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Path: senator-bedfellow.mit.edu!bloom-beacon.mit.edu!newsfeed.stanford.edu!info1.fnal.gov!fsui03.fnal.gov!not-for-mail From: Marc Mengel <mengel.nospam@users.sourceforge.net> Newsgroups: soc.religion.quaker,news.answers,soc.answers Subject: soc.religion.quaker Answers to Frequently Asked Questions Followup-To: soc.religion.quaker Date: 1 May 2004 01:00:05 -0500 Organization: None Lines: 863 Approved: news-answers-request@MIT.Edu Distribution: world Expires: 14 Jun 2004 06:00:03 GMT Message-ID: <srq_1083391203@mwm.chi.il.us> Reply-To: Marc Mengel <mengel.nospam@users.sourceforge.net> NNTP-Posting-Host: fsui03.fnal.gov Content-Type: text/plain; format=x-usenet-FAQ; charset=us-ascii; version=1.0; title="Quaker-faq" X-Trace: info1.fnal.gov 1083391428 15326 131.225.68.24 (1 May 2004 06:03:48 GMT) X-Complaints-To: abuse@fnnews.fnal.gov NNTP-Posting-Date: 1 May 2004 06:03:48 GMT Summary: Assorted answers to questions frequently asked about the Religious Society of Friends (a.k.a. Quakers) in soc.religion.quaker Archive-name: Quaker-faq Last-update: Fri Apr 2 15:08:11 CST 2004 Version: 1.33 Xref: senator-bedfellow.mit.edu soc.religion.quaker:93460 news.answers:270648 soc.answers:19046 In response to various requests in soc.religion.quaker I have compiled the following FAQ answers posting. The history in particular is rather sketchy. This is an evolving document, and corrections are welcomed. This posting is now being automatically posted monthly, to soc.religion.quaker, soc.answers, and news.answers on USENET news, and is in Internet Digest FAQ format. This also causes it to automatically appear in various places (See ftp://rtfm.mit.edu/pub/usenet/news.answers/Quaker-faq), (See http://www.faqs.org/faqs/Quaker-faq/), and others too numerous to list. To get this posting by e-mail, send the following message +---------------------------------------------------+ |To: mail-server@rtfm.mit.edu | |Subject: | | | |send pub/usenet-by-group/news.answers/Quaker-faq | +---------------------------------------------------+ [Note that those are *all* dashes "-" not underscores "_"] Note also that most email addresses in this posting have been modified to reduce "spam" to those mentioned. Please remove the '.nospam' from the main header addresses, or replace " at " with "@" and " dot " with "." in mentioned addresses when sending. (See: http://www.cdt.org/speech/spam/030319spamreport.shtml) Marc Mengel <mengel at users dot sourceforge dot net> ----- 0)Overview 1 Names 1.1 Quakers 1.2 Shakers 1.3 Plymouth Bretheren 1.4 Oatmeal, Motor Oil, etc. 2 History 2.1 Origins 2.2 American Friends 2.3 "Programmed" and "Unprogrammed" Meetings 2.4 Worldwide Friends 3 Meetings for Worship 3.1 Traditional/Unprogrammed/Silent Meetings 3.2 Programmed Meetings 3.3 Children at Meeting for Worship 4 Meetings for Business 4.1 Monthly Meetings 4.2 Committees 4.3 Quarterly/Regional Meetings 4.4 Yearly Meetings 5 Beliefs of Friends 5.1 Christianity 5.2 Authority 5.3 Marriage 5.4 War 5.5 Oaths 5.6 The Death Penalty, the Prison System, etc. 5.7 Rituals, sacraments, etc. 5.8 Dress 6 Terms, Acronyms etc. 7 Speech mannerisms 7.1 Thee and Thou (archaic) 7.2 I have a Concern... 7.3 Days of the Week 7.4 Speaking Truth to Power 8 Where can I find... 8.1 a local Quaker meeting 8.2 Quaker publications 8.3 Quaker email, lists, etc. 9 Bibliography ---- Subject: (1) Names Subject: (1.1) Quakers The term "Quaker" refers to a member ofthe Religious Society of Friends, which is the proper name of the sect. There are two reputed origins of the term, the first refers to people "quaking" or trembling when feeling moved by the Holy Spirit to speak in Meetings for Worship. The other according to Elfrida Vipont Brown, is: George Fox was arrested in Derby in October 1650 and charged with blasphemy. The magistrates who tried him were Gervase Bennett and Colonel Nathaniel Barton. George Fox was questioned intermittently over an eight hour period, during which at one point George Fox told the magistrates "Tremble at the word of the Lord". It was Justice