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Path: senator-bedfellow.mit.edu!bloom-beacon.mit.edu!newsfeed.utk.edu!news-hog.berkeley.edu!ucberkeley!newsfeed.stanford.edu!xfer10.netnews.com!netnews.com!newsfeed.skycache.com!Cidera!nntp-out.teleweb.pt!news.teleweb.pt!not-for-mail From: bofh@mail.teleweb.pt Newsgroups: comp.unix.aix,comp.answers,news.answers Subject: comp.unix.aix Frequently Asked Questions (Part 3 of 5) Supersedes: <aix-faq-3-973024721@mail.teleweb.pt> Followup-To: comp.unix.aix Date: 2 Nov 2000 15:43:58 +0100 Organization: What ? Lines: 1907 Approved: news-answers-request@mit.edu Distribution: world Expires: 07 Dec 2000 15:25:21 Message-ID: <aix-faq-3-973175121@mail.teleweb.pt> References: <aix-faq-1-973175121@mail.teleweb.pt> Reply-To: bofh@mail.teleweb.pt (Jose Pina Coelho) NNTP-Posting-Host: p140a55.teleweb.pt X-Trace: srvlis16.teleweb.pt 973176789 1289 212.16.140.55 (2 Nov 2000 14:53:09 GMT) X-Complaints-To: abuse@teleweb.pt NNTP-Posting-Date: 2 Nov 2000 14:53:09 GMT Summary: This posting contains AIX Frequently Asked Questions and their answers. AIX is IBM's version of Unix. Keywords: AIX RS/6000 questions answers Xref: senator-bedfellow.mit.edu comp.unix.aix:191690 comp.answers:42948 news.answers:195010 Posted-By: auto-faq 3.3 (Perl 5.005) Archive-name: aix-faq/part3 Revision: 1.12 2000/10/10 21:01:28 Posting-Frequency: monthly ------------------------------ Subject: 1.606: How to configure dialup SLIP IBM's WWW page <http://www.ibm.com/> can lead you to a helpful document <http://www.austin.ibm.com/pub/www/services/aix_service/faxes/SLIP.DOC.zap> From: marvin@tornado.oche.de (Christian Bode) If you don't have problems with slattach you should have PTF bos.obj 3.2.0.0.U411505 installed. I assume that you did the right ifconfig commands to setup your slip-device (for example sl0). 1. Create a group called slip. 2. Create a user slip with smit like this: [Entry Fields] * User NAME [slip] ADMINISTRATIVE User? true User ID [] LOGIN user? true PRIMARY group [slip] Group SET [slip] ADMINISTRATIVE groups [system] SU groups [slip] HOME directory [/home/slip] Initial PROGRAM [/bin/sh] User INFORMATION [SLIP-Dialup] Another user can SU to user? false User can RLOGIN? true TRUSTED PATH? nosak Valid TTYs [/dev/tty1] AUDIT classes [] PRIMARY authentication method [SYSTEM] SECONDARY authentication method [NONE] Max FILE size [2097151] Max CPU time [-1] Max DATA segment [262144] Max STACK size [65536] Max CORE file size [2048] Max physical MEMORY [65536] File creation UMASK [022] EXPIRATION date (MMDDhhmmyy) [0] 3. Create a tty with getty on it: Add a TTY [Entry Fields] TTY type tty TTY interface rs232 Description Asynchronous Terminal Parent adapter sa0 * PORT number [s1] BAUD rate [38400] PARITY [none] BITS per character [8] Number of STOP BITS [1] TERMINAL type [dumb] STATE to be configured at boot time [available] DMA on Read Trigger 0,1,2,3 Transmit buffer count [16] Name of initial program to run [/etc/getty] Note: The following attributes are only applicable if /etc/getty is specified as the initial program to run. Enable program? respawn Run level 2 Enable LOGIN share TIME before advancing to next port setting [0] STTY attributes for RUN TIME [hupcl,cread,brkint> STTY attributes for LOGIN [hupcl,cread,echoe,> RUN shell activity manager no Optional LOGGER name [] 4. Change the hardware characteristics so that it uses NO XON/XOFF handshake section 1.613 also talks about tty flow control. 5. A (new) .profile template for slip accounts is provided in section 8.07. The author, David Migliavacca, writes, "I would also like to assert that, to my experience, it is NOT required that the SLIP user be made "administrative" or member of "system" as other parts of the FAQ (and the original script) say. At least on my machine 8-). I now create SLIP users as members of group slip, it being the ONLY group; allowed ttys are set to the available modem lines only; their home directory is owned by root and the .profile is only readable by group slip. Here's another scenario: From: oosten@angelo.ee.ualberta.ca (Brian Oostenbrink) Operating System: IBM AIX 3.2.1 and 3.2.3 Configuring two RS6000s via a Serial Line Interface Protocol (SLIP) connection over two US Robotics Sportster 14,400 modems. The AIX implementation of SLIP is slightly different from most others. The ifconfig command is used to bring up a serial interface, and the slattach command is used to connect the interface to the serial port used for the connection. Dialer device commands can also be issued when invoking the slattach command, using UUCP chat syntax. The following describes a connection between two machines: local.j.k.l ethernet IP address 129.128.127.21 slip interface IP address 129.1.2.1 remote.a.b.c ethernet IP address 129.11.22.44 slip interface address 129.11.22.1 1. Interface configuration Each machine must have a separate IP address dedicated to the SLIP interface. On remote.j.k.l, start the SLIP interface with: ifconfig sl0 129.11.22.1 129.128.127.1 up and on local.a.b.c: ifconfig sl0 129.128.127.1 129.11.22.1 up It is important in later versions of AIX 3.2.3+ to use the same SLIP interface # as the ptty port #, ie. if you use tty12, use ifconfig sl12 instead of sl0. At this point the interfaces are ready to be connected. 2. tty configuration The tty ports on both machines were configured in an identical manner using smit. [Entry Fields] TTY type tty TTY interface rs232 Description Asynchronous Terminal Parent adapter sa0 PORT number [] + BAUD rate [38400] + PARITY [none] + BITS per character [8] + Number of STOP BITS [1] + TERMINAL type [dumb] STATE to be configured at boot time [available] + DMA on + Read Trigger 0,1,2,3 Transmit buffer count [16] # Name of initial program to run [etc/getty] Note: The following attributes are only applicable if /etc/getty is specified as the initial program to run. Enable program? respawn Run level 2 Enable LOGIN disable + TIME before advancing to next port setting [0] +# STTY attributes for RUN TIME [hupcl,cread,brkint,icr> STTY attributes for LOGIN [hupcl,cread,echoe,cs8,> RUN shell activity manager no + Optional LOGGER name [] On older versions of AIX, we encountered some problems disabling getty, and resorted to changing the /etc/inittab file directly. For example, change tty0:2:respawn:/etc/getty /dev/tty0 to tty0:2:off:/etc/getty /dev/tty0 This will disable getty from running. After creating the SLIP tty device, you will need to change its hardware configuration to disable Xon/Xoff flow control. Software flow control should not be used for SLIP. Type 'smit chtty', and then select sub item 2: Hardware settings. Most of the parameters in the tty configuration are the defaults. 3. Modem Configuration The modems were configured as follows: RTS/CTS flow control enabled. Xon/Xoff software flow control disabled. Usually this is automatic if RTS/CTS is enabled. Data rate, terminal to modem = fixed. This is the baud rate from the tty port to the modem. We used a fixed modem-port transfer rate, set to the fastest speed supported by both the tty port and the modem. Newer modems can use a higher transfer rate between the modem and serial port than the modem to modem rate, which is necessary to use data compression effectively. In our setup, we used 14.4 kBaud modems with a port speed of 38.4 kBaud. If your modem supports this feature, use it, otherwise set the port speed equal to the modem connection rate. On the USR Sportster at&b1 fixes the serial port rate to that of the last AT command. The speed parameter of the slattach command can be used to ensure that this rate is that set in the tty configuration. Error Correction enabled - not mandatory, but a good idea Data Compression - not required, but it helps, especially for text transfers. Auto Answer - If the SLIP connection is to be initiated from either machine, both modems should be set to auto answer, otherwise, just the answering modem. It is a good idea to configure the modem and then save the settings to NVRAM, so that the correct settings can always be restored by the slattach command. 4. UUCP configuration files /usr/lib/uucp/Devices /usr/lib/uucp/Dialers The Devices file must contain an entry with the tty and serial port speed used for the interface. In our example, Direct tty0 38400 slipdialer The keyword 'slipdialer' is merely an index into the Dialers file. For our purposes, the slipdialer entry in the Dialers file is simply: slipdialer This entry can also contain UUCP chat commands, or the chat commands can be included in the slattach command. 