The text of the English Bill of Rights is presented on a paragraph-by-paragraph basis in this seminar.
With the exception of paragraphs 12, 13 and 14 and paragraph 36, each subject heading is derived from the opening phrase of the corresponding paragraph. The order of the headings is the same as in the English Bill of Rights. Number prefixes with each heading provide a handy way to refer to each paragraph.
Under each heading you will find a paragraph from the English Bill of Rights. A line of * (asterisks) indicates the end of the paragraph from the English Bill of Rights.
Following the text from the English Bill of Rights, TCNbP Company has provided a few comments to help you get started. Key words and related phrases from the US Constitution are indexed to support the discussion of each paragraph. Comments about other documents are occasionally made. These comments, key words and related phrases can be reviewed and edited using the TCN program. Bill of Rights (1689)
An Act Declaring the Rights and Liberties of the Subjects and Settling the Succession of the Crown
Whereas the Lords Spiritual and Temporal and Commons assembled at Westminster, lawfully, fully and freely representing all the estates of the people of this realm, did upon on the thirteenth day of February in the year of our Lord one thousand six hundred eighty-eight present unto their Majesties, then called and known by the names and style of William and Mary, prince and princess of Orange, being present in their proper persons, a certain declaration in writing made by the said Lords and Commons in the words following, viz;
*****************************************
A step forward from the kingly greeting in the Magna Carta, but not "We the people" either. The English Bill of Rights was presented to the King and Queen to be. The Constitution was presented to the Citizens to be. Whereas the late King James the Second, by the assistance of divers evil counsellors, judges and ministers employed by him, did endeavour to subvert and extirpate the Protestant religion and the laws and liberties of this kingdom;
*****************************************
First of 16 paragraphs citing complaints against the previous (and very much dethroned and out of power) King James the Second. Entire document is petition for Prince William and Princess Mary to not repeat the same offenses. Somewhat like the Declaration of Independence; however, the Declaration directed its complaints to the very much enthroned and powerful King George III who committed the offenses against whiBy assuming and exercising a power of dispensing with and suspending of laws and the execution of laws without consent of Parliament;
*****************************************
Compare the following phrases in the Declaration of Independence:
. . subject us to jurisdiction foreign to our Constitution . . .
. . . dissolution of Representative Houses . . .
. . . taking away charters . . .
. . . suspending legislatures . . . By committing and prosecuting divers worthy prelates for humbly petitioning to be excused from concurring to the said assumed power;
*****************************************
Compare " . . resisting with manly firmness . . ." in Declaration. By issuing and causing to be executed a commission under the great seal for erecting a court called the Court of Commissioners for Ecclesiastical Causes;
*****************************************
King James the Second apparently went against provisions of the Magna Carta (which hardly lasted past the ink drying) about the free church. Nothing similar is found in the Declaration. By levying money for and to the use of the Crown by pretence of prerogative for other time and in other manner that the same was granted by Parliament;
*****************************************
Magna Carta limited King's power to raise money. Declaration expresses complaint about taxation without representation.
The Constitution places all power of taxation with the Congress. By raising and keeping a standing army within this kingdom in time of peace without consent of Parliament, and quartering soldiers contrary to law;
*****************************************
Both the Declaration and the Magna Carta contain complaints about mercenaries. By causing several good subjects being Protestants to be disarmed at the same time when papists were both armed and employed contrary to law;
*****************************************
This complaint seems unique to the EBOR. By violating the freedom of election of members to serve in Parliament;
*****************************************
The Magna Carta alluded to free elections for the church. Declaration mentions refusal of King to cause other Representative Houses to be elected. By prosecutions in the Court of King's Bench for matters and causes cognizable only in Parliament, and by divers other arbitrary and illegal courses;
*****************************************
Paragraph 48 in the Magna Carta is strong bitter protest against corruption in what amounted to the executive branch of government.