Bennett who coined the name "Quakers" for the followers of George Fox. Subject: (1.2) Shakers The "Quakers" are occasionally confused with the "Shakers"; the Shakers were to some extent a "spin-off" of the Quakers, a group started by a Manchester, England woman, Ann Lee, who was born Quaker. She formed a "celibate order" which started communities throughout the United States. The Shakers are quite interesting in their own right, adding speaking in tongues and free-form dancing to the end of a Quaker-style silent meeting. There are fewer than 10 Shakers left today in the last remaining Shaker community in Maine, but several of their communities are preserved as museums. Subject: (1.3) Plymouth Brethren The Plymouth Brethren are not an offshoot of Quakerism and not a branch of the (German) Brethren church, to the best I have been informed. Subject: (1.4) Oatmeal, Motor Oil, etc. Since the city of Philadelphia and the state of Pennsylvania in the United States were started by Quakers, many businesses and towns originating in that area mention Quakers in their names. In fact these names are particularly common in places like Quakertown, PA., where the names are actually derived from the name of the town. This leads many to the incorrect conclusion that members of the Religious Society of Friends still are in the habit of wearing the late 1600's period clothing of the person pictured on the Quaker Oats(tm) box; this perhaps contributes to the common American confusion between Quakers and the Amish (who really *do* wear clothing styles standardized in the 1600's). Subject: (2) History Subject: (2.1) Origins The Religious Society of Friends was started in England around 1650, by many people, the most famous being George Fox. They in fact intended to start a movement to unify the splintered Christian churches, rather than to start a separate sect. Many radical groups were formed in England about this time as a result of the turmoil, economic injustice, and starvation caused by the English Revolution and Civil War, and the repeated changes between Catholicism and Anglicism in England; however most of these groups disappeared soon after the restoration of the monarchy. Subject: (2.2) American Friends Friends were active in New England almost from the beginning of the Quaker movement, as early as 1654. The Puritans of Massachusetts, found Quaker ideas unacceptable and exiled Friends on pain of death. Between 1659 and 1661 one woman and three men were hanged for returning after such banishment. George Fox spent over a year in America in 1672. The Quaker population increased greatly after 1682 when William Penn (who was a Friend) set about the foundation of Pennsylvania and started the city of Philadelphia. Friends in general showed an enlightened attitude to Native Americans, and were also active in the movement against the slave trade. Later, they helped escaped slaves and worked for the abolition of slavery, due in part to the work and ministry of John Woolman (See "Bibliography"). Subject: (2.3) "Programmed", "Unprogrammed", "Evangelical", etc. Meetings, During the Revival movement in the later 1800's many Friends Meetings were influenced by Revival preachers. Many of these later hired preachers and now hold more "conventional" services, with a preacher, choir, etc. These meetings often call themselves "Quaker Churches" or "Friend's Churches" rather than "Quaker Meetings" or "Friends Meetings." Some such branches of Quakerism refer to themselves as "Evangelical Friends", and some have gone so far as to hold baptisms and communion, which many consider an extreme departure from early Quakerism. There are considered to have been quite a few "schisms" in Quakerism over the years; the overall history is far too complicated to describe here. Subject: (2.4) Worldwide Friends Many of the Friends elsewhere in the world (besides Britain, Europe, and America) are more of the "Programmed" meeting variety. There are large numbers of Friends in various countries around the world, especially Kenya. Subject: (3) Meetings for Worship Subject: (3.1) Traditional/Unprogrammed/Silent Meetings Silent Meetings for Worship are quite a bit different from most organized religious services. Basically those attending the meeting sit silently, trying to listen to the (Holy) Spirit , until someone is moved by the Spirit to speak. The person so moved generally stands, says what they have to say, and sits down. Meetings like this generally run for about an hour, and it is not out of the ordinary for a meeting to be silent the whole hour. It is customary to wait a few minutes between speakers to allow time for consideration of what they have said. It is considered bad form to "debate" a topic or otherwise argue a point at Meeting for Worship. More subtle forms of disagreement, such as telling a related story and how it made you feel bad, etc. are occasionally employed. Subject: (3.2) Programmed Meetings A Quaker Church service is very similar in format to most Methodist or Baptist services, if a little more mellow. However, while it is uncommon for members of the congregation to rise to speak, this is not unheard of, and there are often periods of silence. Subject: (3.3) Children at Meeting for Worship Many visitors to meeting, especially those to unprogrammed or silent meetings, worry a lot about their children and whether the children are being quiet enough. They should relax :-). While it would be appropriate to take your child out of meeting if the child is screaming or being noisy for long periods, the occasional noises of small children are generally welcomed. Some paper and crayons, or a book to read for older children is often helpful, too. Most children, especially those of visitors, have a tough time sitting silently for a full hour. Fortunately most Meetings have some sort of "First Day School" or "Sunday school" for children. If you see an adult rising after the start of Meeting and all the children filing out, they're probably headed for the First Day School. Friends are generally quite tolerant of babies and their noises. It should be considered normal at most unprogrammed meetings to breast feed babies during meeting. Subject: (4) Meetings for Business "Quakers are peculiar, and our organizational arrangements are too. We do not fit easily into any worldly model of governance, not even simple democracy." -- Jim Nichols Groups of Friends who conduct business as a group are generally named by how often they meet, and the period between meetings is generally proportional to the size of the group. (i.e. a group that meets monthly is a "Monthly Meeting," a group that meets quarterly is a "Quarterly Meeting," etc.) Meetings for business (or more properly Meetings for Worship with a Concern for Business) are held in the manner of a silent meeting for worship, although there is a Clerk who attempts to find and record the collectively acquired insight of the Meeting. All decisions are made by finding the "Sense of the Meeting," which is a statement that feels right to everyone in the meeting at that time. These are generally recorded in the minutes of the meeting, after being approved. The Glasgo Quaker Meeting has a good writeup on this (See http://quakerscotland.gn.apc.org/business.htm) Subject: (4.1) Monthly Meetings Local meetings that hold Meetings for Worship generally hold meetings for business once a month, and are called "Monthly Meetings." The Monthly Meeting usually deals with membership, marriages, paying rent, etc for the meeting facilities and/or real estate, etc. Monthly meetings sometimes have one or more "Preparative Meetings", which do business with the monthly meeting, but meet elsewhere. Subject: (4.2) Committees Since most Unprogrammed Friends' meetings don't have a paid staff of any kind most activities are performed by various Committees of the membership. Most larger meetings have at least 10 committees of varying description to maintain the building, make or organize food, watch the finances, send out a newsletter, etc. Committees often recommend items to the Monthly meeting for action, and are generally required to meet (at least) annually. Subject: (4.3) Quarterly/Regional Meetings Larger regional groups of Friends are usually groups of Monthly Meetings, which meet quarterly, and are often referred to as Quarterly Meetings or General Meetings. Representatives from the various Monthly Meetings generally attend such meetings. Quarterly meetings are often places to discuss issues in preparation for Yearly Meetings. Subject: (4.4) Yearly/General Meetings Even larger groups of Friends are also usually groups of Monthly Meetings representing several regions, and are referred to as Yearly or General Meetings. Representatives from the various Monthly Meetings generally attend such meetings. Some meetings are members of more than one Yearly Meeting. There is no overall central organization which claims all Friends as members, although several organizations (e.g. Friends World Committee on Consultation) do provide services worldwide. Subject: (5) Beliefs of Friends Friends' beliefs are a little hard to quantify, since Friends do not believe in having a fixed Creed or Dogma, but rather in seeking for the leadings of God within ourselves. However, some generalizations are possible, which are gone over below. It is interesting to note that many of these positions have evolved over time, and while they now seem like fairly straightforward extensions of basic Quaker belief, they involved much discussion and soul-searching in the past. Some issues are still evolving, and you will find that current issues like same-gender relationships, abortion, etc. are topics on which it is very difficult to achieve unity. At present, I suspect you can find Friends Meetings with nearly any viewpoint in the spectrum of possibilities on these issues, and that any official position is very carefully worded. Subject: (5.1) Christianity The Religious Society of Friends is a Christian organization, in the sense that it is originally based on the teachings of Jesus in the New Testament. You will in general find some disagreement among Friends about whether there was a Virgin Birth, whether various miracles were supernatural occurances or religious embellishments, whether Jesus was The Son of God, or just one of God's children etc. You will in general find agreement that those differences are not important :-). We *can* all agree that certain things "feel Right," that there is a part of us that knows what right and wrong are, and that that part of us is the "Inner Light", or in some sense God. Friends have our own traditional Universalism, which is quite different from Unitarian Universalism. One may find many expressions of our traditional Quaker Universalism in the writings of George Fox, Isaac Penington, Robert Barclay, William Penn, John Richardson, and other first- and second-generation Friends -- and in the writings of John Woolman, etc. -- and yes, in the writings of Joseph John Gurney too. This traditional Quaker Universalism does not say that all religions are completely true, let alone that they are equally true. But it affirms that, as all people have the Light (John 1:9), so they have it whether they consider themselves Christians or not; and people of all faiths and upbringings may give expression to the promptings of that Light in their words and deeds, so that, as a result, one finds the Light expressing itself from time to time through religious leaders within *all* faiths. Thus in a religion which overall contains many errors -- be it Buddhism or Hinduism or Protestantism or Catholicism -- there will nevertheless be some genuine and wonderful expressions of the Light. One who knows Christ will recognize and honor these expressions of the Light, even as she recognizes and avoids the errors elsewhere in those religions. This is why, at Quaker Meetings, people occasionally refer to the _Tao Te Ching_, the _Koran_, etc. at Meetings as well as various translations of the _Bible_. (and sometimes _Winnie The Pooh_... :-)) Subject: (5.2) Authority Friends generally have held that people are people; no one is more "holy" than anyone else, (except *maybe* Christ, (See "Christianity")) and that everyone has equal