under ProDOS, it provides an 80-column listing giving a list of files,
  file type, size in blocks, modification and creation dates, endfile data and
  subtype. Under DOS 3.3 it produces a list of files, file type, size in sectors
  (1 - 255) and disk label. Common DOS 3.3 file types are given below:
      A   - AppleSoft BASIC programs
      B   - Binary image (machine language) files
      I   - Integer BASIC programs
      T   - Text files
      R   - Relocatable binary
      S   - Source
      *   - File is locked (protected from modification/deletion)

CREATE (ProDOS only) - Creates sub-directories.

DELETE - Deletes UNLOCKED files. The command can specify slot, drive or volume
  number (DOS 3.3) or volume prefix (ProDOS); otherwise it assumes the file is
  in the current directory.

EXEC - Executes a text file; any text file containing a BASIC program will be
  automatically input as though it was typed. Direct commands will be executed.
  Thus BASIC programs can be more easily entered into a text-editor and then
  EXECuted on an Apple, and then saved.

INIT - Initializes a disk under DOS 3.3, with a greeting program of choice
  (typically named HELLO). Usage INIT HELLO.

LOAD - Loads an AppleSoft BASIC (or Integer BASIC under DOS 3.3) file.

LOCK - Locks a file.

PREFIX (ProDOS only) - Changes sub-directory.

RENAME - Renames files. Usage RENAME OLDNAME,NEWNAME under DOS 3.3.

RUN - Executes an AppleSoft or Integer BASIC program under DOS 3.3; AppleSoft
  only under ProDOS (which does not support Integer BASIC). To execute any
  ProDOS filetype, use the "-" character instead of RUN or BRUN.

SAVE - Saves an AppleSoft BASIC file. Since it is saved into a "tokenised"
  format (ie. AppleSoft reserved words are replaced by ASCII codes or "tokens")
  the BASIC files are not plain text. To reverse the EXEC command and produce a
  plain text copy of a BASIC file; place the following line in the BASIC
  program and RUN:

  0 TEXT:PRINT CHR$(21):HOME:POKE 33,33:PRINT CHR$(4);"OPEN filename.txt":PRINT
  CHR$(4);"WRITE filename.txt":LIST 1,63999:PRINT CHR$(4);"CLOSE filename.txt":
  TEXT:END (suggested by Dave Althoff, Jr. <[e-mail]>).

UNLOCK - Unlocks the file.

VERIFY - Verifies file (under DOS 3.3, it recalculates the checksum for each
  sector of the file).


*******************************************************************************

-
9 - Further Reading
-

The respective documents for each emulator are in their archive package. The
Apple ][ documents I mentioned (and related items of interest) are listed
alphabetically below:

"Apple2 Emulation Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)" by James Vera
<[e-mail]> and Tom Baker <[e-mail]>.

'Apple II User's Guide' by Lon Poole with Martin McNiff & Steven Cook. (c) 1981
OSBORNE/McGraw-Hill, 630 Bancroft Way, Berkeley, California 94710, USA. ISBN 0-
931988-46-2. Exerpts are quoted without permission.

"AppleUni FAQ" is a compilation of E-Mail questions from Peter Pauen and was
prepared by Andrew J. Kroll <[e-mail]>. The FAQ is included in
the AppleUni archive (see "AppleUni" in Chapter 2 of this FAQ).

"Commodore 64 and Apple 2 Ultima FAQ" by Caliaber Dragon
<[e-mail]>; this FAQ appears regularly on alt.games.ultima.dragons
and rec.games.computer.ultima-dragons.

"COMP.EMULATORS.APPLE2 FAQ" - see "Apple2 Emulation Frequently Asked Questions"

"COMP.SYS.APPLE2 - FAQ" by Nathan Mates <[e-mail]>; this FAQ appears
regularly on comp.sys.apple2.

http://www.visi.com/~nathan/a2/faq/csa2.html
ftp://rtfm.mit.edu/pub/usenet/news.answers/apple2/faq/part1
ftp://rtfm.mit.edu/pub/usenet/news.answers/apple2/faq/part2
ftp://rtfm.mit.edu/pub/usenet/news.answers/apple2/faq/part3
ftp://rtfm.mit.edu/pub/usenet/news.answers/apple2/faq/part4

"The Definitive Source Guide to Secret Keys, Easter Eggs and Hidden Messages:
1st Edition Apr. 15, 1992" (for the Apple II) compiled by Sam Ismail
<[e-mail]>. Email the author for a copy of the most recent document.

"The Official XGS FAQ (version 1.3)" by Matthew Conte <[e-mail]>.
http://www.jurai.org/~funaho/emulators/XGS/xgsfaq13.txt

For a list of general emulators (listed by platform/processor emulation), try:

"COMP.EMULATORS.MISC Frequently Asked Questions" by Adam Roach
<[e-mail]>; this FAQ appears regularly on comp.emulators.misc.
http://www.why.net/home/adam/cem/
ftp://rtfm.mit.edu/pub/usenet/news.answers/emulators-faq/part1
ftp://rtfm.mit.edu/pub/usenet/news.answers/emulators-faq/part2
ftp://rtfm.mit.edu/pub/usenet/news.answers/emulators-faq/part3

                             *****END OF FILE*****


--

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Read the Apple II Emulator Resources Guide! http://purl.org/net/Apple2
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