Project Gutenberg 1994 April/Project_Gutenberg_CD-ROM_Walnut_Creek_April_1994.iso/mac/ippe/porter.ps

Internet Message Format | 1994-03-11 | 49KB

From [e-mail] Fri Mar 11 11:13:54 1994
Date: Thu, 10 Mar 94 20:42:45 PST
From: "Andrew P. Porter" <[e-mail]>
To: [e-mail]
Subject: revised porter.ps

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 f0 120 671 moveto (When Failure is Success: Counter-Performative Speech Acts ) show
120 657 moveto (Andrew P. Porter ) show
120 643 moveto (1993) show
120 573 moveto (Introduction ) show
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145 281 moveto  f0 (The investigation of speech acts other than assertions has moved from the simple ) show
120 260 moveto (________________________________________________________________) show
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130 203 moveto (Tilley's ) show
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120 698 moveto (quite peculiar peformatives have surfaced. It has been noticed that some performatives are ) show
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145 587 moveto  f0 (To see how some counter-performatives work, consider the following. In a legendary ) show
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120 243 moveto (of the conditions for the non-defective performance of such an offer. ) show
120 215 moveto (Preliminary Expansion of the Thesis ) show
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145 188 moveto  f0 (The notion of utterances that are systematically and intentionally counter-performative ) show
120 174 moveto (\(if perhaps not consciously so\) has not attracted focused attention. But the problem has ) show
120 160 moveto (already been encountered outside of speech act theory. Popular psychological literature ) show
120 146 moveto (focuses, if without philosophical precision, on the counter-performative discourse that ) show
120 132 moveto (creates dysfunctional family structures. In a related way, the philosophical literature on ) show
120 113 moveto (________________________________________________________________) show
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120 726 moveto  f0 (self-deception does achieve precision, though without explicit attention to the speech-act ) show
120 712 moveto (theoretical features of such discourse. Examples can be found also from law, politics, and ) show
120 698 moveto (religious apologetics. ) show
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145 671 moveto  f0 (While counter-performatives are not theoretically central to the logic of ) show
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120 587 moveto (counter-performatives that formal performatives are necessary at critical commissive ) show
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145 546 moveto  f0 (The speaker who engages in counter-performative discourse knows how this sort of ) show
120 532 moveto (speech act works, even though he may not be willing or able to spell it out or explain it.) show
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120 518 moveto (He has the skill of counter-performative speech acts, included in which is the opposition ) show
120 504 moveto (between the ostensible illocutionary force and the probable \(and intended\) perlocutionary ) show
120 490 moveto (effect. All this may be "unconscious" -- he does not spell it out to himself -- but it is still ) show
120 476 moveto (done with great skill, and so has to be accounted as intentional, responsible. In no way does ) show
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120 448 moveto (that one has misfired in one performative act, and has instead effectively performed some ) show
120 434 moveto (other speech act. It is not that the illocutionary force has been literally transformed. But ) show
120 420 moveto (when the speech-act turns on its implications, by way of filling the preparatory conditions ) show
120 406 moveto (for yet other speech acts, its perlocutionary working may indeed not only extend beyond but ) show
120 392 moveto (in fact be in conflict with its illocutionary force. Indirect speech acts, as Searle has ) show
120 378 moveto (observed, are accomplished when the conditions for one speech act are supplied in the ) show
120 364 moveto (performance of another.) show
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120 350 moveto (a request or other directive, it may be taken as such. The essential condition for a stronger ) show
120 336 moveto (directive is satisfied, and by convention, the question "Can you pass the salt?" counts as a ) show
120 322 moveto (request to do so. Thus an apparently simple speech act may, in its implications, count for ) show
120 308 moveto (much more. ) show
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145 281 moveto  f0 (Searle and Vanderveken list a variety of ways in which a compound speech act can ) show
120 267 moveto (become internally inconsistent, self-defeating. The success of one member of the compound ) show
120 253 moveto (may be inconsistent with the illocutionary ) show
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120 172 moveto (________________________________________________________________) show
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130 137 moveto (spelling out an engagement with life in ) show
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120 726 moveto  f0 (We shall see general circumstances in which each of these modes of counter-performative ) show
120 712 moveto (speech can be highly effective. ) show