access to the part of God in all of us. Thus Friends have traditionally refused to use honorifics like "Your Honor," "Your Eminence," etc. The only authority a Meeting has is that its members all agree that its actions are in keeping with that of God of each of its members. This is of course the Highest Form of authority to a Friend. These beliefs about authority have a lot to do with Friends' beliefs about Marriage, War, etc. (below) and the reason Friends do not have "priests" that perform blessings, marriages, etc. Friends have also traditionally refused to use terms of royalty, or of office, like "Your Highness" or "Your Honor". As Barclay writes (from Dean Freiday's edition, on p. 391): 2. It is not lawful for Christians to kneel before or prostrate themselves to any man, or to bow the body or uncover the head. The previous point also makes the same point as to "word honor" in court, specifically the use of terms including "Your Honor." On p. 402 there is a more extensive discussion of Kneeling, Bowing, and Removing the Hat, with some Biblical references. A footnote quotes George Fox's Journal, as follows: "When the Lord sent me forth into the world, he forbade me to put off my hat to any, high or low...neither might I bow or scrape with my leg to any one." G. Fox, Journal, Bi-Centenary Edition, London, Headley, 1902, v. 1, p. 38. Finally, p. 404 remarks, "Many of us have been badly beaten and buffeted about, and we have even been imprisoned for several months for no other reason except that we would not uncover our heads or bow our bodies to satisfy the proud and unreasonable whims of egotistical men. Certainly the innocent practice of standing still and erect without taking off our hats any more than our shoes does not show as much rudeness as the beatings and knocking about we have had because of our practice." Subject: (5.3) Marriage Officially, two Friends marry each other under the care of the meeting, but no person "marries" them, God does. Most meetings reserve the right to refuse to take a marriage under their care if they feel the couple is not "clear" about their intention to marry. Generally all present at the ceremony sign the wedding certificate. In the USA there have been a *few* meetings which have performed same-gender marriages; and in one or two states for a while some of them were even legal. This is a topic of much discussion in many meetings, and is not something you can assume any given meeting considers okay. Also to my knowledge the states whose marriage laws had "Quaker loopholes" allowing Meetings to perform same gender marriages have closed them. On the other hand, several states are now considering allowing same-gender marriages... Subject: (5.4) War Friends have generally refused to fight in wars, in particular refused the draft, since the mid to late 1600's. As the "George Fox Song" says: "If we give you a rifle will you fight for the Lord? But you can't kill the Devil with a gun or a sword." Friends groups like the Friends Committee on National Legislation (FCNL) lobby heavily against military involvement and military spending along with their other priorities. Friends are also concerned about finding causes of war in our daily lives -- do you own something that someone else would kill to have? Friends organizations (like the Friends Ambulance Unit in both World Wars) have attempted to reduce the suffering of wars, and Quaker House near the United Nations is active in various diplomatic efforts, allowing "off the record" discussions between parties who don't officially recognize one another, etc. Subject: (5.5) Oaths Friends traditionally refuse to take oaths of any kind, including oaths of fealty, pledges of allegiance, etc. (Read the book of Matthew if you wonder why :-)) Subject: (5.6) The Death Penalty, the Prison System, etc. "Judge not, lest ye be judged," "Let that person among you who is without sin cast the first stone," ... Need I say more? Okay, while early Friends (as in early Pennsylvania law) had a death penalty for some crimes, most modern Friends organizations are very active