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- SIY3.TXT Field Survey and Write a Land Description 21
-
- Chapter 3
-
- Field Survey and Write a Land Description
-
- In this chapter you will write a land description just like you did in Chapter
- 2. The only exception is that you will do it from a map on a grand scale. The
- real Earth.
-
- For this chapter you will need:
-
- a) Silva Ranger type 15 compass, available for $41 + $5 shipping & handling
- from CAVE Inc, 1/2 Fast Road, Ritner, KY 42639. 606/376-3137. This time there
- is no substitute for the real thing.
-
- b) A place outdoors to practice,
-
- c) Pencil and note paper.
-
- You will not need:
-
- a) Tape measure, but when you do need one, an unbreakable 200 foot Keson PVC
- coated fiberglass surveyor's tape measure is available from CAVE Inc for $27 +
- $5 shipping & handling.
-
- b) Clinometer,
-
- c) Assistant,
-
- d) Deed.
-
- e) You don't even need this computer, except to make a printout so that these
- instructions can be doodled with a pencil.
-
- You will be doing something different with the compass. You will use it for a
- compass. Put the compass on like a necklace with a pendant. The latest fad.
-
- Open the compass lid. Tilt the mirror up about halfway towards straight up.
- Hold the compass out in front of you, at about mouth level. Close one eye and
- sight your target thru the vee sighting notch atop the mirror. Now look into
- the mirror, without moving the compass. Twiddle with the mirror until you can
- see all of the compass dial in the mirror.
-
- Don't try to look at the compass dial directly. You can't see the dial and
- still hold the compass level, so don't bother trying. The compass must be
- level when taking a compass direction. The compass needle must be free to
- swing and jiggle without binding on the compass case.
-
-
-
- SIY3.TXT Field Survey and Write a Land Description 22
-
- There is a line in the mirror. Turn the compass until this line goes thru the
- pivot point of the compass needle. Now turn the dial until the red and black
- arrow lines up with the compass needle. The needle red and the arrow head.
- The old Ranger has an all black arrow, but don't let that confuse you. Note
- that the needle may not be exactly in the center of the red and black arrow.
- That's OK, just so long as the needle and the sides of the arrow are parallel.
-
- Your compass direction is under the index blob. And it will stay there until
- you change it. Read the compass direction at your leisure.
-
- To take a good compass reading, the following four things must all happen at
- the same time. In what order you do them makes no difference, as long as they
- all finally happen at the same time.
-
- a) You see your target thru the vee sighting notch.
-
- b) You see the line in the mirror pass thru the center of the needle pivot.
-
- c) You see the red and black arrow and the compass needle align. Needle red,
- arrow head.
-
- d) The compass needle really is pointing North.
-
- Now that you know how to take a compass reading, find yourself a place to work
- outdoors. A yard or park is the best choice. It needs to be level and at
- least 25 paces square. A pace is how far you get in one step. About 2.5 to
- 3.0 feet. Try to find a place without too much traffic or interruptions.
-
- Pick an obvious place to start. Try to keep away from steel. Steel perturbs
- the compass. Stay 5 paces away from cars, steel reinforced pavement, or wire
- fences. I don't know how far from a steel reinforced building is dangerous,
- never having had that problem. 50 paces??
-
- Label your paper with headings: TO FROM COMPASS TAPE COMMENTS
-
- Your starting point is station 0. Describe or mark it so that you can find it
- again. You'll know if you have done a good job of marking it when you try to
- find it again. Enter the data for this station in your notes. A row of 0 0 0
- 0. Remember, you gotta start somewhere.
-
- Pick your next station. It is the second station, but name it "1". This one
- need not be permanent. A wad of paper, a beer can, or an assistant will do.
- Just so long as it stays put for a few minutes & you can see it from station 0.
-
- Go back to station 0. Measure the COMPASS direction TO station 1 FROM station
- 0. Sight thru the vee sight, put the line in the mirror in the center of the
- pivot, and turn the arrow until it aligns with the compass needle.
