ftp.cse.unsw.edu.au/2014.06.ftp.cse.unsw.edu.au.tar/ftp.cse.unsw.edu.au/pub/doc/standards/posix/p1003.0/d13/c.3.Z/c.3

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          IEEE P1003.0 Draft 13    - September 1991


            Copyright (c) 1991 by the
     Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.
               345 East 47th Street
             New York, NY 10017, USA
           All rights reserved as an unpublished work.

       This is an unapproved and unpublished IEEE Standards Draft,
       subject to change.  The publication, distribution, or
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       on this draft, is expressly prohibited except as    set forth
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       Permission is hereby granted for    IEEE Standards Committee
       participants to reproduce this document for purposes of IEEE
       standardization activities only,    and subject to the
       restrictions contained herein.

       Permission is hereby also granted for member bodies and
       technical committees of ISO and IEC to reproduce    this
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       subject to the restrictions contained herein.

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 ENVIRONMENT INTERIM DOCUMENT                                  P1003.0/D13

 CBEMA's members are mostly large manufacturers because its dues are tied
 to corporate revenues and structured in a way that makes it too expensive
 for small companies to join.  Members are either American companies or US
 subsidiaries of non-American companies.

 For more information, contact CBEMA, 311 First Street, NW, Suite 500,
 Washington, DC 20001-2178, Telephone: [phone].

 _C_O_D_A_S_Y_L_:__T_h_e__C_o_n_f_e_r_e_n_c_e__o_n__D_a_t_a__S_y_s_t_e_m_s__L_a_n_g_u_a_g_e_s

 The Conference on Data Systems Language (CODASYL) has been active since
 1960 in the development of the COBOL language, through its COBOL
 Committee (CC).  Since 1969, it also has been active in the development
 of a common Data Description Language for defining schemas and
 subschemas, and in a data manipulation language, through the DBTG Data
 Base Task Group of the CC.  The activities of the CC are documented in
 the COBOL Journal of Development, which serves as the official COBOL
 language specification.

 In 1969, ANSI (then the United States of America Standards Institute)
 issued the first COBOL standard.  At that time, the X3.4 committee stated
 that X3.4 recognizes the CODASYL COBOL Committee as the development and
 maintenance authority for COBOL.  In practice, this meant that ANSI
 agreed not to make any changes to the CODASYL-defined language
 specification.  Although this agreement has been challenged over the
 years, the CODASYL-ANSI agreement is still strong.  As a result, the
 CODASYL has enormous influence upon the COBOL language.

 Toward the end of 1971, a new CODASYL committee was established--the Data
 Description Language Committee (DDLC).  The DDLC was formed to serve the
 same functions for the schema DDL as the CC does for COBOL.  That is,
 since the schema DDL is a conceptual schema and network-model database
 language for use with many programming languages, not just COBOL, the
 DDLC continues the schema DDL development and publishes its own Journal
 of Development documenting the language's current status.

 The COBOL DML and subschema DDL (for defining an external view) of the
 DBTG are COBOL-specific and have remained part of the CC under the name
 ``The COBOL Data Base Facility.''

 The CODASYL membership is composed of voluntary representatives, mostly
 from computer manufacturers and users in industry and the US Federal
 government.

 _C_O_S_:__C_o_r_p_o_r_a_t_i_o_n__f_o_r__O_p_e_n__S_y_s_t_e_m_s

 COS is a US-based, international, nonprofit association of vendors and
 users, formed in 1985 to promote and accelerate the adoption of
 interoperable, multivendor products and services based on OSI and ISDN


               Copyright c 1991 IEEE.  All rights reserved.
      This is an unapproved IEEE Standards Draft, subject to change.





 C.3 The Informal Standards Organizations                              307





 P1003.0/D13                               GUIDE TO THE POSIX OPEN SYSTEMS

 standards.  To accomplish its goals, COS provides a user-vendor forum for
 the statement of user requirements and the discussion and management of
 the issues surrounding the deployment of open systems.  COS also
 identifies test requirements, and sponsors test tools development and
 conformance and interoperability testing to verify that computer products
 and services conform to OSI or ISDN standards.

 COS's membership consists of more than 60 prominent manufacturer, user,
 and telecommunication service organizations worldwide.  COS cooperates
 with similar organizations such as SPAG Services in Europe and POSI in
 Japan.  Other key groups in the worldwide promotion, implementation and
 testing of OSI and ISDN standards are affiliated with COS under its
 Alliance Associate program.

 For further information, contact the Corporation for Open Systems, 1750
 Old Meadow Road, Suite 400, McLean, VA 22102-4306, USA, Telephone:
 [phone], Fax:  [phone].  In Europe contact Corporation for
 Open Systems, Avenue des Arts 1-2, bte 11, 1040 Bruxelles, Belgique,
 Telephone:  [phone], Fax:  [phone].