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145 685 moveto  f0 (It is true that self-defeating speech acts are such by virtue of inconsistency, but the ) show
120 671 moveto (inconsistency can arise in various ways, which may be noted at this point, and which will ) show
120 657 moveto (appear in the discussion that follows. The model for a counterperformative is a compound ) show
120 643 moveto (speech act in which the several members are inconsistent. In one way or another, I think all ) show
120 629 moveto (counter-performatives can be rephrased as compounds. A speech act may not be an explicit ) show
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120 559 moveto (speech acts may arise from features internal to the uttered speech acts, or they may arise ) show
120 545 moveto (only given the context known to both speaker and hearer. Complex speech acts are possible ) show
120 531 moveto (in which multiple speakers participate, and the cumulative implications are ) show
120 517 moveto (counter-performative, because one speaker appears to presuppose agreement with what the ) show
120 503 moveto (other has said. When all the implied but unstated members of a speech act are spelled out, ) show
120 489 moveto (most simple failures and multi-speaker acts can be understood as compound speech acts ) show
120 475 moveto (whose several parts are inconsistent.) show
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145 448 moveto  f0 (In what follows, I shall consider three major examples of counter-performative speech ) show
120 434 moveto (acts; the one with which we began \(inconsistent illocutionary points\), one of the form "do A ) show
120 420 moveto (& don't do A" \(inconsistent propositional content\), and lastly one that arises in a complex ) show
120 406 moveto (interchange between a telephone salesman and his prospective customer. The critical ) show
120 392 moveto (importance of context will emerge: it is necessary to supply context simply in order to make ) show
120 378 moveto (it plausible that people could say things such as these, and especially in order to show how ) show
120 364 moveto (such counter-performatives could be effective; in each case, in ways concealed from at least ) show
120 350 moveto (one conversant. In reliance on context in demonstrating the perlocutionary workings of such ) show
120 336 moveto (speech acts, we are on the threshold of pragmatics. The first two speech-act examples will ) show
120 322 moveto (instantiate some of Searle and Vanderveken's catalog of self-defeating speech acts; the ) show
120 308 moveto (conversation with the telephone salesman is less clear, though I will hazard some taxonomic ) show
120 294 moveto (guesses for it. At this point, rather than search for more examples to complete a bestiary of ) show
120 280 moveto (counter-performatives, it is more useful to return to Searle and Vanderveken's own catalog, ) show
120 266 moveto (and draw some elementary inferences from it by way of general recommendation for what ) show
120 252 moveto (to look for in ferreting out counter-performatives in the wild. ) show
120 224 moveto (Inconsistent Illocutionary Points ) show
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145 197 moveto  f0 (Now it is possible to re-examine the example with which we began, "I'm from the ) show
120 183 moveto (government and I'm here to help you." Both the social worker and speaker, S, and the ) show
120 169 moveto (welfare client and hearer, H, know that H is in trouble, that H has no bargaining power, the ) show
120 155 moveto (appearance of no reasonable options, except, that is, to accept the "help" that S offers. It is ) show
120 136 moveto (________________________________________________________________) show
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130 101 moveto (the speaker and hearer are able to deal practically with the context in life \(though ) show
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120 726 moveto  f0 (background information that is played upon in the counter-performative, and it ) show
120 712 moveto (characterizes one act as another: what it calls help is meddling, interference, directing the ) show
120 698 moveto (life of H, forcing H to comply with the requirements of the Welfare Department, imposing ) show
120 684 moveto (S's hierarchy of ends and order of means on H. It is persuasive because the social worker is ) show
120 670 moveto (here to take charge; that is the way welfare works. This persuasion is effectively coercive, ) show
120 656 moveto (because of the limited options of the prospective welfare client. As such, it is directive. In ) show
120 642 moveto (effect, the inconsistency can be exhibited quite simply: "I'm from the government [the ) show
120 628 moveto (preparatory condition for a directive, reminding the hearer of the government's intrinsic ) show
120 614 moveto (power to coerce], and I'm here to help you [a commissive whose illocutionary force is ) show
120 600 moveto (inconsistent with coercion]." A social worker once admitted the truth, when dealing with ) show
120 586 moveto (elderly clients, for whom "help" means total loss of independence in a nursing home: "I ) show
120 572 moveto (can't tell you the countless numbers of people we've had to, well, brainwash to get them to ) show
120 558 moveto (accept services. They always think it's a step toward nursing homes.") show
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120 544 moveto (word "brainwash", the social worker has come as close as it is possible to do without using ) show
