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- From: trall@trall.almaden.ibm.com (Tony Rall)
- Newsgroups: comp.os.os2.networking.tcp-ip
- Subject: Re: TCP/IP over Ethernet?
- Date: 20 Feb 1995 04:56:27 GMT
- Organization: IBM Almaden Research Center
- Lines: 191
- Message-ID: <3i97dr$fm0@juniper.almaden.ibm.com>
- References: <3i8mu6$121q@hearst.cac.psu.edu>
- Reply-To: trall@almaden.ibm.com (Tony Rall)
- NNTP-Posting-Host: trall.almaden.ibm.com
-
- In article <3i8mu6$121q@hearst.cac.psu.edu>,
- Patrick Wang <pyw100@wileypost.cac.psu.edu> wrote:
- >We're having trouble getting a little 'network' operational. We have a
- >computer acting as a router -> PPP connection to Penn State. That's fine. We
- >have another computer networked to the router, but how do we get it to work?
- >We've installed LAPS and messed with ARP and the routing tables for numerous
- >hours to no avail. What should the routing tables look like?
-
- The usual problem in these cases is that the router at the other end
- of the serial line does not know you have your own little subnet.
- Thus, even though you can get your lan packets to him, he'll never
- send anything back to your lan machines. Now you're in for the full
- treatment:
-
- Routing for OS/2 TCP/IP
-
- (Wherever "SLIP" is indicated below, any supported point-to-point
- protocol could be substituted. From the routing standpoint, it makes
- no difference.)
-
- In the examples below, IP addresses are shown using the following
- shorthand:
-
- L1 = IP address for interface 1 on subnet L. For example, if the
- subnet address is 128.1.2.0 (subnet mask = 255.255.255.0), the IP
- address would be 128.1.2.1.
-
- Interfaces and addresses
- ------------------------
-
- Machines don't have IP addresses - interfaces do. If you have a
- machine with two LAN interfaces, you should have two IP addresses.
- Normally these addresses would be on different subnets.
- Point-to-point interfaces are an exception to this addressing rule -
- the address used can match one of the machine's other addresses. And
- the address of the other end of the link doesn't even have to be on
- the same "subnet".
-
- Also, you do not need to add routes for destinations that are defined
- by your interfaces. For example, if you have a SLIP connection
- defined as:
- ifconfig sl0 S1 S2
- no routing definition (a "route add" command) is needed for S2.
-
- Some SLIP routers do not have IP addresses for their SLIP interface.
- They do, however, have addresses for any LAN interfaces that they
- have. Remote OS/2 machines require that their SLIP interfaces be
- configured with a target address; thus it is necessary to either find
- out the router's LAN address or make up an address. In the latter
- case, I suggest an address like 172.1.1.1 (which will not be used by
- anyone on the connected Internet); also, you will not be able to send
- packets with the router as the destination (i.e., you won't be able to
- ping the router), but you will be able to send packets through the
- router to some distant destination.
-
- Names and addresses
- -------------------
-
- Routing is only concerned with IP addresses (such as 198.79.74.5) and
- not IP names (such as www.ibm.com). Nameservers (or HOSTS files) are
- used to translate between names and addresses. If you start with an
- IP name, it will always have to be converted to an address (since that
- is what routing requires). If you start with an address, the name may
- not be required, but some applications require that it be possible to
- perform the reverse translation from address to name. But again, that
- isn't a routing issue, and names will not be mentioned in the rest of
- this discussion.
-
- Where routing is configured
- ---------------------------
-
- Most, if not all, of the changes suggested below for SETUP.CMD and
- TCPSTART.CMD (these are in the TCPIP\BIN directory) can be
- accomplished by completing the Network, Routing, and Autostart
- sections of the TCP/IP configuration notebook (TCPIPCFG.EXE) rather
- than simply editing the indicated files.
-
- Routing on a machine with a single interface
- --------------------------------------------
-
- --------------- LAN
- | | |
- L1 L2 L3-----other subnets
- router
-
- * Static routing
- Simple, cheap, but no recovery from router failure. In SETUP.CMD,
- for machines such as L1 and L2, add:
- route -f add default L3 1
- The network administrator should provide you with the router's IP
- address.