5. slattach invocation slattach connects the device on the tty port to the SLIP interface created by ifconfig, and sends any commands to the tty device if needed. For our example, remote.j.k.l would never initiate a call, only answer incoming calls. Therefore we execute: slattach tty0 38400 '"" ATZ OK ""' which connects the tty at 38400 baud. We could also simply run slattach tty0 ie. without any modem commands, but the modem to port speed may not be correctly set this way. In addition, the ATZ command ensures the modem is set to the NVRAM settings. On local.a.b.c type: slattach tty0 38400 '"" ATZ OK \pATDT4925871 BIS ""' 4 This establishes the link at 38400 baud, and executes the dial string as shown. The dial string is a UUCP chat string and are configured in an expect send expect send ... format. The string: '"" ATZ OK \pATDT4925871 BIS ""' is interpreted as: expect "" (null string) from modem send ATZ to modem expect OK from modem send \pATDT4925871 to modem expect BIS from modem BIS is the end of the CONNECT STRING. You could use any portion of the string returned by the modem upon a connection as the expect string. It may be wiser to simply expect CONNECT since all connections should return this string. The null strings are necessary because the first parameter of the UUCP is an expected string from the modem, which can only be a null string until the modem has been given a command. The last parameter (4) of the slattach command is the debug level. A debug level of 4 displays the UUCP chat strings, which is useful for checking the modem status. 6. Routing ifconfig is sufficient if all you want to do is talk between the two hosts. If you are running SLIP so that you can talk to more than just that one other host you have to advertise your address. 1) arp -s 802.5 iago 10:00:5a:b1:49:d8 pub where 802.5 is a token-ring network the hardware address can be obtained with `netstat -v` and iago was the SLIP client (My PC at home :) pub is the important part it means "published" You may want to run this at boot time. Routing through the SLIP link is similiar to routing of any gateway. Invoking the ifconfig command automatically sets up a route between the two SLIP machines. An entry in /etc/hosts or the named database should be made, with the same machine name used for the SLIP address as the ethernet address on each machine. For example, in /etc/hosts on remote.a.b.c (and any other machine on remote.a.b.c ethernet): 129.11.22.44 remote.a.b.c # ethernet address 129.11.22.1 remote.a.b.c # slip address It is preferable to place the ethernet address in the hosts file before the SLIP address so remote.a.b.c will resolve to the ethernet address. When using named, it is important to have both addresses in the reverse file with the same name. We experienced difficulties with NFS mounting over the slip link, owing to some machine interpreting NFS requests from one of the two SLIP machines as coming from the SLIP address, while the SLIP machine believed it was sending the request from the ethernet address. This problem was eliminated by having both addresses reverse resolve to the same name. 7. Performance At a modem speed of 14.4 kBaud and a port speed of 38.4 kBaud, we realized a transfer rate through ftp of about 3.5 kB/s for text files, and 1.3 kB/s for compressed files. ------------------------------ Subject: 1.607: Where is DCE discussed? DCE is the Distributed Computing Environment, which is roughly a flexible client-server architecture for heterogenous platforms. For more information, take a look in comp.soft-sys.dce. ------------------------------ Subject: 1.608: How do I make /var/spool/mail mountable? From: petersen@pi1.physik.uni-stuttgart.de (Joerg Petersen) In our cluster we share a /usr/local disk. We have a directory /usr/local/spool/mail and /var/spool/mail is soft-linked to it. From: fred@hal6000.thp.Uni-Duisburg.DE (Fred Hucht) Several problems has been reported on sharing the mail directory via NFS. The problems may occur when two or more sendmail daemons and/or mail readers access a user's mail file simultanously, because of NFS' file locking mechanism. We use another method here: Every user has one line in his/her $HOME/.forward file that reads xxx@mainserver.domain.name where xxx is the user node and mainserver.domain.name is the full hostname of one of the machines. Then all incoming mail to all machines is forwarded to mainserver, while mainserver ignores this line. ------------------------------ Subject: 1.609: getty spawning too rapidly From: aslam@abaseen.lums.edu.pk (Sohail Aslam) The problem can occur due a number of modem settings. The most frequent is that the echo is not disabled on modems that are to accept incoming calls. In hayes language, ATE0 disables echo. If echo is enabled, the login prompt sent by the DTE (computer) is echoed back to it. It then issues "password:" prompt which the modem conveniently echoes back again. And the cycle goes on. Another setting to check is the Q registers which controls the modem's response to the DTE. The hayes command ATQ0 enables results codes. The Q register in conjunction with the X and the V registers, reports back to the DTE the status of the incoming or outgoing call, and the type of connection established. For outgoing calls, one would want to enable result codes but not for incoming calls. If codes are enabled (via ATQ0), when a call comes in, the modem will send strings (if ATV1 and ATX4 set) "RINGING", "CONNECTED" etc. to the local DTE. The getty will think some one is trying to login. It will send password prompt. Trouble again. Telebit and other intelligent modems has ATQ2 setting which says "reports codes only when calling out." For others, you will need to disable it (ATQ1) and enable when calling out. The DSR setting can be a source of problem. Ideally, modem should raise DSR only when CD is detected and modem raises CTS. Computer, such as the VAX, wait 30 seconds after the modem raises DSR. If CD is not on by that time, the computer will drop DTR causing the modem to reset. The DSR should be set to be raised only when carrier has been detected. The hayes setting is AT&S1. The DCD setting should be such that it reflects the true nature of the carrier. The CD can be forced on at all times (AT&C0). This is not good. Set it to AT&C1. Most modems can reload saved settings from non-volatile memory on a DTR transition. This is useful for resetting the modem when a call drops. Use AT&D3 to get this effect. For dial in, thus, set AT E0 Q1 &C1 &D3 &S1 &W. The &W stores the settings in memory. They will be reloaded due to &D3. ------------------------------ Subject: 1.610: Does AIX support Compressed SLIP (CSLIP)? No. That means no VJ compression either :) See PPP in section 5.07 if you want more than standard SLIP. ------------------------------ Subject: 1.611: How do I setup anonymous ftp on my AIX system? (stolen from Peter Klee <klee@dhdibm1.bitnet> posting) Have a look at '/usr/lpp/tcpip/samples/anon.ftp'. It is a shell script and will set up a anonymous ftp site on your local RS/6000. Note: the ftpd that comes with AIX does not support the display messages every time a user changes a directory or even when they login. ------------------------------ Subject: 1.612: Talk, getting notification. If you are not getting notification (that someone wants to talk to you), use (swcons `tty` && mesg y) in one window. There are many variations of 'talk' and finding compatible versions for multiple operating systems can be tricky. ------------------------------ Subject: 1.613: Disabling software flow control; using RTS/CTS. Different versions of AIX 3.2.5 respond differently to attempts to enable flow control (RTS/CTS signals). This section is an attempt to compile a list of different approaches. The most straight forward is: chdev -l ttyxx -a rts=yes [ Note: ix40410 for AIX 3.2.5 should give you this functionality. PTF U426113 and numerous other superceding ptfs should provide this.] If carrier signal is high (its connected) you can try stty add rts </dev/ttyxx There is also a program that I first saw on the 800-IBM-4FAX number, also found in INFO that will remedy the situation in some cases. Note that this code ignores the return code from ioctl (which on my machine is <0 :) ------------------------------ Subject: 1.614: NIS security Ole.H.Nielsen@fysik.dtu.dk (Ole Holm Nielsen) SUMMARY: AIX 3.2.4 and above includes support for a more secure setup of the ypserv NIS daemon. You can prevent any random host on the entire Internet from reading your NIS maps, as is possible with the default AIX setup. The details: ------------ After starting the ypserv daemon, I noticed in the syslog the following line: Jan 17 12:01:18 zeise syslog: /usr/etc/ypserv: no /var/yp/securenets file This indicates that ypserv is looking for the mentioned configuration file, but did not find it, and hence will deliver the NIS maps to anyone on the net who can guess the NIS domainname. I installed the /var/yp/securenets file and restarted ypserv, and it works ! Any illegal attempt to read NIS maps will result in the following getting logged to syslog (example): Jan 18 13:37:27 zeise syslog: ypserv: access denied for 129.142.6.79 How to enable this NIS security option: Install the /var/yp/securenets file, for example: # /var/yp/securenets file # # The format of this file is one of more lines of # netmask netaddr # Both netmask and netaddr must be dotted quads. # # Note that for a machine with two Ethernet interfaces (i.e. a gateway # machine), the IP addresses of both have to be in /var/yp/securenets. # # for example: #255.255.255.0 128.185.124.00 # Loopback interface 255.255.255.255 127.0.0.1 Uncommenting the last line would limit access to hosts on the 128.185.124.