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- $Unique_ID{BRK04342}
- $Pretitle{}
- $Title{Xeroderma Pigmentosum}
- $Subject{Xeroderma Pigmentosum Atrophoderma Pigmentosum Kaposi Disease
- Melanosis Lenticularis Progressiva XP }
- $Volume{}
- $Log{}
-
- Copyright (C) 1987, 1988, 1989 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
-
- 339:
- Xeroderma Pigmentosum
-
- ** IMPORTANT **
- It is possible the main title of the article (Xeroderma Pigmentosum) is
- not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing to find the
- alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
-
- Synonyms
-
- Atrophoderma Pigmentosum
- Kaposi Disease
- Melanosis Lenticularis Progressiva
- XP
-
- General Discussion
-
- ** REMINDER **
- The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for
- educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment
- purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please
- contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources"
- section of this report.
-
-
- Xeroderma Pigmentosum is a rare autosomal recessive hereditary disorder
- of the skin which begins during early childhood. It is characterized by a
- defect in the ability of certain connective tissue cells (fibroblasts) to
- repair skin damaged by ultraviolet rays. The skin of people with Xeroderma
- Pigmentosum is markedly hypersensitive to sunlight.
-
- Symptoms
-
- The first sign of Xeroderma Pigmentosum is usually freckling on parts of the
- skin that have been exposed to sunlight. Linear or star-shaped vascular
- lesions (telangiectasias) may appear next. Tumors made up of small blood
- vessels (capillary angiomas) may occur on ear margins, the tip of the nose,
- and on areas where mucous tissue joins skin such as the mouth. Weakened,
- degenerated (atrophic) areas of the skin appear smooth, dry, and light brown.
-
- Malignancies of the skin in people with this disorder may occur before
- age 5 through early adulthood. The face and skin of these children may
- resemble those of much older individuals. Growth retardation, dwarfism and
- mental retardation are also possible.
-
- Ocular symptoms may include abnormal intolerance to light (photophobia),
- excessive tears in the eyes (lacrimation), inflammation of the cornea
- (keratitis), clouding of the lens of the eye (opacities), and tumors of the
- eyelid or the cornea.
-
- Causes
-
- Xeroderma Pigmentosum (XP) is an autosomal recessive hereditary disorder. A
- deficit in the ability to repair the building blocks of genes (DNA), and the
- inability of certain types of connective tissue cells (fibroblasts) to repair
- damaged skin, cause the symptoms of this disorder.
-
- Human traits including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of
- the interaction of two genes for that condition, one received from the father
- and one from the mother. In recessive disorders, the condition does not
- appear unless a person inherits the same defective gene from each parent. If
- one receives one normal gene and one gene for the disease, the person will be
- a carrier for the disease, but usually will show no symptoms. The risk of
- transmitting the disease to the children of a couple, both of whom are
- carriers for a recessive disorder, is twenty-five percent. Fifty percent of
- their children will be carriers, but healthy as described above. Twenty-five
- percent of their children will receive both normal genes, one from each
- parent and will be genetically normal.
-
- People with XP are markedly hypersensitive to the ultraviolet rays of
- sunlight which causes damage to DNA. Exposure to cancer causing agents
- (carcinogens) in the environment may also damage DNA. Indirectly, these
- agents may exacerbate XP in people who are genetically susceptible.
-
- Affected Population
-
- Xeroderma Pigmentosum may affect children of both sexes as early as the first
- year of life. Skin malignancies may appear before age 5. The disorder is
- more common in Japan and Egypt than in Europe and America. The disorder
- affects approximately 250,000 in the United States. Xeroderma Pigmentosum
- affects approximately one in one million people.
-
- Related Disorders
-
- There are many types of skin cancers, some of which are quite common.
-
- Malignant Melanoma of the skin is a malignant tumor of melanocyte origin.
