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Repeatability: variability observed when one inspector makes repeated
-------------- but "independent" measurements on one sample (say, at
different times when samples are not identified to the
inspector.)
Reproducibility: variability observed when different inspectors make
---------------- independent measurements on the same sample.
┌─────────────────────┐
│ TABLE-OF-CONTENTS │
└─────────────────────┘
Page
Introduction to Repeatability and Reproducibility Analysis. . . . . 1
Usage of R&R Pop-Up Menus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Usage of the R&R Batch Input File Editor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Validation of R&R Software. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
References and Statistical Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
R&R Software Update History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
┌─────────────────────────────────┐
│ SECTION 1: │
│ Introduction to Repeatability │
│ and Reproducibility Analysis │
└─────────────────────────────────┘
"Repeatability and Reproducibility" is a statistical methodology for
the analysis of measurement variability when a number of different
items (or samples) are measured at least twice by at least two
different inspectors or laboratories. The calculations implemented
here were apparently originally developed for use in "Gage Capability"
studies; they are commonly performed using a tabular data format
convenient for hand calculations and table lookups. For example,
observed ranges of variation (maximum minus minimum) are used to
Repeatability and Reproducibility, ver.9309 ......... Page 2 of 15
quantify the "spread" in stochastic distributions instead of, say,
standard deviations or variances. After all, sample standard
deviations and variances involve sum-of-squares calculations and can
also be less efficient, statistically, than observed ranges as
measures of "spread" when the number of measurements made by each
inspector or laboratory is small (say, only 2, 3, 4 or 5.)
R&R.EXE performs all phases of repeatability/reproducibility analyses
with greater accuracy and reliability than is commonly achieved using
hand calculations and also displays X-bar and Range charts of the
sample results for each inspector or laboratory. See the references
starting on page 12 of this documentation for more information on
repeatability/reproducibility analysis.
┌──────────────────────────────────────────┐
│ SECTION 2: Usage of R&R Pop-Up Menus │
└──────────────────────────────────────────┘
The user invokes the Repeatability and Reproducibility (R&R) software
system using almost any version of DOS (the Disk Operating System,
either IBM PC-DOS or Microsoft MS-DOS) by entering its 3-character
name, R&R, at the DOS prompt...
Prompt> r&r
R&R does not expect or accept any "command-line" arguments. Instead,
once R&R execution starts, R&R will prompt you to provide all
information that it needs to perform analyses. And each such prompt
usually displays either a range of acceptable values or else a [default
value] ...delimited by square brackets... that you may accept by simply
pressing the ENTER key.
R&R Input/Output File Naming Conventions...
-------------------------------------------
The ASCII (text) files used by R&R for data/parameter input consist of a
filename (of at most eight characters) specified by the user followed by
a period (.) and a 3-character filename EXTension of R&R. Output files
written by R&R have a 3-character filename EXTension of DTL (DeTaiLs.)
R&R.EXE will overwrite (and thus destroy) an existing file if the user
specifies its filename in its current working directory. Users should
either specify a unique, new filename for keyboard data entry or else
understand that they could be loosing valuable historical information
about trends in repeatability/reproducibility by re-using existing
filenames.
R&R.EXE is not "copy protected" in any way. The MS-DOS COPY command
may be used to backup all R&R software files.
Example R&R Walk-Through...
Repeatability and Reproducibility, ver.9309 ......... Page 3 of 15
---------------------------
The R&R start-up screen will appear as follows...
╔══════════════════════ R&R.EXE...Version 9309 ══════════════════════╗
║ ║
║ *** Repeatability and Reproducibility of Measurements *** ║
║ ║
║ A Quality Assurance Training Tool: ║
║ Statistics Committee of the QA Section of the PMA ║
║ Bob Obenchain, CompuServe User [72007,467] ║
║ ║
║ ╔══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╗ ║
║ ║ Do you wish to R = Review an Existing R&R Study ? ...or ║ ║
║ ║ C = Create a New .R&R Study File ? ║ ║
║ ║ ║ ║
║ ║ Press R or C ...or H for Overview HELP --> ║ ║
║ ╚══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╝ ║
╚════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╝
Pressing the H key at this point, displays the following screen...
