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- $Unique_ID{BRK04144}
- $Pretitle{}
- $Title{Pseudocholinesterase Deficiency}
- $Subject{Pseudocholinesterase Deficiency Succinylcholine Sensitivity Apnea
- Malignant Hyperthermia}
- $Volume{}
- $Log{}
-
- Copyright (C) 1991 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
-
- 830:
- Pseudocholinesterase Deficiency
-
- ** IMPORTANT **
- It is possible that the main title of the article (Pseudocholinesterase
- Deficiency) is not the name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM listing
- to find the alternate names and disorder subdivisions covered by this
- article.
-
- Synonyms
-
- Succinylcholine Sensitivity
-
- Information on the following disorders can be found in the Related
- Disorders section of this report:
-
- Apnea
- Malignant Hyperthermia
-
- General Discussion
-
- ** REMINDER **
- The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for
- educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment
- purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please
- contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources"
- section of this report.
-
- Pseudocholinesterase Deficiency is a rare genetic disorder. Individuals
- with this disorder have a deficiency or absence of the plasma enzyme
- pseudocholinesterase, which can cause respiratory difficulty during surgery
- if the muscle-relaxing drug succinylcholine is used.
-
- Symptoms
-
- Individuals with Pseudocholinesterase Deficiency have a shortage or absence
- of the enzyme pseudocholinesterase. The only apparent effect of this
- deficiency appears when the drug succinylcholine is given during surgery.
- Succinylcholine (also called suxamethonium, or anectine) is a muscle-relaxing
- drug generally used intravenously during surgery. The patient's body has
- difficulty stopping the activity of this drug due to his/her deficiency of
- pseudocholinesterase. This can cause paralysis of respiratory muscles which
- may cause the patient to stop breathing for an extended period of time.
- Artificial respiration (mechanical ventilation) may be necessary until the
- succinylcholine is eliminated from the body and the patient is able to resume
- breathing. If the patient is not exposed to succinylcholine, he/she may
- never know that he/she has a deficiency of the enzyme pseudocholinesterase.
-
- Causes
-
- Pseudocholinesterase Deficiency is inherited as an autosomal recessive trait.
- Human traits, including the classic genetic diseases, are the product of the
- interaction of two genes, one received from the father and one from the
- mother. In recessive disorders, the condition does not appear unless a
- person inherits the same defective gene for the same trait from each parent.
- If one receives one normal gene and one gene for the disease, the person will
- be a carrier for the disease, but usually will show no symptoms. The risk of
- transmitting the disease to the children of a couple, both of whom are
- carriers for a recessive disorder, is twenty-five percent. Fifty percent of
- their children will be carriers, but healthy as described above. Twenty-five
- percent of their children will receive both normal genes, one from each
- parent, and will be genetically normal.
-
- Affected Population
-
- Pseudocholinesterase Deficiency is present at birth and occurs in
- approximately 1 out of every 2500 people in the United States. It seems to
- affect white Americans, Alaskan Eskimos, Greeks, Yugoslavs, and East Indians
- more often than other populations. In white Americans it seems to affect
- males almost twice as often as females.
-
- Related Disorders
-
- Apnea is the temporary cessation of breathing during sleep. Infantile Apnea
- refers to pauses in breathing during an infant's sleep. Apnea is called
- Central Apnea or Diaphragmatic Apnea when there are no chest movements during
- the pauses in breathing. When there are chest movements but no passage of
- air through the mouth or nostrils, the disorder is known as Obstructive Apnea
- or Upper Airway Apnea. Central Apnea followed by or intermixed with an
- Obstructive Apnea is called Mixed Apnea. (For more information choose
- "apnea" as your search term in the Rare Disease Database).