-
- SIY3.TXT Field Survey and Write a Land Description 23
-
- The arrow head and the needle red. Check that the compass isn't tilted so that
- it binds the needle.
-
- Now pace off the distance to station l from station 0. Enter this information
- in your notes.
-
- I hope that you don't feel that I have cheated you, but that's about all there
- basically is to land surveying. If you are really dissatisfied, I'll refund
- your money. What can I say? I told you that this was ridiculously easy.
-
- For the rest of you, there are a lot of helpful hints.
-
- Organize your data notes the same way as you did in Chapter 2.
-
- TO FROM COMPASS backsight TAPE COMMENTS
-
- Record your data for each station. Be sure that you have recorded the data for
- each line before you move on to the next station. And always be sure to start
- somewhere.
-
- You can check your compass technique by taking a compass direction to station 0
- from station 1. If you align the tail of the arrow with the red end of the
- compass needle, you can read your original compass direction under the index
- blob. No need to fool around adding 180 degrees.
-
- This is a backsight. You took the compass direction to station 0 from station
- 1. What you really wanted was the direction to station 1 from station 0.
- These directions are 180 degrees apart. You were heading in exactly opposite
- directions. Be careful that you don't make the classic blunder of getting them
- mixed up. Everybody has to do it at least once. Record backsights in the
- backsight column.
-
- Notice that when you are standing on station 1 looking at station 2, your
- compass reading is TO 2. When you look back to station 0, your backsight is TO
- 1. They are not entered on the same line.
-
- With a little practice you should be able to get your sights and backsights to
- agree within a degree. For now, five degrees difference is plenty good enuf.
- You might not be able to agree even within five degrees if you are near a lot
- of steel. If you have this problem, then try a different yard or park before
- yelling for help.
-
- The distance is measured in paces. Just walk between the stations and count
- your steps. Measure to half paces. If you want to know the distance in feet,
- you will have to measure the length of your pace in feet for a conversion
- factor.
-
-
- SIY3.TXT Field Survey and Write a Land Description 24
-
- Your pace should be about 2.5 to 3.0 feet. By the definition of a mile (a
- thousand double paces) it is 2.64 feet [5280 / 2000, where the symbol "/" is
- computerese for the arithmetic operation of divide]. You could use your
- tape measure if it won't cause a traffic jam.
-
- You should now have two stations recorded. Station 0, your starting station,
- and station 1, with compass and tape data. Pick station 2, put something there
- so that you can see it from station 1, and go to it.
-
- Put in station 3.
-
- Now put station 4 in the same place as station 0. Make a note in your comments
- that station 4 is the same place as station 0.
-
- Your now have four stations in a loop. The closure error on the ground in
- reality is 0.0 Stations 0 and 4 are in exactly the same place.
-
- Pick up your trash and go back to your kitchen table, or whatever you are using
- for an office.
-
- Get out a fresh sheet of note paper. Transcribe your field notes. Make a nice
- clean office copy without all the doodles and crossed out mistakes. (You've
- already found out that erasures of bad data are an invitation to blunder.
- Cross out those mistakes.) Be sure to label both the field and office copies
- with what you have surveyed, when, with what instruments, and by whom.
-
- Now plot a map from your data. Just like you did in Chapter 1. Be sure that
- you label your map. Be sure that the North arrow points up. A Suggested scale
- is 10 paces per inch. Write on your map: "10 paces = 1 inch" (or whatever
- scale you are using). This is so that you will remember the map scale
- tomorrow.
-
- You should have a closure error of a few paces. If you wish to get more
- technical, you should not have more closure error than 2 paces plus 5% of the
- run. If you do have more error than this, it is not error. It is blunder. Go
- survey it again and find out what you did wrong so that you don't make the same
- mistake again.
-
- If you do make the same mistake again, try a different place. The most likely
- problem in a city is too much steel perturbing the compass. How well do your
- sights and backsights agree?
-
- Now find a place where you can try the 200 foot surveyor's tape measure. Note
- that the tape measure is graduated in feet and tenths, not inches. This makes
- the calculations a lot easier.