╔══════════════════════ R&R.EXE...Version 9309 ══════════════════════╗
║ ║
║ *** Repeatability and Reproducibility of Measurements *** ║
║ ║
║ ╔══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╗ ║
║ ║ R&R.EXE...Overview Help ║ ║
║ ║ ║ ║
║ ║ R&R is a MS-DOS prototype system for analyzing/displaying ║ ║
║ ║ any variability observed when two or more measurements ║ ║
║ ║ are made by two or more inspectors on two or more samples. ║ ║
║ ║ ║ ║
║ ║ Repeatability: variability in repeated measurements on one ║ ║
║ ║ sample made by one inspector but at different times. ║ ║
║ ║ ║ ║
║ ║ Reproducibility: variability between measurements of ║ ║
║ ║ different inspectors on the same sample. ║ ║
║ ║ ║ ║
║ ║ R&R also uses CGA (medium-resolution) graphics to display ║ ║
║ ║ X-bar and Range Charts for each Inspector. And R&R also ║ ║
║ ║ writes out an ASCII file of detailed results. ║ ║
║ ║ ║ ║
║ ║ Press any key to return to R&R Data Entry... ║ ║
║ ╚══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╝ ║
╚════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╝
Repeatability and Reproducibility, ver.9309 ......... Page 4 of 15
If you decide to press "C" to "create a new study," you will be prompted
to type in all historical data values using your keyboard. But, in this
case, R&R will also be creating a "Study" file that you could use in
future R&R runs to repeat and/or modify your initial analyses.
On the other hand, if you are familiar with a "screen oriented" personal
computer (ASCII) text editor, you might prefer to start by creating your
own "Study" file. This strategy can give you more flexibility in data
entry and validation than is possible from inside of R&R. Simply mimic
the format of an example R&R Study file. For example, the study could
consist for the following 22 records (rows), each starting in column 1:
2 = NVAR, Number of Replicates (Columns)
5 = NOSAMPS, Number of Samples (Rows)
1 = NODECIM, Number of Decimal Places
3 = NOINSPTS, Number of Inspectors
Inspector_A
2.0 1.0
2.0 3.0
1.5 1.0
3.0 3.0
2.0 1.5
Inspector_B
1.5 1.5
2.5 2.5
2.0 1.5
2.0 2.5
1.5 0.5
Inspector_C
1.0 1.0
1.5 2.5
2.0 1.0
2.5 3.0
1.5 0.5
Once you respond to the initial R&R prompt by pressing either the R or
the C key, the window will clear itself, and you will be prompted to
specify two MS-DOS filenames, each consisting of at most 8 characters.
If your initial choice was to select the C = "Create a New Study"
option, the first filename you specify will be used to "capture" the
data you enter. If your initial choice was R, you will use a bounce-bar
menu (discussed below), to select a "Study" file (with a MS-DOS filename
extension of ".R&R") to be read in as a batch input file. When using
either input option (Create or Review), the R&R output file also needs
to be named; it can have either the same filename or a different
filename (8 characters maximum) from that of the input file. But the
3-character MS-DOS filename EXTension for R&R output will always be
".DTL" (==> details of analysis.)
Repeatability and Reproducibility, ver.9309 ......... Page 5 of 15
If you select "R" to Review an existing R&R study, a bounce-bar menu
will appear to let you select among existing filenames...
╔══════════════════════ R&R.EXE...Version 9309 ══════════════════════╗
║ ║
║ ╔FileNames╗ ║
║ ║EX1██████║ Arrow Keys: Move Highlight Bar Up / Down. ║
║ ║EX2 ║ ║
║ ║EX3 ║ Return Key: Selects the Highlighted File. ║
║ ║EX4 ║ ║
║ ╚═════════╝ Escape Key: Abandon R&R Study Input. ║
║ ║
╚════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╝
Parameter specification will then be automatic...