120 530 moveto (the technical language of speech-act theory to admitting that his speech is ) show
120 516 moveto (counter-performative. ) show
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145 489 moveto  f0 (Human life in any context is to a great extent a matter of commissives and directives, ) show
120 475 moveto (especially the latter. Institutional structures and power relations are largely a matter of ) show
120 461 moveto (directives. It seems to be a feature of present-day rhetorical life that the most effective way ) show
120 447 moveto (to accomplish a directive, and to elicit compliance, is to disguise it as an offer of help: a ) show
120 433 moveto (distinctly different sort of speech act. In this sense, the familiar "Can I help you?" does not ) show
120 419 moveto (mean what it says, but rather, "You are on my turf, I will lead you through it, you will do as ) show
120 405 moveto (I say." This locution has migrated from the script in which the speaker is a salesperson, ) show
120 391 moveto (nominally at the service of the hearer, a prospective customer, to any situation that can be ) show
120 377 moveto (characterized as an encounter between an insider and an outsider. The illocution "Can I help ) show
120 363 moveto (you?" by presupposition asserts a claim of power and dominance, and asserts the relations ) show
120 349 moveto (of insider and outsider; quite the opposite of its ostensible meaning of service and ) show
120 335 moveto (subservience. ) show
120 307 moveto (Inconsistent propositional content: "Do A & Don't do A" ) show
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145 280 moveto  f0 (It is difficult to believe that one could utter a performative of the form "I command ) show
120 266 moveto (you to do A and I forbid you to do A" to any useful perlocutionary end. But the only thing ) show
120 252 moveto (standing in the way of the usefulness of such a counter-performative is its transparently ) show
120 238 moveto (obvious character. Searle and Vanderveken argue that ". . . a speaker cannot perform an act ) show
120 224 moveto (of illocutionary denegation of the form <not>-A at a time when he performs an act that ) show
120 210 moveto (commits him to A.") show
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120 196 moveto (utterance of this form; the same utterance, considered in its ) show
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120 182 moveto (depend precisely on its illocutionary failure. A speaker may find it advantageous to appear ) show
120 168 moveto (to commit himself to A, when his real commitment is to <not>-A; it is possible to craft ) show
120 154 moveto (utterances which do just this. I once heard in public debate the following: ) show
120 127 moveto (________________________________________________________________) show
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160 729 moveto  f0 (\(a\) I respect the religious views of those who disagree with ballot ) show
160 718 moveto (initiative X, ) show
160 707 moveto (\(b\) and they should vote against the initiative; ) show
160 696 moveto (\(c\) at the same time, I request that they not impose their morality upon ) show
160 685 moveto (others. ) show
120 666 moveto (I have tagged the three parts of this performative \(a\), \(b\), and \(c\). In context, it was implied ) show
120 652 moveto (that to vote against the initiative was exactly to impose one's morality on others; The ) show
120 638 moveto (initiative was put on the ballot to promote a practice that some had moral objections to. ) show
120 624 moveto (Why does this counter-performative work so well? \(b\) is consistent easily enough with \(a\); ) show
120 610 moveto (but \(b\) is radically incompatible with \(c\). If \(c\) is accepted as sincere, \(a\) cannot be. Respect ) show
120 596 moveto (for another's commitments involves admitting those commitments to deliberation and ) show
120 582 moveto (debate; \(c\) is precisely an attempt to rule those others' commitments out of order. \(b\) ) show
120 568 moveto (implies a directive, "vote against the initiative". In this implication, the conjunction \(b\)&\(c\) ) show
120 554 moveto (is precisely of the form "do A & don't do A." My conjecture as to how this performative ) show
120 540 moveto (works is that \(a\) allows those potentially in agreement with the initiative X but not yet ) show
120 526 moveto (firmly convinced to see themselves as not in the sort of disagreement that actually requires a ) show
120 512 moveto (difficult decision. Instead, they are offered a compromise that ought to satisfy both parties, ) show
120 498 moveto (by offering to their opponents all that their opponents could reasonably ask for \(which by ) show
120 484 moveto (implication does not include allowing their opponents to vote their consciences\). Such ) show
120 470 moveto (potential supporters of the initiative could then in easy conscience vote for what the speaker ) show
120 456 moveto (hoped they really wanted all along anyway. When this sort of counter-performative occurs, ) show
120 442 moveto (\(b\) is usually ommitted, in as much as it tends to give the game away. ) show
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145 415 moveto  f0 (This utterance can have different strategies for its two classes of hearers. It is probable ) show
120 401 moveto (that while the apparent intended hearers \(i. e., those to whom it was addressed\) were those ) show
