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The Epic Interactive Encyclopedia 1997
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Country in E Africa, bounded NE by the Red
Sea, E and SE by Somalia, S by Kenya, and W
and NW by Sudan. government A traditional
monarchy until 1974, Ethiopia has since been
ruled by a Provisional Military
Administrative Council (PMAC), chaired by the
head of state, who also presides over a
council of ministers and is secretary general
of the only political party, the
Marxist-Leninist Workers' Party of Ethiopia
(WPE). Parliament was suspended 1974 when the
king was deposed and Ethiopia was proclaimed
a socialist state. A new constitution in 1987
created an 835-member national assembly,
elected from nominees of political parties
and other economic and social organizations.
history Long subject to Egypt, the area
became independent about the 11th century BC.
The kingdom of Aksum flourished 1st-10th
century ad, reaching its peak about the 4th
century with the introduction of Coptic
Christianity from Egypt, and declining from
the 7th century as Islam expanded. The Arab
conquests isolated Aksum from the rest of the
Christian world. During the 10th century
there emerged a kingdom which formed the
basis of Abyssinia, reinforced 1270 with the
founding of a new dynasty. Although it
remained independent throughout the period of
European colonization of Africa, Abyssinia
suffered civil unrest and several invasions
from the 16th century, and was eventually
reunited 1889 under Menelik II, with Italian
support. In 1896 Menelik put down an invasion
by Italy, which claimed he had agreed to make
the country an Italian protectorate, and
annexed Ogaden in the southeast several
provinces to the west. Ethiopia was dominated
for over 50 years by Haile Selassie, who
became regent 1916, king 1928, and emperor
1930. The country was occupied by Italy
1935-41, and Haile Selassie went into exile
in Britain. Ogaden was returned to Somalia,
which was also under Italian control. Haile
Selassie returned from exile 1941 and ruled
until 1974, when he was deposed by the armed
forces, after famine, high inflation, growing
unemployment, and demands for greater
democracy. His palace and estates were
nationalized, parliament dissolved, and the
constitution suspended. He died 1975, aged
83, in a small apartment in his former palace
in Addis Ababa. General Teferi Benti, who had
led the uprising and been made head of state,
was killed 1977 by fellow officers and
replaced by Colonel Mengistu Haile Mariam.
The Ethiopian empire had been built up by
Haile Selassie and Menelik, and annexed
regions had made frequent attempts to secede.
The 1975 revolution encouraged secessionist
movements to increase their efforts, and the
military government had to fight to keep
Eritrea and Ogaden, where Somalian troops
were assisting local guerrillas. The USSR,
having adopted Ethiopia as a new ally,
threatened to cut off aid to Somalia, and
Cuban troops assisted Mengistu in ending the
fighting there. Eritrea and its neighbour,
Tigray, continued their struggle for
independence. Amid this confusion there was
acute famine in the north, including Eritrea,
when the rains failed for three successive
seasons. In addition to a massive emergency
aid programme from many Western nations, the
Ethiopian government tried to alleviate the
problem by resettling people from the north
to the more fertile south. By 1986 more than
500,000 had been resettled. Meanwhile, the
military regime had re-established normal
relations with most of its neighbours,
promising a return to civilian rule, and in
1986 publishing the draft of a new
constitution. Tigray province was captured by
EPLF and TPLF Feb 1989, the first time the
government had lost control of the entire
province. In Mar 1989 the new constitution
was adopted, ending 12 years of military rule
and electing Colonel Mengistu Mariam as the
country's first president. A coup against him
in May 1989 was put down and the military
high command subsequently purged. Following a
mediation offer by the former US president
Jimmy Carter, peace talks with the Eritrean
rebels began in Aug 1989. At the same time,
droughts in the north threatened another
widespread famine.