╔══════════════════════ R&R Parameters ══════════════════════╗
║ ║
║ Number of Replicates = 2. ║
║ ║
║ Number of Samples = 5. ║
║ ║
║ Number of Decimal Places = 1. ║
║ ║
║ Number of Inspectors = 3. ║
║ ║
║ Inspector No. 1 Name = Inspector_A ║
║ Inspector No. 2 Name = Inspector_B ║
║ Inspector No. 3 Name = Inspector_C ║
║ ║
║ Data Values are to be entered in the Next Window. ║
║ ║
║ Press Q to QUIT now...Other Key to Continue... ║
║ ║
╚════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╝
Data will then be read-in and listed on your screen. Examine this
listing to assure that the data values being listed are EXACTLY as they
should be...
╔══════════════════════ R&R Data Entry ══════════════════════╗
║ Data Entry Complete... ║
║ ║
║ Data Listing... ║
║ Inspector1: Inspector_A ║
║ Sample 1: 2.0 1.0 ║
║ Sample 2: 2.0 3.0 ║
║ Sample 3: 1.5 1.0 ║
║ Sample 4: 3.0 3.0 ║
║ Sample 5: 2.0 1.5 ║
Repeatability and Reproducibility, ver.9309 ......... Page 6 of 15
║ ║
║ Press a Key... ║
║ Inspector2: Inspector_B ║
║ Sample 1: 1.5 1.5 ║
║ Sample 2: 2.5 2.5 ║
║ Sample 3: 2.0 1.5 ║
║ Sample 4: 2.0 2.5 ║
║ Sample 5: 1.5 0.5 ║
║ ║
║ Press a Key... ║
║ ║
║ Inspector3: Inspector_C ║
║ Sample 1: 1.0 1.0 ║
║ Sample 2: 1.5 2.5 ║
║ Sample 3: 2.0 1.0 ║
║ Sample 4: 2.5 3.0 ║
║ Sample 5: 1.5 0.5 ║
║ ║
║ Press Q to QUIT now...Other Key to Continue... ║
╚════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╝
A small MENU window will now Pop-Up within a larger window...
╔══════════════════ Repeatability/Reproducibility ═══════════════════╗
║ ║
║ ╔════════════════════════════════╗ ║
║ ║ Main Menu ║ ║
║ ║ ║ ║
║ ║ E = Edit/Update Data ║ ║
║ ║ ║ ║
║ ║ C = R&R Calculations ║ ║
║ ║ ║ ║
║ ║ G = Graphical Display ║ ║
║ ║ ║ ║
║ ║ X = eXit R&R ║ ║
║ ║ ║ ║
║ ║ choice --> C ║ ║
║ ║ ║ ║
║ ╚════════════════════════════════╝ ║
║ ║
╚════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╝
Select Item "E" at this point ONLY when you want to change your data.
Suppose...
You created the current study data input file via keyboard response to
R&R prompts, and you "know" you made data entry errors. (But you saw
them only after it was already too late to correct them from the R&R
prompt.)
You are reviewing an existing study file, and you want to "correct"
one or more of the data values stored in that file.
Repeatability and Reproducibility, ver.9309 ......... Page 7 of 15
You detected errors in the process of performing calculations (using
Item "C") or viewing graphical trend chard displays (using Item "G".)
See the second section of this documentation file for guidelines on
usage of the R&R editor.
Select Item "C" from the Main Menu at this point unless you DEFINITELY
want to change the input data. (True, you could also select Item "X" at
this point...to "eXit" R&R without making any calculations or viewing
any graphs...but why?) So, let us assume you pressed the "C" key...
╔═══════════════════════ R&R Calculations ════════════════════════╗
║ ║
║ Inspector No. 1: Inspector_A ║
║ ║
║ X-Bar & Range in Sample 1 = 1.5 1.0 ║
║ X-Bar & Range in Sample 2 = 2.5 1.0 ║
║ X-Bar & Range in Sample 3 = 1.3 0.5 ║
║ X-Bar & Range in Sample 4 = 3.0 0.0 ║
║ X-Bar & Range in Sample 5 = 1.8 0.5 ║
║ ║
║ Average Range = 0.600 ==> Std. Dev. = 0.504 ║
║ ║
║ X-bar Mean within Replications... ║
║ ║
║ 2.100 1.900 ║
║ ║
║ X-Bar-Bar Mean = 2.000 ║
║ ║
║ Std.Deviations within Replications... ║
║ ║
║ 0.548 1.025 ║
║ ║
║ Press a Key to Continue... ║
╚════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╝
Repeatability and Reproducibility, ver.9309 ......... Page 8 of 15
Similarly, results for Inspectors 2 and 3 scroll by next.