 _E_M_U_G_/_O_S_I_T_O_P_:__E_u_r_o_p_e_a_n__U_s_e_r_s__G_r_o_u_p_s

 These groups are involved in promoting and developing the MAP and TOP
 specifications (see below for MAP/TOP).

 _E_P_R_I_:__E_l_e_c_t_r_i_c__P_o_w_e_r__R_e_s_e_a_r_c_h__I_n_s_t_i_t_u_t_e

 The Electric Power Research Institute's (EPRI) is an industry association
 concerned with electric power utilities.  Its membership comprises more
 than 673 publicly and privately owned utilities in the United States.
 Besides providing a variety of utility-specific services to its
 membership, EPRI's latest mission is to facilitate the use of open
 systems technology in the utility industry.

 Toward this end, EPRI has developed a Utilities Communication
 Architecture (UCA), which is similar to the National Institute for
 Standards and Technology's (NIST) Government Open Systems Interconnect
 Profile (GOSIP) Version 2.0.  Much of the UCA was developed by EPRI with
 the cooperation of Honeywell and Anderson Consulting.

 EPRI's specific open system interests span realtime UNIX, expert systems,
 and database access using RDA and SQL.  Because of the financial
 structure of the utilities industry, EPRI wants to encourage these and
 other open systems technologies for equipment with a 12 to 15 year life
 cycle.

 For further information, contact EPRI's headquarters at 3412 Hillview
 Avenue, P.O.  Box 10412, Palo Alto, CA 94303, Telephone:  [phone].



               Copyright c 1991 IEEE.  All rights reserved.
      This is an unapproved IEEE Standards Draft, subject to change.





 308                                C Standards Infrastructure Description





 ENVIRONMENT INTERIM DOCUMENT                                  P1003.0/D13

 _E_S_P_R_I_T (_E_u_r_o_p_e_a_n _S_t_r_a_t_e_g_i_c _P_r_o_g_r_a_m_m_e _f_o_r _R_e_s_e_a_r_c_h _a_n_d _D_e_v_e_l_o_p_m_e_n_t _i_n
 _I_n_f_o_r_m_a_t_i_o_n _T_e_c_h_n_o_l_o_g_y)

 The European Strategic Programme for Research and development in
 Information Technology is a European research programme initiative,
 started in 1982 and sponsored by the Commission of the European
 Communities.  About 227 projects were implemented during the first phase
 of the project in five major work areas:  advanced microelectronics,
 software engineering and technology, advanced information processing,
 office automation, and computer integrated manufacturing.

 Nearly thirty projects have enabled substantial advances to be made in
 establishing internationally recognized standards.  Examples of the
 Portable Communications Tool Environment (PCTE) project, the
 Communication Network for Manufacturing Applications (CNMA) project, and
 the Herode project, which has prepared an Office Document Architecture
 standard for adoption as an ISO standard.

 The second phase of the Esprit programme will be concerned mainly with
 three areas--microelectronics and peripheral technologies; the creation
 of technologies and tools for the design of information processing
 systems; and enhancing the capacity for using and integrating information
 technology to extend the scope of its applications.

 For further information contact ESPRIT, Director General, DG XIII, CEC,
 rue de la Loi 200, B-1049 Brussels, Belgium, Telephone:
 (32 2) 235 11 11, and Telex:  21877 comeu b.

 _E_T_S_I_:__E_u_r_o_p_e_a_n__T_e_l_e_c_o_m_m_u_n_i_c_a_t_i_o_n_s__S_t_a_n_d_a_r_d_s__I_n_s_t_i_t_u_t_e

 The European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI), founded in
 1988, is a voluntary standards organization involved in producing the
 telecommunications standards necessary to achieve a European unified
 market.  ETSI was established outside the CEN/CENELEC framework.  ETSI,
 however, works with CEN, CENELEC, and the European Broadcasting Union
 (EBU) in areas of mutual interest.

 ETSI's voting membership consists of postal administrations, along with
 manufacturers and trade associations, in each of the CEPT countries.
 Membership is not restricted to official representatives of member
 countries.  The United States and US companies have been granted observer
 status.

 Standards approved by ETSI are voluntary standards known as ETS (European
 Telecommunications Standards).  ETSI also conducts prestandardization
 studies, develops technical reports and guidelines, holds conferences,
 workshops, seminars, and conducts interviews.  ETSI's interim standards
 are designated I-ETS.



               Copyright c 1991 IEEE.  All rights reserved.
      This is an unapproved IEEE Standards Draft, subject to change.





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 P1003.0/D13                               GUIDE TO THE POSIX OPEN SYSTEMS

 For further information, contact the European Telecommunications
 Standards Institute, B.P.  No.  52, F-06561 Valbonne CEDEX, France,
 Telephone:  [phone], Telex:  470 040 F, and Fax Number:
 (33 93) 65 47 16.