* net, only. The loopback interface must be included, as shown above. To log violations, have a /etc/syslog.conf file containing the proper events. We use this line: *.err;kern.debug;auth.notice;user.none /var/adm/messages Caveat emptor: This works for us, and you will have to verify it at your own installation. Don't complain to us if you have troubles. I do not know what PTF level our AIX 3.2.4 is at. Our ypserv daemon looks like this: zeise> strings /usr/lib/netsvc/yp/ypserv | head -2 @(#)16 1.12 com/cmd/usr.etc/yp/ypserv.c, cmdnfs, nfs325, 9334325a 5/4/93 19:44:41 If your AIX doesn't have securenets support, ask your support centre for the PTF which includes APAR IX32328. That seems to have included the securenets support. ------------------------------ Subject: 1.615: Why can't non-anonymous users login using WU-FTP? From: swcxt@boco.co.gov (Shane Castle) You must create a file named /etc/shells (this is the real /etc not a subdirectory of your false root), that contains all the shells that are defined on your system. Get the list from /etc/security/login.cfg. Also, if having proper group authentication is important to you, apply the following patch: --- ftpd.c.dist Wed Apr 13 15:17:18 1994 +++ ftpd.c Tue Jan 17 13:29:58 1995 @@ -1153,7 +1153,13 @@ setgroups(NULL, NULL); if (setpriv(PRIV_SET|PRIV_INHERITED|PRIV_EFFECTIVE|PRIV_BEQUEATH, &priv, sizeof(priv_t)) < 0 || - setuidx(ID_REAL|ID_EFFECTIVE, (uid_t)pw->pw_uid) < 0 || + initgroups(pw->pw_name, (gid_t)pw->pw_gid) < 0 || + setgidx(ID_REAL|ID_EFFECTIVE, (gid_t)pw->pw_gid) < 0 || + setegid((gid_t)pw->pw_gid) < 0) { + reply(550, "Can't set gid (AIX3)."); + goto bad; + } + if (setuidx(ID_REAL|ID_EFFECTIVE, (uid_t)pw->pw_uid) < 0 || seteuid((uid_t)pw->pw_uid) < 0) { reply(550, "Can't set uid (AIX3)."); goto bad; ------------------------------ Subject: 1.616: NIS users can't login, do I need '*' in /etc/passwd? From: ohnielse@fysik.dtu.dk (Ole Holm Nielsen) Aparently at least one version of AIX InfoExplorer suggests administrators use "+:*:0:0:::" as the last entry in the /etc/passwd file of NIS clients for security reasons. If the configuration SMIT is done using SMIT it will actually append "+::0:0:::" which works and does not compromise security. Using the '*' in the passwd field actaully prevents NIS users from logging in. "+::0:0:::" should not allow you to login as user "+" and without a password even when NIS is disabled, but it never hurts to double check. ------------------------------ Subject: 1.617: HP JetDirect cards and virtual printers? mkvirprt problems? (stolen from many) Since the release of AIX 3.2.5 adding a queue for JetDirect cards is as easy as creating a virtual printer using "smit mkvirprt" or mkvirprt. If the command hangs make sure you are using an HFT, aixterm or vt100 terminal. The entire procedure is available from the IBM FAX "Information Line" (800 IBM-4-FAX). From: Mark Bergman <mark.bergman@syseca.co.uk> SMIT complains that some required software is not present on the system. It turns out that this software, "printers.hpJetDirect.attach (4.1.3.0)" is on the installation CD. HOWEVER, there is some bug somewhere, whereby the software may actually be already installed, but the system cannot see it. (Or maybe the bug is that the software is actually NOT installed, but the system in one place thinks it is! - I'm not sure). Therefore, use smit to look at Installed Software ("Software Installation and Maintenance", "Maintain Installed Software", "List Installed Software" and look at all software, then search through for "jet". If it finds it (i.e. it thinks that it is installed) - you must remove it (under smit's "Maintain Installed Software" level), and then reinstall from the CD! ------------------------------ Subject: 1.618: How can I hack libc.a to alter how hostnames are resolved? From: <mlarsen@ptdcs2.intel.com> "L. Mark Larsen" [ Editors note: The implications of corrupting libc.a should not be understated. While recovering from a corrupt libc.a should be a matter of booting from floppy I wouldn't wish that on anyone with a supervisor or users to support :) Before you attempt this, you might want to read 2.07 first for advice on recovering from a destroyed or corrupted libc.a. Remember: backups are a VERY GOOD IDEA. enough of the weak kneed quivering... ] Nate Itkin (a colleague) is the individual who did the initial work. I suspect he would rather not be troubled with any questions you may have in this area and I can probably answer them just as easily. The motivation for this was to use DNS for MX records (we are using IDA sendmail) but NIS for most hostname lookups. Secondly, warnings: IBM has not given any sort of stamp of approval on what we have done (though they appear to have integrated resolv+ into AIX 4 based on some release notes I saw). While we have been using it successfully for about one year and have seen no problems, we can't and won't promise the same for you. This procedure plays around with libc.a which, as you probably know, is an XCOFF shared library under AIX and hence a critical part of the running system. You assume all the risk if you try to install this. All the usual disclaimers about liability, etc. apply - there is no warranty associated with any of this. Furthermore, know that any PTF you subsequently install that updates/replaces libc.a implies that you have to execute most of these procedures again. The details on how to use resolv+ under AIX 3 (it's only tested under 3.2.5 but should work for all point releases), have been moved to section 8.09. ------------------------------ Subject: 1.619: What modem settings do I need? ATQ2 - result codes in originate only AT&C1 - CD follows state of carrier AT&D2 - hangup on DTR drop ------------------------------ Subject: 1.620: NIS slave server config with master on different subnet? From: msidler@metronet.com (Mike Sidler) Assuming AIX 3.2.5,the master server up and running and the hosts file has the master name defined. On slave do: 1) domainname <domain_name that matches master> 2) startsrv -s ypserv 3) startsrv -s ypbind (ypwhich should return "loopback") 4) (/usr/sbin/)ypset -d <domainname> <master_server_name> (ypwhich should return "<master_server_name>" 5) (/usr/sbin/)ypinit -s <master_server_name> 6) Put "+::0:0:::" in /etc/passwd after last local login. Note: InfoExplorer has this entry INCORRECT in some versions. 7) Other cfg files (group, etc) may need configuring but this will get ypserv and ypbind running on the slave looking at the right stuff. ------------------------------ Subject: 1.621: Why does my 64 port concentrator loose data and drop the queue? [From: as@mynet.no (Arild Sletvold)] This problem has been associated with upgrading machines to 3.2.5. Try changing the values for the "Transmit buffer count" parameter in the printer/plotter setup in smit. You need to experiment with this parameter, to see which value that makes the printer print as fast as possible. If the value is too high, the printers will loose some of the data, and the queue will be disabled. If the value is too low, the printers will print very slowly. ------------------------------ Subject: 1.622: Netscape FastTrack server won't install on AIX 3.2.5 or 4.1. From: Cameron Ferstat <cferstat@austin.ibm.com> Before installing FastTrack on an AIX 3.2.5 or 4.1 system, you must first install the AIX Shared Library Hookable Symbols/6000 Version 1.1.5.0, Reference RPQ No. P91153. (Note: This software should *not* be installed on an AIX 4.2 system!) If you try to install FastTrack on an AIX 3.2.5 or 4.1 system, without first installing the Hookable Symbols PRPQ, you will get the following error: > ./ns-setup 0509-037 System error - error data is: ./ns-setup 0509-022 Cannot load library libsvld.a[shr.o]. 0509-026 System error: A file or directory in the path name does not exist. You can download the installp image by anonymous ftp from <ftp://ftp.software.ibm.com/aix/products/netscape/tools/slhs.rte.inst_image>. There is also an associated README.slhs file in that directory. ------------------------------ Subject: 1.623: How can I share files/printers with Windows 95? The freeware solution is Samba, available from <http://www-frec.bull.com/>. Commercial solutions include Fusion95 from Performance Technology <http://www.perftech.com/> and Syntax <http://www.syntax.com/>. ------------------------------ Subject: 1.624: Printing from AIX to WinNT/95/3.1 From: Charles J. Fisher <charles_fisher@bigfoot.com> 1. On your Windows system, share the printer. Assuming that you are running NT, make a user "root" with some password. 2. Get the Samba distribution from http://www.samba.org If you have a C compiler, get the source and compile it. If you don't have a C compiler, get a binary distribution for AIX. 3. Install Samba on AIX under /usr/local/samba. Specifically, make sure that /usr/local/samba/bin/smbclient is installed with execute rights for everyone. 