-
- I like to call TAPE by the name PACE when I'm doing a pace survey. That makes
- it easier to understand my notes later.
- SIY3.TXT Field Survey and Write a Land Description 25
-
- If you can't find a convenient place to use the tape measure, just continue.
- Play with the tape when you find a safe place.
-
- If you wish, you can plot your map at the same time as when you collect your
- survey data. Your protractor is already set to the proper direction. The
- ruler is right there in your hand too. This is the great advantage of the
- Silva Ranger over other systems. Replot your field map when you get back to
- your kitchen office. Plotting as you survey helps you to keep track of what
- you are doing, and catches blunders.
-
- All this time you have assumed that the compass needle was pointing North. It
- wasn't, but it was close. The compass doesn't point towards The North Pole,
- but rather to The North Magnetic Pole. Adjust the declination on your
- compass. Turn the declination adjusting screw located at 45 degrees on your
- dial. Use the screw driver on the safety cord. Read the declination under the
- tail or head of the black arrow.
-
- It doesn't make any difference which end of the arrow you use, but you might
- understand better which way is which if you use the arrow head as the
- declination pointer. Even Silva gets confused when they try to set declination
- on the south!
-
- The Silva instructions have a map of the United States of America with the
- declinations marked. Or look on a topographic map. Or ask your local
- Geological Survey. Note that if you move a hundred miles or so east-west, you
- must readjust the declination. Declination also changes with time. I usually
- set the declination to 0.0 and correct the compass with my computer program.
- If I bother to correct it at all. The declination read from the Silva
- instructions will be plenty good enuf for you.
-
- Steel objects perturb the compass. I can't say it often enuf! Cars, fences,
- axes, guns, knives, motors, buildings, steel reinforced pavement, and maybe
- even your eyeglass frames, jewelry, wristwatch, or pacemaker will affect the
- compass. When in doubt, test. See how close to the compass needle the object
- must be before the needle is affected. Then at least triple it for safety.
- For a movable object, have an assistant move it around while you watch the
- compass needle. For an immovable object, sight on a distant target, then move
- along the line of sight away from the test object and take another compass
- reading. If you were far enuf away, the compass reading will not change.
-
- Some places have magnetic rocks which disturb the Earth's magnetic field which
- your compass is sensing. If this is the case, then you are out of luck. Such
- places are usually in areas of mining activity or of metamorphic rock. You
- can't survey with a compass in Lodestone Gulch nor on Magnetic Mountain.
-
-
-
-
- SIY3.TXT Field Survey and Write a Land Description 26
-
- Silva claims that their sealed liquid filled compass capsule resists static
- electricity interference. I never heard of static electricity affecting a
- compass, but the magnetic field created by direct current sure does. There is
- no resistance possible either, since it is the magnetic field which is
- perturbed. The compass aligns with the perturbed field just like it is
- supposed to do.
-
- Sloppy technique is another problem. The Ranger is much more accurate when
- used on the lanyard than when held freehand. Be sure that the compass is
- pulled to the end of the necklace. This both steadies it and keeps it in the
- proper position. If the target is almost in the vee sighting notch, or if the
- mirror line is almost in the center of the needle pivot, or if the arrow and
- the compass needle are almost aligned, then you will get almost the correct
- compass direction.
-
- The worst problem with the Silva Ranger compass is not keeping the compass
- level. You can have an assistant check this for you, or you can check it
- yourself. Tap the side of the mirror with your finger. The needle should
- jiggle and return to the same place. If the needle is not free to jiggle, then
- the compass is tilted and you will get the wrong compass direction.
-
- Another trick is to flop the compass over on its side, then sight it again.
- The needle and the arrow should line up again. Perfectly.
-
- You should try surveying in the park a few times so that you make most of the
- normal beginner's blunders in a safe place.
-
- If you have questions or comments, contact me.
-
- Dave Beiter
- CAVE, Inc
- 1/2 Fast Road
- Ritner, KY 42639
-
- 606/376-3137
-