 _E_W_O_S_:__E_u_r_o_p_e_a_n__W_o_r_k_s_h_o_p__f_o_r__O_p_e_n__S_y_s_t_e_m_s

 The EWOS is an ongoing regional workshop, formed in 1987, to provide and
 coordinate European input to the international standard profiles process.
 It was formed as the result of an initiative of SPAG, in conjunction with
 EMUG, OSITOP, CEN/CENELEC, CEPT, RARE/COSINE, and ECMA, and it assumes
 some of the responsibilities previously held by CEN/CENELEC.  Membership
 in EWOS is not open to the United States.

 EWOS is the focal point in Europe for the study and development of OSI
 profiles and corresponding conformance test specifications.  EWOS
 documents have only to be submitted to public enquiry by CEN and CENELEC
 before becoming European Standards.  EWOS's is active in numerous
 networking and communications areas including File Transfer, Access, and
 Management (FTAM); Office Document Architecture (ODA); Message Handling
 Systems (MHS); Virtual Terminal (VT); Directory services; and
 Manufacturing Messaging Services (MMS).

 For further information contact European Workshop on Open Systems (EWOS),
 rue de Brederode 13, B-1000 Brussels, Belgium, Telephone:
 32 2 511 74 55.

 _F_O_C_U_S_:__F_O_C_U_S__C_o_m_m_i_t_t_e_e

 This UK committee was established in 1981 to identify issues on
 information technology standards and to determine action needed to
 promote effective progress.  It makes recommendations to the Department
 of Trade and Industry on actions to fill gaps, prevent duplication, and
 remove incompatibilities.

 _I_N_T_A_P (_I_n_t_e_r_o_p_e_r_a_b_i_l_i_t_y _T_e_c_h_n_o_l_o_g_y _A_s_s_o_c_i_a_t_i_o_n _f_o_r _I_n_f_o_r_m_a_t_i_o_n
 _P_r_o_c_e_s_s_i_n_g)

 The Interoperability Technology Association for Information Processing,
 in Japan, is a national agency, funded by MITI.  It deals with
 information technology, and specifically OSI products and advanced
 projects.  INTAP is developing and providing conformance testing tools
 and services in Japan in cooperation with POSI.

 _M_A_P/_T_O_P _U_s_e_r _G_r_o_u_p: (_M_a_n_u_f_a_c_t_u_r_i_n_g _A_u_t_o_m_a_t_i_o_n _P_r_o_t_o_c_o_l _a_n_d _T_e_c_h_n_i_c_a_l _a_n_d
 _O_f_f_i_c_e _P_r_o_t_o_c_o_l)

 The MAP Task Force was formed in 1980 by engineers from seven General
 Motors (GM) divisions, to identify a common OSI-based networking standard


               Copyright c 1991 IEEE.  All rights reserved.
      This is an unapproved IEEE Standards Draft, subject to change.





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 ENVIRONMENT INTERIM DOCUMENT                                  P1003.0/D13

 for plant-floor systems.  The Task Force grew to include all GM
 divisions, many other users, and many vendors.  Its specifications are
 known as Manufacturing Automation Protocol (MAP).

 The MAP specifications mostly reference OSI standards, but they also draw
 on ANSI, IEEE, EIA, CCITT, and various industry standards.  Where
 standards do not exist, as in the case of the manufacturing messaging
 protocol, the MAP Task Force is either defining its own or instigating
 their formation by industry standards bodies.

 In 1984, the MAP Users Group was formed, under the auspices of GM, with
 the Society of Manufacturing Engineers as its Secretariat.  Its objective
 is to promote knowledge and use of MAP, and to insure input from users.

 In 1985, Boeing sponsored a similar effort to specify common networking
 protocols, known as the Technical and Office Protocols (TOP), for the
 engineering and business offices.  TOP is largely compatible with MAP,
 differing only at the lower two layers and the application layer where
 TOP addresses requirements of the technical and office user, rather than
 factory users.

 Later in 1985, a TOP Users Group was formed.  The entire effort became an
 international effort known as MAP/TOP, and the user group became the
 MAP/TOP User Group, which meets twice a year.

 Today, the MAP/TOP User Group is an independent, self-funded organization
 that represents thousands of users worldwide, tied together through a
 worldwide federation of MAP/TOP user groups.  Membership is open to
 either users or companies.  The Industry Cooperative Services (ICS) is
 the worldwide secretariat.  The MAP/TOP User Group also is a member of
 the Corporation for Open Systems (COS) and in North America, COS acts as
 the MAP/TOP User Group secretariat.