in anti- death-penalty and prison reform/abolition groups, as much for pragmatic reasons as for moral ones. Subject: (5.7) Rituals, sacraments, etc. Friends generally conduct very simple weddings and memorial services and do not outwardly observe baptism or the Lord's Supper. Friends seek to experience the sacraments in an inward and continuing manner without symbols. The general feeling is that rituals tend to become more important than the meaning they are intended to convey. Subject: (5.8) Dress Many people, are under the impression that Quakers have rules about clothing, hats, bonnets, etc. similar to the standards among the Amish, the Old Order Mennonites, and certain Orthodox Jewish sects. One explanation for this confusion is the image on the Quaker Oats(tm) logo (See (1.4) Oatmeal, Motor Oil...); another is the traditional refusal of Friends to rise or doff their hats to figures considered to be in authority. (See (5.2) Authority) While most Friends do dress less ostentatiously than the average, this is more a reflection of the overall Quaker emphasis on the inner spirit rather than outward appearances, not any sort of enforced restriction on clothing. Subject: (6) Terms, Acronyms etc. AFSC,CFSC,...: American (Canadian,...) Friends Service Committee -- a national organization which works on projects and programs reflecting traditional Friends' issues. Birthright/Convinced: Friends who are born to Quaker families and decide to stay with it are called "birthright" Friends, those who join later are "convinced"; the term "converted" is rarely if ever used. Clearness: When it is clear to you that something is right. Clearness Committee: A group formed to help someone decide if something is right. Often formed to interview a couple contemplating marriage for example. Faith and Practice: Title of a book published by several Yearly Meetings which describes "standard" practices for accepting new members, holding business meetings, etc. as well as a lot of the philosophy behind them. A good source of Queries, and good Quakerly form letters. (See "Bibliography") There are many versions, most notably the Britain Yearly Meeting and Philadelphia Yearly Meeting versions. (Britain Yearly Meeting (formerly London Yearly Meeting) historically had a separate "Church Government" volume). FCNL: Friends Committee on National Legislation -- a Lobbying group that works for legislation reflecting traditional Friends' issues. FGC/FUM: Friends General Conference/Friends United Meeting, are national organizations of Friends that provides support services for Monthly and Yearly Meetings and which organize yearly national gatherings. FGC's membership is predomin- ately unprogrammed meetings, while FUM's membership is predominately programmed meetings. FWCC: Friends World Committee on Consultation is sort of like FGC or FUM, but on a worldwide scale. Light: Friends often speak of the Light Within, which is a term for that of God in each of us. Query: A good question to ask yourself, often from some published source, often a leading question; like "Do you seek to find that of God in those around you, especially those you disagree with?" Sense of the Meeting: A statement of what the group agrees with or is in unity with, or more correctly the idea that such a statment expresses. Weighty Friends: Folks who can be counted on to say something deep that really makes you think. Especially someone good at finding the Sense of a Meeting and expressing it. Subject: (7) Speech mannerisms Subject: (7.1) Thee and Thou (archaic) Among early Quakers it was traditional to call everyone and anyone thee and thou, including royalty and church officials, who were to be referred to in the plural in deference to their official Holier than Thou position. This practice continued for some time after English speakers started calling *everyone* "you" rather than "thou." Only a few (usually older) Friends use thee and thou anymore. Subject: (7.2) I have a Concern... Is the traditional method of bringing up an issue to a Meeting for business. A much stronger statement than it