4. You must also install a Samba configuration file under /usr/local/samba/lib/smb.conf If you intend to use your AIX as a file server for windows clients, you should modify smb.conf to accomplish this (see the Samba documentation). If you will be printing only, just use the sample smb.conf. 5. Make the directory /usr/local/samba/lib/printers 6. In that directory, install the following shell script as file "winprint": #!/bin/sh # This is a modification of the samba provided smbprint script # changed to work under AIX as the backend for a queue. It does # not read a config file. # # Variables below define the server and service. They are # the content of the .config file when printing from # /etc/printcap. # server="winserver" service="winprinter" user="root" password="root" # # Debugging log file, change to /dev/null if you like. # #logfile=/tmp/${USER}-print.log # # Some debugging help, change the >> to > if you want to save space. # #echo "server $server, service $service" >> $logfile #cat $1 | /usr/local/samba/bin/smbclient "\\\\$server\\$service" $password \ # -N -P -c 'print -' >> $logfile ( # NOTE You may wish to add the line `echo translate' if you want automatic # CR/LF translation when printing. echo translate echo "print -" cat $* ) | /usr/local/samba/bin/smbclient "\\\\$server\\$service" $password \ -U "$user" -N -P > /dev/null 7. The above file assumes that you are using \\winserver\winprinter as the printer share, and that the user is "root" and the password is "root". If this is not the case, modify the shell variable declarations. 8. Mark the file with execute permissions with "chmod 755 winprint" 9. Test the script with the command: "./winprint /etc/passwd" If everything is ok, your password file should be spooled to your windows printer. If it doesn't work, remove the "> /dev/null" from the last line of the script and rerun it. Examine the output of smbclient for clues. Clue #1: The Windows printer server is on the other side of a router. AIX is sending broadcast packets to find the Windows machine, which the router will not forward. You must find the Windows server's IP address and specify it with the "-I" parameter to smbclient, i.e. "-I 1.2.3.4". DHCP makes this situation even more complex. Clue #2: You username or password is wrong. smbclient will tell you about this if you free its output from > /dev/null. Clue #3: You might be violating shell quoting rules if you use special characters in the server or share name, password, etc. Don't use $, ", ', etc., or escape them properly. A password of ";rm -rf /" could be catastrophic. 10. Once the script can print files, it must be defined as a printer in the /etc/qconfig file. Add the following lines to the end of your /etc/qconfig: winprint: device = dwinprint up = TRUE discipline = sjn dwinprint: backend = /usr/local/samba/lib/printers/winprint 11. Test the printer with the following command: "lp -d winprint /etc/passwd" (Your password file should be printed again.) 12. You might examine the queue with the command "lpq -P winprint" or "lpstat -t" ------------------------------ Subject: 1.625: How do I get NFS mounting with Linux to work? Linux by default requires any NFS mount to use a so called reserved port below 1024 and AIX 4.3 does by default use ports above 1024. You can use the nfso command to restrict AIX to the reserved port range as follows: nfso -o nfs_use_reserved_ports=1 ------------------------------ Subject: 1.626: Telnet takes a 45 seconds to produce a prompt. This is in nearly all cases a DNS configuration problem, the AIX machine can not resolve the IP address of the node initiating the telnet connection. You can check the DNS reverse mapping by using the nslookup command on the IP number in question, this will probably timeout as well. Make sure that the nameserver lines in the /etc/resolv.conf file point to valid name servers. Some folks have reported that putting the following in /etc/netsvc.conf can help as well (see also Subject: 1.800): hosts=local,bind4 Getting a correct DNS Server configuration is the real answer. ------------------------------ Subject: 1.627: Ethernet frame type - en0 vs. et0 From: Michael Wojcik <michael.wojcik@merant.com> The "en" and "et" prefixes for AIX Ethernet network interfaces indicate the type of "framing" that surrounds higher-level protocol data on the Ethernet medium ("wire"). The Ethernet frame is the envelope that surrounds IP packets and equivalent messages in other protocols. There are two kinds of Ethernet framing in common use today. The "official" standard is IEEE 802.3 framing, but TCP/IP traffic on Ethernet is usually carried in DIX (Digital / Intel / Xerox) type II (usually written "DIX II" or just "DIX") frames. Other transport-independent protocols, may use 802.3. On AIX, SNA is probably the most common 802.3-framed protocol. The two frame types can coexist on the wire. Most TCP/IP stacks only support DIX framing. AIX is unusual in supporting both DIX and 802.3 framing for TCP/IP, but there's little point in using 802.3 for TCP/IP. The en0 interface uses DIX; the et0 interface uses 802.3 (and so on for en1/et1, etc., if you have multiple NICs). You can configure TCP/IP for both en0 (DIX) and et0 (802.3), in which case you're creating a multihomed host with only one physical network connection. Unless you know you need TCP/IP over 802.3, don't bother. You don't need to configure TCP/IP on 802.3 to use other protocols (eg. SNA) on 802.3. ------------------------------ Subject: 1.700: Free LVM lecture slides. From: shieh@austin.ibm.com If you want free LVM documentation (lecture notes) from the SHARE conference in San Franciso where I presented last March just: mail -s "S_basics.ps" shieh@austin.ibm.com < /dev/null mail -s "S_limits.ps" shieh@austin.ibm.com < /dev/null mail -s "S_lvm_extra.ps" shieh@austin.ibm.com < /dev/null [Editor's note: Jens-Uwe Mager converted the slides to PDF format. They are available as <http://www.han.de/~jum/aix/lvm.pdf>.] ------------------------------ Subject: 1.701: How do I shrink /usr? From: mike@bria.UUCP (Michael Stefanik) and Richard Hasting FOR AIX 3.1 ----------- 1) Make a backup of /usr find /usr -print | backup -ivf /dev/rmt0 (or appropriate device) 2) shutdown to maintenance mode shutdown -Fm 3) export LANG=C 4) remove the filesystem and the logical volume ignore an error about the "dspmsg" command not found umount /usr rmfs /usr 5) make a new logical volume hd2 and place it on rootvg with desired size mklv -yhd2 -a'e' rootvg NNN where NNN is the number of 4 meg partitions 6) create a filesystem on /dev/hd2 crfs -vjfs -dhd2 -m'/usr' -Ayes -p'rw' 7) mount the new /usr filesystem and check it /etc/mount /usr df -v 8) restore from the tape; system won't reboot otherwise restore -xvf/dev/rmt0 9) Sync and reboot the system; you now have a smaller /usr filesystem FOR AIX 3.2 ----------- 0) Experiences posted to comp.unix.aix lead me to suggest that many administrators find the following piece of information useful after completing this procedure. I thought some of you might like to read it BEFORE getting yourself into this predicament. Call 1-800-IBM-4FAX and request document 2503 dated 1/26/94. Title is "How to recover if all files are owned by root after restoration from a mksysb tape". 1) Remove any unneeded files from /usr. 2) Make sure all filesystems in the root volume group are mounted. If not, they will not be included in the re-installed system. 3) Type mkszfile. This will create /.fs.size that contains a list of the active filesystems in the root volume group that will be included in the installation procedure. 4) Edit .fs.size. Change the size of /usr to what you want. Example: This .fs.size file shows /usr to be 40MB. rootvg 4 hd2 /usr 10 40 jfs The 10 is the number of physical partitions for the filesystem and the 40 is 40 MB. Most systems have a physical partition size of 4 MB. Therefore, the second number (40) will always be 4 times the previous number (10). Note, however, that a model 320 with a 120 MB drive will have a physical partition size of only 2 MB, and the total MB is twice the number of physical partitions. The first number (4) in the .fs.size file represents the PP size. If you want to reduce the size of /usr from 40 MB to 32 MB, edit the /usr entry to: rootvg 4 hd2 /usr 8 32 jfs IMPORTANT: Make sure that you DO NOT enter a value which is less than the size of the filesystem required to contain the current data. Doing so will cause the re-installation procedure to fail. 5) chdev -l rmt0 -a block=512 -T 6) Unmount all filesystems that are NOT in the root volume group. 7) Varyoff all user-defined volume groups, if any varyoffvg VGname 8) Export the user-defined volume groups, if any exportvg VGname 9) With a tape in the tape drive, type mksysb /dev/rmt0 This will do a complete system backup, which will include information (in the .fs.size file) for the installation procedure on how large the filesystems are to be created. 