 The MAP/TOP User Group is a Requirements Interest Group (RIG) of the
 Corporation for Open Systems (COS).  This means that the MAP/TOP User
 Group generates requirements that vendors can use to built products.  COS
 serves as the coordinator between users and vendors.

 The MAP/TOP Task Force and User Group also is a major contributor of
 technical and conceptual ideas and specifications to the NIST, COS, and
 many of the IEEE POSIX Groups.

 For further information contact the World Federation of MAP/TOP Users
 Groups, P.O.  Box 1457, Ann Arbor, MI 48106, Telephone:  [phone],
 Fax:  [phone].  In North America, also contact the Corporation for
 Open Systems at 1750 Old Meadow Road, Suite 400, McLean, VA 22102-4306,
 Telephone: [phone], Fax:  [phone].




               Copyright c 1991 IEEE.  All rights reserved.
      This is an unapproved IEEE Standards Draft, subject to change.





 C.3 The Informal Standards Organizations                              311





 P1003.0/D13                               GUIDE TO THE POSIX OPEN SYSTEMS

 _N_C_C_:__N_a_t_i_o_n_a_l__C_o_m_p_u_t_i_n_g__C_e_n_t_r_e

 The NCC, centered in Manchester, England, though not a standardizing
 body, is active in developing codes of practice and providing testing and
 certification services for information technologies.  It is currently
 leading a consortium to establish a harmonized European Test service for
 POSIX.

 For further information contact National Computing Centre Ltd., Oxford
 Road, Manchester M17ED, UK, Telephone:  [phone].

 _N_e_t_w_o_r_k__M_a_n_a_g_e_m_e_n_t__F_o_r_u_m

 A vendor-driven group, the Network Management Forum is chartered to
 produce a commonly agreed-upon specification subset of ISO's network
 management protocols and the command sets to implement this subset.  The
 promise of the NMF is that all of the network management products that
 its members come up with will conform to this common specification.

 The NMF itself will produce no products nor will it specify
 implementations.  Rather, the NMF will specify interfaces.

 Major vendors belong to the NMF from both the computer (e.g., IBM, DEC,
 HP, Unisys) and telecommunications industries (e.g., AT&T, Northern
 Telecom, Telecom Canada).  The NMF has published Release 1 of its
 specifications (1990).  Member firms are developing products that conform
 to Release 1.

 NMF information may be had from the organization at 40 Morristown Road,
 Bernardsville, NJ 07924.  Telephone:  [phone].

 _N_P_S_C_:__N_a_t_i_o_n_a_l__P_r_o_t_o_c_o_l__S_u_p_p_o_r_t__C_e_n_t_e_r

 An Australian organization, the National Protocol Support Center was
 formed in 1986 as a joint effort between industry and the government.
 Like SPAG, COS, and POSI, the NPSC is promoting the adoption of OSI
 standards in information technology products and will be supporting a
 conformance testing capability in Australia.  The Australian government,
 however, provides approximately 50 percent of the NPSC funding.  For
 further information, contact (contact address and other information TBD).

 _O_b_j_e_c_t__M_a_n_a_g_e_m_e_n_t__G_r_o_u_p

 Founded in 1989 and headquartered in Framingham, MA, with marketing
 operations in Boulder, CO, the Object Management Group (OMG) is an
 international organization of more than 146 systems vendors, software
 developers and users.  The OMG was founded to promote the theory and
 practice of object management technology in the development of software.



               Copyright c 1991 IEEE.  All rights reserved.
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 ENVIRONMENT INTERIM DOCUMENT                                  P1003.0/D13

 The OMG's goal is to develop a common framework, based on industry-
 derived guidelines, that is suitable for object-oriented applications.
 The adoption of this framework will make it possible to develop a
 heterogeneous applications environment across all major hardware and
 operating systems.

 The OMG members are quick to form a consensus on certain object
 management issues because they see these issues directly affecting their
 software sales.  For example, the OMG's object request broker design--key
 software needed to allow disparate open systems to request object
 services from remote sites--is supported by all the major object-oriented
 software vendors (e.g., IBM, Apple, Sun, DEC, HP, NCR, AT&T).

 Further information is available from the OMG at 492 Old Connecticut
 Path, Framingham, MA 01701.  Telephone:  [phone].

 _O_S_F_:__O_p_e_n__S_o_f_t_w_a_r_e__F_o_u_n_d_a_t_i_o_n

 The Open Software Foundation is a nonprofit, international vendor
 organization.  Formed in 1988 by seven sponsoring computer manufacturers,
 its goals are to develop specifications for an open computing
 environment, develop software based on the specifications, and sponsor
 research and development in open systems.

