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The Epic Interactive Encyclopedia 1997
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1992-09-02
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The capacity for doing work. Potential energy
(PE) is energy deriving from position; thus a
stretched spring has elastic PE; an object
raised to a height above the Earth's surface,
or the water in an elevated reservoir, has
gravitational PE; a lump of coal and a tank
of petrol, together with the oxygen needed
for their combustion, have chemical PE (due
to relative positions of atoms). Other sorts
of PE include electrical and nuclear. Moving
bodies possess kinetic energy (KE). Energy
can be converted from one form to another,
but the total quantity stays the same (in
accordance with the conservation laws that
govern many natural phenomena). For example,
as an apple falls, it loses gravitational PE
but gains KE. So-called energy resources are
stores of convertible energy. Nonrenewable
resources include the fossil fuels (coal,
oil, and gas) and nuclear fission `fuels' -
for example, uranium-235. Renewable
resources, such as wind, tidal, and
geothermal power, have so far been less
exploited. Hydroelectric projects are well
established, and wind turbines and tidal
systems are being developed. All energy
sources depend ultimately on the Sun's
energy. Einstein's special theory of
relativity 1905 correlates any gain, E, in KE
with a loss, m, in `rest mass', by the
equation E = mc^2, in which E is energy and c
is the speed of light. The equation applies
universally, not just to nuclear reactions,
although it is only for these that the
percentage change in rest mass is large
enough to detect. Although energy is never
lost, after a number of conversions it tends
to finish up as KE of random motion of
molecules (of the air, for example) at
relatively low temperatures. This is
`degraded' energy in that it is difficult to
convert it back to other forms. Burning
fossil fuels causes acid rain and is
gradually increasing the carbon dioxide
content in the atmosphere, with unknown
consequences for future generations.
Coal-fired power stations also release
significant amounts of radioactive material,
and the potential dangers of nuclear power
stations are greater still. The ultimate
nonrenewable but almost inexhaustible energy
source would be nuclear fusion (the way in
which energy is generated in the Sun), but
controlled fusion is a long way off. (The
hydrogen bomb is a fusion bomb.) Harnessing
resources generally implies converting their
energy into electrical form, because
electrical energy is easy to convert to other
forms and to transmit from place to place,
though not to store.