10) Follow the instructions in the Installation Kit under "How to Install and perform maintenance from Diskettes" (reportedly now called "BOS Installation from a System Backup") using the diskettes and tape that you created in the previous steps. [ pre AIX 325: DO NOT select the option "Reinstall AIX with Current System Settings". Instead use "Install AIX with Current System Settings" for the logical volume size changes to take affect. ] [ w/ AIX 325: Select "Install from a mksysb image" ] 11) When the installation is complete, you may then import any user-defined volume groups. importvg -y VGname PVname where "VGname" is the name of the volume group, and "PVname" is the name of any one of the physical volumes in the volume group. 12) Varyon your user-defined volume groups varyonvg VGname The reduction of the filesystems is now complete. COMMERCIAL OPTION ----------------- There are also commercial tools availible to help you do this more conviently. I know of one vendor that can be reached at info@compunix.com ------------------------------ Subject: 1.702: How do I make a filesystem larger than 2Gb? AIX 3.2.5 and preceeding versions are limited to 2 Gigabytes per filesystem. With AIX 4.1 IBM allows filesystems up to 64Gb (reference: Individual files are still limited to 2Gb. AIX 4.2 allows 128Gb filesystems and 64 Gb files. (See also question 1.706.) If you are having trouble creating a file greater than 1Mb it maybe because that is the default limit for your account, see 'smit users' or /etc/security/limit. ------------------------------ Subject: 1.703: Chlv warning. Is the first 4k of a LV safe? The first 4k of a raw LV are used to store control block. Applications that write to the raw disk can overwrite this section (common applications that do this are Oracle and Sybase). Commands that call getlvcb will generate a warning but succeed (since the control block exists in ODM. Don't run synclvodm unless you really want to erase the first 4k and replace it with the info from the ODM. shieh@austin.ibm.com (Johnny Shieh) has kindly provided the following explanation: The logical volume control block (lvcb) is the first 512 bytes of a logical volume. This area holds important information such as the creation date of the logical volume, information about mirrored copies, and possible mount points in a journaled filesystem. Certain LVM commands are required to update the lvcb, as part of completeness algorithms in LVM. The old lvcb area is first read and analyzed to see if it is a valid lvcb. If the information is verified as valid lvcb information, then the lvcb is updated. If the information is not valid, then the lvcb update is not performed and the user is given the warning message: Warning, cannot write lv control block data Most of the time, this is a result of database programs accessing the raw logical volumes (and thus bypassing the journaled filesystem) as storage media. When this occurs, the information for the database is literally written over the lvcb. Although this may seem fatal, it is not the case. Once the lvcb has been overwritten, the user can still: 1) Extend a logical volume 2) Create mirrored copies of a logical volume 3) Remove the logical volume 4) Create a journaled filesystem with which to mount the logical volume (note that this will destroy any data sitting in the lvcb area) However, there is a limitation caused by this deletion of the lvcb. The logical volumes with deleted lvcb's face possible, incomplete importation into other AIX systems. During an "importvg", the LVM command will scan the lvcb's of all defined logical volumes in a volume group for information concerning the logical volumes. Surprisingly, if the lvcb is deleted, the imported volume group will still define the logical volume to the new AIX system which is accessing this volume group, and the user can still access the raw logical volume. However, any journaled filesystem information is lost and the logical volume and its associated mount point won't be imported into the new AIX system. The user must create new mount points and the availability of previous data stored in the filesystem is NOT assured. Also, during this import of a logical volume with an erased LVCB, some non-jfs information concerning the logical volume, which is displayed with the "lslv" command, cannot be found. When this occurs, the system uses default logical volume information to populate the logical volume's ODM information. Thus, some output from the "lslv" will be inconsistent with the real logical volume. If logical volume copies still exist on the original disks, this information will not be correctly reflected in the ODM database. The user should use "rmlvcopy" and "mklvcopy" to rebuild any logical volume copies and synchronize the ODM. Finally, with an erased lvcb, the output from the "lslv" command might be misleading or unreliable. ------------------------------ Subject: 1.704: What's the limit on Physical Partitions Per Volume Group? From: shieh@austin.ibm.com (Johnny Shieh) 1016 Physical Partitions Per Disk in a Volume Group: In the design of LVM, each Logical Partition maps to one Physical Partition. And, each Physical Partition maps to a number of disk sectors. The design of LVM limits the number of Physical Partitions that LVM can track PER DISK in a volume group to 1016. In most cases, not all the possible 1016 tracking partitions are used by a disk. The default size of each Physical Partition during a "mkvg" command is 4 MB, which implies that individual disks up to 4 GB can be included into a volume group. If a disk larger than 4 GB is added to a volume group (based on usage of the default 4 MB size for Physical Partition) the disk addition will fail with a warning message that the Physical Partition size needs to be increased.* There are two instances where this limitation will be enforced. The first case is when the user tries to use "mkvg" to create a volume group where the number of physical partitions on one of the disks in the volume group would exceed 1016. In this case, the user must pick from the available Physical Partition ranges of: 1, 2, (4), 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256 Megabytes and use the "-s" option to "mkvg". The second case is where the disk which violates the 1016 limitation is attempting to join a pre-existing volume group with the "extendvg" command. The user can either recreate the volume group with a larger Physical Partition size (which will allow the new disk to work with the 1016 limitation) or the user can create a standalone volume group (consisting of a larger Physical Partition size) for the new disk. In AIX 4.1 and 3.2.5, if the install code detects that the rootvg drive is larger than 4 GB, it will change the "mkvg -s" value until the entire disk capacity can be mapped to the available 1016 tracks.** This install change also implies that all other disks added to rootvg, regardless of size, will also be defined at that new Physical Partitions size. For RAID systems, the /dev/hdiskX name used by LVM in AIX may really consist of many non-4GB disks. In this case, the 1016 limitation still exists. LVM is unaware of the size of the individual disks that may really make up /dev/hdiskX. LVM bases the 1016 limitation on the AIX recognized size of /dev/hdiskX, and not the real independent physical disks that make up /dev/hdiskX. The questions asked of this issue are: 1) What are the symptoms of this problem? 2) How safe is my data? What if I never use mirroring or migratepv? 3) Can I move this volume group between RS/6000 systems and versions of AIX? Here are the answers: A) What are the symptoms of this problem? The 1016 VGSA is used to track the "staleness of mirrors". If you are in violation of 1016, you may possibly get a false report of a non-mirrored logical volume being "stale" (which is an oxymoron) or you may get a false indication that one of the your mirror copies has gone stale. Next, migratepv may fail because migratepv briefly uses mirroring to move a logical volume from one disk to another. If the target logical partition is incorrectly considered "stale", then the migratepv cannot remove the source logical partition and the migratepv command will fail in the middle of migration. B) How safe is my data? What if I never use mirroring or migratepv? The data is as safe (in your mind) as the day before you found out about 1016 violations. The only case where data may be lost is if one is mirroring a logical volume and ALL copies go bad at the same time and LVM isn't aware of it because the copies that go bad are beyond the 1016 tracking range. However, in this case, you would lose data even if you were within the 1016 range. If you never mirror or use migratepv, then this issue shouldn't concern you. But, it might be unwise to state you'll NEVER use either of those options. C) Can I move this volume group between RS/6000 systems and versions of AIX? Yes you can. The enforcement of this 1016 limit is only during mkvg and extendvg. The "safeness" of the data on the volume group on AIX 3.2 is the same as it is on AIX 4.1. * This bug was fixed in apar ix48926. Current AIX 3.2.5 and 4.1.1, which do not have this fix on applied, will allow the creation of volume groups with more than 1016 partitions. The implication of this bug allowing more than 1016 physical partitions is that the user may access all portions of the logical