 OSF specifications are defined, and software developed, using an open
 process into which vendors and users have input and access.  The
 specifications will be available, and the software licensable, to OSF
 members and nonmembers.  Both members and nonmembers can also submit
 technologies to the OSF for consideration as an OSF specification and/or
 offering.  Only OSF members, however, can participate in the selection of
 technologies or get early access to the software offerings.  OSF's
 specifications and software will be based on IEEE's core POSIX system
 (POSIX.1 {2}).  Other specifications and software will be based on a
 variety of international and national, as well as industry standards
 (e.g., AT&T System V.2 UNIX, Berkeley BSD UNIX, Massachusetts Institute
 of Technology's (MIT) X Window System and Kerberos Security System,
 Carnegie Mellon University's Mach Kernel, and X/Open's Transport
 Independent Interface).  The remainder of OSF software will based on
 technologies contributed by numerous companies as part of OSF's Request
 for Technology (RFT) process.

 In addition to its specification and software work, the OSF has created
 and funded a research institute to innovate and transfer open systems
 technology from universities and research labs to commercial companies.

 OSF active-participation membership is open to computer hardware and
 software companies, government agencies, educational institutions, and
 other interested organizations worldwide.  Memberships range from $25,000
 a year for profit-making organizations to $5,000 a year for nonprofit


               Copyright c 1991 IEEE.  All rights reserved.
      This is an unapproved IEEE Standards Draft, subject to change.





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 organizations.  The OSF currently has more than 65 sponsors and members,
 and more than $150 million in funding commitments through 1991.

 For further information, contact OSF at Eleven Cambridge Center,
 Cambridge, MA, Telephone:  [phone].  Alternatively, contact
 European headquarters at Open Software Foundation/Europe, Stefan-George-
 Ring 29, 8000 Munich 81, Germany, Telephone:  [phone], or Open
 Software Foundation/Japan, ABS Building, 2-4-16 Kudan Minami, Chiyoda-Ku,
 Tokyo 102, Japan, (81 3) 3 221 9770.

 _P_e_t_r_o_c_h_e_m_i_c_a_l__O_p_e_n__S_o_f_t_w_a_r_e__F_o_u_n_d_a_t_i_o_n

 Founded in Oct., 1990, the Petrochemical Open Software Corporation (POSC)
 was started by BP Exploration, Chevron, Elf Aquitane, Mobil and Texaco to
 facilitate the development of integrated computing technology for the
 exploration and production (E & P) segment of the international petroleum
 industry.  Today, membership is open to all entities interested in the E
 & P industry.  These members include other petroleum companies, E & P
 service companies, software vendors, computer manufacturers, and research
 institutes.

 POSC's primary mission is the development of an industry-standard, open
 systems-based, software integration profile for E & P applications.  This
 platform will be the interface between petrochemical software
 applications, database management systems, workstations and users.  POSC
 activities focus on the development of an integrated E & P data model, a
 common look and feel user front-end, and a set of test suites enabling
 developers to evaluate their offerings against selected industry
 standards.

 POSC is moving quickly and has sent out two public requests for inputs in
 several technical areas.  Project teams for base standards, the E & P
 data model, and data access are in place.  Staffing is in progress for
 other projects and special interest groups have been formed.  POSC
 offerings will be released to industry for production over the next few
 years.

 POSC is headquartered in Houston, TX at 10777 Westheimer, Suite 275,
 Houston, 77042.  Telephone:  [phone].

 _P_O_S_I_:__P_r_o_m_o_t_i_n_g__C_o_n_f_e_r_e_n_c_e__f_o_r__O_S_I

 The Promoting Conference for OSI was formed in Japan in November 1985 by
 six major computer manufacturers and the Nippon Telephone and Telegraph
 Corporation.  Its raison d'etre is to promote the adoption of OSI
 standards by cooperating with other international groups that have the
 same objective, such as the European-based SPAG and the US-based COS.
 But conformance testing in Japan is being developed and will be provided
 by the INTAP.


               Copyright c 1991 IEEE.  All rights reserved.
      This is an unapproved IEEE Standards Draft, subject to change.





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 ENVIRONMENT INTERIM DOCUMENT                                  P1003.0/D13

 For further information, contact (contact information TBD).

 _S_P_A_G_:__S_t_a_n_d_a_r_d_s__P_r_o_m_o_t_i_o_n__a_n_d__A_p_p_l_i_c_a_t_i_o_n__G_r_o_u_p

 The Standards Promotion and Application Group (SPAG), founded in 1983, is
 a nonprofit, international research and development consortium of about
 65 information technology manufacturers and users.  In 1986, it became a
 company registered under Belgian law as SPAG Services s.a.  SPAG's goals
 are to promote multivendor, interoperable products based on international
 standards, particularly OSI, and to keep its members informed about the
 latest developments in functional standards and conformance testing of
 products.