sounds like, since one unsettled concern about something will stop it from being done. Usage: "I have a concern that replacing this mailbox will hurt the baby birds nesting in the current one..." Subject: (7.3) Days of the Week Early Friends made a big deal out of removing names of Mythology figures (Greek, Roman, and Norse Gods) and such from their speech. Thus the days of the week are referred to as "First Day" through "Seventh Day" instead of Sunday through Saturday, and "First Month" through "Twelfth Month" instead of January through December. This notation is common in writings like _The Journal of John Woolman_ and other classic Friends writings. Modern Friends are often not so picky, but Minutes of business meetings, etc. often still refer to the days numerically, and it is invariably called "First Day School" not "Sunday School" at Quaker meetings in the US. This can lead to some tricky phrasing when talking about the second Sunday of May, which is of course the second First Day of Fifth Month... Subject: (7.4) Speaking Truth to Power Refers to the general concept of the child asking the Emperor "why aren't you wearing any clothes?" that is, that the truth often helps those in power stop deluding themselves. Subject: (7.5) Holding in the Light Thinking of someone or something while worshipping, in effect praying for them silently. Subject: (8) Where can I find... Subject: (8.1) a local Quaker meeting One of the best places to look is in your local telephone directory; look for: Localtown Fellowship of Friends Localtown Friends Meeting/Church Friends Fellowship of Localtown Friends House Friends Meeting/Church of Localtown Friends, Religious Society of Quaker Meeting of Localtown Localtown Quaker Meeting Religious Society of Friends Society of Friends (with local town names) in your local white pages, or in the yellow pages under "Churches". FGC now has http://www.quakerfinder.org/ to help people find unprogrammed meetings in the U.S. and Canada. It includes not only FGC-affiliated monthly meetings, but also those in Conservative and Independent yearly meetings (I've heard some talk of extending it even further but that's still just talk). If you're really stuck, try contacting: Chel Avery, Director Quaker Information Center 1501 Cherry Street Philadelphia, PA 19102 (215) 241-7024 or Friends Journal 1216 Arch Street, Ste. 2A Philadelphia, PA 19107 Phone: 215-563-8629 Fax: 215-568-1377 Email: FriendsJnl at aol dot com (See http://www.friendsjournal.org/) They probably have a meeting in your area on their mailing list. They can also get you free introductory issues of Friends Journal. or in the UK, try first: http://www.quaker.org.uk/ which has a postal-code search for local Meetings, or paper mail or e-mail to: Quaker Life Friends House Euston Road London NW1 2BJ <ql at quaker dot org uk> Or drop a note to Friends World Committee 1506 Race Street Philadelphia PA 19102 USA and ask them for a contact at your nearest Yearly Meeting, who can probably point you to a nearby Monthly Meeting. Subject: (8.2) Quaker publications Here are some bookstores that specialize in Quaker publications. The numbers are mainly listed as dialed from the USA/Canada. For things hard to find, Quakers Uniting in Publications (See: http://www.quaker.org/quip) has a Quaker books in print database. Barclay Press 110 Elliott Rd. Newberg, OR, USA 97132 1-503-538-7435 Friends' Book Shop Pendle Hill Bookstore Box J Wallingford PA, USA 19086 1-610-566-4514 1-800-742-3150 Friends United Press 101-A Quaker Hill Dr. Richmond IN, USA, 47374 1-800-537-8838 Friends General Conference Bookstore 1216 Arch St., 2B, Philadelphia PA, USA, 19107 (See http://www.quakerbooks.org/) 1-800-966-4556 Friends House, 173-177 Euston Road, LONDON, UK. NW1 2BJ 020 7663 1000 (+44 020 7663 1000 international) FAX 020 7663 1001 (+44 020 7663 1001 international) [microfilms also avaliable from the library there] George Fox College Bookstore 414 N. Meridian Newberg OR, 97132 1-503-538-8383 Subject: (8.3) Electronic publications Current information on several Quaker mailing lists is available