volume. However during disk mirroring, the status of partitions beyond the 1016 limit will not be tracked correctly. If mirrors beyond the 1016 range become "stale", LVM will not be aware of their condition and data consistency may become an issue for those partitions. Additionally, the "migratepv" command creates mirrors and deletes them as a method for moving logical volumes around within/between disks. If the 1016 limit is violated, then the "migratepv" command may not behave correctly. The user should pick up apar ix51754, which clarifies the error message when this condition is detected. Additionally, the user can read the non-ptf documentation apar ix50874 which is a companion to ix48926 and ix51754. ** This bug was fixed for AIX 3.2.5 rootvg install in apars ix46862 and ix46863. This bug does not exist in AIX 4.1.1. ------------------------------ Subject: 1.705: Why am I having trouble adding another disk to my VG? From: shieh@austin.ibm.com (Johnny Shieh) In some instances, the user will experience a problem adding a new disk to an existing volume group or in the creation of a new volume group. The warning message provided by LVM will be: Not enough descriptor space left in this volume group. Either try adding a smaller PV or use another volume group. On every disk in a volume group, there exists an area called the Volume Group Descriptor Area (VGDA). This space is what allows the user to take a volume group to another AIX system and "importvg" that volume group into that AIX system. The VGDA contains the names of disks that make up the volume group, their physical sizes, partition mapping, logical volumes that exist in the volume group, and other pertinent LVM management information. When the user creates a volume group, the "mkvg" command defaults to allowing the new volume group to have a maximum of 32 disks in a volume group. However, as bigger disks have become more prevalent, this 32 disk limit is usually not achieved because the space in the VGDA is used up faster, as it accounts for the capacity on the bigger disks. This maximum VGDA space, for 32 disks, is a fixed size which is part of the LVM design. Large disks require more management mapping space in the VGDA, which causes the number and size of available disks to be added to the existing volume group to shrink. When a disk is added to a volume group, not only does the new disk get a copy of the updated VGDA, but all existing drives in the volume group must be able to accept the new, updated VGDA. The exception to this description of the maximum VGDA is rootvg. In order to provide AIX users more free space, when rootvg is created, "mkvg" does not use the maximum limit of 32 disks that are allowed into a volume group. Instead in AIX 3.2, the number of disks picked in the install menu of AIX is used as the reference number by "mkvg -d" during the creation of rootvg. For AIX 4.1, this "-d" number is 7 for one disk and one more for each additional disk picked. i.e. you pick two disks, the number is 8. you pick three disks, the number is 9, and so on..... This limit does not mean the user cannot add more disks to rootvg in the post-install phase. The amount of free space left in a VGDA, and thus the number of size of the disks added to a volume group, depends on the size and number of disks already defined for a volume group. However, this smaller size during rootvg creation implies that the user will be able to add fewer disks to rootvg than compared to a non-rootvg volume group. If the customer requires more VGDA space in the rootvg, then they should use the "mksysb" and "migratepv" commands to reconstruct and reorganize their rootvg (the only way to change the "-d" limitation is recreation of the rootvg). Note: It is always strongly recommended that users do not place user data onto rootvg disks. This separation provides an extra degree of system integrity. ------------------------------ Subject: 1.706: What are the limits on a file, filesystem? There are other limits but these come up most often. Logical Volumes do not _have_ to contain Journaled File Systems and therefore can be larger than 2GB even in 3.2.5. File jfs-Filesystem 3.2.5 2GB 2GB 4.1.x 2GB 64GB 4.2 64GB 128GB While it *might* be possible to create larger file systems, the limits shown here represent values that IBM has supposedly tested. ------------------------------ Subject: 1.707: Hints for Segate 9 GB and other disks larger than 4 GB? [read 1.704] ------------------------------ Subject: 1.708: How do I fix Volume Group Locked? >From /usr/lpp/bos/README (AIX 3.2.5) and 1.800.IBM.4FAX #2809 If you get '0516-266 publvodm: volume group rootvg is locked, try again' or something similar, you can use (putlvodm -K `getlvodm -v <vgname>`) ------------------------------ Subject: 1.709: How do I remove a volume group with no disks? From: shieh@austin.ibm.com (Johnny Shieh) This is a very common question about AIX LVM and I thought I might take some time to explain what is going on. Within a volume group is the Volume Group Descriptor Area (VGDA) is is kinda a "suitcase" of lvm information. This is what allows you to pick up your drives and take them to another machine, importvg them, and get filesystems automatically defined. What happens is that when you importvg the volume group, the RS/6000 goes out and reads the VGDA and finds out about all the logical volumes and filesystems that may exist on the volume group. It then checks for clashes (name conflicts, etc..) on its own machine and then, here is the important part, populates its own database with information about the new volume group and its associated logical volumes. In cases of filesystems, it will go into the /etc/filesystems file and add the new filesystem entries that came along with the imported volume group. Okay, the key point is that you've got this independent volume group that has "docked" at the new RS/6000. What keeps the two tethered to each other is the varyonvg command. When this is started on the volume group, a software link is created where you can't separate the volume group from the AIX operating system unless the volume group is no longer seen as active by the system. In very rare cases, a situation can occur where the VGDA thinks that someone has it (the volume group) activated, but the operating system doesn't think it has the volume group opened up. This is pretty rare. The main question I see is "I've taken away the disks, but how do I get rid of the volume group". The question should really say, "How do I get rid of the volume group INFORMATION" since that's all you have on the system. You've got possible entries in the /etc/filesystems and definitely entries in the ODM. Just do: exportvg <vgname> It does a reverse importvg, except it doesn't go off and read the VGDA. It nukes anything relating to the volume group in the /etc/filesystems and ODM. The only time this won't work is if the system detects that the volume group is varied on. Then, it would be like trying to change tires on a moving car, we won't let you do it! Some people are concerned that doing an exportvg will somehow damage the volume group and/or its VGDA. As I said, all it does is affect the information about the volume group on the RS/6000 box, not on the actual disk platter itself. Thus, the volume group you exported is safe to take to another system. The only time the VGDA gets overwritten is when you create a new volume on top of it. The second most often asked question is "How do I get rid of a disk that is no longer really in the volume group?" In this case, you DON'T want to do an exportvg. What you want to do is tell the system you want to cut out the memory of the old, bad disk from the RS/6000 AND from the VGDA of the volume group. You simply do: reducevg -d -f <vgname> <hdname> or if the hdname can't be found: reducevg -d -f <vgname> <PVID> Be careful with this command. Unlike the exportvg command, actions done with this command WILL affect the VGDA information on the platter. Hope this clarifies some questions about volume groups. ------------------------------ Subject: 1.710: What are the theoritical limits within the LVM? From: Gerry FitzGerald <G.FitzGerald@uk22p.bull.co.uk> ------------------------------------- LVM Limits within AIX (my perception) ------------------------------------- The system may have 1 to 255 Volumes Groups (VG's). Each VG may contain 1 to 32 Physical Volumes (PV's). Each PV may contain upto 1016 Physical Partitions (PP's). Each PP may have a size (square of 2) from 1 to 256MB (1024MB for AIX 4.3). Therefore, if you can get hold of a 260,096 MB disk (one PV with 1016 x 256MB PPs), you can install 32 of these in a single VG giving you 8,323,072MB per VG. You may have up to 255 VG's in one AIX system so you could (in theory) create the maximum addressable AIX storage area of 2,122,383,360 MB (2,072,640 GB or 2,024 TB or approx. 