Declaration alludes to mock trials to protect the King's men . . . and . . . transport of colonist beyond the seas for trial on pretended offenses. And whereas of late years partial corrupt and unqualified persons have been returned and served on juries in trials, and particularly divers jurors in trials for high treason which were not freeholders;
*****************************************
Juries not mentioned in Magna Carta. Declaration complained of King denying colonists . . . the benefits of trial by jury in some cases . . . And excessive bail hath been required of persons committed in criminal cases to elude the benefit of the laws made for the liberty of the subjects;
And excessive fines have been imposed;
And illegal and cruel punishments inflicted;
*****************************************
The complaints made in these three separate paragraphs are addressed by the 8th amendment in the Bill of Rights. And several grants and promises made of fines and forfeitures before any conviction or judgment against the persons upon whom the same were to be levied;
*****************************************
Plea bargains are described here. Authors do not sound pleased about the process. All which are utterly and directly contrary to the known laws and statutes and freedom of this realm;
*****************************************
An actual and extremely relevant precedent for limiting the power of the executive as was done by the United States Constitution. And whereas the said late King James the Second having abdicated the government and the throne being thereby vacant, his Highness the prince of Orange (whom it hath pleased Almighty God to make the glorious instrument of delivering this kingdom from popery and arbitrary power) did (by the advice of the Lords Spiritual and Temporal and divers principal persons of the Commons) cause letters to be written to the Lords Spiritual and Temporal being Protestants, and other letters to the several counties, cities, universities, boroughs and cinque ports, for the choosing of such persons to represent them as were of right to be sent to Parliament, to meet and sit at Westminster upon the two and twentieth day of January in this year one thousand six hundred eighty and eight, in order to such an establishment as that their religion, laws and liberties might not again be in danger of being subverted, upon which letters elections having been accordingly made;
*****************************************
Compare phrase beginning 6 lines from end "in order . . . . might not again be in danger . . ." to phrase in Preamble "to Secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our Posterity" And thereupon the said Lords Spiritual and Temporal and Commons, pursuant to their respective letters and elections, being now assembled in a full and free representative of this nation, taking into their most serious consideration the best means for attaining the ends aforesaid, do in the first place (as their ancestors in like case have usually done) for the vindicating and asserting their ancient rights and liberties declare
*****************************************
Compare text preceding 3rd comma to the phrase "in Congress assembled" which appears both in the Declaration and in the Constitution. That the pretended power of suspending the laws or the execution of laws by regal authority without consent of Parliament is illegal;
*****************************************
This paragraph answers part of the complaint made in paragraph 3 of the EBOR. It proposes the limiting of Kingly (loosely, executive) power. That the pretended power of dispensing with laws or the execution of laws by regal authority, as it hath been assumed and exercised of late, is illegal.
*****************************************
This paragraph answers another part of the complaint made in paragraph 3 of the EBOR. It hints that the King is not above the law. Not strongly stated. That the commission for erecting the late Court of Commissioners for Ecclesiastical Causes, and all other commissions and courts of like nature, are illegal and pernicious;
*****************************************
This paragraph answers the complaint made in paragraph 5 of the EBOR. It more clearly articulates the idea that the church is to be free that appeared in the Magna Carta. It is a bitter and strong protest against the combination of Church authority and state power. Can be seen as a model for the 1st amendment in the Bill of Rights. That levying money for or to the use of the Crown by pretence of prerogative, without grant of Parliament, for longer time, or in other manner than the same is or shall be granted, is illegal;
*****************************************
This paragraph is intended to remedy the complaint stated in paragraph 6 of the EBOR. King's power to tax is restricted to those limits set by Parliament.