on the web. (See http://cpcug.org/user/wsamuel/qeu.html) There is a British list Quaker-B, send mail saying: subscribe Quaker-B <my-real name> to listserv@listserv.rl.ac.uk to subscribe. Quaker-Spectrum mailing list: One may subscribe by sending the message "subscribe" to: Quaker-Spectrum-request@mes1s0.engr.ccny.cuny.edu Read soc.religion.quaker and/or bit.listserv.quaker-p on USENET news. Read the Quaker Electronic Archive (See http://www/qis.net/~daruma) A World-Wide-Web page is being maintained by Russ Nelson (See http://www.quaker.org/) Subject: (9) Bibliography /* Additions from Friends on the 'net -- Marc */ * _A Certain Kind of Perfection_ Margery Post Abbott, Pendle Hill Publications * _The People Called Quakers_, D. Elton Trueblood, Barclay Press * _Quaker by Convincement_, Geoffrey Hubbard, Quaker Home Service, London * _The Quaker Reader_, Jessamyn West (Ed.), Pendle Hill Press * _Why Friends are Friends_, Jack Wilcuts, Barclay Press * _J. Walter Malone: The Autobiography oF an Evangelical Quaker_, Lanham, MD. Univesity Press of America, 1993 /* Written 3:44 pm Nov 9, 1992 by jsax at igc dot apc dot org in igc:gen.quaker */ /* ---------- "BIBLIOGRAPHY OF QUAKER READINGS" ---------- */ QUAKER BIBLIOGRAPHY: A SHORT LIST FOR THE SEEKER Revised November 1992 by Joel GAzis-SAx With Additions from Martin Kelly, 2004 * QUAKERS IN AMERICA, Thomas Hamm, Columbia UP, 2003 * FRIENDS FOR 350 YEARS, Howard Brinton, Pendle Hill, (previously FRIENDS FOR 300 YEARS) 1952. Combines history and interpretation in an excellent single volume on the essentials of Quakerism. * GUIDE TO QUAKER PRACTICE, Howard Brinton, Pendle Hill pamphlet #20. * THE FAITH AND PRACTICE OF QUAKERS, Rufus M. Jones, Doran, N.Y., 1938. * QUAKER SPIRITUALITY, ed. Douglas Steere, Paulist Press, 1984. * BARCLAY'S APOLOGY IN MODERN ENGLISH, Dean Friday, editor, 1967. * THE AMAZING FACT OF QUAKER WORSHIP, George H. Gorman, Swarthmore Lecture, 1973, Friends Home Service Committee, London. * BEYOND MAJORITY RULE (VOTELESS DECISIONS IN THE RELIGIOUS SOCIETY OF FRIENDS), Michael J. Sheeran, S.J., Philadelphia Yearly Meeting of Religious Society of Friends, 1983. * UNMASKING THE IDOLS: A JOURNEY AMONG FRIENDS, Douglas Gwyn, Friends United Press, Richmond, Indiana, 1989. * WHAT IS QUAKERISM?: A PRIMER, George T. Peck, Pendle Hill Pamphlet #277. * THE QUAKERS OR OUR NEIGHBORS, THE FRIENDS, William J. Whalen, Friends General Conference, Philadelphia, 1984. * FAITH AND PRACTICE: A QUAKER GUIDE TO CHRISTIAN DISCIPLINE, Pacific Yearly Meeting of the Religious Society of Friends. * FAITH AND PRACTICE: A BOOK OF CHRISTIAN DISCIPLINE, Philadelphia Yearly Meeting of the Religious Society of Friends. * CHRISTIAN FAITH AND PRACTICE IN THE EXPERIENCE OF THE SOCIETY OF FRIENDS, Britain Yearly Meeting. * THE BEGINNINGS OF QUAKERISM, William C. Braithwaite, Rowntree Series of Quaker Histories. * PORTRAIT IN GREY (A SHORT HISTORY OF THE QUAKERS), John Punshon, Quaker Home Service, London, 1984. * THE QUIET REBELS: THE STORY OF THE QUAKERS IN AMERICA, Margaret Hope Bacon, New Society Publishers, Philadelphia, 1985. includes an introduction "The Quaker Contribution to Nonviolent Action." * THE QUAKER PEACE TESTIMONY: 1660 TO 1914, Peter Brock, Sessions Book Trust, York, 1990. * THE JOURNAL OF GEORGE FOX. * THE JOURNAL OF JOHN WOOLMAN. * APOCALYPSE OF THE WORD, Douglas Gwyn, Friends United Press (study guide available) * A TESTAMENT OF DEVOTION, Thomas R. Kelly, Harper and Bros., NY, 1941. * THERE IS A SPIRIT (SONNETS INSPIRED BY JAMES NAYLER), Kenneth Boulding, Fellowship Publications, 1945. * FRIENDLY STORY CARAVAN, Anna P. Broomell, Pendle Hill Publications. * A GUIDE FOR FRIENDS ON CONSCIENTIOUS OBJECTION TO WAR, Ben Richmond, Friends United Meeting 1991 * NEW CALL FOR PEACEMAKERS (STUDY GUIDE), Faith and Life Press, Newton, Kansas, 1979. * BIBLICAL PACIFISM: A PEACE CHURCH PERSPECTIVE, Dale W. Brown, Brethren Press, Elgin, Ill., 1986. * FIRST AMONG FRIENDS: GEORGE FOX AND THE CREATION OF QUAKERISM, H. Larry Ingle, Oxford University Press, 1994 -- ----- Marc Mengel <mengel@fnal.gov>