- These tumors may appear in different sizes, shapes, and shades of color
- (mostly pigmented). The tumors have a variable ability for spreading to
- adjacent parts of the body, or through the blood and lymph circulation to
- other organs.
-
- Basal Cell Carcinomas (Rodent Ulcer) may appear as small, shiny, firm
- nodules; ulcerated, crusted lesions; flat, scar-like hardened plaques; or
- lesions difficult to differentiate from psoriasis or localized dermatitis.
-
- Squamous Cell Carcinomas are a common form of skin cancer that usually
- appears on sun-exposed areas of the skin, but may occur anywhere on the body.
- The lesions begin as a small red elevation or plaque with a scaly or crusted
- surface. They may then become nodular, sometimes with a warty surface.
-
- Therapies: Standard
-
- Total protection of the skin from sunlight in children with Xeroderma
- Pigmentosum can prevent additional lesions of the skin.
-
- Surgery, either extensive or limited, may be performed with limited
- success.
-
- Other treatment of Xeroderma Pigmentosum is symptomatic and supportive.
-
- Therapies: Investigational
-
- Application of an experimental cream containing catalase appears to hold
- promise for prevention of tumors in some children with Xeroderma Pigmentosum.
- Ointments containing vitamin A derivatives are also being investigated.
- Isotretinoin (Accutane) has been known to reduce the recurrence of tumors in
- people with Xeroderma Pigmentosum. However, the drug is very toxic and many
- people cannot tolerate side effects.
-
- T4 Endonuclease V.B. Liposome Encapsulated (T4N5) is a new orphan drug being
- used in the prevention of skin cancers and other skin abnormalities associated
- with patients diagnosed with xerodermas pigmentosum (XP). It is manufactured
- by Applied Genetics, Inc. 205 Buffalo Ave., Freeport, NY 11520.
-
- This disease entry is based upon medical information available through
- October 1989. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep
- every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate.
- Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most
- current information about this disorder.
-
- Resources
-
- For more information on Xeroderma Pigmentosum, please contact:
-
- National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
- P.O. Box 8923
- New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
- (203) 746-6518
-
- Xeroderma Pigmentosum Registry
- c/o Department of Pathology
- Room 520, Medical Science Bldg.
- UMDNJ - New Jersey Medical School
- 100 Bergen Street
- Newark, NJ 07103
- (201) 456-6255
-
- The National Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases Information
- Clearinghouse
- Box AMS
- Bethesda, MD 20892
- (301) 495-4484
-
- The Skin Cancer Foundation
- 475 Park Avenue South
- New York, NY 10016
- (212) 725-5176
-
- NIH/National Cancer Institute
- 9000 Rockville Pike, Bldg. 31, Rm. 1A2A
- Bethesda, MD 20892
- 1-800-4-CANCER
-
- The National Cancer Institute has developed PDQ (Physician Data Query), a
- computerized database designed to give doctors quick and easy access to many
- types of information vital to treating patients with this and many other
- types of cancer. To gain access to this service, a doctor can contact the
- Cancer Information Service offices at 1-800-4-CANCER. Information
- specialists at this toll-free number can answer questions about cancer
- prevention, diagnosis, and treatment.
-
- For genetic information and genetic counseling referrals, please contact:
-
- March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
- 1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
- White Plains, NY 10605
- (914) 428-7100
-
- Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
- 35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
- Chevy Chase, MD 20815
- (800) 336-GENE
- (301) 652-5553
-
- References
-
- XERODERMA PIGMENTOSUM, DEFECTIVE DNA REPAIR--AND SCHISTOSOMIASIS?: J.
- German; Annales de Genetique - Paris (1980: issue 23,2). Pp. 69-72.
-
- MICROINJECTION OF HUMAN CELL EXTRACTS CORRECTS XERODERMA PIGMENTOSUM DEFECT:
- A. J. de Jonge, et al.; EMBO Journal (1983: issue 2,5). Pp. 637-641.
-
-