Declaration complains of taxation without representation. Constitution answers that complaint. Executive is not involved with process of taxation according to US Constitution. Congress has power to lay and collect taxes. IRS is part of legislative branch, not executive branch in US. That it is the right of the subjects to petition the king, and all commitments and prosecutions for such petitioning are illegal;
*****************************************
This paragraph is in answer to the complaint stated in paragraph 4 of the EBOR. Compare the 1st amendment in the US Constitution. That the raising or keeping a standing army within the kingdom in time of peace, unless it be with consent of Parliament, is against law;
*****************************************
This paragraph answers the complaint made in paragraph 7 of the EBOR. The Declaration contains no less than 4 separate complaints about the King's army. Article I, Section 8, paragraph 12 of the US Constitution delegates the power to raise armies to the Congress, not the Executive branch. That the subjects which are Protestants may have arms for their defence suitable to their conditions and as allowed by law;
*****************************************
This paragraph answers the complaint made in paragraph 8 of the EBOR. Compare 2nd amendment in the Bill of Rights. That election of members of Parliament ought to be free;
*****************************************
This paragraph answers the complaint made in paragraph 9 of the EBOR. Related articles in the US Constitution include Article I, Section 4, paragraph 1; Article I, Section 5, paragraph 1; the 17th, 19th, 24th and 26th amendments. That the freedom of speech and debates or proceedings in Parliament ought not to be impeached or questioned in any court or place out of Parliament;
*****************************************
This paragraph answers the complaint made in paragraph 10 of the EBOR. Compare Article I, Section 6, paragraph 1 in the US Constitution. That excessive bail ought not to be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted;
*****************************************
This paragraph answers the complaint made in paragraphs 12, 13 and 14 of the EBOR. Compare the 8th amendment in the Bill of Rights. That jurors ought to be duly impanelled and returned, and jurors which pass upon men in trials for high treason ought to be freeholders;
*****************************************
This paragraph answers the complaint made in paragraph 11 of the EBOR. The class system of England is revealed in this jury selection process. Note absence of such class distinction in description of jury stated in the 6th amendment of the Bill of Rights. That all grants and promises of fines and forfeitures of particular persons before conviction are illegal and void;
*****************************************
This paragraph invalidates plea bargains in answer to the complaint made in paragraph 15 in the EBOR. NRFIC. And that for redress of grievances, and for the amending, strengthening and preserving of the laws, Parliaments ought to be held frequently.
*****************************************
This paragraph answers the complaints made in paragraphs 3 and 4 of the EBOR. Related provisions in the US Constitution include Article I, Section 4, paragraph 2 and the 1st amendment in the Bill of Rights. And they do claim, demand and insist upon all and singular the premises as their undoubted rights and liberties, and that no declarations, judgments, doings or proceedings to the prejudice of the people in any of the said premises ought in any wise to be drawn hereafter into consequence or example; to which demand of their rights they are particularly encouraged by the declaration of his Highness the prince of Orange as being the only means for obtaining a full redress and remedy therein. Having therefore an entire confidence that his said Highness the prince of Orange will perfect the deliverance so far advanced by him, and will still preserve them from the violation of their rights which they have here asserted, and from all other attempts upon their religion, rights and liberties, the said Lords Spiritual and Temporal in Commons assembled at Westminster do resolve that William and Mary, prince and princess of Orange, be and be declared king and queen of England, France and Ireland and the dominions thereunto belonging, to hold the crown and royal dignity of the said kingdoms and dominions to them, the said prince and princess, during their lives and the life of the survivor of them, and that the sole and full exercise of the regal power be only in and executed by the said prince of Orange in the names of the said prince and princess during their joint lives, and after their deceases the said crown and royal dignity of the said kingdoms and dominions to be to the heirs of the body of the said princess, and for default of such issue to the Princess Anne of Denmark and the heirs of her body, and for default of such issue to the heirs of the body of the said prince of Orange. And the Lords Spiritual and Temporal and Commons do pray the said prince and princess to accept the same accordingly.
*****************************************
All of the complaints in the EBOR are addressed directly to the office of the King, though namely at the then dethroned person of James the Second. And all the hopes expressed in the EBOR are also addressed directly to the office of the King, though namely to different persons than James the Second.
In the 1st sentence of this paragraph, all protection and preservation of individual liberties are delegated to the office of the King.
However well or poorly William and Mary may have discharged such protection and preservation, King George III did a very poor job of it. The colonists being thus poorly served by him, sought first to get shed of him, and then later in the Constitution got shed of the office, too. They placed their hope for the protection and preservation of their liberties not in any single individual, but under the auspices of a system of checks and balances.
Part of these checks and balances was election by the democratic method as opposed to blood descendency as proposed in this paragraph of the EBOR. And that the oaths hereafter mentioned be taken by all persons of whom the oaths of allegiance and supremacy might be required by law, instead of them; and that the said oaths of allegiance and supremacy be abrogated.