 To achieve its goals, SPAG plays a leading role in the European Workshop
 on Open Systems (EWOS), publishes the Guide to the Use of Standards (GUS)
 regularly, and participates in the development of International Standard
 Profiles (ISPs).  SPAG is particularly active in the development and
 marketing of test tools for manufacturing applications.  Through its
 SPAG-CCT efforts, (a collaboration of European organizations) which arose
 out of the ESPRIT Project 955, SPAG is developing, and will be providing,
 conformance test tools for testing MAP/TOP 3.0, and conformance testing
 services to industry.

 SPAG also is working within Europe to implement the certification
 infrastructure for OSI products, and is involved in a number of
 Conformance Test Services (CTS) projects within the Commission of
 European Communities (CEC).  In addition, SPAG is active in
 Telecommunications areas and is leading a consortium developing
 verification services for the Broadband Networks project RACE.

 Twelve shareholder companies make up SPAG's board of directors.  The
 original founding companies--Bull, ICL, Nixdorf, Olivetti, Philips,
 Siemens, and STET--occupy seven seats on SPAG's twelve member board.  The
 shareholder membership was subsequently expanded to include Alcatel,
 British Telecom, Digital Equipment Corp., Hewlett-Packard, and IBM, who
 occupy the five remaining board seats.

 SPAG has close working relationships with its counterparts in North
 America (COS) and the Far East (POSI).

 For further information, contact Graham Knight, at SPAG Services s.a.,
 Standards Promotion and Application Group (SPAG), Avenue des Arts, 1-2
 bte 11, 1040 Brussels, Belgium, Telephone:  [phone], Fax
 32 2 210 08 00.

 _S_Q_L__A_c_c_e_s_s__G_r_o_u_p

 The SQL Access Group is a vendor group formed by a number of people in
 the ISO Remote Data Access (RDA) Group.


               Copyright c 1991 IEEE.  All rights reserved.
      This is an unapproved IEEE Standards Draft, subject to change.





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 P1003.0/D13                               GUIDE TO THE POSIX OPEN SYSTEMS

 The SQL Access Group's charter is several fold.  First, the Group is
 chartered to define a common subset of SQL functions to get around the
 many SQLs that exist.  The specifications will include an SQL data
 format, as well as protocols for moving data within a multivendor SQL
 environment.  Also included will be specifications for an enhanced SQL
 programming interface that will let developers write a single application
 that can access a variety of SQL databases.  These SQL Access
 specifications are scheduled to be published in late 1991.

 The SQL Access Group's second charter is to accelerate the work of the
 RDA group.  Third, the SQL Access Group is working on putting more
 distributed functionality into RDA.  Toward this end, each thing
 accomplished by the SQL Access group is fed back into the RDA group.

 For further information, contact the SQL Access Group at (Address TBD).

 _U_N_I_X__I_n_t_e_r_n_a_t_i_o_n_a_l

 UNIX International (UI) is a nonprofit industry organization formed to
 represent hardware manufacturers, system integrators, independent
 software vendors, value-added resellers, end-users, government agencies
 worldwide, industry standards bodies, and academic and research
 institutions who want to direct the evolution of System V UNIX.  It has
 since expanded its scope to provide a framework for UNIX-based open
 systems work in the areas of desktop computing, corporate hub computing,
 and distributed computing.

 Unlike X/Open, OSF, AT&T, and the IEEE, UI does not produce
 specifications, software, or standards.  Its functions range from
 specifying technical and timing requirements for future System V versions
 and making suggestions about specific function designs to influencing
 AT&T UNIX licensing policies.

 Using its ``one-member, one-vote'' approach, UI members formulate a
 consensus regarding the requirements and technical specifications for new
 System V UNIX versions.  UI delivers its requirements to UNIX System
 Laboratories (USL), the AT&T spinoff that develops, distributed, and
 licenses UNIX.  UI is USL's primary input source on technical
 requirements, conformance, and timing of releases.  USL is committed to
 implement software to satisfy UI's requirements, unless there is a reason
 not to.

 UI accomplishes its requirements and UNIX roadmap work through a series
 of work groups.  UI members get early access to AT&T UNIX source code.
 UI also offers its members business opportunities seminars, porting
 guides and the use of member companies' porting centers, technical
 courses on various aspects of UNIX, and loaner or discounted systems from
 member companies.



               Copyright c 1991 IEEE.  All rights reserved.
      This is an unapproved IEEE Standards Draft, subject to change.





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 ENVIRONMENT INTERIM DOCUMENT                                  P1003.0/D13

 For further information, contact UNIX International, Waterview Boulevard,
 Parsippany, NJ 07054, [phone] or [phone].  In Europe
 contact UNIX International, Avenue de Beautieu 25, 1160 Brussels,
 Belgium, (32-2-672-3700).  In the Asian Pacific region, contact
 Karufuru-Kanda Bldg.  8F, 1-2-1 Kanda Suda-cho, Chiyoda-du Tokyo 101,
 Japan, (81) 3-5256-6959.