Then the within and between inspector SUMMARY statistics appear...
╔═══════════════════════ R&R Calculations ════════════════════════╗
║ ║
║ Average Within Inspector Variability... ║
║ ║
║ Average of Average Ranges = 0.567 ==> Std. Dev. of 0.493 ║
║ and ==> UCL(R) of 1.851 ║
║ ║
║ Between Inspector Variability... ║
║ ║
║ Inspector Reproducibility = 0.350 ==> Std. Dev. of 0.207 ║
║ ║
║ Repeat. & Reprod. Std. Deviation = 0.534 ║
║ ┌────┐ ║
║ Enter allowed Tolerance : │ 3 │ <---- Specify This Value. ║
║ └────┘ ║
║ Tolerance = 3.000 ==> Percentage Consumed = 91.732 ║
║ ║
║ Returning to Main Menu... ║
╚════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╝
Once all basic calculations are completed, the Main Menu reappears...
╔══════════════════ Repeatability/Reproducibility ═══════════════════╗
║ ║
║ ╔════════════════════════════════╗ ║
║ ║ Main Menu ║ ║
║ ║ ║ ║
║ ║ E = Edit/Update Data ║ ║
║ ║ ║ ║
║ ║ C = R&R Calculations ║ ║
║ ║ ║ ║
║ ║ G = Graphical Display ║ ║
║ ║ ║ ║
║ ║ X = eXit R&R ║ ║
║ ║ ║ ║
║ ║ choice --> G ║ ║
║ ║ ║ ║
║ ╚════════════════════════════════╝ ║
╚════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╝
Repeatability and Reproducibility, ver.9309 ......... Page 9 of 15
Select option "G" at this point to display CGA (medium-resolution
graphical) trend charts...
X-Bar and Range Charts by Inspector...
┌──────────┬──────────┬───────────┬──────────┬──────────┬──────────┐
│ │ │ /\_ │ │ │ _ │
│\ _ │ │ / \ │ │ _ │ / \ │
│ \ / \ │ /\ │----/-----\│ /\ │ / \ │ / \ │
│--\/---\--│\ / \│ / │ / \ │\ / \│--/-----\-│
│ \ │-\---/----│/\/ │-/----\--/│-\--/-----│ / \│
│ \│ \_/ │ │/ \/ │ \/ │/ │
│ │ │ │ │ │ │
├──────────┼──────────┼───────────┼──────────┼──────────┼──────────┤
│ │ │ _ │ │ │ │
│ │ /│\/ \ │ _ │ │ │
│ /\ │ / │ \ │ / \ │ │ │
│ / \ │__ / │-----\-----│/ \ │ _ │ _ /│
│--/----\--│--\---/---│ \ │-----\_---│ / \ │-/-\---_/-│
│_/ \ │ \_/ │ \__/│ \ │-/---\--_/│/ \_/ │
│ \│ │ │ \_│/ \/ │ │
└──────────┴──────────┴───────────┴──────────┴──────────┴──────────┘
Next, press the "V" key to View a dynamic on-screen cursor! Move the
cursor with the Arrow, Tab, and Backspace keys to identify individual
points and display their numerical values.
