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- $Unique_ID{BRK03901}
- $Pretitle{}
- $Title{Kernicterus}
- $Subject{Kernicterus Bilirubin Encephalopathy Posticteric Encephalopathy
- Nuclear Jaundice }
- $Volume{}
- $Log{}
-
- Copyright (C) 1986, 1990 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
-
- 233:
- Kernicterus
-
- ** IMPORTANT **
- It is possible the main title of the article (Kernicterus) is not the
- name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing to find the alternate
- names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
-
- Synonyms
-
- Bilirubin Encephalopathy
- Posticteric Encephalopathy
- Nuclear Jaundice
-
- General Discussion
-
- ** REMINDER **
- The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for
- educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment
- purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please
- contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources"
- section of this report.
-
-
- Kernicterus is a condition characterized by an excess of bilirubin in the
- blood in infancy. The bilirubin is deposited in the basal ganglia of the
- brain and in the brainstem nuclei.
-
- Symptoms
-
- Early symptoms of Kernicterus in full term infants may include lethargy, poor
- feeding and vomiting, a spasm with head and heels bent backward and the body
- bowed forward (opisthotonus), upward deviation of the eyes, convulsions and
- muscular rigidity. Later in childhood, survivors may manifest the typical
- late triad of cerebral palsy marked by ceaseless jerky movements and slow
- sinuous writhing movements (choreoathetosis), sensorineural hearing loss, and
- loss of upward gaze. However, only minor problems characterized by
- perceptual-motor handicaps and learning disorders in school may be present in
- mild cases.
-
- Causes
-
- Historically, severe hemolytic jaundice of the newborn was the main cause of
- Kernicterus. Erythroblastosis Fetalis, another cause of jaundice in infancy,
- is a hemolytic anemia of the fetus or newborn. It is caused by transmission
- through the placenta of maternal antibody, which is usually evoked by
- maternal and fetal blood group incompatibility. Since new improved methods
- of treating jaundice have evolved, the disorder tends to develop only in
- premature or sick, very low birthweight infants with unconjugated
- hyperbilirubinemia, particularly in the presence of certain predisposing
- factors. These include:
-
- 1. low blood oxygen (hypoxemia)
- 2. acidosis (acidity of the blood)
- 3. infections
- 4. low albumin in the blood (hypoalbuminemia)
- 5. low body temperature (hypothermia).
-
- Hyperbilirubinemia is an excess of bilirubin (the breakdown product of
- hemoglobin and other blood pigments) in the blood. Excess bilirubin causes
- jaundice which is characterized by a yellow color of the skin (which occurs
- shortly after birth in this disorder).
-
- Related Disorders
-
- Jaundice, the yellow skin color which indicates an increased amount of
- bilirubin in the blood, can have many causes including liver diseases and
- hemolytic anemias. (For more information on these disorders, choose "liver"
- and "hemolytic" as your search terms in the Rare Disease Database, and see
- the related articles in the Prevalent Health Conditions/Concerns area of NORD
- Services (rdb-4)).
-
- Affected Population
-
- Kernicterus can affect newborn infants of both sexes.
-
- Therapies: Standard
-
- Treatment of Kernicterus consists of early, frequent feedings of all newborns
- to reduce the incidence and severity of too much bilirubin (a product of
- blood-breakdown) in the blood. These feedings increase the mobility of the
- bowels and frequency of stools, thereby minimizing the effects of the
- circulation of bilirubin in the liver and intestines.
-
- Phototherapy is used to treatment hyperbilirubinemia. Exposing newborns
- with this disorder, particularly premature infants, to visible light in the
- blue range, is most effective for photo-oxidizing bilirubin. Phototherapy
- causes dermal photoisomerization of bilirubin, changing it to forms that the
- liver can excrete more readily without glucuronidation.
-
- A Plexiglass shield should be placed between the phototherapy lights and
- the infant to screen out ultraviolet radiation that may be harmful, and the
- infant should be blindfolded to prevent eye damage from the light. Care must
- be taken to avoid nasal obstruction by the blindfold. The light should be
- turned off and the blindfold removed during feedings. Since bilirubin in the
- collection tubes may photo-oxidize rapidly, the light should also be off when
- blood is taken for bilirubin determinations.
-
- Although data regarding the effects of phototherapy on distribution of
- bilirubin within the infant's body and long-term effects on mental
- development of treated infants are not yet available, this form of therapy
- has gained widespread use.
-
- Phototherapy must never be started before the causes of the
- hyperbilirubinemia have been fully evaluated.
-
- Traditionally, dangerous levels of bilirubin are treated by exchange
- blood transfusion via an umbilical vein catheter in order to prevent
- Kernicterus. This procedure is safe when done by experienced personnel,
- especially when it is done on otherwise healthy full-term newborns.
-
- Therapies: Investigational
-
- The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has designated Zixoryn (flumecinol) as
- an orphan drug which can be used for investigational therapy of
- hyperbilirubinemia. Zixoryn can be used to treat newborn infants with
- hyperbilirubinemia who are unresponsive to phototherapy.
-
- This disease entry is based upon medical information available through
- January 1990. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep
- every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate.
- Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most
- current information about this disorder.
-
- Resources
-
- For more information on Kernicterus, please contact:
-
- National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
- P.O. Box 8923
- New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
- (203) 746-6518
-
- American Liver Foundation
- 998 Pompton Avenue
- Cedar Grove, NJ 07201
- (201) 857-2626
- (800) 223-0179
-
- The United Liver Foundation
- 11646 West Pico Blvd.
- Los Angeles, CA 90064
- (213) 445-4204 or 445-4200
-
- Children's Liver Foundation
- 14245 Ventura Blvd.
- Sherman Oaks, CA 91423
- (818) 906-3021
-
- NIH/National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
- 9000 Rockville Pike
- Bethesda, MD 20892
- (301) 496-5133
-
- For information on genetics and genetic counseling referrals, please
- contact:
-
- March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
- 1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
- White Plains, NY 10605
- (914) 428-7100
-
- Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
- 35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
- Chevy Chase, MD 20815
- (800) 336-GENE
- (301) 652-5553
-
- References
-
- THE MERCK MANUAL 15th ed: R. Berkow, et al: eds; Merck, Sharp & Dohme
- Research Laboratories, 1987. Pp. 1767, 1854, 1883.
-
- CECIL TEXTBOOK OF MEDICINE, 18th ed.: James B. Wyngaarden, and Lloyd H.
- Smith, Jr., Eds.: W.B. Saunders Co., 1988. Pp. 812, 1076.
-
-