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- $Unique_ID{BRK04296}
- $Pretitle{}
- $Title{Tuberous Sclerosis}
- $Subject{Tuberous Sclerosis Bourneville Pringle Syndrome Epiloia Phakomatosis
- TS Tuberose Sclerosis Tuberous Sclerosis-1 TSC1 Sturge-Walker Syndrome
- Hypomelanosis of Ito Epidermal Nevus Syndrome}
- $Volume{}
- $Log{}
-
- Copyright (C) 1984, 1985, 1987, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1992 National
- Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
-
- 35:
- Tuberous Sclerosis
-
- ** IMPORTANT **
- It is possible that the main title of the article (Tuberous Sclerosis) is
- not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing to find the
- alternate name and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
-
- Synonyms
-
- Bourneville Pringle Syndrome
- Epiloia
- Phakomatosis
- TS
- Tuberose Sclerosis
- Tuberous Sclerosis-1
- TSC1
-
- Information on the following diseases can be found in the Related
- Disorders section of this report:
-
- Sturge-Walker Syndrome
- Hypomelanosis of Ito
- Epidermal Nevus Syndrome
-
- General Discussion
-
- ** REMINDER **
- The Information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for
- educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment
- purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please
- contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources"
- section of this report.
-
-
- Tuberous Sclerosis is a rare neurological disorder characterized by
- seizures, mental retardation, developmental delay, and skin and eye (ocular)
- lesions. Patients may experience a few or all of the symptoms with varying
- degrees of severity.
-
- Symptoms
-
- The first symptoms of Tuberous Sclerosis occur during infancy or early
- childhood. Approximately 90 percent of patients have seizures as their first
- symptom. These episodes of seizures may include muscle spasms (myoclonic
- jerks). Brain wave abnormalities can be detected with an
- electroencephalograph (hypsarrhythmia). Two-thirds of patients with Tuberous
- Sclerosis are mildly or severely mentally retarded.
-
- Benign brain tumors may be detected with computerized tomography (CT
- scans), even in the developing fetus.
-
- Between 60 and 90 percent of infants with Tuberous Sclerosis have white
- patches or spots (hypomelanotic macules) on their skin at birth. The
- characteristic tumors of this disorder (adenoma sebaceum) appear between the
- ages of 3 and 5 years. The tumors generally become more numerous during
- puberty. Collagen (a white glistening protein) may accumulate in the skin of
- the lower back and back of the neck. This may appear as elevated, yellowish-
- brown patches with the texture of an orange peel. Small benign tumors
- (fibromas) may develop around or under the fingernails and the nail beds
- (periungual or subungual). Brown spots (cafe-au-lait macules) and soft
- saclike growths (cutaneous nodules) may appear on the skin. About 90 percent
- of patients develop tumors in the retina of the eyes (astrocytic hamartomas)
- or tumor-like nodules in the brain as well as the skin and eyes (phakomas).
-
- Delayed speech, slow motor development, and learning disabilities may be
- associated with Tuberous Sclerosis. Typical behavior patterns include
- symptoms resembling childhood autism; episodes of screaming, crying, or rage;
- and catatonic rigidity.
-
- Causes
-
- Tuberous Sclerosis is believed to be inherited as an autosomal dominant
- trait. Human traits, including the classic genetic diseases, are the product
- of the interaction of two genes, one received from the father and one from
- the mother. In dominant disorders a single copy of the disease gene
- (received from either the mother or father) will be expressed "dominating"
- the other normal gene and resulting in the appearance of the disease. The
- risk of transmitting the disorder from affected parent to offspring is fifty
- percent for each pregnancy regardless of the sex of the resulting child.
-
- The gene that causes this disorder has been located to the long arm of
- chromosome 9.
-
- When patients are affected less severely, the cause is thought to be an
- unusual, spontaneous genetic change or mutation that is not inherited.
-
- Affected Population
-
- Tuberous Sclerosis occurs in approximately 1 in 20,000 live births and
- affects an estimated 10,000 individuals in the United States. Males and
- females are affected equally.
-
- Related Disorders
-
- Symptoms of the following disorders can be similar to those of Tuberous
- Sclerosis. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
-
- Sturge-Walker Syndrome is a rare disorder that is apparent at birth.
- This disorder is characterized by three major symptoms; excessive blood
- vessel growth within the membranes that surround the spinal cord
- (leptomenigal angiomas); seizures; and accumulation of excessive calcium
- within the brain. Generally there is a large birth mark (port wine stain or
- nevus flammeus) on one side of the face. The seizures that are common with
- this disorder generally increase in frequency as the patient gets older.
- Over half of the children with Sturge-Walker Syndrome experience some degree
- of mental retardation. (For more information on this disorder, choose
- "Sturge-Walker" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
-
- Hypomelanosis of Ito is a rare disorder that is characterized by an
- unusual lack of skin color (hypopigmentation) affecting many areas of the
- body. Other symptoms may include mental retardation, seizures, inability to
- sweat in the areas that lack pigmentation, crossed eyes (strabismus),
- nearsightedness and a cleft along the edge of the eyeball (coloboma). (For
- more information on this disorder, choose "Hypomelanosis of Ito" as your
- search term in the Rare Disease Database).