Inspector 1 Observation 3 Value = 3.5100
┌──────────┬──────────┬───────────┬──────────┬──────────┬──────────┐
│ | │ │ /\_ │ │ │ _ │
│\ --+-- │ │ / \ │ │ _ │ / \ │
│ \ /|\ │ /\ │----/-----\│ /\ │ / \ │ / \ │
│--\/---\--│\ / \│ / │ / \ │\ / \│--/-----\-│
│ \ │-\---/----│/\/ │-/----\--/│-\--/-----│ / \│
│ \│ \_/ │ │/ \/ │ \/ │/ │
│ │ │ │ │ │ │
├──────────┼──────────┼───────────┼──────────┼──────────┼──────────┤
│ │ │ _ │ │ │ │
│ │ /│\/ \ │ _ │ │ │
│ /\ │ / │ \ │ / \ │ │ │
│ / \ │__ / │-----\-----│/ \ │ _ │ _ /│
│--/----\--│--\---/---│ \ │-----\_---│ / \ │-/-\---_/-│
│_/ \ │ \_/ │ \__/│ \ │-/---\--_/│/ \_/ │
│ \│ │ │ \_│/ \/ │ │
└──────────┴──────────┴───────────┴──────────┴──────────┴──────────┘
The above title indicates that the cursor is on the third observation
for the first inspector; its numerical value of 3.51 is an X-Bar value
because the cursor is on the top plot. The lower plots are Range
charts.
Pressing the Space Bar or function key F1 will display the following
screen of on-line help information...
Repeatability and Reproducibility, ver.9309 ......... Page 10 of 15
┌────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│ │
│ This HELP screen .... Space Bar or F1. │
│ │
│ Erase Screen....press ENTER or ESCape. │
│ Note: 2nd KeyPress sometimes needed. │
│ │
│ On-Screen Cursor & VALUES ... press V. │
│ Move Right with Arrow or Tab Key │
│ Move Left with Arrow or BackSpace │
│ Values in X-Bar Chart...UpArrow,PgUp │
│ Values in Range Chart...DnArrow,PgDn │
│ │
│ SPECIAL KEYS...Press the S key first, │
│ then press a 2nd key : │
│ L or F10 dumps to HP Laserjet/Deskjet │
│ I or F9 dumps to IBM Graphics Matrix │
│ E or F8 dumps to Epson FX, JX, or LQ │
│ O or F7 dumps to Okidata Microline │
│ S = SAVE screen...as filename.PCX │
│ │
│ R&R: X-bar and Range....Press any key. │
└────────────────────────────────────────────┘
When you have finished browsing and/or printing the X-Bar and Range
Charts, you will be returned to the Main Menu. You cannot examine a
different R&R study at this point without first exiting R&R. So select
Item "X" from the menu...
╔══════════════════ Repeatability/Reproducibility ═══════════════════╗
║ ╔════════════════════════════════╗ ║
║ ║ Main Menu ║ ║
║ ║ ║ ║
║ ║ E = Edit/Update Data ║ ║
║ ║ ║ ║
║ ║ C = R&R Calculations ║ ║
║ ║ ║ ║
║ ║ G = Graphical Display ║ ║
║ ║ ║ ║
║ ║ X = eXit R&R ║ ║
║ ║ ║ ║
║ ║ choice --> X ║ ║
║ ║ ║ ║
║ ╚════════════════════════════════╝ ║
╚════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╝
REMINDER(S) :
R&R.EXE created an Output File named... EX1.dtl
Use the DOS invocation... TYPE EX1.dtl | MORE
to review detailed computational results from
this R&R.EXE run.
Repeatability and Reproducibility, ver.9309 ......... Page 11 of 15
HARD COPY: To make a permanent copy of the R&R output file, enter the
DOS command...
print EX1.DTL
substituting (for EX1) the FILENAME (of at most 8 characters) for your
output "details" file.
*******************************************************************
┌───────────────────────────────────────┐
│ SECTION 3: Usage of the R&R Editor │
└───────────────────────────────────────┘
Select Item "E" from the Main Menu only when you DEFINITELY want to
change the data values that are permanently filed in the currently
active "filename.R&R" study. Why? Because, when you finish use of the
R&R editor, you automatically have to EXIT from R&R itself! In other
words, you will need to re-invoke R&R in order to read-in the input
file, filename.R&R, you just finished editing!
