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- **** COMPUTERS EXPLAINED ****************************************** PAGE ***
-
- A computer is a machine that processes information, or data according
- to a set of instructions called a program, like a program of things
- to do. The info and instructions are stored in the computer's memory
- until they are needed, and then are carried out by the machines central
- processing unit, or CPU.
-
- Hardware are the extra pieces of equipment that you add on to the computer
- and the things that make up the computer, like the keyboard and screen.
-
- Software are all the programs which tell the computer what to do. This
- includes programs which are built in to the system, as well as programs you
- type in. Or games loaded in etc.
-
- Peripheral is any extra piece of equipment which you can connect to the
- computer. For example, you can use a cassette recorder or a disk drive to
- store programs and information on cassettes and disks. Other examples of
- peripherals are a printer, for printing programs or information on paper,
- and aplotter for printing pictures.
-
- Cassettes. Most cassettes used for storing programs and data are ordinary
- audio cassettes - the same kind as you use to record music or voices. You
- can also buy special data cassettes from computer retailers. These are
- spcially designed for recording computer data and programs and have a much
- stronger magnetic field and are much more reliable.
- A cassette contains a length of magnetic tape on which computer signals are
- recorded as areas of varying magnetism. If you listen to a cassette on
- which a program is recorded, you hear the signals as a series of high
- pitched bleeps.
-
- More peripherals are:
-
- Digital Tracer
- Also known as a digitizer. It is a special hinged arm which you can use to
- trace over drawings and graphs and which sends the information to the
- computer for drawing out on the screen.
-
- Mouse
- This is a small device with wheels which is used to input data by tracing
- over graphs etc. or to indicate a position which an on-screen pointer
- should move.
-
- Modem
- This stands for modulator/demodulator. It is a device which allows you to
- send and receive computer signals along telephone lines. It does this by
- converting signals into phone signals and vice-versa. A modem may be built
- into a special telephone or it may take the form of an acoustic coupler.
-
- Acoustic Coupler
- This is a portable modem. Often just known as a modem, which can be used to
- connect to a computer and any standard telephone. You place the telephone
- handset into the coupler and it converts the signals travelling to or from
- the computer. It has two rubber cups (round) which will attach easily to
- most standard round ended hand sets, but you may have trouble with newer
- smaller square shaped ones.
-
- Joystick
- This is a lever like device that can be moved in any direction to move
- things on the screen. It is used mainly in computer games. Most joysticks
- have a fire button or hit key which sends a "fire" signal to the computer.
-
- Paddle
- This is a knob-like device, used like a joystick for moving things,
- particularly in bat and ball type games like PONG.
-
- Light pen
- This is a pen-like instrument which you connect to a computer and use it to
- draw on a screen directly. Or you can choose an option by pointing to it on
- the screen, extrememly useful and easy to use. Be ready for a big blast of
- these in the coming years.
-
- ***
- Disks
- Floppy disks, also called flexible disks or diskettes. These are thin
- plastic disks on which computer programs can be stored in a similar manner
- to cassettes. The programs can be read or recorded onto the disk in a disk
- drive.
-
- Disk controller. This tells the computer how to work the disk drive. It
- can be either a small printer circuit board or extra chips.
-
- Disk interface. This controls the signals travelling between the computer
- and the disk drive.
-
- Disk operating system. Often shortened to DOS (pronounced Doss). This is a
- group of programs which tell the computer how to read and write programs on
- the disks. Some computers have a DOS already in ROM
- but others have a short program which knows just enough to load the main DOS
- from disk. This is called BOOTING DOS (Amiga does this).
-
- Types of disks
-
- Floppy disks can be either single sided (ss) or double sided (ds). Data is
- recorded ontro disks as a pattern of magnetic dots and disk density refers
- to the amount of data that can be stored on a single disk.
-
- Minifloppies
- These are 5¼ inches in diameter and can hold at least 100K, depending on the
- density of the disk. Most micro computers use minifloppy disks. Usually
- they are just called floppy disks.
-
- Microfloppies
- These are between 3 and 4 inches in diameter and different makes hold
- differet amounts of data.
-
- Standard floppies
- These are 8 inches in diameter and are used mainly on large computers.
-
- Hard Disks
- These are made of hard non-flexible material. A typical 5¼" hard disk can
- store at least 5 megabytes. They are used mainly on large computers.
-
-
- Next disk we look at networks, databases, printers and more!
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