2 PB). This is based on the current limitations of AIX V4.1. The limits for file and filesystem sizes are: [Editor's note: the original values in this mail appeared to be slightly wrong, I have corrected that to the values as per my interpretation of the AIX manual.] AIX V3.2 Max filesystem size: 2,147,483,647 bytes (2 GB) Max single file size: 2,147,483,647 bytes (2 GB) AIX V4.1 Max filesystem size: 1,099,511,627,776 bytes (1 TB) Max single file size: 2,147,483,647 bytes (2 GB) AIX V4.2 Max filesystem size: 1,099,511,627,776 bytes (1 TB) Max single file size: 68,589,453,312 (~64 GB) AIX V4.3 Max filesystem size: 1,099,511,627,776 bytes (1 TB) Max single file size: 68,589,453,312 (~64 GB) The 1TB maximum file system size is given by the rule that each fragment must be addressable by an 28 bit number, with the largest fragment size being 4096 bytes (4096*2^28). ------------------------------ Subject: 1.800: How do I control how hostnames are resolved? From: <kraem@ibm.de> Frank Kraemer Information from AIX 4.1.2 Infoexplorer: The default order can be overwritten by creating the configuration file, /etc/netsvc.conf and specifying the desired order. Both the default and /etc/netsvc.conf can be overwritten with the environment variable, NSORDER. If either the /etc/netsvc.conf file or environment variable, NSORDER are defined, then at least one value must be specified along with the option. examples: echo hosts = local,nis,bind >/etc/netsvc.conf NSORDER=local,bind; export NSORDER [Editor's notice: As of AIX 4.3 you also have bind4 & bind8 (for IPv4 & IPv6)] ------------------------------ Subjet: 1.801: dtlogin ignores /etc/profile? From: Trevor Bourget (trevor@thomsoft.com) Read the /usr/dt/bin/Xsession script. You can add a file to the /etc/dt/config/Xsession.d and it will get sourced as part of the startup. The order is: $HOME/.dtprofile, /etc/dt/config/Xsession.d/*, /usr/dt/config/Xsession.d/* (backwards, in my opinion, but CDE is a committee result after all). >From: Ed Ravin <eravin@panix.com> If you want your terminal session to automatically read in /etc/profile and your .profile when they start up, you need to either invoke them with the "-ls" option (which I couldn't figure out how to do, perhaps someone else can elaborate), or set up the default X resources so that they set: *Dtterm*loginShell: true You could always do this with the .Xresources file in your own account, but that wouldn't fix any other users in the system. To make this change globally: CDE configuration files are kept in /usr/dt/config Those files warn you strenuously not to change them, since AIX upgrades will overwrite them and lose your changes. They recommend that you copy the files to /etc/dt/config and change them there, so: # cd /usr # find dt/config -print | cpio -pdvum /etc ... (files get copied) # cd /etc/dt/config/C # echo "*Dtterm*loginShell: true" >> sys.resources # cd ../en_US # echo "*Dtterm*loginShell: true" >> sys.resources From: Olaf Meeuwissen <olaf@IMSL.shinshu-u.ac.jp> The problem is in /usr/dt/bin/Xsession. This script only recognizes the following login shells: sh, ksh and csh (as of $Revision: 1.12 $). All other shells are considered non-standard. The fix is to have your sys-admin add any other login shells in the right places in the script (twice in the "Start the session" part). Look for "case ${SHELL##*/} in" and add shells in the patterns. Note that this script will be overwritten unconditionally by system updates :-( and, unlike much other stuff in /usr/dt/, copying it to /etc/dt/ does not work. For which shells to add, you may want to: $ grep shells /etc/security/login.cfg ------------------------------ Subject: 1.802: Where's the C compiler? As of AIX 4.1, the C compiler has been "unbundled." It's a separate product, and you must purchase a separate license for it. IBM does offer free time limited trial licenses if you want to "try before you buy." The GNU C compiler is available from various sources. The most convenient is probably <http://www-frec.bull.com/>. <ftp://aixpdslib.seas.ucla.edu/> is another source. ------------------------------ Subject: 1.803: Why doesn't Netscape work? See question 1.515. ------------------------------ Subject: 1.900: SCSI-1 and SCSI-2 "interoperability" got you confused? A. SCSI-1 devices are supported on a SCSI-2 adapter. This config will provide SCSI-1 performance. B. SCSI-2 devices are supported on a SCSI-1 adapter. This config will provide SCSI-1 performance. C. A mix of SCSI-2 and SCSI-1 devices are supported on a SCSI-1 adapter. All devices will have SCSI-1 performance. D. A mix of SCSI-2 and SCSI-1 devices are supported on a SCSI-2 adapter. SCSI-2 devices will have SCSI-2 performance (10 MB/sec) and SCSI-1 devices will have SCSI-1 performance (4-5 MB/sec). ------------------------------ Subject: 1.901: How to get your keyboard back after unplugging it from the 6000 From: Mickey Coggins and Anne Serre and L. Mark Larsen When you unplug your keyboard from a running system, and plug it back in, the key mapping is wrong. For example, keys like Caps Lock and Ctrl don't work as designed. Solution: Type at the command line /usr/lpp/diagnostics/da/dkbd Your screen goes black, you hear a few beeps, and your keyboard is reset. It works with any environment, Xwindows, hft, NLS... For Models 220, 230 and M20, use the following commands: /usr/lpp/diagnostics/da/dkbd /usr/lpp/diagnostics/da/dkbdsal (for the 220) After running the keyboard diagnostics to reset keyboard mappings, the repeat rate is also reset to some slow value (11, according to the man page). If the user is in X, you need to open an hft window. Do this with "xopen /bin/csh". Once you have an hft window, run "chhwkbd -r30". [Editor's note: By unplugging & plugging a keyboard/mouse on a live system you may/will damage/zap/fry/destroy the motherboard] ------------------------------ Subject: 1.902: How do I set up pcsim, the DOS emulator? [Editor's Note: this product does not exist in AIX 4.x.] You must have a bootable DOS diskette to install pcsim. Either DOS 3.3, 4.x, or 5.0 will work. IBM do not officially support DOS 5.0 for pcsim but I have no problems with it. Just don't try to be fancy with the UMB and memory manager stuff. With a bootable DOS disk in the drive, do: $touch /u/dosdrive (this is the AIX file for DOS emulation) $pcsim -Adiskette 3 -Cdrive /u/dosdrive You would now get an A prompt. Type: A> fdisk Create the virtual C drive of whatever size you choose. Make it large enough for your needs since you cannot enlarge it later. A> format c: /s (to format the virtual C drive) Now exit from pcsim with ESCpcsim (Esc key followed by pcsim). Now create a simprof file. Following is a starter: Adiskette : 3 Cdrive :/u/dosdrive lpt1 : name of printer queue refresh : 50 dmode : V mouse : com1 You can now start pcsim anytime by typing pcsim. Make sure no floppies are in the drive. For further information, refer to publication SC23-2452, Personal Computer Simulator/6000 Guide and Reference. ------------------------------ Subject: 1.903: How do I transfer files between AIX and DOS disks? In the AIX package bos.dosutils are commands for transferring files between DOS diskettes and AIX. The commands are dosread, doswrite, dosdir, dosdel, and dosformat. Many users have mentioned that the mtools package from prep.ai.mit.edu is better than the native AIX programs. ------------------------------ Subject: 1.904: Where is the crypt program? The crypt *program* (as opposed to the crypt subroutine) has been deleted to conform to U.S. law regarding export of missile, ammunitions, nuclear and cryptographic technology. Other programs such as PGP are available, but their use and/or possesion may be subject to local laws and regulations. France is such a place. If anyone has a better answer to this question (like places where crypto devices are illegal/severely restricted), feel free to contribute it. ------------------------------ Subject: 1.905: How do I play audio CDs? From: woan@austin.ibm.com (Ronald S. Woan) Get xmcd by anonymous FTP from ftp.x.org in /contrib/applications/xmcd/ <URL:ftp://ftp.x.org/contrib/applications/xmcd/> ------------------------------ Subject: 1.906: How can I get the mouse back after unplugging it? /usr/lpp/diagnostics/da/dmousea [Editor's note: By unplugging & plugging a keyboard/mouse on a live system you may/will damage/zap/fry/destroy the motherboard] ------------------------------ Subject: 1.907: Where can I get source code to the operating system binary xxxxx? AIX source code is not generally available. Two other UNIX OS' do make their source available, Linux & freeBSD. Check <ftp://ftp.uu.net/systems/unix/bsd-sources/> and <ftp://ftp.uu.net/systems/unix/linux/> ------------------------------ Subject: 1.908: What's the difference between the POWER and POWERPC architectures? Read the POWERPC FAQ at <http://www.mot.com/SPS/PowerPC/library/ppc_faq/ppc_faq.html> ------------------------------ Subject: 1.909: Will there be date rollover problems in the year 2000? From: mbrown@austin.ibm.com (Mark Brown) IBM has a major corporate-wide push for *all* of its software products to be "safe" in this regard by the end of 1996. <http://www.software.ibm.com/year2000/paper.html> is the general-purpose [Year 2000] URL for IBM. As far as AIX is concerned, we had to fix three things in AIXv4.1.4 (some logging commands handled