KEY-COMBINATION USAGE
=============== ==================================================
ESCAPE option to QUIT editing [Y|N] and/or SAVE [Y|N]
RIGHT ARROW move current cursor position one column right
CTRL-RIGHT ARROW move cursor position to the next right most word
LEFT ARROW move current cursor position one column left
CTRL-LEFT ARROW move cursor position to the next left most word
UP ARROW move current cursor position one row up
PAGE UP move cursor position up by height of window
DOWN ARROW move current cursor position one row down
PAGE DOWN move cursor position down by height of window
END move cursor 1 column past end of current line
CTRL-END move cursor to beginning of last row in the file
HOME move cursor to first column in current line
CTRL-HOME move cursor to beginning of first line of the file
KEY-COMBINATION USAGE
=============== ==================================================
Repeatability and Reproducibility, ver.9309 ......... Page 12 of 15
RETURN move cursor to the first column of the next line
ALT-F specify text string & search for next occurrence
These keys have been disabled because the R&R
DELETE \ editor always operates exclusively in OVERSTRIKE
INSERT > mode. The "usual" function of these keys in a
BACKSPACE / visual editor could cause the characters to the
right of the cursor to scroll left or right...
destroying column alignments.
┌───────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│ SECTION 4: Validation of R&R Calculations │
└───────────────────────────────────────────────┘
The four batch input files distributed with R&R.EXE illustrate that
the software accurately reproduces results from published literature.
EX1.R&R ...DataMyte Handbook(1986), Figure 4.7.4, page 4-23.
EX2.R&R ...DataMyte Handbook(1986), page 4-25.
EX3.R&R ...G.R. Technologies Workbook, Figure 9-5, page 9-8.
EX4.R&R ...Montgomery(1991), page 395.
Numerical agreement (to all displayed digits) between R&R.EXE results
and those from these reference materials was not exact. However, all
such disagreements were traced to [1] calculation errors in the
references, [2] use of fewer significant digits in the references,
and/or [3] use of less accurately tabulated values of statistical
constants, such as d2 and D4, in the reference materials. The
computing algorithms used in R&R.EXE have thus been cross-validated.
Users of this R&R software may, of course, perform any additional
computer validation they feel is appropriate. If such validation
requires access to the C-language source code for R&R.EXE, the author
will provide the code without charge upon receipt of a written request
on your company letterhead.
┌────────────────┐
│ REFERENCES │
└────────────────┘
*** Repeatability and Reproducibility ***
DataMyte Handbook. (1986.) "Measurement" [Second Edition, Chapter 4,
pages 4-16 to 4-25.] 14960 Industrial Road, Minnetonka,
Minnesota 55345.
Eagel, A.R. (1954.) "A Method for Handling Errors in Testing and
Measuring. Industrial Quality Control, pp 10-14.
Repeatability and Reproducibility, ver.9309 ......... Page 13 of 15
Grant, E.L. and Levenworth, R.S. (1980.) Statistical Quality Control,
Second Edition. [Pages 334-337.] New York: McGraw-Hill.
G.R. Technologies Ltd./Inc. "Statistical Process Control - Workbook #1:
Introduction." 26911 Northwestern Hwy., Southfield, MI 48034.
[Chapter 9, ten pages.]
Hunter, J.S. (1985.) "Measurement Error." Encyclopedia of Statistical
Sciences. [Volume 5, pages 378-381.] Editors - Kotz, Johnson,
and Read. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
Mandel, John and Lashof, T.W. (1987.) "The Nature of Repeatability
and Reproducibility." Journal of Quality Technology 19,
29-36.
Montgomery, D.C. (1991.) Introduction to Statistical Quality Control,
Second Edition. [Pages 390-396.] New York: John Wiley.
┌────────────────────────┐
│ Statistical Tables │
└────────────────────────┘
Duncan, A. J. (1974). Quality Control and Industrial Statistics, 4th
Edition. Irwin. (Tables D1 and D3: dstar-sub-2 factors, 948-950.)
AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD ANSI/ASQC A1-1987. Definitions, Symbols,
Formulas, and Tables for Control Charts." Milwaukee: American
Society for Quality Control. [Table 1, page12.]
Repeatability and Reproducibility, ver.9309 ......... Page 14 of 15
dstar-sub-2 factors for the average of k ranges, each over n samples
and D4 factor for the upper control limit on ranges.