 _U_s_e_r__A_l_l_i_a_n_c_e__f_o_r__O_p_e_n__S_y_s_t_e_m_s

 The user Alliance for Open Systems was formed from two informal
 organizations (the Atlanta 17 and the Houston 30).  The Alliance is
 currently a Requirements Interest Group (RIG) of the Corporation for Open
 Systems International (COS).

 The Alliance is dedicated to overcoming barriers to open systems and
 speeding the development and deployment of open systems products.  It
 intends to act as a catalyst toward the development and use of open
 systems.  It will develop no specifications or products.  Rather, the
 Alliance will create and support processes to influence and accelerate
 the availability of open systems technology (e.g., a repository of
 information about the cost benefits of open systems).

 In 1990 the organization began its work by identifying barriers to open
 systems and global actions to eliminate those barriers.  In 1991 the
 organization intends to start bringing resources to bear to achieve its
 goals.  The Alliance has had one formal meeting (Dallas, March 1991) and
 will have its second formal meeting in McLean, Virginia in Nov.  1992.
 Alliance committee work is ongoing throughout this period with three
 major subgroups in the formative stages.

 For further information, contact the Corporation for Open Systems, 1750
 Old Meadow Road, Suite 400, McLean, VA 22102-4306, Telephone:
 [phone].

 _X_._4_0_0__A_P_I__A_s_s_o_c_i_a_t_i_o_n

 The X.400 API (Application Programming Interface) Association is an
 industry association formed initially to bring X.400 messaging into the
 PC LAN world.  There are more than twenty companies in the association,
 and they include most of the current X.400 players.

 Among its activities, the X.400 API Association developed an X.400
 Application Programming Interface specification in conjunction with
 X/Open.  These interfaces, completed in September 1990, are jointly owned
 by the X.400 API Association and X/Open.  The two organizations
 contributed these interface specifications to the P1224 Group to use as a
 basis for the P1224 standard.




               Copyright c 1991 IEEE.  All rights reserved.
      This is an unapproved IEEE Standards Draft, subject to change.





 C.3 The Informal Standards Organizations                              317





 P1003.0/D13                               GUIDE TO THE POSIX OPEN SYSTEMS

 For further information contact (Address and other contact information:
 TBD)

 _X_/_O_p_e_n

 X/Open is an independent, nonprofit, consortium formed in 1984 to specify
 a complete, source-level-portable application environment.  Although its
 members were initially vendors, X/Open's membership now encompasses
 users, system integrators, value-added resellers, government agencies
 worldwide, other industry-standards groups, and academic and research
 institutions.

 Through an extensive market research program, X/Open works with members
 and nonmembers X/Open to identify user and market requirements for
 computer systems and software, prioritize the functional areas for X/Open
 to focus on, and determine the actual specifications for the X/Open
 environment.  The prioritized requirements, identified directly drive
 X/Open's specification process.

 The X/Open user requirements process, called the ``Xtra'' process
 determines requirements through one-on-one interviews and a series of
 market requirements conferences.  The X/Open specifications are published
 in a series of books known as the X/Open Portability Guide.

 The X/Open environment includes specifications for an operating system
 interface, networking, data management, programming languages, floppy
 disk formats, and internationalization, and distributed transaction
 processing.  The X/Open Group does not normally define standards for
 these areas.  Instead, it chooses from existing and emerging standards.

 The underpinnings of the X/Open environment is based on the IEEE core
 POSIX (POSIX.1 {2}) standard and parts of AT&T's System V Interface
 Definition (SVID).  Most of the remainder of the specifications are
 formal international standards that are already accepted or likely to be
 accepted.  However, to rapidly get standards into the field for practical
 use, where no formal standards exist, X/Open specifies industry standards
 and widely-accepted de facto standards (including some based on real-
 world products that have achieved consensus in the marketplace).  In some
 instances where neither formal nor de facto specifications exist but
 there is a strong need for standards (e.g., internationalization and
 transaction processing), X/Open has itself defined specifications.

 Besides producing specifications, X/Open cooperates technically with
 international standards bodies and private specification groups.  To help
 users identify X/Open-compliant systems, the X/Open Group has developed a
 set of verification tests and a branding program.

 X/Open was founded in Europe by Bull, Nixdorf, Olivetti, International
 Computers Ltd.  (ICL) and Siemens.  Its vendor membership was


               Copyright c 1991 IEEE.  All rights reserved.
      This is an unapproved IEEE Standards Draft, subject to change.