date ranges wrong) as PTFs, but other than that, we are there. ...and we handle the leap year issue correcly. also. ------------------------------ Subject: 1.910: How can I build an "installp format" file? Jim Abbey <jim@systelecom.com> has a tool called "lppbuild". It is now available from "aixpdslib.seas.ucla.edu" in either of /pub/lppbuild/RISC/3.2/src/lppbuild.1.0.tar.Z /pub/lppbuild/RISC/4.1/src/lppbuild.1.0.tar.Z Both are identical and the procedures also work on 4.2. Ciaran Diegnan <C.Diegnan@frec.bull.fr> has built a tool called "mklpp". You can retrieve a copy (along with many other smit-installable freeware packages) from <http://www-frec.bull.com/>. ------------------------------ Subject: 1.911: Is there a generic SCSI driver for AIX? From: Rogan Dawes <rdawes@jhbelec.co.za> Yes. Matthew Jacob (mjacob@feral.com) has written a generic SCSI driver for AIX 4.1. It can be found at <ftp://ftp.feral.com/pub/aix/gsc.tar.gz>. ------------------------------ Subject: 1.912: Viruses or virus scanning on AIX? From: mww@microfocus.com (Michael Wojcik) FWIW, AIX comes with a virus-scanning utility (/usr/bin/virscan), though IIRC the original version had an empty signature file (in /usr/lib/security/scan/virsig.lst) and even the later populated signature file only contains PC viruses. Quoth the man page, "at this time [virsig.lst] contains no known AIX virus signatures". Apparently we are to infer that there *were* no known AIX virus signatures. I note that my 4.2.1 AIX system still has the 1991 signature file. Even a DOS-only virus list could potentially be useful on a Unix file server, though. Provided, of course, that it had a recent signature list (and preferably mutant-detection and similar heuristics), which virscan probably does not. And to be fair there are plenty of Unix vulnerabilities, and even viruses potentially among them. David Harley, keeper of the alt.comp.virus FAQ, mentioned some "lab" Unix viruses when this thread appeared in October '87, and I recall a discussion of using crypto hashes to validate major system commands on some Unix group not that long ago - which is essentially virus-scanning technology, though not necessarily for the same purpose it generally serves on PCs. That said, viruses are not the problem for Unix systems that they are for PCs. Network security, guessable usernames and passwords, and the like should generally be a higher priority. ------------------------------ Subject: 1.913: How do I determine the clock frequency of a RS/6000 by software ? From: Franz Pestenhofer <franz.pestenhofer@debis.com> The answer seems to be "There is no way to find out the clock frequency with a piece of software". [Editor's notice: on CHRP machines there is information on the open firmware] ------------------------------ Subject: 1.914: How do I create a ramdisk ? From: Mark Grubbs <mark@grubbs.austin.ibm.com> # mkramdisk SIZE /dev/rramdiskxx # mkfs -V jfs /dev/ramdiskxx # mount -V jfs -o nointegrity /dev/ramdiskxx /whatever [Editor's notice: This function is new in 4.3.3 ] [Editor's notice: This function is UNSUPPORTED ] ------------------------------ Subject: 1.915: Can I run Linux on an RS/6000 ? Some distributions can be installed on some RS/6000's. They only support a subset of the available cards. For more information see: http://www.rs6000.ibm.com/linux http://oss.software.ibm.com/developerworks/opensource/linux/projects/p http://www.linuxppc.com http://www.linuxppc.org http://www.yellowdog linux.com http://www.suse.com/products/susesoft/PPC http://www.debian.org ------------------------------ Subject: 2.00: C/C++ Contrary to many people's belief, the C environment on the RS/6000 is not very special. The C compiler has quite a number of options that can be used to control how it works, which "dialect" of C it compiles, how it interprets certain language constructs, etc. InfoExplorer includes a Users Guide and a Reference Manual. The compiler can be invoked with either xlc for strict ANSI mode and cc for RT compatible mode (i.e. IBM 6150 with AIX 2). The default options for each mode are set in the /etc/xlc.cfg file, and you can actually add another stanza and create a link to the /bin/xlc executable. The file /usr/lpp/xlc/bin/README.xlc has information about the C compiler, and the file /usr/lpp/bos/bsdport (AIX 3 only) contains useful information, in particular for users from a BSD background. The file /etc/xlc.cfg also shows the symbol _IBMR2 that is predefined, and therefore can be used for #ifdef'ing RS/6000 specific code. ------------------------------ Subject: 2.01: I cannot make alloca work A famous routine, in particular in GNU context, is the allocation routine alloca(). Alloca allocates memory in such a way that it is automatically free'd when the block is exited. Most implementations does this by adjusting the stack pointer. Since not all C environments can support it, its use is discouraged, but it is included in the xlc compiler. In order to make the compiler aware that you intend to use alloca, you must put the line #pragma alloca before any other statements in the C source module(s) where alloca is called. If you don't do this, xlc will not recognize alloca as anything special, and you will get errors during linking. For AIX 3.2, it may be easier to use the -ma flag. ------------------------------ Subject: 2.02: How do I compile my BSD programs? The file /usr/lpp/bos/bsdport contains information on how to port programs written for BSD to AIX 3. This file may be very useful for others as well. A quick cc command for most "standard" BSD programs is: $ cc -D_BSD -D_BSD_INCLUDES -o [loadfile] [sourcefile.c] -lbsd If your software has system calls predefined with no prototype parameters, also use the -D_NO_PROTO flag. ------------------------------ Subject: 2.03: Isn't the linker different from what I am used to? Yes. It is not at all like what you are used to: - The order of objects and libraries is normally _not_ important. The linker reads _all_ objects including those from libraries into memory and does the actual linking in one go. Even if you need to put a library of your own twice on the ld command line on other systems, it is not needed on the RS/6000 - doing so will even make your linking slower. - One of the features of the linker is that it will replace an object in an executable with a new version of the same object: $ cc -o prog prog1.o prog2.o prog3.o # make prog $ cc -c prog2.c # recompile prog2.c $ cc -o prog.new prog2.o prog # make prog.new from prog # by replacing prog2.o - The standard C library /lib/libc.a is linked shared, which means that the actual code is not linked into your program, but is loaded only once and linked dynamically during loading of your program. - The ld program actually calls the binder in /usr/lib/bind, and you can give ld special options to get details about the invocation of the binder. These are found on the ld man page or in InfoExplorer. - If your program normally links using a number of libraries (.a files), you can 'prelink' each of these into an object, which will make your final linking faster. E.g. do: $ cc -c prog1.c prog2.c prog3.c $ ar cv libprog.a prog1.o prog2.o prog3.o $ ld -r -o libprog.o libprog.a $ cc -o someprog someprog.c libprog.o This will solve all internal references between prog1.o, prog2.o and prog3.o and save this in libprog.o Then using libprog.o to link your program instead of libprog.a will increase linking speed, and even if someprog.c only uses, say prog1.o and prog2.o, only those two modules will be in your final program. This is also due to the fact that the binder can handle single objects inside one object module as noted above. If you are using an -lprog option (for libprog.a) above, and still want to be able to do so, you should name the prelinked object with a standard library name, e.g. libprogP.a (P identifying a prelinked object), that can be specified by -lprogP. You cannot use the archiver (ar) on such an object. You should also have a look at section 3.01 of this article, in particular if you have mixed Fortran/C programs. Dave Dennerline (d.dennerline@bull.com) claims that his experiences in prelinking on AIX does not save much time since most people have separate libraries which do not have many dependencies between them, thus not many symbols to resolve. ------------------------------ Subject: 2.04: How do I statically link my program? cc -o prog -bnoso -bI:/lib/syscalls.exp obj1.o obj2.o obj3.o will do that for a program consisting of the three objects obj1.o, etc. [Editor's note: You should never link programs statically that are supposed to leave your local environment, e.g. intended for distribution. Statically linked programs may fail to work after installing a new AIX version or even after installing a PTF.] From: Marc Pawliger (marc@sti.com) As of AIX 3.2.5, you can install a speedup for AIXwindows called Shared Memory Transport. To static link an X application after the SMT PTF has been installed, you must link with -bI:/usr/lpp/X11/bin/smt.exp and the executable will NOT run on a machine where SMT is not installed. See /usr/lpp/X11/README.SMT