*****************************************
The Constitution requires oaths of the President (Article II, Section 1, paragraph 9) and of various officers (Article VI, paragraph 3). I, A.B., do sincerely promise and swear that I will be faithful and bear true allegiance to their Majesties King William and Queen Mary. So help me God.
*****************************************
Oaths required by Constitution declare allegiance to it, not to any person. I, A.B., do swear that I do from my heart abhor, detest and abjure as impious and heretical this damnable doctrine and position, that princes excommunicated or deprived by the Pope or any authority of the see of Rome may be deposed or murdered by their subjects or any other whatsoever. And I do declare that no foreign prince, person, prelate, state or potentate hath or ought to have any jurisdiction, power, superiority, pre-eminance or authority, ecclesiastical or spiritual, within this realm. So help me God.
*****************************************
The Constitution declares itself to be the supreme law of the land. By swearing or affirming one's allegiance to it, one implicitly denies allegiance to foreign powers. Hence, no explicit denial of any such loyalty is contained in the oaths required by the US Constitution. Upon which their said Majesties did accept the crown and royal dignity of the kingdoms of England, France and Ireland, and the dominions thereunto belonging, according to the resolution and desire of the said Lords and Commons contained in the said declaration. And thereupon their Majesties were pleased that the said Lords Spiritual and Temporal and Commons, being the two Houses of Parliament, should continue to sit, and with their Majesties' royal concurrence make effectual provision for the settlement of the religion, laws and liberties of this kingdom, so that the same for the future might not be in danger again of being subverted, to which the said Lords Spiritual and Temporal and Commons did agree, and proceed to act accordingly. Now in pursuance of the premises the said Lords Spiritual and Temporal and Commons in Parliament assembled, for the ratifying, confirming and establishing the said declaration and the articles, clauses, matters and things therein contained by the force of a law made in due form by authority of Parliament, do pray that it may be declared and enacted that all and singular the rights and liberties asserted and claimed in the said declaration are the true, ancient and indubitable rights and liberties of the people of this kingdom, and so shall be esteemed, allowed, adjudged, deemed and taken to be; and that all and every the particulars aforesaid shall be firmly and strictly holden and observed as they are expressed in the said declaration, and all officers and ministers whatsoever shall serve their Majesties and their successors according to the same in all times to come. And the said Lords Spiritual and Temporal and Commons, seriously considering how it hath pleased Almighty God in his marvelous providence and merciful goodness to this nation to provide and preserve their said Majesties' royal persons most happily to reign over us upon the throne of their ancestors, for which they render unto him from the bottom of their hearts their humblest thanks and praises, do truly, firmly, assuredly and in the sincerity of their hearts think, and do hereby recognize, acknowledge and declare, that King James the Second having abdicated the government, and their Majesties having accepted the crown and royal dignity as aforesaid, their said Majesties did become, were, are and of right out to be by the laws of this realm our sovereign liege lord and lady, king and queen of England, France and Ireland and the dominions thereunto belonging, in and to whose princely persons the royal state, crown and dignity of the said realms with all honours, styles, titles, regalities, prerogatives, powers, jurisdictions and authorities to the same belonging and appertaining are most fully, rightfully and entirely invested and incorporated, united and annexed. And for preventing all questions and divisions in this realm by reason of any pretended titles to the crown, and for preserving a certainty in the succession thereof, in and upon which the unity, peace, tranquility and safety of this nation doth under God wholly consist and depend, the said Lords Spiritual and Temporal and Commons do beseech their Majesties that it may be enacted, established and declared, that the crown and regal government of the said kingdoms and dominions, with all and singular the premises thereunto belonging and appertaining, shall be and continue to their said Majesties and the survivor of them during their lives and the life of the survivor of them, and that the entire, perfect and full exercise of the regal power and government be only in and executed by his Majesty in the names of both their Majesties during their joint lives; and after their deceases the said crown and premises shall be and remain to the heirs of the body of her Majesty, and for default of such issue to her Royal Highness the Princess Anne of Denmark and the heirs of her body, and for default of such issue to the heirs of the body of his said Majesty; and thereunto the said Lords Spiritual and Temporal and Commons do in the name of all the people aforesaid most humbly and faithfully submit themselves, their heirs and posterities for ever, and do faithfully promise that they will stand to, maintain and defend their said Majesties, and also the limitation and succession of the crown herein specified and contained, to the utmost of their powers with their lives and estates against all persons whatsoever that shall attempt any thing to the contrary.