─────────────┬───────────────────────────────────────────────────────
│ n=2 n=3 n=4 n=5 n=6 n=7 n=8
─────────────┼───────────────────────────────────────────────────────
│
k = 1 │ 1.41 1.91 2.24 2.48 2.67 2.83 2.96
k = 2 │ 1.28 1.81 2.15 2.40 2.60 2.77 2.91
k = 3 │ 1.23 1.77 2.12 2.38 2.58 2.75 2.89
k = 4 │ 1.21 1.75 2.11 2.37 2.57 2.74 2.88
k = 5 │ 1.19 1.74 2.10 2.36 2.56 2.73 2.87
│
k = 6 │ 1.18 1.73 2.09 2.35 2.56 2.73 2.87
k = 7 │ 1.17 1.73 2.09 2.35 2.55 2.72 2.87
k = 8 │ 1.17 1.72 2.08 2.35 2.55 2.72 2.87
k = 9 │ 1.16 1.72 2.08 2.34 2.55 2.72 2.86
k = 10 │ 1.16 1.72 2.08 2.34 2.55 2.72 2.86
│
k = 11 │ 1.16 1.71 2.08 2.34 2.55 2.72 2.86
k = 12 │ 1.15 1.71 2.07 2.34 2.55 2.72 2.85
k = 13 │ 1.15 1.71 2.07 2.34 2.55 2.71 2.85
k = 14 │ 1.15 1.71 2.07 2.34 2.54 2.71 2.85
k = 15 │ 1.15 1.71 2.07 2.34 2.54 2.71 2.85
│
k = infinity │ 1.128 1.693 2.059 2.326 2.534 2.704 2.847
│
D4 │ 3.267 2.574 2.282 2.114 2.004 1.924 1.864
Repeatability and Reproducibility, ver.9309 ......... Page 15 of 15
Continued...
dstar-sub-2 factors for the average of k ranges, each over n samples
and D4 factor for the upper control limit on ranges.
─────────────┬───────────────────────────────────────────────────────
│ n=9 n=10 n=11 n=12 n=13 n=15 n=15
─────────────┼───────────────────────────────────────────────────────
│
k = 1 │ 3.08 3.18 3.27 3.35 3.42 3.49 3.55
k = 2 │ 3.02 3.13 3.22 3.30 3.38 3.45 3.51
k = 3 │ 3.01 3.11 3.21 3.29 3.37 3.43 3.50
k = 4 │ 3.00 3.10 3.20 3.28 3.36 3.43 3.49
k = 5 │ 2.99 3.10 3.19 3.28 3.35 3.42 3.49
│
k = 6 │ 2.99 3.10 3.19 3.27 3.35 3.42 3.49
k = 7 │ 2.99 3.10 3.19 3.27 3.35 3.42 3.48
k = 8 │ 2.98 3.09 3.19 3.27 3.35 3.42 3.48
k = 9 │ 2.98 3.09 3.18 3.27 3.35 3.42 3.48
k = 10 │ 2.98 3.09 3.18 3.27 3.34 3.42 3.48
│
k = 11 │ 2.98 3.09 3.18 3.27 3.34 3.41 3.48
k = 12 │ 2.98 3.09 3.18 3.27 3.34 3.41 3.48
k = 13 │ 2.98 3.09 3.18 3.27 3.34 3.41 3.48
k = 14 │ 2.98 3.09 3.18 3.27 3.34 3.41 3.48
k = 15 │ 2.98 3.09 3.18 3.26 3.34 3.41 3.48
│
k = infinity │ 2.970 3.078 3.173 3.258 3.336 3.407 3.472
│
D4 │ 1.816 1.777 1.744 1.717 1.693 1.672 1.653
─────────────┬───────────────────────────────────────────────────────
│ n=16 n=17 n=18 n=19 n=20 n=21 n=22
─────────────┼───────────────────────────────────────────────────────
k = infinity │ 3.532 3.588 3.640 3.689 3.735 3.778 3.819
│
D4 │ 1.637 1.622 1.608 1.597 1.585 1.575 1.566
R&R.EXE Update History
======================
ver.9012 ...original beta-test version.
ver.9101 ...add batch input file bounce-bar selection menu,
add batch input file editor.
ver.9308 ...increase maximum allowed number of samples from 10 to 20.
ver.9309 ...fix input rounding bug; major upgrade to documentation.