- * Dynamic routing
- Not very complicated, some cost (requires another process (demon)
- running on your machine that listens for certain broadcast
- packets), can provide automatic recovery from router failure and
- configuration changes. To use this, at least one router on your
- network must also support RIP, a routing protocol most commonly
- used on end-user networks. In TCPSTART.CMD, add (or uncomment):
- start routed -q
- or (to avoid having the demon's window appear on your screen):
- start /min routed -q
- or (to avoid routed even showing up in your window list):
- detach routed -q
- You don't need any route statements in SETUP.CMD.
-
- Routing a LAN via SLIP to the internet
- --------------------------------------
-
- --------------- LAN
- | | | SLIP link
- L1 L2 L3/S1-------------------S2/I1---(the internet)
-
- In this setup, the administrator of the S2/I1 machine (usually a
- commercial Internet provider) must be aware that you have a "network"
- at your end of the SLIP link and not simply a single machine. That
- administrator usually must assign you the local network address (L)
- that you will be using (as well as the SLIP addresses (S1 and S2). In
- some cases, the SLIP addresses will be handled dynamically; this would
- usually be handled in SLIPUP.CMD, rather than in SETUP.CMD, on L3/S1.
- (I hope that the LAN addresses, L1, L2, and L3, are not dynamic - I
- wouldn't know how to handle that.)
-
- * The non-SLIP LAN machines (L1, L2)
- In SETUP.CMD, add:
- route -f add default L3 1
- * The SLIP-LAN machine (two IP addresses: L3 and S1)
- In SETUP.CMD, add:
- route -f add default S2 1
- In TCPSTART.CMD, you may need to start routed (but without the
- "-q" option) - see below:
- start routed
- * Routing required on the "internet" side
- The S2/I1 machine must do something to enable itself and other
- internet machines to be aware of the L network:
- - Use dynamic routing. If L3/S1 runs routed (without the -q
- (quiet) option), S2/I1 can run routed or gated (preferably
- quietly) to listen for the routing broadcasts from L3/S1.
- - Use static routing. L3/S1 need not run routed (and some
- traffic on the SLIP link is avoided). A network route (on
- S2/I1) is needed to the LAN:
- route add net L S1 1
-
- Routing a LAN machine via SLIP to a home machine
- ------------------------------------------------
-
- SLIP link
- S1-------------------S2/I1---(the office network)
- home office
-
- In this setup, the administrator of the office network must provide
- you with your IP addresses. You need at least 3 of them: S1, S2, and
- I1. Ideally S1 and S2 will be on a different subnet than I1 - ask for
- this configuration. If your network administrator will only provide
- addresses in the same network, you must use the "proxy arp" solution
- below.
-
- * The home machine
- In SETUP.CMD, add:
- route -f add default S2 1
- * The office (SLIP-LAN) machine
- * Routing to a SLIP subnet
- You simply must be running a routing protocol out the LAN (I1)
- interface. In TCPSTART.CMD, you need to start routed (but without
- the "-q" option):
- start routed
- * Proxy arp solution - no separate SLIP subnet
- In this case, all of the IP addresses (S1, S2, I1) that you've
- been assigned are on the same subnet. Normal routing techniques
- will not work because the S1 address (no other LAN machine needs
- to talk to S2) is not physically on the same network as I1. So
- we try to use a technique called "proxy arp": the office machine
- will respond on the I network to arp queries for S1 with its own
- adapter address.
-
- First you have to determine the LAN adapter address of the I1
- interface. Issue "netstat -n" and copy the displayed "physical
- address" for the I1 interface. In SETUP.CMD, after the "arp -f"
- statement add:
- arp -s S1 12:34:56:78:90:12 pub
- where 12:34:56:78:90:12 is the adapter address of I1.
-
- This tells TCP/IP that when it receives an arp message for IP
- address S1, that it should respond with its own adapter address.
- Thus other machines on the I subnet, when wanting to send to S1,
- will actually transmit to I1. The S2/I1 machine should forward
- the packet over the SLIP link to S1.
-
-
-
- --
- Tony Rall trall@almaden.ibm.com
-
-