 318                                C Standards Infrastructure Description





 ENVIRONMENT INTERIM DOCUMENT                                  P1003.0/D13

 subsequently expanded to include AT&T, Digital Equipment Corp., Fujitsu,
 Hewlett-Packard, IBM, NCR, Nokia Data, Philips, Sun Microsystems, and
 Unisys.  These vendors establish the X/Open specifications, although User
 and Independent Software Vendor (ISV) Advisory councils, which meet on a
 regular basis, as well as the ``Xtra'' process, provide the means for
 input from both users and ISVs.  The user advisory council is composed of
 senior executives from Fortune 500 and International 1000 companies, as
 well as large government agencies in the US and Europe.  The X/Open
 advisory council is composed of senior management of large software firms
 who have responsibility for planning and implementing corporate business
 strategies.

 All members of X/Open are committed to supporting the environment
 defined.  More than 100 software companies worldwide building compliant
 software products.

 For further information, contact X/Open Company Ltd.  at Apex Plaza,
 Forbury Road, Reading, Berkshire, RG1 1AX, UK, Telephone: [phone].
 In the US, contact X/Open at 1010 El Camino Real, Menlo Park, CA 94025,
 Telephone: [phone].































               Copyright c 1991 IEEE.  All rights reserved.
      This is an unapproved IEEE Standards Draft, subject to change.





 C.3 The Informal Standards Organizations                              319







































































                                                               P1003.0/D13






                                  Annex D
                               (informative)

                              Electronic-Mail




 _R_e_s_p_o_n_s_i_b_i_l_i_t_y:  _K_e_v_i_n _L_e_w_i_s

 The following table lists currently-known e-mail addresses for active
 working group members.  To correct your entry, send e-mail directly to
 Hal Jespersen, listed below.

 Michelle Aden      Sun Microsystems      [e-mail]
 Ralph Barker       UniForum              ...uunet!usrgrp!ralph
 Carolyn Baker      MITRE                 [e-mail]
 Timothy Baker      Ford Aerospace
 Rich Bergman       NOSC                  [e-mail]
 Andy Bihain        GTE Telops            [e-mail]
 Joseph Cote        Treasury Board
                       of Canada
 Bernard Cox        NASA JSC
 Don Folland        CCTA                  [e-mail]
 Thomas Ford        USAF                  [e-mail]
 Bob Gambrel        Unisys                [e-mail]
 Al Hankinson       NIST/NCSL             [e-mail]
 Jim Isaak          DEC                   [e-mail]
 Petr Janecek       X/Open                [e-mail]
 Hal Jespersen      POSIX Software Group  [e-mail]
 Lorraine Kevra     AT&T                  [e-mail]
 Ruth Klein         AT&T                  [e-mail]
 Doris Lebovits     AT&T                  [e-mail]
 Kevin Lewis        DEC                   [e-mail]
 Heinz Lycklama     Interactive Systems   [e-mail]
 Randolph Lynwood   NASA
 Doug MacDonald     General Electric
 Roger Martin       NIST                  [e-mail]
 Dick McNaney       SAIC                  [e-mail]    d
 Pete Meier         IBM                   ...uunet!aixsm!meier
 Mary Lynne Nielsen IEEE                  [e-mail]
 Patricia Oberndorf NADC                  [e-mail]
 Jim Oblinger       NUSC                  [e-mail]



               Copyright c 1991 IEEE.  All rights reserved.
      This is an unapproved IEEE Standards Draft, subject to change.





 Annex D Electronic-Mail                                               321





 P1003.0/D13                               GUIDE TO THE POSIX OPEN SYSTEMS

 Pat Patterson      NASA                  [e-mail]
 David Pruett       NASA JSC              [e-mail]
 Wendy Rauch        Emerging Technologies ...uunet!etg!wrauch
                       Group
 Brad Reed          EDS                   [e-mail]
 Carl Schmiedekamp  NADC                  [e-mail]
 Fritz Schulz       OSF                   [e-mail]
 Richard Scott      Chemical Abstracts    uunet!osu-cis!chemabs!rls27
                       Service
 Glen Seeds         Systemhouse
 Charles Severance  Mich. State Univ.     [e-mail]
 Lewis Shannon      NCR                   [e-mail]
 Peter Smith        DEC                   [e-mail]
 Sandra Swearingen  USAF                  [e-mail]
 Marti Szczur       NASA/GSFC             [e-mail]
 Martial Van Neste  CGI Group             [e-mail]             d
 Robert Voigt       Space & Naval Warfare [e-mail]
                       Systems Command
 Gentry Watson      UNIX Int'l            [e-mail]
 Alan Weaver        IBM                   ...uunet!aixsm!weaver
                                                                            d
 John Williams      GM-CPC Hdqts.         ...uunet!edscws!rphroy!
                                             gmcpcl!jrw
 Arnold Winkler     Unisys
 George Zerdian     Hughes                [e-mail]


























               Copyright c 1991 IEEE.  All rights reserved.
      This is an unapproved IEEE Standards Draft, subject to change.





 322                                                     D Electronic-Mail