120 387 moveto (opposed to the initiative \(they were requested not to impose their views on others\), the real ) show
120 373 moveto (intended hearers were those potentially in favor of it \(the context was a public debate\), and ) show
120 359 moveto (they were implicitly encouraged to conclude that they could give all they owed to their ) show
120 345 moveto (opponents and still vote for the initiative. ) show
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145 318 moveto  f0 (A more bald example is provided in legends of the city politics of Cambridge, ) show
120 304 moveto (Massachusetts, where the dividing issue is rents, and the parties landlords and tenants. ) show
120 290 moveto (Occasionally a politician tries to promise to lower rents for tenants and raise rents for ) show
120 276 moveto (landlords. It is reported that this platform meets more success than one might expect in a ) show
120 262 moveto (city of such sophistication. A counter-performative of the form "do A and don't do A" can ) show
120 248 moveto (be quite effective if the speaker faces conflicting demands from different constituencies; if ) show
120 234 moveto (he can appear to satisfy one, or at least neutralize its opposition, he can later gratify the ) show
120 220 moveto (other. ) show
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145 193 moveto  f0 (Applications of this form are hardly limited to politics, but politics and even court ) show
120 179 moveto (decisions seem to be particularly rich in them. Antonin Scalia, in a dissent in Johnson v. ) show
120 165 moveto (Transportation Agency, alleges that the Civil Rights Act of 1964 has been converted by ) show
120 151 moveto (court decisions "from a guarantee that race or sex will ) show
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120 137 moveto (determinations, to a guarantee that it often ) show
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120 117 moveto (________________________________________________________________) show
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120 726 moveto  f0 (aside, this is a clear charge of a counterperformative interpretation of the law. That the law ) show
120 712 moveto (was even susceptible of such an interpretation raises the question whether not only the ) show
120 698 moveto (Court's opinion but also the statute itself is counterperformative. It has been informally ) show
120 684 moveto (observed that canny legislators, who know that the final determination of the meaning of a ) show
120 670 moveto (law will come only in the courts, from friendly and activist judicial review, insert ) show
120 656 moveto (contradictory material into the legislative history of a bill, planting grounds for judges to ) show
120 642 moveto (rewrite or even reverse the sense of the act as passed. In another example, Congressional ) show
120 628 moveto (appropriations for the Tellico Dam \(which would have destroyed the habitat of the snail ) show
120 614 moveto (darter on the Little Tennessee River\) continued while Congress deliberated on and passed ) show
120 600 moveto (the Endangered Species Act; the resulting counter-performative implications of the several ) show
120 586 moveto (acts taken together had to be resolved in court.) show
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145 559 moveto  f0 (Are there other reasons why a speaker could issue a performative that is implicitly and ) show
120 545 moveto (covertly of the form "do A and don't do A"? It relieves him of responsibility, no matter ) show
120 531 moveto (what the hearer does. Which member of the counter-performative conjunction is concealed ) show
120 517 moveto (will be chosen so as to maximally conceal the speaker's responsibility. If A is dangerous, ) show
120 503 moveto (and S does not want responsibility for harm to H, it is easy to imagine a plausible context ) show
120 489 moveto (for such a counter-performative. ) show
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145 462 moveto  f0 (Related to this is "I ) show
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120 448 moveto (disavowal of the responsibility that goes with a directive. This is, at a minimum, a ) show
120 434 moveto (somewhat peculiar illocutionary force. But how can a directive be issued without ) show
120 420 moveto (committing the speaker to some responsibility for his injunction to the hearer? It seems ) show
120 406 moveto (unlikely to me that a single word could in its own intrinsic explicit illocutionary sense be a ) show
120 392 moveto (counter-performative, but this verb raises such a suspicion. Certainly the prudent hearer is ) show
120 378 moveto (well-advised to treat it as a counter-performative. ) show
120 350 moveto (Invitations to commit a counter-performative ) show
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145 323 moveto  f0 (In a common multi-speaker counter-performative, it is a grave strategic mistake to ) show
120 309 moveto (give a telephone salesman reasons for declining his offer. Who has not had a telephone ) show
120 295 moveto (salesman call, offering "Eight weeks of the ) show
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120 281 moveto (Sunday edition . . . "? After declining the offer, the recipient will next hear, ") show
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120 267 moveto (want our bargain trial subscription offer?" It is a fatal mistake to give reasons at this point -- ) show
120 253 moveto (because the respondent \(who received the call\) and the speaker \(the salesman\) will treat the ) show