-
- Malignant Hyperthermia is a rare disorder caused by a genetically
- determined abnormal response to certain anesthetic drugs. Manifestations
- include the sudden development of exceptionally high fever during or
- following general anesthesia. The symptoms do not occur in the absence of
- general anesthesia. Although the patient may have had no previous adverse
- reactions to general anesthesia in the past, the subsequent administration of
- an anesthetic drug such as halothane or cyclopropane - either with or without
- the administration of a muscle relaxant such as succinylcholine, may trigger
- the onset of Malignant Hyperthermia in a genetically susceptible individual.
- It is a serious condition which requires prompt recognition and expert
- medical treatment.
- Occasionally, those afflicted with the disorder have revealed a past
- history of weakness or muscle cramps, or a history of relatives who had a
- negative reaction to anesthesia.
-
- Therapies: Standard
-
- Testing can be done to determine the presence of Pseudocholinesterase
- Deficiency before surgery is performed. When the enzyme deficiency is
- identified the muscle-relaxing drug succinylcholine is not prescribed and
- other muscle relaxants can be used instead. If testing for
- Pseudocholinesterase Deficiency has not been done beforehand, and the patient
- stops breathing for a prolonged period of time during surgery, artificial
- respiration (mechanical ventilation) can be administered until the patient is
- able to resume normal breathing.
-
- People with Pseudocholinesterase Deficiency should warn their relatives
- to be tested before surgery since this is a genetic disorder. People who
- have relatives who have died for unknown reasons during surgery should be
- screened for Pseudocholinesterase Deficiency prior to undergoing surgery.
-
- Therapies: Investigational
-
- This disease entry is based upon medical information available through
- January 1991. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep
- every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate.
- Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most
- current information about this disorder.
-
- Resources
-
- For more information on Pseudocholinesterase Deficiency, please contact:
-
- National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
- P.O. Box 8923
- New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
- (203) 746-6518
-
- National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS)
- 9000 Rockville Pike
- Bethesda, MD 20892
- (301) 496-7301
-
- Malignant Hyperthermia Association of the United States
- P.O. Box 3231
- Darien, CT 06820
- (203) 655-3007
-
- For genetic information and genetic counseling referrals:
-
- March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
- 1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
- White Plains, NY 10605
- (914) 428-7100
-
- Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
- 35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
- Chevy Chase, MD 20815
- (800) 336-GENE
- (301) 652-5553
-
- References
-
- MENDELIAN INHERITANCE IN MAN, 8th Ed.: Victor A. McKusick; Johns Hopkins
- University Press, 1986. Pp. 814-815.
-
- THE MERCK MANUAL, Volume 1, 15th Ed.: Robert Berkow, M.D., ed.-in-chief;
- Merck, Sharp, and Dohme Laboratories, 1987. Pp. 2454.
-
- AN ALTERNATIVE APPROACH TO THE PREVENTION OF SUCCINYLDICHOLINE-INDUCED
- APNOEA. M. Panteghini, et al.; J Clin Chem Biochem (Feb 1988; issue 26 (2)).
- Pp. 85-90.
-
- PLASMA CHOLINESTERASE GENETIC VARIANTS PHENOTYPED USING A COBAS-FARA
- CENTRIFUGAL ANALYSER. A. Brock; J Clin Chem Biochem (Dec 1988; issue 26
- (12)). Pp. 873-875.
-
- TRANSIENT RESPIRATORY DEPRESSION OF THE NEWBORN. ITS OCCURRENCE AFTER
- SUCCINYLCHOLINE ADMINISTRATION TO THE MOTHER. D. Hoefnagel, et al.; Am J Dis
- Child (Aug 1979; issue 133 (8)). Pp. 825-826.
-
- PROLONGED APNEA OF AN ORAL SURGERY PATIENT AFTER ADMINISTRATION OF
- SUCCINYLCHOLINE. T. Gerosky, et al.; J Oral Surg (Jun 1979; issue 37 (6)).
- Pp. 428-431.
-
- Shoemaker, et al.; Textbook of Critical Care, 2nd Ed.; W.B. Saunders,
- 1989. Pp. 109-114.
-
- AMA Drug Evaluation, 6th Ed., 1986. P. 321.
-
-