*****************************************
For reasons of space limitations of the TCN program as well as for logic of organization, paragraph 36 of the EBOR is spit into two parts in this seminar.
This first part is similar in intent, if not in content, to the resolution of ratification and enactment clauses in the US Constitution. And whereas it hath been found by experience that it is inconsistent with the safety and welfare of this Protestant kingdom to be governed by a popish prince, or by any king or queen marrying a papist, the said Lords Spiritual and Temporal and Commons do further pray that it may be enacted, that all and every person and persons that is, are or shall be reconciled to or shall hold communion with the see or Church of Rome, or shall profess the popish religion, or shall marry a papist, shall be excluded and be for ever incapable to inherit, possess or enjoy the crown and government of this realm and Ireland and the dominions thereunto belonging or any part of the same, or to have, use or exercise any regal power, authority or jurisdiction within the same; and in all and every such case or cases the people of these realms shall be and are hereby absolved of their allegiance; and the said crown and government shall from time to time descend to and be enjoyed by such person or persons being Protestants as should have inherited and enjoyed the same in case the said person or persons so reconciled, holding communion or professing or marrying as aforesaid were naturally dead; and that every king and queen of this realm who at any time hereafter shall come to and succeed in the imperial crown of this kingdom shall on the first day of the meeting the first Parliament next after his or her coming to the crown sitting in his or her throne in the House of Peers in the presence of the Lords and Commons therein assembled, or at his or her coronation before such person or persons who shall administer the coronation oath to him or her at the time or his or her taking the said oath (which shall first happen), make, subscribe and audibly repeat the declaration mentioned in the statute made in the thirtieth year of the reign of King Charles the Second entituled, An Act for the more effectual preserving the king's person and government by disabling papists from sitting in either House of Parliament. But if it shall happen that such king or queen upon his or her succession to the crown of this realm shall be under the age of twelve years, then every such king or queen shall make, subscribe and audibly repeat the said declaration at his or her coronation or the first day of the meeting of the first Parliament as aforesaid which shall first happen after such king or queen shall have attained the said age of twelve years. All which their Majesties are contented and pleased shall be declared enacted and established by authority of this present Parliament, and shall stand, remain and be the law of this realm for ever; and the same are by their said Majesties, by and with the advice and consent of the Lords Spiritual and Temporal and Commons in Parliament assembled and by the authority of the same, declared, enacted and established accordingly.
*****************************************
This paragraph of the EBOR is presented in this seminar as two parts. This split is for reasons of space limitations of the TCN program as well as for logic of organization.
This part of the EBOR is in direct contrast with the provision of the Constitution that states "no religious test shall ever be a requirement for office". This provision is in the very last clause of Article VI.
The EBOR was written 111 years after the Spanish Armada. II. And be it further declared and enacted by the authority aforesaid, that from and after this present session of Parliament no dispensation by non obstante of or to any statute or any part thereof shall be allowed, but that the same shall be held void and of no effect, except a dispensation be allowed of in such statute, and except in such cases as shall be specially provided for by one or more bill or bills to be passed during this present session of Parliament.
*****************************************
King of England is denied the power to grant pardons. President of US is granted power of pardon for all offenses except impeachment in Article II, Section 2, paragraph 1. III. Provided that no charter or grant or pardon granted before the three and twentieth day of October in the year of our Lord one thousand six hundred eighty-nine shall be any ways impeached or invalidated by this Act, but that the same shall be and remain of the same force and effect in law and no other than as if this Act had never been made.
*****************************************
This paragraph of the EBOR is a grandfather clause for paragraph 37 of the EBOR. NRFIC. ch it protested.