120 239 moveto (reasons quite differently. The salesman can always treat reasons as an offer to bargain, and ) show
120 225 moveto (reply with counter-reasons, and counter-demands for more reasons. But the respondent ) show
120 211 moveto (presumably has no intention of bargaining; he \(or she\) just doesn't want the paper, but he ) show
120 197 moveto (also wants to be polite. \(Note the performative intentions!\) But to give reasons at all is to ) show
120 183 moveto (presuppose that under some conditions, the recipient of the call would subscribe. When the ) show
120 169 moveto (recipient has initially declined the offer, the salesman's move in asking for reasons is to get ) show
120 155 moveto (the recipient of the call to concede exactly this presupposition. In effect, he has asked the ) show
120 141 moveto (recipient to treat his own refusal not as the starting point of a chain of practical reasoning, ) show
120 122 moveto (________________________________________________________________) show
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130 87 moveto (197. I am indebted to Phillip E. Johnson for notice of these cases. ) show
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120 726 moveto  f0 (but as its end point. Out of politeness, the recipient usually obliges. But from the new ) show
120 712 moveto (starting point implicit in whatever reasons the recipient gives, the salesman can twist ) show
120 698 moveto (reasons to his own desired end point, a sale. In the end, if the recipient really doesn't want ) show
120 684 moveto (to subscribe, he has to say so, without giving reasons. The direct approach is so rarely taken ) show
120 670 moveto (with telephone salesmen that it tends to produce stunning results: "I'm sorry, I don't give ) show
120 656 moveto (reasons." ) show
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145 629 moveto  f0 (The salesman is inviting the recipient of the call to commit a counter-performative: ) show
120 615 moveto (that is, in giving reasons, to offer to bargain, when the recipient has no intention of ) show
120 601 moveto (bargaining at all. The logical form of such a request is, "please justify your starting point." ) show
120 587 moveto (This is to construe an argument ) show
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120 573 moveto (to justify a starting point. Consider, for example, some of the commitments inherent in ) show
120 559 moveto (doing science: openness to criticism, empirical encounter with the world as it is \(rather than ) show
120 545 moveto (with some platonic ideal world\), science open to all and for all. These are not things that ) show
120 531 moveto (could be justified; least of all justified from the fruits they bring. Yet one could answer the ) show
120 517 moveto (question "Why these commitments?" by citing their fruits. Another could then interpret ) show
120 503 moveto (such an answer as an argument of expediency ) show
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120 489 moveto (confession of one whose commitment to science is axiomatic, and to whom these other ) show
120 475 moveto (benefits have been given in addition. But an argument of expediency can be modified or ) show
120 461 moveto (suspended at convenience. \(It would have been better not to answer the question at all.\) ) show
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145 434 moveto  f0 (To guess the structure of the self-defeating speech acts in this sort of a conversation, ) show
120 420 moveto (the problem appears to lie in the illocutionary force of the reasons given by the respondent ) show
120 406 moveto (to the salesman. The salesman is asking the respondent to make a commissive whose force ) show
120 392 moveto (is ambiguous, and so can be twisted: a confessional commissive has a force crucially ) show
120 378 moveto (different from that of an offer to bargain. My suspicion is that confessional speech acts \(as ) show
120 364 moveto (in confessions of faith\), have features which, despite all the attention they have attracted, ) show
120 350 moveto (still leave room for significant work. ) show
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145 323 moveto  f0 (At this point, we have seen clear examples of two sorts of illocutionarily ) show
120 309 moveto (self-defeating speech acts which are nevertheless quite effective as perlocutions, so long as ) show
120 295 moveto (their working can be concealed. The welfare worker engages in the appearance of making ) show
120 281 moveto (an offer, a commissive, while effectively issuing a coercive directive; in this context, the ) show
120 267 moveto (two illocutionary points are incompatible. \(It ) show
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120 253 moveto (directive in compatible ways.\) The politician can find it rhetorically very effective to appear ) show
120 239 moveto (to come down on both sides of an issue \(inconsistent propositional contents\). The problems ) show
120 225 moveto (in the encounter with the telephone salesman arise in the subtleties of the illocutionary ) show
120 211 moveto (strength of the speech-act of giving reasons. Rather than exhibit examples of the remaining ) show
120 197 moveto (ways in which the illocutionary forces of members of compound speech acts can be ) show
120 183 moveto (inconsistent on analytic grounds, grounds of the ) show
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120 169 moveto (economical simply to note the remaining possibilities for trouble, in as much as the ) show