-
- Epidermal Nevus Syndrome is a rare disorder characterized by distinctive
- birth marks (nevus) on the skin. Neurological and skeletal abnormalities may
- also occur. This disorder is usually apparent at birth and the skin lesions
- are most often seen in the mid-face from the forehead down into the nasal
- area. Epidermal Nevus Syndrome is often associated with seizures, mental
- deficiency, eye problems, bone malformations and atrophy of the brain. (For
- more information on this disorder, choose "Epidermal Nevus" as your search
- term in the Rare Disease Database).
-
- Therapies: Standard
-
- The treatment for Tuberous Sclerosis is supportive and symptomatic.
- Treatment may include the administration of anticonvulsant drugs to control
- seizures. Facial tumors (angiofibromas) may be removed using a skin scraping
- technique known as derabrasion or with laser treatments. Surgery may become
- necessary for certain rapidly growing tumors that might interfere with normal
- function. Special education and related services will be helpful for those
- children who are mentally retarded.
-
- Conventional anticonvulsants that may be administered include
- phenobarbital, phenytoin (Dilantin), clonazepam (Clonopin), valproic acid
- (Depakene), carbamazepine (Tegretol), ethosuximide (Zarontin), or
- acetazolamide (Diamox). All these anticonvulsants have potential side
- effects and require careful monitoring by a physician.
-
- Certain immunizations, such as DPT and Rubella, can prompt seizures in
- children with Tuberous Sclerosis. "Infantile spasms" can be treated in some
- infants by the use of prednisone or ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone).
- These medications are used cautiously because of their side effects.
-
-
- The obstruction of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) circulation inside the brain
- (intracranial hypertension) because of a benign tumor may require a shunting
- procedure to drain the liquid or the surgical removal of the tumor. A benign
- tumor inside the heart (rhabdomyoma) may not cause symptoms and not require
- treatment. Large cystic lesions of the kidneys may also require surgical
- decompression or removal, possibly leading to loss of a kidney. If large
- groups of enlarged blood vessels (angiolipomas) bleed in the lining of the
- abdominal cavity (peritoneum), emergency treatment for shock may be
- necessary.
-
- Genetic counseling will be of benefit for patients and their families.
-
- Therapies: Investigational
-
- Investigations into the cause and possible treatments for Tuberous Sclerosis
- are ongoing. Blood and skin cells of Tuberous Sclerosis patients have been
- banked at the Camden Cell Repository in New Jersey and are available to
- researchers around the world. Scientists are trying to develop prenatal
- tests and diagnostic blood tests for Tuberous Sclerosis.
-
- This disease entry is based upon medical information available through
- October 1992. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep
- every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate.
- Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most
- current information about this disorder.
-
- Resources
-
- For more information on Tuberous Sclerosis, please contact:
-
- National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
- P.O. Box 8923
- New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
- (203) 746-6518
-
- National Tuberous Sclerosis Association, Inc.
- 8000 Corporate Drive, #120
- Landover, MD 20785
- (301) 459-9888
- (800) 225-NTSA
-
- NIH/National Institute of Neurological Disorders & Stroke (NINDS)
- 9000 Rockville Pike
- Bethesda, MD 20892
- (301) 496-5751
- (800) 352-9424
-
- For information about seizures:
-
- Epilepsy Foundation of America
- 1828 "L" Street N.W.
- Washington, D.C. 20036
-
- For Genetic Information and Genetic Counseling Referrals:
-
- March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
- 1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
- White Plains, NY 10605
- (914) 428-7100
-
- Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
- 35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
- Chevy Chase, MD 20815
- (800) 336-GENE
- (301) 652-5553
-
- References
-
- THE MERCK MANUAL 15th ed: R. Berkow, et al: eds; Merck, Sharp & Dohme
- Research Laboratories, 1987. Pp. 1630, 2111.
-
- MENDELIAN INHERITANCE IN MAN, 10th Ed.: Victor A. McKusick, Editor:
- Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992. Pp. 1116-1118.
-
- CECIL TEXTBOOK OF MEDICINE, 19th Ed.: James B. Wyngaarden, and Lloyd H.
- Smith, Jr., Editors; W.B. Saunders Co., 1990. Pp. 2144.
-
- CLINICAL DERMATOLOGY, 2nd Ed.; Thomas P. Habif, M.D., Editor: The C.V.
- Mosby Company, 1990. Pp. 654-655.
-
- DISORDERS OF HYPOPIGMENTATION IN CHILDREN, F.J. Pinto; Pediatr Clin North
- Am (August 1991; 38(3)): Pp. 991-1017.
-
- NEUROCUTANEOUS SYNDROMES, E.S. Roach; Pediatr Clin North Am (August 1992;
- 39(4)); Pp. 591-6202.
-
-