120 155 moveto (problems which do arise usually do so only with respect to context; that is, they are not ) show
120 141 moveto (evident simply on the form of the speech acts, but the pathology shows itself only after ) show
120 127 moveto (knowledge of the pragmatic context. ) show
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145 100 moveto  f0 (The mode of achievement may be at stake in conflicted ways when an assertive takes ) show
120 86 moveto (on the color of a directive, and the role-authority of the one speaking is in question. Such ) show
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120 726 moveto  f0 (problems arise in the psychological literature, especially as it treats dysfunctional family ) show
120 712 moveto (systems. ) show
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145 685 moveto  f0 (Speech acts presuppose a psychological state on the part of the speaker, and this too ) show
120 671 moveto (can be the locus of inconsistency. Searle's own definition is a most economical example: ) show
160 652 moveto ("Finally, an illocutionary act whose preparatory conditions cannot be ) show
160 641 moveto (presupposed simultaneously with the expression of the sincerity ) show
160 630 moveto (conditions of another illocutionary act is also relatively incompatible with ) show
160 619 moveto (that other illocutionary act. For example, a speaker cannot both ) show
160 608 moveto (recommend that the hearer carry out a certain course of action and ) show
160 597 moveto (simultaneously complain under the same aspects that he will carry it out ) show
160 586 moveto (because one cannot consistently both presuppose that a course of action is ) show
160 575 moveto (good and express dissatisfaction about it under the same aspects and for ) show
160 564 moveto (the same reasons.") show
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120 545 moveto (But people do this all the time! As an illocution, such a speech acts are inconsistent, but as a ) show
120 531 moveto (perlocution, they can be surprisingly effective. The challenge is in dissecting from the ) show
120 517 moveto (conversation the ends to which it is effective. That virtually always depends on context, and ) show
120 503 moveto (it usually also turns on interpreting "under the same aspects" in apparently analogous but in ) show
120 489 moveto (fact conflicting senses. ) show
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145 462 moveto  f0 (By far the richest occasion for counter-performatives lies in the required ) show
120 448 moveto (presuppositions for speech acts. One can assert a description by presupposition, and so ) show
120 434 moveto (conceal the assertion. And one can insinuate, by presupposition, that the world is such that ) show
120 420 moveto (it can be ) show
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120 406 moveto (may co-opt the position of another, maintaining the other's speech acts, but to quite ) show
120 392 moveto (opposed ends, and one party may put out a "conceptual Trojan Horse," which the other ) show
120 378 moveto (party accepts at its own risk. Obviously, these tend to be multi-speaker speech acts of ) show
120 364 moveto (considerable complexity, in addition to being intricately context-dependent. ) show
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145 337 moveto  f0 (Non-philosophers have had to deal informally with counter-performatives for some ) show
120 323 moveto (time, as the psychological literature and oral tradition in politics and law can amply testify. ) show
120 309 moveto (And philosophers other than speech act theorists have recognized the problem: ) show
160 290 moveto (Instead of aiming directly at propositions believed or practices performed ) show
160 279 moveto (in order to challenge their truth or value, suspicion is aimed at the ) show
160 268 moveto (individual or community who believes and performs in order to challenge ) show
160 257 moveto (their integrity. It looks for that discrepancy between professed meaning ) show
160 246 moveto (and actual use which renders life ironical; for it is the essence of the ) show
160 235 moveto (ironical \(speech\) act that it performs a function quite at odds with its ) show
160 224 moveto (surface meaning. Thus an ironical compliment functions to express a ) show
160 213 moveto (criticism. For this reason suspicion is less interested in the official ) show
160 202 moveto (meaning of beliefs and practices than in their operative meaning, the clue ) show
160 191 moveto (to which is the life-world from which they arise and which, in turn, they ) show
160 180 moveto (legitimize.) show
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120 161 moveto (Searle's and Westphal's philosophical outlooks are worlds apart -- showing that Searle and ) show
120 142 moveto (________________________________________________________________) show
110 118 moveto 0 4 rmoveto
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130 96 moveto (the Truth Proper to Religion) show
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120 726 moveto  f0 (Vanderveken's typology of illocutionarily self-defeating speech acts is a useful and precise ) show
120 712 moveto (analytic tool in dissecting perlocutionarily counter-performative speech acts far beyond its ) show
120 698 moveto (original philosophical home. It is surprising that Vanderveken's original insight has not ) show
120 684 moveto (found more use. ) show
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